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21 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Good Grief! After-Death Communication, Grief, and Gratitude

by John Elfers, Patty Hlava, Monique Patrice Sudduth, Cassandra Gaddis, Elizabeth Leigh Foster, Slade Richards and Yujia Zhu

Religions 2025, 16(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070894 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study sought to clarify the role of after-death communication in resilience in grief. The primary research question guiding this study was: In what way do experiences of after-death communication inform the cultivation of gratitude and compassion as part of the grieving process? [...] Read more.

This study sought to clarify the role of after-death communication in resilience in grief. The primary research question guiding this study was: In what way do experiences of after-death communication inform the cultivation of gratitude and compassion as part of the grieving process? For Study 1, measures of grief, continuing bonds, compassion, and gratitude were administered to a diverse demographic pool (N = 329). Bivariate correlational analysis revealed strong correlations among the total scores of the four surveys. Of the 329 participants, 67.2% (n = 221) identified as having experienced after-death communication in some form, while 32.8% (n = 108) claimed that they did not. A series of one-way ANOVAs revealed that those identifying as having after-death communication and a spiritual practice showed significantly higher scores on all measures. Study 2 was a grounded theory study that conducted interviews with people claiming a significant after-death communication experience (N = 44). Results supported the survey data, suggesting that after-death communication was a catalyst and facilitator of grief that enhanced spirituality, shifted or enhanced belief structures, and reduced death anxiety. Conclusions support the recognition of after-death communication as a possible vehicle for enhanced grief resilience and spirituality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grief Care: Religion and Spiritual Support in Times of Loss)

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17 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Language and Pragmatic Communication Skills in Preschool Children with Developmental Language Disorder in a Speech Therapy Kindergarten—A Real-World Study

by Dieter Ullrich and Magret Marten

Children 2025, 12(7), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070921 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Several studies document the importance of communicative abilities for children’s development. Especially in recent years verbal communication in preschool children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has been studied, relying heavily on statistical analysis, outcome measures, or/and parents’ reports. Purpose: This explorative study [...] Read more.

Background: Several studies document the importance of communicative abilities for children’s development. Especially in recent years verbal communication in preschool children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has been studied, relying heavily on statistical analysis, outcome measures, or/and parents’ reports. Purpose: This explorative study investigates the effects of speech therapy on the development of language and verbal communication skills in preschool children with DLD within their peer group in a day-to-day setting using objective video-documentation. Hypothesis: Speech therapy leads to improvement of language, communication, and possibly to concurrent development of both language and verbal communication skills in preschool children. Methods: Preliminary prospective study to assess language and verbal communications skills of nine preschool children (seven boys, two girls, 4–6 y) with DLD in a speech therapy kindergarten using video recordings over a one-year therapy period. The communicative participation of the members of the peer group was assessed and included the verbal address (Av) and the ratio of “verbal address/verbal reaction” (Av/Rv). Results: The investigation results in evidence for two outcome groups: One group with suspected preferential verbal communication disorders (n = 4) was characterised by a high Av/Rv value, meaning they were scored to have a normal or high verbal address (Av) and a low verbal response (Rv) (predominantly interpersonal communication related disorder). This group showed minimal changes in the short term but demonstrated improvement after 5 years of schooling; thus, pedagogical activities seemed to be particularly effective for these children. The second group showed a balanced Av/Rv ratio (predominantly language related disorder) (n = 5); but after five years they demonstrated a partial need for special school support measures. This group may therefore particularly benefit from speech therapy. Conclusions: The present study clearly shows that even with speech-language therapy, the linguistic ability of DLD-disturbed children does not necessarily develop simultaneously with their communication ability. Rather, the investigations provide evidence for two groups of preschool children with DLD and communication disorder: One group demonstrated a predominantly verbal communication related disorder, where pedagogical intervention might be the more important treatment. The second group showed predominantly DLD, therefore making speech therapy the more effective intervention. In this study, all children expressed their desire to communicate with their peers. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study determining the ability to communicate in a preschool cohort with DLD using characterisation with video documentation in a follow-up for 1 year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Challenges in Child Mental Health: Research and Strategies for Comprehensive Development)

41 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal D-STATCOM Operation in Power Distribution Systems to Minimize Energy Losses and CO₂ Emissions: A Master–Slave Methodology Based on Metaheuristic Techniques

by Rubén Iván Bolaños, Cristopher Enrique Torres-Mancilla, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Oscar Danilo Montoya and Jesús C. Hernández

Sci 2025, 7(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030098 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO₂ emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO₂ emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent in the operation of such networks in an environment with D-STATCOMs. To solve such a problem, we used three master–slave methodologies based on sequential programming methods. In the proposed methodologies, the master stage solves the problem of intelligent D-STATCOM operation using the continuous versions of the Monte Carlo (MC) method, the population-based genetic algorithm (PGA), and the Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). The slave stage, for its part, evaluates the solutions proposed by the algorithms to determine their impact on the objective functions and constraints representing the problem. This is accomplished by running an Hourly Power Flow (HPF) based on the method of successive approximations. As test scenarios, we employed the 33- and 69-node radial test systems, considering data on power demand and CO₂ emissions reported for the city of Medellín in Colombia (as documented in the literature). Furthermore, a test system was adapted in this work to the demand characteristics of a feeder located in the city of Talca in Chile. This adaptation involved adjusting the conductors and voltage limits to include a test system with variations in power demand due to seasonal changes throughout the year (spring, winter, autumn, and summer). Demand curves were obtained by analyzing data reported by the local network operator, i.e., Compañía General de Electricidad. To assess the robustness and performance of the proposed optimization approach, each scenario was simulated 100 times. The evaluation metrics included average solution quality, standard deviation, and repeatability. Across all scenarios, the PGA consistently outperformed the other methods tested. Specifically, in the 33-node system, the PGA achieved a 24.646% reduction in energy losses and a 0.9109% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to the base case. In the 69-node system, reductions reached 26.0823% in energy losses and 0.9784% in CO₂ emissions compared to the base case. Notably, in the case of the Talca feeder—particularly during summer, the most demanding season—the PGA yielded the most significant improvements, reducing energy losses by 33.4902% and CO₂ emissions by 1.2805%. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis was conducted to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed optimization methodology under realistic operating variability. A total of 100 randomized demand profiles for both active and reactive power were evaluated. The results demonstrated the scalability and consistent performance of the proposed strategy, confirming its effectiveness under diverse and practical operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)

