MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Physical Activity, Systemic Inflammation, and Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

by Laura Petraglia, Paola Iacotucci, Lorenza Ferrillo, Serena Cabaro, Jolanda Somma, Francesca Lacava, Ilaria Amaranto, Silvia Crucito, Maria Perrotti, Pietro Formisano, Giuseppe Rengo, Dario Leosco and Vincenzo Carnovale

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071239 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the imbalance between protein synthesis and catabolism, with consequent loss of muscle mass and function. This study aims to assess the effects of amino acid supplements on functional status, muscle mass and strength, inflammation, and quality of life in adult CF patients. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 60 adult CF patients, aged 18 or older. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid supplementation or a placebo for 4 weeks. Physical function tests and self-assessment questionnaires on quality of life, global health, and sleep status, as well as blood samples to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, were performed at baseline and after the treatment period. Results: The amino acid supplementation group showed a significant improvement in self-perceived physical performance and health status. Interleukin-6 serum levels were significantly reduced in this group compared to those who received the placebo (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Amino acid supplementation in adult CF patients improves self-perception of health status and may reduce systemic inflammation, significantly decreasing serum levels of Interleukin-6. This suggests potential benefits for the overall well-being of CF patients and a reduction in their inflammatory status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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16 pages, 3290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maize Cultivation in Sun Mushroom Post-Harvest Areas: Yield, Soil Chemical Properties, and Economic Viability

by Lucas da Silva Alves, Matheus Rodrigo Iossi, Cinthia Elen Cardoso Caitano, Wagner Gonçalves Vieira Júnior, Pedro Afonso Gomes Teixeira, Reges Heinrichs, Arturo Pardo-Giménez and Diego Cunha Zied

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071097 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom [...] Read more.

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom post-harvest area, focusing on soil and leaf macronutrient composition, yield factors, and economic benefits. Four management practices were tested: a post-harvest area without mineral fertilization (SMS); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing (SMS + S); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing and topdressing (SMS + S + TD); and a control area with standard mineral fertilization. The SMS treatment maintained adequate soil pH and electrical conductivity, and in the first crop, increased soil P, Ca, and Mg levels by 5%, 140%, and 23%, respectively, without significantly affecting yield compared to the control. However, nutrient absorption faced challenges due to a nutritional imbalance of Ca/Mg. In the second crop, SMS + S + TD was crucial for higher yields (up to 6500 kg ha⁻¹) and showed similarity to the control in a Nearest Neighbor Analysis, particularly in leaf N content. Regarding the economic benefits, SMS reduced mineral fertilization in the first crop, increasing the net benefit by up to 380%, while in the second crop, topdressing became indispensable for the SMS area, with SMS + S + TD generating the greatest net benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Management Practices on Field Crop Growth, Yield, and Quality)

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30 pages, 6005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulating Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) in Mediterranean Pine Forests (Pinus brutia) During the 21st Century: The Effect of Leaf Area Index and Elevation

by Christodoulos I. Sazeides and Nikolaos M. Fyllas

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071090 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of Mediterranean forest is expected to change over the 21st century due to the warmer and drier conditions. In this study, we present a process-based forest carbon-flux model, where stand structure and soil heterotrophic respiration have been parameterized [...] Read more.

The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of Mediterranean forest is expected to change over the 21st century due to the warmer and drier conditions. In this study, we present a process-based forest carbon-flux model, where stand structure and soil heterotrophic respiration have been parameterized with long-term monitoring data in a Mediterranean Pinus brutia. Ten. forest. The developed model was validated using an independent annual tree-ring increment dataset from the 1980–2020 period (baseline climate) across a post-fire gradient (four plots) and an elevation gradient (five plots). Additionally, the model was forced with two downscaled climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the 2020–2100 period. Average GPP, Net Primary Productivity (NPP), ecosystem Respiration (R_eco) and Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) were calculated for two future time periods (2051–2060 and 2091–2100) under the two climate change scenarios and compared along the two gradients. Under baseline climate conditions, our simulations suggest a temperature sensitivity of GPP and R_eco, as expressed along the elevation gradient. However, the effect of stand structure (represented through the site-specific leaf area index (LAI)) was more prominent, both along the elevation gradient and the post-fire chronosequence. Under the two climate change scenarios, a reduced GPP and an increased R_eco lead to reduced NEP compared to baseline climate conditions across all study plots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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24 pages, 9841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mexican Sign Language Recognition: Dataset Creation and Performance Evaluation Using MediaPipe and Machine Learning Techniques

by Mario Rodriguez, Outmane Oubram, A. Bassam, Noureddine Lakouari and Rasikh Tariq

Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071423 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In Mexico, around 2.4 million people (1.9% of the national population) are deaf, and Mexican Sign Language (MSL) support is essential for people with communication disabilities. Research and technological prototypes of sign language recognition have been developed to support public communication systems without [...] Read more.

