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Open AccessArticle

Can Coexisting Allergic Rhinitis in Patients with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma Be a Prognostic Factor for Efficacy of Biological Therapy? Analysis of Eosinophilic Involvement

by Edyta Jura-Szołtys, Joanna Glück, Ludger Klimek and Radosław Gawlik

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020587 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chronic rhinitis is induced by endotype-diverse inflammatory processes, which complicates effective therapeutic management. According to the current principles of personalized medicine, which also apply to the management of rhinological disorders, the best therapeutic results can be achieved after targeted treatment preceded by analysis [...] Read more.

Chronic rhinitis is induced by endotype-diverse inflammatory processes, which complicates effective therapeutic management. According to the current principles of personalized medicine, which also apply to the management of rhinological disorders, the best therapeutic results can be achieved after targeted treatment preceded by analysis of the patient’s endotype. Analysis of immune and cellular mechanisms allows for the use of biological treatment, and its effects provide new information on inflammatory processes in the nasal mucosa. The effects of biological treatment may be particularly interesting in the case of mixed endotypes, which pose a difficult therapeutic challenge. In eosinophilic asthma co-occurring with allergic rhinitis, as well as in eosinophilic asthma associated with non-allergic rhinitis, eosinophils represent a key effector cell population driving the underlying type 2-mediated inflammatory response. The aim of this study is to analyze the efficacy of anti-IL5 or anti-ILR5 therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and persistent allergic or non-allergic rhinitis. Methods: In this single-center real-life study, the authors analyzed the effects of biological treatment on rhinological symptoms in patients over the age of 18 with severe uncontrolled eosinophilic bronchial asthma with coexisting persistent allergic or non-allergic rhinitis treated with mepolizumab or benralizumab. In all patients, the otolaryngologist performed anterior rhinoscopy. Evaluation of rhinological symptoms and quality of life in patients treated with anti-IL5 or anti-IL5 therapy before and six months after biological treatment was performed using the TNSS and SNOT-22 scales. Results: In total, 67 patients with eosinophilic severe bronchial asthma were included in the study; among them 39 (58.2%) suffered from persistent allergic rhinitis and 28 (41.8%) suffered from chronic non-allergic rhinitis. After six months of treatment, higher absolute differences for SNOT and TNSS were observed in the persistent allergic rhinitis group. Conclusions: Biological treatment with mepolizumab and benralizumab may reduce the severity of rhinological symptoms in both endotypes of inflammation. However, higher therapeutic benefits were observed in patients with co-existing persistent allergic rhinitis. It was demonstrated that, in addition to IgE-mediated responses, the eosinophil represented an important component of the inflammatory reaction in allergic rhinitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Immunology & Rheumatology)

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21 pages, 2195 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Floodport App for Interactive Coastal Flood Risk Training

by Angelos Alamanos, Phoebe Koundouri, Nikolaos Nagkoulis and Olympia Nisiforou

Hydrology 2026, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13010028 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Coastal flooding can result from multiple interacting drivers and can be a complex, challenging topic for learners to grasp. Interactive learning with apps offers new opportunities for improving comprehension and engagement. We present the Floodport app, an educational interactive tool that puts students [...] Read more.

Coastal flooding can result from multiple interacting drivers and can be a complex, challenging topic for learners to grasp. Interactive learning with apps offers new opportunities for improving comprehension and engagement. We present the Floodport app, an educational interactive tool that puts students in the role of coastal risk analysts exploring how natural hazards threaten port safety. Users have to adjust key parameters, including high tides, storm surges, terrestrial rainfall contribution, sea-level rise, and engineered features such as dock height. These forces, individually or jointly, result in water-level rises that may flood the app’s port. The app supports exploration of mitigation designs for the port. Developed in Excel and Python 3.11.4 and deployed as an R/Shiny application, Floodport was used as a classroom game by 153 students with no prior knowledge on coastal flooding concepts. Pre–post survey statistical analysis showed significant learning gains and positively correlation with willingness to engage further. Floodport was found to be a useful tool for basic introduction to flooding concepts. The results indicate strong pedagogical promise and potential for using the app beyond the classroom, in contexts such as stakeholder engagement and training. Full article