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11 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mycobacterium bovis Infection Frequently Requires Surgical Intervention in Individuals with HIV

by Sergio Zuñiga-Quiñonez, Pedro Martinez-Ayala, Monserrat Alvarez-Zavala, Andrea Torres-Rojas, Isaac D. V. Garcia-Govea, Luz A. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Jaime F. Andrade-Villanueva and Fernando Amador-Lara

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040082 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Zoonotic infection with Mycobacterium bovis continues to occur, particularly in regions lacking bovine tuberculosis surveillance and where the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, including artisanal cheeses, is common. We describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and treatment outcomes of individuals [...] Read more.

Background: Zoonotic infection with Mycobacterium bovis continues to occur, particularly in regions lacking bovine tuberculosis surveillance and where the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, including artisanal cheeses, is common. We describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and treatment outcomes of individuals with HIV with M. bovis infection. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study analyzing sociodemographic, clinical, microbiological, and computed tomography (CT) data, as well as treatment outcomes, in 12 patients with HIV with confirmed M. bovis infection. These findings were compared with those of 14 individuals with HIV diagnosed with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during the same period. Results: Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products was significantly associated with M. bovis. Patients with M. bovis infection had higher CD4+ T-cell counts compared to those with M. tuberculosis infection (p = 0.01, r = 0.45). All M. bovis cases presented with extrapulmonary disease. CT imaging in M. bovis infection more frequently demonstrated retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and splenic abscesses compared to M. tuberculosis infection. Microbiological identification was exclusively from extrapulmonary sites in all M. bovis cases. Surgical interventions, including abscess drainage or splenectomy, were significantly more common among M. bovis patients. Conclusions: M. bovis infection in individuals with HIV is characterized by consistent extrapulmonary, often abdominal, involvement. Surgical procedures are frequently required for both diagnosis and management. Targeted efforts to identify M. bovis are warranted, particularly in high-burden regions where unpasteurized dairy consumption remains prevalent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tuberculosis and Mycobacteriosis)

22 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of Bio-Physical and Social Drivers of River Vulnerability and Risks

by Komali Kantamaneni, John Whitton, Sigamani Panneer, Iqbal Ahmad, Anil Gautam and Debashish Sen

Earth 2025, 6(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6030077 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, the River Ganges in India has been heavily contaminated with domestic waste and industrial toxins because of cultural activities, a lack of community awareness, an absence of sewage disposal facilities, and rapid population growth. Previous studies have focused separately on [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the River Ganges in India has been heavily contaminated with domestic waste and industrial toxins because of cultural activities, a lack of community awareness, an absence of sewage disposal facilities, and rapid population growth. Previous studies have focused separately on either the physical or social factors associated with River Ganges pollution but have not combined these elements in a single study. To fill this research gap, our study assesses the bio-physical and social vulnerability of the River Ganges by using a holistic approach. The following four sampling stations were selected: Rishikesh, Haridwar, Kanpur, and Varanasi. These locations were chosen to test the water quality in bio-physical aspects and to assess the social perceptions of river vulnerability among the residents and visitors. Perceptions of river water quality and likely sources of pollution were gathered via the distribution of over 1000 questionnaires. Data collection took place in the winter and summer of 2022 and 2023. The results showed that river water quality is not suitable for drinking purposes at any of the four cities without conventional treatment, and that the river is unsuitable for bathing at all locations, except upstream of Rishikesh. Nearly 50% of those questioned agreed that the river is polluted, whilst 74% agreed that pollution has increased in recent decades, particularly in the last 10 years. These compelling results are critical for policymakers and decision makers. They highlight the urgent need for novel strategies that address Ganges pollution while fostering community health education and environmental management. By dispelling myths surrounding river quality, this study strengthens the ongoing efforts to restore the Ganges, ensuring that it remains a vital lifeline for present and future generations. Full article

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23 pages, 6340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Prototyping of a Robotic Structure for Poultry Farming

by Glauber da Rocha Balthazar, Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira and Iran José Oliveira da Silva

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070233 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

The identification and prediction of losses, along with environmental and behavioral analyses and animal welfare monitoring, are key drivers for the use of technologies in poultry farming which help characterize the productive environment. Among these technologies, robotics emerges as a facilitator as it [...] Read more.

The identification and prediction of losses, along with environmental and behavioral analyses and animal welfare monitoring, are key drivers for the use of technologies in poultry farming which help characterize the productive environment. Among these technologies, robotics emerges as a facilitator as it provides space for the use of several computing tools for capture, analysis and prediction. This study presents the full methodology for building a robot (so called RobôFrango) to its application in poultry farming. The construction method was based on evolutionary prototyping that allowed knowing and testing each physical component (electronic and mechanical) for assembling the robotic structure. This approach made it possible to identify the most suitable components for the broiler production system. The results presented motors, wheels, chassis, batteries and sensors that proved to be the most adaptable to the adversities existing in poultry farms. Validation of the final constructed structure was carried out through practical execution of the robot, seeking to understand how each component behaved in a commercial broiler aviary. It was concluded that it was possible to identify the best electronic and physical equipment for building a robotic prototype to work in poultry farms, and that a final product was generated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Farming Technologies for Monitoring Livestock and Poultry)