In Mexico, around 2.4 million people (1.9% of the national population) are deaf, and Mexican Sign Language (MSL) support is essential for people with communication disabilities. Research and technological prototypes of sign language recognition have been developed to support public communication systems without human interpreters. However, most of these systems and research are closely related to American Sign Language (ASL) or other sign languages of other languages whose scope has had the highest level of accuracy and recognition of letters and words. The objective of the current study is to develop and evaluate a sign language recognition system tailored to MSL. The research aims to achieve accurate recognition of dactylology and the first ten numerical digits (1–10) in MSL. A database of sign language and numeration of MSL was created with the 29 different characters of MSL’s dactylology and the first ten digits with a camera. Then, MediaPipe was first applied for feature extraction for both hands (21 points per hand). Once the features were extracted, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques were applied to recognize MSL signs. The recognition of MSL patterns in the context of static (29 classes) and continuous signs (10 classes) yielded an accuracy of 92% with Support Vector Machine (SVM) and 86% with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) accordingly. The trained algorithms are based on full scenarios with both hands; therefore, it will sign under these conditions. To improve the accuracy, it is suggested to amplify the number of samples. Full article

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22 pages, 12069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Use Efficiency Spatiotemporal Change and Its Driving Analysis on the Mongolian Plateau

by Gesi Tang, Yulong Bao, Changqing Sun, Mei Yong, Byambakhuu Gantumur, Rentsenduger Boldbayar and Yuhai Bao

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2214; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072214 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Water use efficiency (WUE) connects two key processes in terrestrial ecosystems: the carbon and water cycles. Thus, it is important to evaluate temporal and spatial changes in WUE over a prolonged period. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the WUE in the Mongolian Plateau [...] Read more.

Water use efficiency (WUE) connects two key processes in terrestrial ecosystems: the carbon and water cycles. Thus, it is important to evaluate temporal and spatial changes in WUE over a prolonged period. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the WUE in the Mongolian Plateau from 1982 to 2018 were analyzed based on the net primary productivity (NPP), evapotranspiration (ET), temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture. In this study, we used remote sensing data and various statistical methods to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns of water use efficiency and their potential influencing factors on the Mongolian Plateau from 1982 to 2018. In total, 27.02% of the region witnessed a significant decline in the annual WUE over the 37 years. Two abnormal surges in the WUE_Season (April–October) were detected, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2007 to 2009. The trend in the annual WUE in some broadleaf forest areas in the middle and northeast of the Mongolian Plateau reversed from the original decreasing trend to an increasing trend. WUE has shown strong resilience in previous analytical studies, whereas the WUE in the artificial vegetation area in the middle of the Mongolian Plateau showed weak resilience. WUE had a significant positive correlation with precipitation, soil moisture, and the drought severity index (DSI) but a weak correlation with temperature. WUE had strong resistance to abnormal water disturbances; however, its resistance to the effects of temperature and DSI anomalies was weak. The degree of interpretation of vegetation changes for WUE was higher than that for meteorological factors, and WUE showed weak resistance to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) disturbances. Delaying the start of the vegetation growing season had an increasing effect on WUE, and the interaction between phenological and meteorological vegetation factors had a non-linear enhancing effect on WUE. Human activities have contributed significantly to the increase in WUE in the eastern, central, and southern regions of the Mongolian Plateau. These results provide a reference for the study of the carbon–water cycle in the Mongolian Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing, Geophysics and GIS)

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37 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Environmental Impacts of Overpopulation

by Alon Tal

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5020045 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Overpopulation’s central role in environmental degradation is intermittently challenged. This article assesses the impact of mounting demographic pressures on six critical global sustainability challenges: deforestation, climate change, biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, water scarcity, and soil degradation. By synthesizing findings from hundreds of [...] Read more.

Overpopulation’s central role in environmental degradation is intermittently challenged. This article assesses the impact of mounting demographic pressures on six critical global sustainability challenges: deforestation, climate change, biodiversity loss, fishery depletion, water scarcity, and soil degradation. By synthesizing findings from hundreds of peer-reviewed studies, the article offers a comprehensive review of the effects of expanding human populations on the most pressing current environmental problems. Although the rate of population growth worldwide is slowing, human numbers are expected to continue increasing on Earth until the end of the century. Current research confirms that overpopulation causes substantial and potentially irreversible environmental impacts that cannot be ignored if international sustainability policy is to be effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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20 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untangling Carbon–Clean Energy Dynamics: A Quantile Granger-Causality Perspective

by Wei Jiang, Jingang Jiang and Sonia Chien-I Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3118; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073118 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines the dynamic relationship between carbon markets and clean energy stocks using a quantile Granger-causality framework, capturing nonlinear dependencies across different market conditions. Unlike conventional mean-based approaches, this method identifies asymmetric causal linkages, particularly during periods of extreme market movements. Empirical [...] Read more.