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16 pages, 3692 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Molecular Mechanism of Interaction Between Perfluoroalkyl Acids and PPAR by Molecular Docking

by Renli Wei, Huiping Xiao, Jie Fu, Yin Luo and Pengfei Wang

Toxics 2026, 14(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14010067 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as a class of “permanent chemicals” with high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, have attracted much attention. In this study, we focused on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as a class of “permanent chemicals” with high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, have attracted much attention. In this study, we focused on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). Using molecular docking, binding free energy calculation, and structural analysis, we systematically investigated the binding modes, key amino acid residues, and binding energies of 20 structurally diverse PFAAs with PPARδ. The results showed that the binding energies of PFAAs with PPARδ were significantly affected by the molecular weight, the number of hydrogen bond donors, and the melting point of PFAAs. PFAAs with smaller molecular weights and fewer hydrogen bond donors showed stronger binding affinity. The binding sites were concentrated in high-frequency amino acid residues such as TRP-256, ASN-269, and GLY-270, and the interaction forces were dominated by hydrogen and halogen bonds. PFAAs with branched structure of larger molecular weight (e.g., 3m-PFOA, binding energy of −2.92 kcal·mol⁻¹; 3,3m₂-PFOA, binding energy of −2.45 kcal·mol⁻¹) had weaker binding energies than their straight-chain counterparts due to spatial site-blocking effect. In addition, validation group experiments further confirmed the regulation law of binding strength by physicochemical properties. In order to verify the binding stability of the key complexes predicted by molecular docking, and to investigate the dynamic behavior under the conditions of solvation and protein flexibility, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on PFBA, PFOA, 3,3m₂-PFOA, and PFHxA. The results confirmed the dynamic stability of the binding of the high-affinity ligands selected through docking to PPARδ. Moreover, the influence of molecular weight and branched structure on the binding strength was quantitatively verified from the perspectives of energy and RMSD trajectories. The present study revealed the molecular mechanism of PFAAs interfering with metabolic homeostasis through the PPARδ pathway, providing a theoretical basis for assessing its ecological and health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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16 pages, 13998 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surfactin Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation by Negatively Regulating the Elk1-AP-1-NFATc1 Axis

by Kazuki Maruyama, Ayaka Koga, Yuki Kodama, Ryota Yamasaki, Yoshie Nagai-Yoshioka, Jun J. Miyamoto, Kayoko Kuroishi, Kaori Gunjigake, Tatsuo Kawamoto and Wataru Ariyoshi

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010155 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Surfactin is a biosurfactant with various biological activities, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on bone metabolism remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of surfactin on osteoclast differentiation and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Surfactin is a biosurfactant with various biological activities, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on bone metabolism remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of surfactin on osteoclast differentiation and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and surfactin, and osteoclast differentiation and maturation were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and F-actin staining, respectively. Gene expression of differentiation markers was assessed using real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the kinetics of intracellular signaling molecules and transcription factors were analyzed using Western blot analysis. Results: Surfactin treatment significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation and maturation, as well as the mRNA expression of Nfatc1, Acp5, and Cathepsin K. Although surfactin did not markedly affect RANKL-induced activation of the NF-κB or MAPK-mediated signaling, it significantly suppressed the expression of c-Fos at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, surfactin attenuated the phosphorylation of Elk1, a transcription factor involved in c-Fos induction. Conclusions: Surfactin inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by negatively regulating the Elk1-AP-1-NFATc1 axis. Surfactin may thus be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of metabolic bone disorders and inflammatory bone destruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

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22 pages, 2799 KB

Open AccessArticle

Juniperus communis L. Needle Extract Modulates Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways in an Experimental Model of Acute Inflammation

by Dinu Bolunduț, Alina Elena Pârvu, Andra Diana Cecan, Anca Elena But, Florica Ranga, Marcel Pârvu, Iulia Ioana Morar and Ciprian Ovidiu Dalai

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020247 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Juniperus communis L. is a conifer widely used in traditional European medicine for the management of inflammatory disorders. However, its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation remain incompletely characterized. The present study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of an ethanolic needle extract [...] Read more.

Juniperus communis L. is a conifer widely used in traditional European medicine for the management of inflammatory disorders. However, its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation remain incompletely characterized. The present study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of an ethanolic needle extract of J. communis using in vitro assays and an in vivo model of acute inflammation induced by turpentine oil in rats. Phytochemical profiling by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS revealed a polyphenol-rich extract dominated by flavonols, flavanols, and hydroxybenzoic acids, with quercetin derivatives and taxifolin as major constituents. In vitro analyses demonstrated radical-scavenging and reducing capacities, exceeding or comparable to reference antioxidants in DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, ferric-reducing, and nitric oxide scavenging assays. In vivo, both therapeutic and prophylactic administration of the extract significantly attenuated oxidative and nitrosative stress, as evidenced by reductions in total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide, 3-nitrotyrosine, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, alongside restoration of total antioxidant capacity and thiol levels. These effects were concentration-dependent. Concomitantly, inflammatory signaling was suppressed, with decreased NF-κB activity and reduced levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. These results support the use of these extracts, whose benefits have been observed in traditional medicine, providing scientific support for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of J. communis extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds as Modulators of Antioxidant Activity and Inflammatory Processes in Related Diseases)