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14 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Boredom in the Development of Risky Behaviours Among Adolescents

by Bruno Matijašević, Snježana Mališa and Antonija Vukašinović

Adolescents 2025, 5(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5030036 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Boredom is a common but insufficiently explored experience in adolescence, which has been increasingly linked to the development of risky behaviours. This study explores the extent to which boredom predicts engagement in various risky behaviours among adolescents aged 15 to 17. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Boredom is a common but insufficiently explored experience in adolescence, which has been increasingly linked to the development of risky behaviours. This study explores the extent to which boredom predicts engagement in various risky behaviours among adolescents aged 15 to 17. Methods: A cross-sectional study on a sample of 281 high-school students in Croatia was performed in 2024. The participants completed a structured online questionnaire, including validated scales measuring their proneness to boredom, substance use, disordered eating, theft, and cyberbullying. Data were analysed using non-parametric tests, correlation coefficients, and linear regression. Results: Boredom showed a significant association with all forms of risky behaviour, with the strongest association found for disordered eating. Moderate predictive ability was observed for alcohol, marijuana, and drug use, while weaker but significant associations with cyberbullying and theft were also found. Male adolescents reported higher involvement in certain risky behaviours, although no significant gender differences were observed in boredom levels. Conclusions: Boredom is a developmental risk factor, notably when leisure time lacks structure and meaning. While the cross-sectional design of this study limits causal conclusions, the findings highlight the importance of taking boredom into consideration regarding pedagogical prevention efforts. Pedagogical activities targeting quality leisure time, especially within schools and families, may reduce adolescents’ susceptibility to harmful behaviours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implicit Measures of Risky Behaviors in Adolescence)

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11 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Partially Ordered Sets in Socio-Economic Data Analysis

by Marco Fattore and Lucio De Capitani

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030100 - 11 Jul 2025

Definition

A partially ordered set (or a poset, for short) is a set endowed with a partial order relation, i.e., with a reflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive binary relation. As mathematical objects, posets have been intensively studied in the last century, [...] Read more.

A partially ordered set (or a poset, for short) is a set endowed with a partial order relation, i.e., with a reflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive binary relation. As mathematical objects, posets have been intensively studied in the last century, coming to play essential roles in pure mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science. More recently, they have been increasingly employed in data analysis, multi-criteria decision-making, and social sciences, particularly for building synthetic indicators and extracting rankings from multidimensional systems of ordinal data. Posets naturally represent systems and phenomena where some elements can be compared and ordered, while others cannot be and are then incomparable. This makes them a powerful data structure to describe collections of units assessed against multidimensional variable systems, preserving the nuanced and multi-faceted nature of the underlying domains. Moreover, poset theory collects the proper mathematical tools to treat ordinal data, fully respecting their non-numerical nature, and to extract information out of order relations, providing the proper setting for the statistical analysis of multidimensional ordinal data. Currently, their use is expanding both to solve open methodological issues in ordinal data analysis and to address evaluation problems in socio-economic sciences, from multidimensional poverty, well-being, or quality-of-life assessment to the measurement of financial literacy, from the construction of knowledge spaces in mathematical psychology and education theory to the measurement of multidimensional ordinal inequality/polarization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)

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19 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigations on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of L-Shaped Structure Fabricated by WAAM Process of NiTi SMA

by Vatsal Vaghasia, Rakesh Chaudhari, Sakshum Khanna, Jash Modi and Jay Vora

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9070239 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the present study, an L-shaped multi-walled structure of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) was fabricated by using the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) method on a titanium substrate. The present study aims to investigate the fabricated structure for microstructure, macrostructure, and mechanical [...] Read more.

In the present study, an L-shaped multi-walled structure of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) was fabricated by using the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) method on a titanium substrate. The present study aims to investigate the fabricated structure for microstructure, macrostructure, and mechanical properties. The 40 layers of L-shaped structure were successfully fabricated at optimized parameters of wire feed speed at 6 m/min, travel speed at 12 mm/s, and voltage at 20 V. The macrographs demonstrated the continuous bonding among the layers with complete fusion. The microstructure in the area between the two middle layers has exhibited a mixture of columnar grains (both coarse and fine), interspersed with dendritic colonies. The microstructure in the topmost layers has exhibited finer colonial structures in relatively greater numbers. The microhardness (MH) test has shown the average values of 283.2 ± 3.67 HV and 371.1 ± 5.81 HV at the bottom and topmost layers, respectively. A tensile test was conducted for specimens extracted from deposition and build directions, which showed consistent mechanical behavior. For the deposition direction, the average ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL) were obtained as 831 ± 22.91 MPa and 14.32 ± 0.55%, respectively, while the build direction has shown average UTS and EL values of 774 ± 6.56 MPa and 14.16 ± 0.21%, respectively. The elongation exceeding 10% in all samples suggests that the fabricated structure demonstrates properties comparable to those of wrought metal. Fractography of all tensile specimens has shown good ductility and toughness. Lastly, a differential scanning calorimetry test was carried out to assess the retention of shape memory effect for the fabricated structure. The authors believe that the findings of this work will be valuable for various industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding Processes, Additive Manufacturing and Numerical Models: 2nd Edition)

5 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in a Patient with Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy: A Case Report

by Guido Chiriboga, Qianyu Guo, Eric Zuberi, Harry Ross Powers and Libardo Rueda Prada

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040083 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, presents on a spectrum ranging from tuberculoid to lepromatous disease. Borderline lepromatous leprosy represents an unstable immunological state that predisposes patients to immune-mediated reactions, including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a severe inflammatory complication. Case Presentation: We [...] Read more.