This study examines the dynamic relationship between carbon markets and clean energy stocks using a quantile Granger-causality framework, capturing nonlinear dependencies across different market conditions. Unlike conventional mean-based approaches, this method identifies asymmetric causal linkages, particularly during periods of extreme market movements. Empirical results reveal a bidirectional Granger-causal relationship between carbon price returns and clean energy stock returns, predominantly at the lower quantile

τ = 0.25

and upper quantile

τ = 0.75

of the conditional distribution. This indicates that carbon price fluctuations significantly impact clean energy investments during bullish (>0.50 quantiles) and bearish (<0.50 quantiles) trends, while the effect is weaker during stable periods (0.50 quantile). Additionally, findings suggest that the impact of carbon pricing varies across regions. While the signs of the Granger-causality running from carbon markets to clean energy stocks are less than 0 in global, European, and U.S. markets, China’s policy-driven sustainability initiatives mitigate these risks, enhancing investment stability. These findings underscore the importance of region-specific carbon policies in supporting clean energy growth. Policymakers should consider stabilization mechanisms in volatile markets and strategic carbon pricing to optimize investment incentives. Future research should explore the role of green financial innovations in enhancing carbon market efficiency and reducing investment uncertainty in clean energy transitions. Full article

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35 pages, 1880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening Cybersecurity Resilience: An Investigation of Customers’ Adoption of Emerging Security Tools in Mobile Banking Apps

by Irfan Riasat, Mahmood Shah and M. Sinan Gonul

Computers 2025, 14(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14040129 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rise in internet-based services has raised risks of data exposure. The manipulation and exploitation of sensitive data significantly impact individuals’ resilience—the ability to protect and prepare against cyber incidents. Emerging technologies seek to enhance cybersecurity resilience by developing various security tools. This [...] Read more.

The rise in internet-based services has raised risks of data exposure. The manipulation and exploitation of sensitive data significantly impact individuals’ resilience—the ability to protect and prepare against cyber incidents. Emerging technologies seek to enhance cybersecurity resilience by developing various security tools. This study aims to explore the adoption of security tools using a qualitative research approach. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with users of mobile banking apps from Pakistan. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which revealed that biometric authentication and SMS alerts are commonly used. Limited use of multifactor authentication has been observed, mainly due to a lack of awareness or implementation knowledge. Passwords are still regarded as a trusted and secure mechanism. The findings indicate that the adoption of security tools is based on perceptions of usefulness, perceived trust, and perceived ease of use, while knowledge and awareness play a moderating role. This study also proposes a framework by extending TAM to include multiple security tools and introducing knowledge and awareness as a moderator influencing users’ perceptions. The findings inform practical implications for financial institutions, application developers, and policymakers to ensure standardized policy to include security tools in online financial platforms, thereby enhancing overall cybersecurity resilience. Full article

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10 pages, 40059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Tech Approach to Measuring Defensive Physical Demands in Basketball Pick-And-Rolls During Official Games: Inertial Sensors and Video Analysis

by Abdelaziz Qarouach, Daniele Conte, Pierpaolo Sansone and Marco Pernigoni

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3860; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073860 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to quantify the physical load of defensive pick-and-roll (PnR) actions according to court location (middle or side), defensive option employed (switch, drop/ice, or trap), and effectiveness (successful or unsuccessful) during official basketball games. Twenty-four male basketball players (age: 20.5 ± [...] Read more.

This study aimed to quantify the physical load of defensive pick-and-roll (PnR) actions according to court location (middle or side), defensive option employed (switch, drop/ice, or trap), and effectiveness (successful or unsuccessful) during official basketball games. Twenty-four male basketball players (age: 20.5 ± 1.1 years; stature: 191.5 ± 8.7 cm; body mass: 86.5 ± 11.3 kg; playing experience: 8.5 ± 2.4 years) from two teams competing in the Lithuanian third division were recruited, with data collected across six official games. Participants were monitored using a combination of video-based time–motion analysis (TMA) and inertial measurement units (IMUs), allowing the calculation of duration, PlayerLoad (PL), and PL·min⁻¹ for each of the 364 defensive PnR actions identified. No significant differences were found based on court location or defensive option employed (p > 0.05). By contrast, unsuccessful plays resulted in significantly higher physical loads than successful ones (duration: p < 0.001, ES = 0.46; PL: p < 0.001, ES = 0.41; PL·min⁻¹: p = 0.047, ES = 0.24). Overall, these findings highlight a consistent physical load based on court location and defensive option adopted and an increased physical load when the defensive effort failed. Therefore, basketball coaches are suggested to consider the physical load of different defensive PnR scenarios when planning training drills, defining performance profiles of defensive strategies, and managing team rotations during games. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies in Sports and Physical Activity)

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17 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating AHP-SBE for Evaluating Visitor Satisfaction in Traditional Village Tourism Landscapes

by Lie Wang, Ji’an Zhuang and Mo Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3119; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073119 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traditional villages, as repositories of cultural heritage and natural landscapes, have gained increasing prominence in the tourism industry. However, balancing authenticity preservation with visitor satisfaction remains a critical challenge. This study employs a combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)–Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) approach under [...] Read more.