Background: Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, presents on a spectrum ranging from tuberculoid to lepromatous disease. Borderline lepromatous leprosy represents an unstable immunological state that predisposes patients to immune-mediated reactions, including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a severe inflammatory complication. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 62-year-old female with borderline lepromatous leprosy who presented with recurrent facial cellulitis and later developed disseminated ENL. She was initially diagnosed following a series of facial infections and confirmatory skin biopsy. Months later, she developed systemic inflammatory lesions consistent with ENL, requiring hospitalization. She was treated with high-dose corticosteroids for ENL and methotrexate to treat type 1 reaction and continued multidrug therapy (MDT) with minocycline, rifampin, and clarithromycin for leprosy, which led to significant clinical improvement. Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of leprosy in the United States and the importance of recognizing ENL as a severe immunologic complication requiring prompt intervention. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tuberculosis and Mycobacteriosis)

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27 pages, 6541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Object-Based Efficient Traffic Signal Optimization Framework via Traffic Flow Analysis and Intensity Estimation Using UCB-MRL-CSFL

by Zainab Saadoon Naser, Hend Marouane and Ahmed Fakhfakh

Vehicles 2025, 7(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7030072 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Traffic congestion has increased significantly in today’s rapidly urbanizing world, influencing people’s daily lives. Traffic signal control systems (TSCSs) play an important role in alleviating congestion by optimizing traffic light timings and improving road efficiency. Yet traditional TSCSs neglected pedestrians, cyclists, and other [...] Read more.

Traffic congestion has increased significantly in today’s rapidly urbanizing world, influencing people’s daily lives. Traffic signal control systems (TSCSs) play an important role in alleviating congestion by optimizing traffic light timings and improving road efficiency. Yet traditional TSCSs neglected pedestrians, cyclists, and other non-monitored road users, degrading traffic signal optimization (TSO). Therefore, this framework proposes a multi-object-based traffic flow analysis and intensity estimation model for efficient TSO using Upper Confidence Bound Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Cubic Spline Fuzzy Logic (UCB-MRL-CSFL). Initially, the real-time traffic videos undergo frame conversion and redundant frame removal, followed by preprocessing. Then, the lanes are detected; further, the objects are detected using Temporal Context You Only Look Once (TC-YOLO). Now, the object counting in each lane is carried out using the Cumulative Vehicle Motion Kalman Filter (CVMKF), followed by queue detection using Vehicle Density Mapping (VDM). Next, the traffic flow is analyzed by Feature Variant Optical Flow (FVOF), followed by traffic intensity estimation. Now, based on the siren flashlight colors, emergency vehicles are separated. Lastly, UCB-MRL-CSFL optimizes the Traffic Signals (TSs) based on the separated emergency vehicle, pedestrian information, and traffic intensity. Therefore, the proposed framework outperforms the other conventional methodologies for TSO by considering pedestrians, cyclists, and so on, with higher computational efficiency (94.45%). Full article

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17 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Incorporating Orthodontics in Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation Following Tumor-Ablative Surgery: A Systematic Review

by Nikolaos Gavounelis, Heleni Vastardis and Ioli Ioanna Artopoulou

Prosthesis 2025, 7(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7040081 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify the role of orthodontics in patients undergoing tumor-ablative surgery, in collaboration with maxillofacial prosthodontic rehabilitation in a multidisciplinary fashion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify the role of orthodontics in patients undergoing tumor-ablative surgery, in collaboration with maxillofacial prosthodontic rehabilitation in a multidisciplinary fashion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42024582050). The focused question was constructed using the PICO (participant, intervention, comparison, and outcome) approach. A three-stage search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. To assess the risk of bias, the National Institute of Health (NIH) “Quality Assessment Tool for case series/reports” was used. All data was synthesized qualitatively, according to the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guideline. Results: The initial search yielded 624 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria after screening and eligibility assessment, with most being single-patient case reports and one case series involving 12 patients. The included studies primarily involved tumors in the mandible (64.5%) and maxilla (32.3%). Orthodontic treatment was initiated at various time points, ranging from one month pre-surgery to 19 years post-surgery, primarily utilizing fixed appliances (77.8%). In some studies, orthodontic appliances were used to enhance the stability of maxillofacial prostheses. The results of this study indicate that orthodontic treatment may facilitate prosthetic rehabilitation by improving conditions prior to prosthetic intervention and increasing the retention of the obturator prosthesis. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment can enhance maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation after tumor-ablative surgery by optimizing jaw growth, improving occlusion, and facilitating prosthetic retention or space creation. Further research is needed to establish treatment guidelines. Orthodontic miniscrews may improve temporary prosthesis retention before final implant placement, when indicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prosthodontics)

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24 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermal Modification of Wood—A Review

by Veronika Jančíková and Michal Jablonský

Sustain. Chem. 2025, 6(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem6030019 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

The thermal modification of wood has emerged as a sustainable and effective method for enhancing the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of wood without the use of harmful chemicals. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art in thermal wood modification, focusing on the mechanisms [...] Read more.

The thermal modification of wood has emerged as a sustainable and effective method for enhancing the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of wood without the use of harmful chemicals. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art in thermal wood modification, focusing on the mechanisms of wood degradation during treatment and the resulting changes in the properties of the material. The benefits of thermal modification of wood include improved dimensional stability, increased resistance to biological decay, and improved durability, while potential risks such as reduced mechanical strength, color change, and higher costs of wood under certain conditions are also discussed. The review highlights recent advances in process optimization and evaluates the trade-offs between improved performance and possible structural drawbacks. Finally, future perspectives are outlined for sustainable applications of thermally modified wood in various industries. Emerging trends and future research directions in the field are identified, aiming to improve the performance and sustainability of thermally modified wood products in construction, furniture, and other industries. Full article

25 pages, 5487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blue Marketing: New Perspectives for the Responsible Tourism Development of Coastal Natural Environments

by Gema Ramírez-Guerrero, Alfredo Fernández-Enríquez, Manuel Arcila-Garrido and Juan Adolfo Chica-Ruiz

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030136 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Tourism development in coastal zones is often guided by marketing strategies focused on promotion, without real integration with the ecological, identity, and planning challenges facing these territories. This disconnection compromises environmental resilience, dilutes local cultural identity, and hinders adaptive governance in contexts of [...] Read more.