Traditional villages, as repositories of cultural heritage and natural landscapes, have gained increasing prominence in the tourism industry. However, balancing authenticity preservation with visitor satisfaction remains a critical challenge. This study employs a combined Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)–Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) approach under the theoretical framework of 4E theory (Entertainment, Education, Aesthetics, and Escapism) to comprehensively evaluate visitor satisfaction in traditional village tourism landscapes. Eight nationally designated tourism-oriented traditional villages in Anhua County, China were selected as case studies. Findings from the AHP analysis reveal that aesthetic and escapism experiences are the most influential dimensions in shaping visitor satisfaction, while entertainment and educational experiences, though secondary, remain integral to a well-rounded tourism framework. The SBE evaluation corroborates these results, highlighting that seasonal characteristics, stress relief, and cultural landscape diversity significantly enhance visitor experiences. Conversely, deficiencies were observed in social interactivity, satisfaction with educational experiences, and fulfillment of aesthetic needs, indicating areas for improvement. A strong positive correlation between AHP and SBE scores (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.867, p < 0.01) underscores the alignment between expert-driven evaluations and visitor perceptions. These insights suggest that integrating expert-based hierarchical analysis with empirical visitor assessments provides a more robust and multidimensional framework for sustainable tourism management. Recommendations include enhancing social interactivity, optimizing educational components, enriching aesthetic experiences, and ensuring the preservation of vernacular landscapes to foster sustainable, experience-driven rural tourism development. Full article

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23 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Governance Strategies for the Management of Museums and Heritage Institutions

by Héctor Moreno Mendoza and Agustín Santana Talavera

Heritage 2025, 8(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8040127 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The management of museums and cultural heritage institutions requires a collaborative approach that involves diverse actors in decision-making. This study analyses four models of cultural management (dependent, autonomous, non-profit, and private) through case studies on the island of Gran Canaria, highlighting their advantages [...] Read more.

The management of museums and cultural heritage institutions requires a collaborative approach that involves diverse actors in decision-making. This study analyses four models of cultural management (dependent, autonomous, non-profit, and private) through case studies on the island of Gran Canaria, highlighting their advantages and limitations. As a result, a hybrid model of governance is proposed that integrates elements of the public, private, and social sectors, promoting the active participation of all stakeholders. However, the implementation of this model faces challenges such as resistance to change on the part of some institutions, the difficulty of coordinating divergent interests between public and private actors, and the need to establish regulatory frameworks that facilitate collaboration without compromising heritage conservation. Despite these obstacles, this approach seeks to improve the sustainability, efficiency, and adaptability of heritage institutions to contemporary tourism and conservation challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic (World) Heritage Sites and Values in Danger: Climate-Change Related Challenges and Transformation)

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14 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Challenges in COVID-19 Pandemic Triaging: An Indian and US Perspective

by Muralidhar Varma, Robin Sudandiradas, Mauli Mahendra Patel, Trini Ann Mathew, Marcus Zervos, Shashikiran Umakanth, Asha Kamath, Mahadev Rao, Vandana Kalwaje Eshwara, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay and Vijaya Arun Kumar

Emerg. Care Med. 2025, 2(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecm2020018 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed many health care facilities with patients, leading to an increased risk of potential transmission. Though the disease process was identical, the triaging system was unique at different sites, without a unified system for emergency department triaging globally. Proper [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed many health care facilities with patients, leading to an increased risk of potential transmission. Though the disease process was identical, the triaging system was unique at different sites, without a unified system for emergency department triaging globally. Proper implementation of pre-screening and triaging is of paramount importance in tertiary care settings to prevent nosocomial spread of infection. Methods: Each country has its own triage guidelines and Infection, Prevention, and Control policies developed by its health ministry and may face significant challenges in implementing them. Triage guidelines followed by two tertiary care hospitals in Detroit, United States of America and Manipal, India are compared during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: This paper offers a unique perspective of the challenges experienced with the hospital triage practices and provides solutions to address them. The future trajectory of COVID-19 epidemiology in both countries will be determined by the adherence to best practices in Infection Prevention and Control and triage protocols. The healthcare facility triage algorithm is constantly evolving in both settings as new evidence is being added to hospital epidemiology and infection prevention practices. Conclusions: Training healthcare workers on new triage protocols is required. It is critical for infectious disease doctors, clinical microbiologists, hospital epidemiologists, and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) staff to collaborate with clinicians, nurses, and other ancillary staff in order to successfully implement the triage protocols. Developing and modifying guidelines for cleaning hospital triage areas and providing high throughput for patient care are also important lessons learned. Usage of face shields and the quality of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be ensured for all healthcare workers (HCWs). Resilient staff and resilient hospital infrastructure are crucial for a sustainable response to future pandemics. Full article

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24 pages, 1181 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Therapies and Potential Strategies for Uveal Melanoma

by Sarah Scoles, Sanjay Ganesh and Kaori H. Yamada

Drugs Drug Candidates 2025, 4(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc4020014 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare but deadly ocular cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics of uveal melanoma and current therapeutic options for primary uveal melanoma and metastatic uveal melanoma, and introduces recent development of therapeutic strategies in preclinical animal studies and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare but deadly ocular cancer. This review summarizes the characteristics of uveal melanoma and current therapeutic options for primary uveal melanoma and metastatic uveal melanoma, and introduces recent development of therapeutic strategies in preclinical animal studies and clinical trials. Methods: The literature search was conducted to identify relevant articles for UM studies. It was performed using PubMed for articles in English until March 2025. Information on clinical trials was also obtained from ClinicalTrial.gov. Results: Uveal melanoma originates from melanocytes, similar to skin melanoma. However, uveal melanoma has different mutations from skin melanoma. Thus, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, which are effective for skin melanoma, are ineffective for uveal melanoma. Current therapies for UM include radiation therapy, surgical resection, liver-directed therapies, and recently FDA-approved tebentafusp. Although a wide variety of available and newly developed therapies have been tested in clinical trials for UM, tebentafusp is the only FDA-approved therapy for metastatic UM. Given the excessive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in UM patients with metastatic diseases, anti-VEGF strategies are being tested in clinical trials and pre-clinical animal models. Conclusions: This review summarizes an overview of current therapies and the development of therapeutic strategies in clinical trials and pre-clinical animal models. Despite successful control of primary tumors, 50% of UM patients still experience metastasis in the liver. Although tebentafusp improves the overall survival (OS) of a certain population of UM patients, robust strategies for preventing UM metastasis represent a critical unmet need. Further investigations of the heterogeneity of UM cells and mechanisms of UM metastasis are needed in the future. Full article

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16 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photosynthetic Adaptation in Poplar Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress: Integrating Molecular, Physiological, and Biotechnological Perspectives

by Dong Wang, Pawan Kumar Jewaria and Jianwei Xiao

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020042 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change, the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is of increasing concern. Poplars are widely planted because of their fast growth and environmental adaptability. We reviewed the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on photosynthesis in poplar, focusing on the damage caused by adversity conditions to photosynthetic apparatus, which leads to decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage. The mechanisms of photosynthesis response to stress in poplar are reviewed, especially the role of genes regulation in regulating photosynthetic efficiency. These findings are particularly important for improving the resilience of poplar under changing environmental conditions. In addition, we discussed a range of strategies to enhance photosynthesis in poplar under stress, such as genetic engineering and synthetic biology. These approaches provide theoretical guidance for improving the resilience of poplar and insights for improving other crops facing similar challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 7501 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Posture Analysis in the Sagittal Plane—Practical Guidelines with Reference Values

by Oliver Ludwig

Anatomia 2025, 4(2), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia4020005 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The alignment of a person’s body segments depends on their innate anatomy and neuromuscular status. Sagittal posture assessments provide valuable information on correctable deficits, which can be used to prevent possible health issues or injuries. Methods: This article provides practical guidance on [...] Read more.

Background: The alignment of a person’s body segments depends on their innate anatomy and neuromuscular status. Sagittal posture assessments provide valuable information on correctable deficits, which can be used to prevent possible health issues or injuries. Methods: This article provides practical guidance on how to perform a basic photometric sagittal posture analysis in a reproducible manner, which reference points should be used, and which errors should be avoided. For this purpose, based on the current literature, four important evidence-based parameters for evaluation are defined, and literature-based reference values are given for the assessment of posture. Conclusions: When done correctly, the sagittal posture analysis is a valuable tool in the fields of medicine and sports. Full article

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25 pages, 7433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonizing the Transportation Sector: A Review on the Role of Electric Vehicles Towards the European Green Deal for the New Emission Standards

by Dimitrios Rimpas, Dimitrios E. Barkas, Vasilios A. Orfanos and Ioannis Christakis

Air 2025, 3(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/air3020010 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The transportation sector has a significant impact on climate change, as it is responsible for 20% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper evaluates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in achieving Europe’s ambitious target of carbon neutrality by 2050. The [...] Read more.