Tourism development in coastal zones is often guided by marketing strategies focused on promotion, without real integration with the ecological, identity, and planning challenges facing these territories. This disconnection compromises environmental resilience, dilutes local cultural identity, and hinders adaptive governance in contexts of increasing tourism pressure and climate change. In response to this problem, the article presents the concept of Blue Marketing, a place-based, sustainability-oriented approach designed to guide communication, product development, and governance in marine and coastal destinations. Drawing on socio-environmental marketing and inspired by Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), the study proposes a Blue Marketing Decalogue (BMD), structured into three thematic blocks: (1) Ecosystem-focused sustainability, (2) cultural identity and territorial uniqueness, and (3) strategic planning and adaptive governance. Methodologically, the decalogue is empirically grounded in a territorial diagnosis of the Barbate–Vejer coastal corridor (Cádiz, Spain), developed through Geographic Information Systems (GIS), local planning documents, and field observations. This case study provides a detailed analysis of ecological vulnerabilities, cultural resources, and tourism dynamics, offering strategic insights transferable to other coastal contexts. The BMD incorporates both strategic and normative instruments that support the design of responsible tourism communication strategies, aligned with environmental preservation, community identity, and long-term planning. This contribution enriches current debates on sustainable tourism governance and provides practical tools for coastal destinations aiming to balance competitiveness with ecological responsibility. Ultimately, Blue Marketing is proposed as a vector for transformation, capable of reconnecting tourism promotion with the sustainability challenges and opportunities of coastal regions. Full article

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20 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crashworthiness of Additively Manufactured Crash Boxes: A Comparative Analysis of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Materials and Structural Configurations

by Ahmed Saber, A. M. Amer, A. I. Shehata, H. A. El-Gamal and A. Abd_Elsalam

Appl. Mech. 2025, 6(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6030052 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Crash boxes play a crucial role in automotive safety by absorbing impact energy during collisions. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM), particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has enabled the fabrication of geometrically complex and lightweight crash boxes. This study presents a comparative evaluation [...] Read more.

Crash boxes play a crucial role in automotive safety by absorbing impact energy during collisions. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM), particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has enabled the fabrication of geometrically complex and lightweight crash boxes. This study presents a comparative evaluation of the crashworthiness performance of five FDM materials, namely, PLA+, PLA-ST, PLA-LW, PLA-CF, and PETG, across four structural configurations: Single-Cell Circle (SCC), Multi-Cell Circle (MCC), Single-Cell Square (SCS), and Multi-Cell Square (MCS). Quasi-static axial compression tests are conducted to assess the specific energy absorption

(S E A)

and crush force efficiency

(C F E)

of each material–geometry combination. Among the materials, PLA-CF demonstrates superior performance, with the MCC configuration achieving an

S E A

of 22.378 ± 0.570 J/g and a

C F E

of 0.732 ± 0.016. Multi-cell configurations consistently outperformed single-cell designs across all materials. To statistically quantify the influence of material and geometry on crash performance, a two-factor ANOVA was performed, highlighting geometry as the most significant factor across all evaluated metrics. Additionally, a comparative test with aluminum 6063-T5 demonstrates that PLA-CF offers comparable crashworthiness, with advantages in mass reduction, reduced

P C F

, and enhanced design flexibility inherent in AM. These findings provide valuable guidance for material selection and structural optimization in FDM-based crash boxes. Full article

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11 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suicidal Behavior in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study

by Juliano Flávio Rubatino Rodrigues, Lívia Peregrino Rodrigues, Kelly Cristina Atalaia da Silva, María Fernanda Serna Rodríguez, Fernando Victor Martins Rubatino, Hannes Fischer, Daniel Vasquez, Pedro Marco Karan Barbosa, Spencer Luiz Marques Payão, Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Gerardo Maria de Araújo Filho

Psychiatry Int. 2025, 6(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6030082 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Suicidal behavior presents a significant dilemma in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous ethical discussions have emerged regarding euthanasia for patients suffering from neurodegenerative conditions, and research indicates an elevated incidence of suicide in the early stages of dementia. However, there remains [...] Read more.

Background: Suicidal behavior presents a significant dilemma in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous ethical discussions have emerged regarding euthanasia for patients suffering from neurodegenerative conditions, and research indicates an elevated incidence of suicide in the early stages of dementia. However, there remains a gap in knowledge concerning the historical prevalence of suicidal ideations or attempts among individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. This study aims to investigate the historical patterns of suicidal behavior and the associated factors across the lifespan in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: This study is an excerpt from a case–control research study, where the sample size was calculated at 150 participants, with 75 in the case group and 75 in the control group. Here, the descriptive statistics for the first third of the sample, 50 participants, are discussed. Results: Among the participants in the case group, 12.5% reported having suicidal ideation throughout life, compared to 24% in the control group (OR for suicidal ideation = 0.432 [0.095–1.966]). Additionally, among the participants in the case group, 4% reported having attempted suicide at some point in their life, compared to 8% in the control group (OR for suicide attempts = 0.479 [0.41–5.652]). People with Alzheimer’s disease tended to have a worse quality of life but less suicidality. Conclusions: It appears that suicidal behavior is inversely related to the risk of developing suicidal intentions. The odds ratio data demonstrate the need for a larger sample size to determine whether there is a difference in the history of suicide throughout the lives of people with Alzheimer’s disease and among the general population. Full article

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43 pages, 1521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Urban Mobility Resilience in Petrópolis Through a Multicriteria Approach

by Alexandre Simas de Medeiros, Marcelino Aurélio Vieira da Silva, Marcus Hugo Sant’Anna Cardoso, Tálita Floriano Santos, Catalina Toro, Gonzalo Rojas and Vicente Aprigliano

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070269 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urban mobility resilience plays a central role in sustainable urban planning discussions, especially considering the challenges of extreme events, climate change, and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. This study evaluates urban mobility resilience in Petrópolis (RJ), incorporating socio-spatial heterogeneity and energy vulnerability. [...] Read more.

Urban mobility resilience plays a central role in sustainable urban planning discussions, especially considering the challenges of extreme events, climate change, and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. This study evaluates urban mobility resilience in Petrópolis (RJ), incorporating socio-spatial heterogeneity and energy vulnerability. This research fills methodological gaps in the literature by proposing a composite resilience index that integrates technical, socioeconomic, and fossil fuel dependency variables within a robust multicriteria framework. We selected eleven variables relevant to urban mobility and organized them into inference blocks. We normalized the variables using Gaussian functions, respecting their maximization or minimization characteristics. We applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign weights to the criteria and then aggregated and ranked the results using multicriteria analysis. The final index represents the adaptive capacity of urban territories facing the energy crisis, and we applied it spatially to the neighborhoods of Petrópolis. The analysis identified a significant concentration of neighborhoods with low resilience, particularly in quadrants, combining deficiencies in public transportation, high dependence on fossil fuels, and socioeconomic constraints. Factors such as limited pedestrian access, insufficient motorized public transport coverage, and a high proportion of elderly residents emerged as significant constraints on urban resilience. Intervention strategies that promote active mobility, improve accessibility, and diversify transportation modes proved essential for strengthening local resilience. The results emphasize the urgent need for public policies to reduce energy vulnerability, foster active mobility, and promote equity in access to transportation infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)

26 pages, 14110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gemini: A Cascaded Dual-Agent DRL Framework for Task Chain Planning in UAV-UGV Collaborative Disaster Rescue

by Mengxuan Wen, Yunxiao Guo, Changhao Qiu, Bangbang Ren, Mengmeng Zhang and Xueshan Luo

Drones 2025, 9(7), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070492 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

In recent years, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)-UGV (unmanned ground vehicle) collaborative systems have played a crucial role in emergency disaster rescue. To improve rescue efficiency, heterogeneous network and task chain methods are introduced to cooperatively develop rescue sequences within a short time for [...] Read more.

In recent years, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)-UGV (unmanned ground vehicle) collaborative systems have played a crucial role in emergency disaster rescue. To improve rescue efficiency, heterogeneous network and task chain methods are introduced to cooperatively develop rescue sequences within a short time for collaborative systems. However, current methods also overlook resource overload for heterogeneous units and limit planning to a single task chain in cross-platform rescue scenarios, resulting in low robustness and limited flexibility. To this end, this paper proposes Gemini, a cascaded dual-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework based on the Heterogeneous Service Network (HSN) for multiple task chains planning in UAV-UGV collaboration. Specifically, this framework comprises a chain selection agent and a resource allocation agent: The chain selection agent plans paths for task chains, and the resource allocation agent distributes platform loads along generated paths. For each mission, a well-trained Gemini can not only allocate resources in load balancing but also plan multiple task chains simultaneously, which enhances the robustness in cross-platform rescue. Simulation results show that Gemini can increase rescue effectiveness by approximately 60% and improve load balancing by approximately 80%, compared to the baseline algorithm. Additionally, Gemini’s performance is stable and better than the baseline in various disaster scenarios, which verifies its generalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Control, Optimization, and Game of UAV Swarm Systems (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Bovine Mastitis and Raw Milk Pathogen Risks: Inhibition of Staphylococcus xylosus by Mediterranean Plants’ Essential Oil

by Rosario De Fazio, Giacomo Di Giacinto, Paola Roncada, Domenico Britti, Rosangela Odore, Paola Badino and Cristian Piras

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070659 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Milk is frequently susceptible to contamination by potential pathogens, posing risks to both food safety and public health. Cheesemaking often relies on raw milk, where microbial communities—including Staphylococcus xylosus—can play a dual role: (i) contributing to fermentation and (ii) acting as opportunistic [...] Read more.

Milk is frequently susceptible to contamination by potential pathogens, posing risks to both food safety and public health. Cheesemaking often relies on raw milk, where microbial communities—including Staphylococcus xylosus—can play a dual role: (i) contributing to fermentation and (ii) acting as opportunistic pathogens that can be often present in subclinical mastitis and be subjected to carry over in dairy products. In this study, Staphylococcus xylosus was isolated from raw bovine milk (preclinical mastitis) and identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Biotyper scores: 1.87–2.19). Its susceptibility to erythromycin and to an essential oil blend composed of Myrtus communis, Salvia officinalis, and Cistus ladanifer was evaluated. The essential oil blend produced inhibition zones ranging from 9 mm to 13.3 mm, indicating moderate antibacterial activity. Further Minimum Inhibitory Concentration analysis revealed that Myrtus communis, Salvia officinalis, and the essential oil blend inhibited Staphylococcus xylosus growth at concentrations between 0.5 and 0.25 percent, while Cistus ladanifer required higher levels (1 to 0.5 percent). These findings suggest that selected essential oils—especially in combination—hold promise as complementary antimicrobial agents in food safety and antimicrobial resistance mitigation efforts. Full article

18 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Expression Profiling of Orphan Genes in Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Provide Insights into Tissue Development and Cold Stress Adaptation

by Hong Lang, Yuting Zhang, Baofeng Wang, Kexin Li and Mingliang Jiang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070826 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Orphan genes (OGs) lack homologs in related species and have been associated with adaptive evolution. However, it is poorly characterized in Brassica napus (rapeseed). This study aims to identify and characterize OGs in rapeseed to evaluate their association with stress adaptation and lineage-specific [...] Read more.