The transportation sector has a significant impact on climate change, as it is responsible for 20% of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper evaluates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in achieving Europe’s ambitious target of carbon neutrality by 2050. The limitations of internal combustion engines (ICEs) along with the recent advancements, such as Euro 6 standards, are examined with a pseudo–lifecycle analysis (pseudo-LCA). While ICEs remain cost-effective initially, their higher long-term cost and environmental impact make them unsustainable. The benefits of EVs, including high energy efficiency, minimal maintenance, and reduced GHG emissions, are stated. However, challenges such as range limitations, charging infrastructure, and the environmental cost of battery production persist. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are highlighted as transitional technologies, offering improved thermal efficiency and reduced emissions, enhancing air quality in both urban and rural areas. The analysis extends to the use of alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. These provide interim solutions but face scalability and sustainability issues. Policy interventions, including subsidies, tax incentives, and investments in renewable energy, are crucial factors for EV adoption. As EVs are pivotal to decarbonization, integrating renewable energy and addressing systemic challenges are essential for a sustainable transition. Full article

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30 pages, 336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relational Pathways to Sociopolitical Control: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Kathryn Y. Morgan, Katherine Wiley, Brian D. Christens, Annie B. Clark and Colleen Loomis

Youth 2025, 5(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5020034 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical period for sociopolitical development, yet research has primarily focused on youth with explicit civic engagement, overlooking the role of community involvement in broader contexts. This mixed-methods study examines how adolescent community involvement—ranging from volunteering and advocacy to participation in [...] Read more.

Adolescence is a critical period for sociopolitical development, yet research has primarily focused on youth with explicit civic engagement, overlooking the role of community involvement in broader contexts. This mixed-methods study examines how adolescent community involvement—ranging from volunteering and advocacy to participation in sports, religious, and cultural activities—shapes sociopolitical control (SPC) in young adulthood. Using longitudinal quantitative survey data from 352 Canadian families, alongside qualitative interviews with 32 adult participants, we analyze how relationships with parents and peers mediate the link between community involvement and SPC. Regression analyses demonstrate that community involvement in high school predicts SPC at age 25, with parental support and positive peer relationships serving as significant mediators. Mediation analysis further reveals that relationships with mothers exert the strongest indirect effect on SPC, followed by relationships with fathers and peers. Qualitative findings highlight the mechanisms through which relational contexts foster or hinder SPC, illustrating that family values, peer norms, and early exposure to social issues shape long-term civic identity. These results underscore the importance of fostering relationally supportive environments that encourage diverse forms of adolescent community participation, contributing to both individual empowerment and broader democratic engagement. Full article

18 pages, 808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Civic and Prosocial Decision-Making in Early Adolescents

by Antonio Jamie Castro, Afiah Fozi, Chen-Yu Hung, Maureen Etoh and Christi Bergin

Youth 2025, 5(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5020033 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the everyday civic practices of early adolescents (ages 10–12) and explored their civic and prosocial decisions. Researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with elementary students about scenarios involving classmates in need of assistance. Participants were asked which civic and prosocial [...] Read more.

This study investigated the everyday civic practices of early adolescents (ages 10–12) and explored their civic and prosocial decisions. Researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with elementary students about scenarios involving classmates in need of assistance. Participants were asked which civic and prosocial action they might take (or not take) in each situation and what factors influenced their decision-making. Findings revealed that participants assessed each situation, considering factors such as their ability to help, personal costs associated with helping, and their relationship with the target of the assistance. Other factors included participants’ emerging sense of self-identity and their ability to adopt the perspectives of others. Overall, this study suggested that early adolescents do engage in thoughtful deliberation given their everyday contexts and experiences. Full article

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14 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosette Trajectory MRI Reconstruction with Vision Transformers

by Muhammed Fikret Yalcinbas, Cengizhan Ozturk, Onur Ozyurt, Uzay E. Emir and Ulas Bagci

Tomography 2025, 11(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11040041 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: An efficient pipeline for rosette trajectory magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction is proposed, combining the inverse Fourier transform with a vision transformer (ViT) network enhanced with a convolutional layer. This method addresses the challenges of reconstructing high-quality images from non-Cartesian data by leveraging [...] Read more.

Introduction: An efficient pipeline for rosette trajectory magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction is proposed, combining the inverse Fourier transform with a vision transformer (ViT) network enhanced with a convolutional layer. This method addresses the challenges of reconstructing high-quality images from non-Cartesian data by leveraging the ViT’s ability to handle complex spatial dependencies without extensive preprocessing. Materials and Methods: The inverse fast Fourier transform provides a robust initial approximation, which is refined by the ViT network to produce high-fidelity images. Results and Discussion: This approach outperforms established deep learning techniques for normalized root mean squared error, peak signal-to-noise ratio, and entropy-based image quality scores; offers better runtime performance; and remains competitive with respect to other metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI in Medical Imaging and Image Processing)

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29 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Framework for Cement Plants Assessment Through Cement Production Improvement Measures for Reduction of CO₂ Emissions Towards Net Zero Emissions

by Esraa Khalil and Mohamed AbouZeid

Constr. Mater. 2025, 5(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5020020 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recent global strategies highlight the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO₂ from energy-intensive industries such as cement production. Studies show that the cement industry contributes around 8% of the global CO₂ emissions, emphasizing the need for innovative and [...] Read more.