Orphan genes (OGs) lack homologs in related species and have been associated with adaptive evolution. However, it is poorly characterized in Brassica napus (rapeseed). This study aims to identify and characterize OGs in rapeseed to evaluate their association with stress adaptation and lineage-specific traits. Through comprehensive comparative genomics analysis, all rapeseed genes were categorized into four distinct evolutionary classes. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses were carried out to evaluate the structural, evolutionary, and expression dynamics, which were further validated by qRT-PCR analysis of different tissues and in cold stress. In total, 4 B. napus OGs (BnaOGs), 2859 Brassica-specific genes (BSGs), 9650 Cruciferae-specific genes (CSGs), and 94,720 evolutionarily conserved genes (ECGs) were identified. BnaOGs and BSGs indicated shorter sequences, higher GC content, fewer transcription factors, and limited functional annotation compared to ECGs. Similarly, transcriptomic analysis determined the tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression patterns in BnaOGs and BSGs. qRT-PCR validation revealed four BnaOGs and five BSGs from different tissue-specific and cold-responsive expression modules in rapeseed. Overall, this study identified OGs associated with lineage-specific adaptation in rapeseed, potentially related to cold tolerance and phenotypic diversity. The identified expression patterns and structural divergence provide novel insights for breeding stress-resilient varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Brassica Crops)

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17 pages, 3372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rates on Plant Growth and Yield of Organic Kale and Swiss Chard in Vertical Farming System

by Andruw Jones, Sai Prakash Naroju, Dilip Nandwani, Anthony Witcher and Shahidullah Chowdhary

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070827 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

To support the growing global population, sustainable farming methods like vertical farming must complement traditional agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen fertilizer application rates (N_low (1055.3 ppm), N_rec (1640.9 ppm), N_high (2811.3 ppm), and N_0 (469.9 ppm)) on organic kale [...] Read more.

To support the growing global population, sustainable farming methods like vertical farming must complement traditional agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of various nitrogen fertilizer application rates (N_low (1055.3 ppm), N_rec (1640.9 ppm), N_high (2811.3 ppm), and N_0 (469.9 ppm)) on organic kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala ‘Lacinato’) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris ‘Ruby/Rhubarb Red’), grown in a vertical growing system installed in a high tunnel during the spring and fall season of 2023 at the organic farm of Tennessee State University. Growth parameters studied included fresh weight, Brix, chlorophyll, plant height, and leaf count. Most parameters did not exhibit statistically significant differences (alpha = 0.05). However, consistent numerical trends and deviations were observed. Although not statistically significant, kale achieved the highest mean fresh weight in N_rec (688.08 g), and Swiss chard in N_high by spring (649.62 g). Among the few parameters, significant differences were observed for Swiss chard plant height (48.07 cm) and leaf count (47.25), with N_high during fall. Findings suggest that while definitive conclusions were limited, recommended nitrogen rates (N_rec) may enhance crop performance and contribute sustainable yields in resource constrained vertical farming systems. Further controlled studies are warranted to validate trends and refine nutrient strategies in vertical growing system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Production in Controlled Environment)

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25 pages, 5300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural, Mechanical, Thermal, and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed and Consolidated Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu Alloy

by Ahlem Saad Bekhouche, Safia Alleg, Abdelaziz Bouasla, Hacene Hachache and Joan José Sunol

Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(7), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11070059 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

The effect of severe plastic deformation during milling and conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the wt. % microstructural, structural, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu alloy was studied. A milling process for up [...] Read more.

The effect of severe plastic deformation during milling and conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) on the wt. % microstructural, structural, thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties of the Al–16 wt. % Mn–7 wt. % Cu alloy was studied. A milling process for up to 24 h (A24) leads to microstructure refinement and the presence of Al, Mn, and Cu solid solutions. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveals the existence of Cu–Al, Mn–Al, and Al–Mn enriched particles. The powders exhibit weak ferromagnetism and an exchange bias (EB) behaviour that decreases with increasing milling time. The Ms values fitted using the law of approach to saturation (LAS) are comparable to the experimental values. The exothermic and endothermic peaks that appear in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans in the 500–900 °C range on heating/cooling are related to different phase transformations. The crystal structure of the A24 powders heated up to 900 °C (A24_900 °C) consists of a dual-phase microstructure of Al₂₀Cu₂Mn₃ nanoprecipitates (~28%) and Al matrix (~72%). The sintering of the A24 powders at 500 °C for one hour (A24S) leads to the precipitation of Al₆Mn, Al₂Cu, and the Al₂₀Cu₂Mn₃ T-phase into the Al-enriched matrix. In contrast, the consolidation by SPS (A24SPS) leads to a mixture of an Al solid solution, Al₆Mn, T-phase, and α-Mn with an increased weight fraction of the T-phase and Al₆Mn. The sintered samples exhibit the coexistence of a significant PM/AFM contribution to the M-H curves, with increasing Hc and decreasing EB. A higher microhardness value of about 581 HV is achieved for the A24SPS sample compared to those of the A24 (68 HV) and A24S (80 HV) samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure, Magnetic and Thermal Properties of Nanocrystalline Materials)

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19 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aquatic Pollution in the Bay of Bengal: Impacts on Fisheries and Ecosystems

by Nowrin Akter Shaika, Saleha Khan, Sadiqul Awal, Md. Mahfuzul Haque, Abul Bashar and Halis Simsek

Hydrology 2025, 12(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12070191 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aquatic pollution in the Bay of Bengal has become a major environmental issue with long-term impacts on fisheries, biodiversity, and ecosystems. The review paper examines the major pathways, sources, and ecological consequences of aquatic pollution in the Bay of Bengal. Pollutants such as [...] Read more.

Aquatic pollution in the Bay of Bengal has become a major environmental issue with long-term impacts on fisheries, biodiversity, and ecosystems. The review paper examines the major pathways, sources, and ecological consequences of aquatic pollution in the Bay of Bengal. Pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and microplastics have been reported at concerning levels in the soil and water in aquatic ecosystems. Rivers act as key routes, transporting pollutants from inland sources to the Bay of Bengal. These contaminants disrupt metabolic and physiological functions in fish and other aquatic species and pose serious threats to food safety and public health through bioaccumulation. Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by nutrient enrichment, further exacerbate ecosystem degradation in the Bay of Bengal. The review highlights the immediate need for strengthened pollution control regulations, real-time water quality monitoring, sustainable farming practices, and community-based policy interventions to preserve biodiversity and safeguard fisheries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Waters and Groundwaters)

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34 pages, 4301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quasi-Bonjean Method for Computing Performance Elements of Ships Under Arbitrary Attitudes

by Kaige Zhu, Jiao Liu and Yuanqiang Zhang

Systems 2025, 13(7), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13070571 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Deep-sea navigation represents the future trend of maritime navigation; however, complex seakeeping conditions often lead to unconventional ship attitudes. Conventional calculation methods are insufficient for accurately assessing hull performance under heeled or extreme trim conditions. Drawing inspiration from Bonjean curve principles, this study [...] Read more.