Recent global strategies highlight the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly CO₂ from energy-intensive industries such as cement production. Studies show that the cement industry contributes around 8% of the global CO₂ emissions, emphasizing the need for innovative and structural mitigation strategies. While advancements in carbon capture technologies, LC3 cement, alternative raw materials, and renewable energy integration are critical for achieving the net zero emissions (NZEs) goal, the challenge lies in having a structured and comprehensive approach for systematically categorizing, prioritizing, and assessing various CO₂ improvement measures within cement plants. To address this gap, this study introduces a structured assessment model designed to evaluate and rate proposed CO₂ improvement measures based on their alignment with the global NZE targets and plant-specific milestones, providing an overall cement plant performance score. The assessment tool developed in this study provides a quantitative scoring system for assessing the implementation level and impact of various CO₂ improvement measures within cement plants. The framework integrates the cleaner production concept and the 5Cs approach to the decarbonization of the cement industry, offering a systematic yet flexible method for cement industry decarbonization. To validate the assessment tool, two cement plants with different production scales and located at different geographical locations were analyzed. Plant A achieved an overall performance score of 3.315, while plant B scored 3.68. The assessment identified a potential CO₂ reduction of 20–30% through targeted improvements, highlighting that even well-established cement plants have opportunities for emissions reduction and efficiency enhancement. This study advances existing assessment methodologies by providing an adaptable, data-driven, systematic, and scalable tool that enhances decision-making, strategic modifications, and resource allocation for achieving NZE targets. Additionally, this assessment tool bridges the gap between global targets and plant-level implementation, ensuring effective transition towards sustainability in the cement industry. Full article

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25 pages, 6600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Correlation Network Characteristics of Comprehensive Transportation Green Efficiency in China

by Qifei Ma, Sujuan Li and Zhenchao Zhang

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020040 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurately characterizing the structural features of the spatial correlation network of comprehensive transportation green efficiency (CTGE) is essential for achieving balanced regional transportation development and eliminating regional disparities. This study employs the slacks-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to assess the CTGE of [...] Read more.

Accurately characterizing the structural features of the spatial correlation network of comprehensive transportation green efficiency (CTGE) is essential for achieving balanced regional transportation development and eliminating regional disparities. This study employs the slacks-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to assess the CTGE of China. Furthermore, the standard deviational ellipse (SDE) model and social network analysis (SNA) method are adopted to delineate the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and spatial correlation network characteristics of CTGE, based on input–output data from the transportation industry across 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) between 2003 and 2020. The findings reveal that China’s CTGE exhibits a fluctuating trend of an initial decline followed by subsequent increase, with a national average of 0.555 and an average of 0.722 in eastern regions, 0.434 in central regions, and 0.478 in western regions. This demonstrates that China’s CTGE maintains an overall low level while showing significant regional disparities. The spatial center of gravity of China’s CTGE has shifted from a southwestern to a northeastern trajectory, with a generally concentrated spatial distribution pattern. Furthermore, China’s CTGE demonstrates a distinct “core-edge” hierarchical structure, with regions occupying varied roles and statuses within the network. The central and western regions are positioned at the network periphery, predominantly receiving spillover effects from other regions, while the eastern region, driven by its strong spillover effect, serves as the network’s “engine”. The most significant contribution of this study lies in developing a more comprehensive CTGE evaluation framework and precisely identifying the structural positions and functional roles of different regions within the network, which holds substantial theoretical and practical value for advancing sustainable development in China’s transportation sector. Full article

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36 pages, 4533 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Critical Situations on Autonomous Vehicles and Strategies for Improvement

by Shahriar Austin Beigi and Byungkyu Brian Park

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020039 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recently, the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and intelligent driver assistance systems has drawn significant attention from the public. Despite these advancements, AVs may encounter critical situations in real-world scenarios that can lead to severe traffic accidents. This review paper investigated these critical [...] Read more.

Recently, the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and intelligent driver assistance systems has drawn significant attention from the public. Despite these advancements, AVs may encounter critical situations in real-world scenarios that can lead to severe traffic accidents. This review paper investigated these critical scenarios, categorizing them under weather conditions, environmental factors, and infrastructure challenges. Factors such as attenuation and scattering severely influence the performance of sensors and AVs, which can be affected by rain, snow, fog, and sandstorms. GPS and sensor signals can be disturbed in urban canyons and forested regions, which pose vehicle localization and navigation problems. Both roadway infrastructure issues, like inadequate signage and poor road conditions, are major challenges to AV sensors and navigation systems. This paper presented a survey of existing technologies and methods that can be used to overcome these challenges, evaluating their effectiveness, and reviewing current research to improve AVs’ robustness and dependability under such critical situations. This systematic review compares the current state of sensor technologies, fusion techniques, and adaptive algorithms to highlight advances and identify continuing challenges for the field. The method involved categorizing sensor robustness, infrastructure adaptation, and algorithmic improvement progress. The results show promise for advancements in dynamic infrastructure and V2I systems but pose challenges to overcoming sensor failures in extreme weather and on non-maintained roads. Such results highlight the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and real-world validation. Moreover, the review presents future research lines to improve how AVs overcome environmental and infrastructural adversities. This review concludes with actionable recommendations for upgrading physical and digital infrastructures, adaptive sensors, and algorithmic upgrades. Such research is important for AV technology to remain in the zone of advancement and stability. Full article

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21 pages, 7635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Autonomous Vehicle Performance: A Comprehensive Study of Disengagements and Mileage

by Ehsan Kohanpour, Seyed Rasoul Davoodi and Khaled Shaaban

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020038 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores the trends and causes of disengagement events in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) using data from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV) from 2019 to 2022. Disengagements, defined as instances where control transitions from the AV to a human driver, [...] Read more.

This study explores the trends and causes of disengagement events in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) using data from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV) from 2019 to 2022. Disengagements, defined as instances where control transitions from the AV to a human driver, are crucial indicators of the reliability and trustworthiness of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS). The analysis identifies a significant correlation between cumulative mileage and disengagement frequency, revealing that 77% of disengagements were initiated by safety drivers. The research categorizes disengagements into system-initiated, driver-initiated, or planned for testing purposes, highlighting that environmental factors and interactions with other road users are the primary causes attributed to the AV system. The findings indicate a downward trend in the ratio of disengagements to mileage, suggesting improvements in AV technology and increasing operator trust. However, the persistent rate of manual disengagements underscores ongoing challenges regarding driver confidence. This research enhances the understanding of ADS performance and driver interactions, offering valuable insights for improving AV safety and fostering technology acceptance in mixed-traffic environments. Future studies should prioritize enhancing system reliability and addressing the psychological factors that influence driver trust in ADS. Full article

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18 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Analysis on the Implementation and Operation of Green Hydrogen and Its Derivatives in the Spanish Port System

by Daniel García Nielsen, Alberto Camarero-Orive, Javier Vaca-Cabrero and Nicoletta González-Cancelas

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020037 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The problem addressed in this paper is the identification and management of risks associated with the implementation and operation of green hydrogen in the Spanish port system. The growing demand for clean energy and environmental regulations are driving the adoption of green hydrogen [...] Read more.

The problem addressed in this paper is the identification and management of risks associated with the implementation and operation of green hydrogen in the Spanish port system. The growing demand for clean energy and environmental regulations are driving the adoption of green hydrogen as a viable solution to decarbonize shipping. However, this transition comes with significant challenges, including safety, infrastructure, and hydrogen handling risks. In the existing literature, several authors have used methodologies such as qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, techniques such as FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), and the evaluation of impacts and probabilities of occurrence to identify and manage risks in similar projects. These approaches have made it possible to identify potential threats and propose effective mitigation measures. In this work, a combined methodology is proposed that includes the identification of threats, risk assessment through risk matrices, and classification of these risks for their proper management. The SWIFT method (Structured What-If Technique) and the use of impact-probability matrices are applied. The main conclusion of the work is that, although green hydrogen has great potential for the decarbonization of the port sector, its implementation requires careful management of the risks identified. The proposed mitigation measures are essential to ensure the safety and viability of green hydrogen projects in Spanish ports. Full article

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13 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonisation of Road Transportation in India—A Round-Robin Review on Low-Carbon Strategies and Financial Policies

by Shohel Amin

Future Transp. 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5020036 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

India is committed to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 to fight climate change; however, road transportation causes a major challenge for decarbonising transport in India. This paper investigates the low-carbon strategy and implementation of fiscal and financial policies in India. The research [...] Read more.

India is committed to becoming a net-zero emitter by 2070 to fight climate change; however, road transportation causes a major challenge for decarbonising transport in India. This paper investigates the low-carbon strategy and implementation of fiscal and financial policies in India. The research delves into the innovative strategies to address unique regional hurdles and transportation demands. These strategies include customised policies to incentivise EVs, creating charging infrastructure networks, the integration of renewable energy sources in public transport systems, and the formulation of specific regulations to curb emissions from high-traffic areas. Findings from the review of low-carbon strategies and financial policies in road transportation advocate for penalising high-emitters, subsidising clean technology, and reorienting government expenditure towards sustainable infrastructure for combating climate change and adhering to India’s commitment announced at COP26. This paper suggests the efficacy and replicability of these new strategies, thus, providing valuable insights to policymakers and stakeholders for creating a more sustainable and efficient road transportation network in India. Full article

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