Deep-sea navigation represents the future trend of maritime navigation; however, complex seakeeping conditions often lead to unconventional ship attitudes. Conventional calculation methods are insufficient for accurately assessing hull performance under heeled or extreme trim conditions. Drawing inspiration from Bonjean curve principles, this study proposes a Quasi-Bonjean (QB) method to compute ship performance elements in arbitrary attitudes. Specifically, the QB method first constructs longitudinally distributed hull sections from the Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) surface model, then simulates arbitrary attitudes through dynamic waterplane adjustments, and finally calculates performance elements via sectional integration. Furthermore, an Adaptive Surface Tessellation (AST) method is proposed to optimize longitudinal section distribution by minimizing the number of stations while maintaining high geometric fidelity, thereby enhancing the computational efficiency of the QB method. Comparative experiments reveal that the AST-generated 100-station sections achieve computational precision comparable to 200-station uniform distributions under optimal conditions, and the performance elements calculated by the QB method under multi-attitude conditions meet International Association of Classification Societies accuracy thresholds, particularly excelling in the displacement and vertical center of buoyancy calculations. These findings confirm that the QB method effectively addresses the critical limitations of traditional hydrostatic tables, providing a theoretical foundation for analyzing damaged ship equilibrium and evaluating residual stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Transportation Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Mobility)

14 pages, 3439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superhydrophobic Coating on 6061 Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Etching and Anodic Oxidation

by Quanlv Liu and Yuxin Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070816 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

A superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical micro/nano-array structures was successfully fabricated on 6061 aluminum alloy through a combination of femtosecond laser etching and anodic oxidation. Femtosecond laser etching formed a regularly arranged microscale “pit-protrusion” array on the aluminum alloy surface. After modification with a [...] Read more.

A superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical micro/nano-array structures was successfully fabricated on 6061 aluminum alloy through a combination of femtosecond laser etching and anodic oxidation. Femtosecond laser etching formed a regularly arranged microscale “pit-protrusion” array on the aluminum alloy surface. After modification with a fluorosilane ethanol solution, the surface exhibited superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 154°. Subsequently, the anodic oxidation process formed an anodic oxide film dominated by an array of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) nanopores at the submicron scale. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the nanopore structures uniformly and continuously covered the laser-ablated layer. This hierarchical structure significantly increased the surface water contact angle to 162°. Wettability analysis showed that the prepared composite coating formed an air layer accounting for 91% of the surface area. Compared with the sample only treated by femtosecond laser etching, the presence of the Al₂O₃ nanopore structure significantly enhanced the mechanical durability, superhydrophobic durability, and corrosion resistance of the superhydrophobic surface. The proposed multi-step fabrication strategy offers an innovative method for creating multifunctional, durable superhydrophobic coatings and has important implications for their large-scale industrial use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Superhydrophobic Coatings, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Simulated Nitrogen Deposition on the Physiological and Growth Characteristics of Seedlings of Two Typical Subtropical Tree Species

by Zhenya Yang and Benzhi Zhou

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142153 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Amid global environmental change, the intensification of nitrogen (N) deposition exerts critical impacts on the growth of forest vegetation and the structure and function of ecosystems in subtropical China. However, the physiological and growth response mechanisms of subtropical tree species remain poorly understood. [...] Read more.

Amid global environmental change, the intensification of nitrogen (N) deposition exerts critical impacts on the growth of forest vegetation and the structure and function of ecosystems in subtropical China. However, the physiological and growth response mechanisms of subtropical tree species remain poorly understood. This study explored adaptive mechanisms of typical subtropical tree species to N deposition, analyzing biomass accumulation, root plasticity, and nutrient/photosynthate allocation strategies. One-year-old potted seedlings of Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese fir) were subjected to four N-addition treatments (N0: 0, N1: 6 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹, N2: 12 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹, N3: 18 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹) for one year. In July and December, measurements were conducted on seedling organ biomass, root morphological and architectural traits, as well as nutrient elements (N and phosphorus(P)) and non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugars and starch) contents in roots, stems, and leaves. Our results demonstrate that the Chinese fir exhibits stronger tolerance to N deposition and greater root morphological plasticity than moso bamboo. It adapts to N deposition by developing root systems with a higher finer root (diameter ≤ 0.2 mm) ratio, lower construction cost, greater branching intensity and angle, and architecture approaching dichotomous branching. Although N deposition promotes short-term biomass and N accumulation in both species, it reduces P and soluble sugars contents, leading to N/P imbalance and adverse effects on long-term growth. Under conditions of P and photosynthate scarcity, the Chinese fir preferentially allocates soluble sugars to leaves, while moso bamboo prioritizes P and soluble sugars to roots. In the first half of the growing season, moso bamboo allocates more biomass and N to aboveground parts, whereas in the second half, it allocates more biomass and P to roots to adapt to N deposition. This study reveals that Chinese fir enhances its tolerance to N deposition through the plasticity of root morphology and architecture, while moso bamboo exhibits dynamic resource allocation strategies. The research identifies highly adaptive root morphological and architectural patterns, demonstrating that optimizing the allocation of elements and photosynthates and avoiding elemental balance risks represent critical survival mechanisms for subtropical tree species under intensified N deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Stresses and Disturbances on Forest Trees: Ecosystem and Physiological Responses)

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