20 pages, 2308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Refractory Geopolymer Bricks from Clays and Seashells: Effect of Sodium Lignosulfonate and Polycarboxylate Plasticizers on Workability and Compressive Strength

by Andrea Yesenia Ramírez-Yáñez, Nadia Renata Osornio-Rubio, Hugo Jiménez-Islas, Fernando Iván Molina-Herrera, Jorge Alejandro Torres-Ochoa and Gloria María Martínez-González

Eng 2026, 7(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7010039 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Refractory geopolymers derived from aluminosilicate sources and alkaline activation are a promising alternative to traditional fired bricks, particularly when low-cost, waste-derived raw materials are used. This study improves the workability of a refractory brick formulated with clays (Kaolin and Tepozan–Bauwer), seashell waste, sodium [...] Read more.

Refractory geopolymers derived from aluminosilicate sources and alkaline activation are a promising alternative to traditional fired bricks, particularly when low-cost, waste-derived raw materials are used. This study improves the workability of a refractory brick formulated with clays (Kaolin and Tepozan–Bauwer), seashell waste, sodium silicate, potassium hydroxide, and water by incorporating sodium lignosulfonate (LS) and polycarboxylate (PC) plasticizers. Clays from Comonfort, Guanajuato, Mexico, and seashells were ground and sieved to pass a 100 Tyler mesh. A base mixture was prepared and evaluated using the Mini Slump Test, varying plasticizer content from 0 to 2% relative to the solid fraction. Based on workability, 0.5% LS and 1% PC (by solids) increased the slump, and a blended plasticizer formulation (1.5% by solids, 80%PC+20%LS) produced the highest workability. These additives act through different mechanisms, with LS primarily promoting electrostatic repulsion and PC steric repulsion. Bricks with and without plasticizers exhibited thermal resistance up to 1200 °C. After four calcination cycles, compressive strength values were 354.74 kg_f/cm² for the brick without plasticizer, 597.25 kg_f/cm² for 1% PC, 433.63 kg_f/cm² for 0.5% LS, and 519.05 kg_f/cm² for 1.5% of the 80%PC+20%LS blend. Strength was consistent with changes in porosity and apparent density, and 1% PC provided a favorable combination of high workability and high compressive strength after cycling. Because the cost of clays and seashells is negligible, formulation selection was based on plasticizer cost per brick. Although 1% PC and the 1.5% of 80%PC+20%LS blend showed statistically comparable strength after cycling, 1% PC was selected as the preferred option due to its lower additive cost ($0.0449 per brick) compared with the blend ($0.0633 per brick). Stereoscopic microscopy indicated pore closure after calcination with no visible cracking, and SEM–EDS identified O, Si, and Al as the significant elements, with traces of S and K. Overall, the study provides an integrated assessment of workability, multi-cycle calcination, microstructure, and performance for refractory bricks produced from readily available clays and seashell waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Engineering)

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30 pages, 788 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Laissez-Faire: Differentiating the Relationship Between the Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) and Employee Well-Being and Effort in the Greek Hotel Sector

by Angelos Ntalakos, Dimitrios Belias, Athanasios Koustelios and Nikolaos Tsigilis

Adm. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci16010034 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

The hospitality sector is an environment where leadership quality significantly impacts organizational performance and employees’ well-being. However, research on leadership styles in the Greek hotel industry remains limited. Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), this research explores the connections between transformational, transactional, and [...] Read more.

The hospitality sector is an environment where leadership quality significantly impacts organizational performance and employees’ well-being. However, research on leadership styles in the Greek hotel industry remains limited. Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), this research explores the connections between transformational, transactional, and passive leadership styles, as well as the employees’ outcome (extra effort, effectiveness, satisfaction). The survey was conducted among 211 hotel employees from the major Greek tourism areas. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported the MLQ structure, and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the hypothesized relationships. The findings indicate that transformational leadership is the primary factor positively associated with all three employee outcomes, with idealized influence and individualized consideration being the strongest predictors. Contingent reward (transactional leadership) is positively associated with several employee outcomes. Laissez-faire leadership has significant negative associations with extra effort, effectiveness, and satisfaction, while passive management-by-exception demonstrates some positive associations, making the situation difficult to interpret. These results verify the Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM) as a viable theoretical framework in the Greek hotel sector and offer a plethora of research-based guidelines to leadership program schedulers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Leadership)

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20 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forage Production and Sward Structure Dynamics of Tall Fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) Pasture Grazed to Different Sward Heights

by Pamela Yanina Giles, Gabriel Menegazzi, Diego Antonio Mattiauda, Santiago Alfredo Utsumi and Pablo Chilibroste

Agronomy 2026, 16(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16020183 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sward structure and post-grazing heights (SH) significantly influence plant growth and animal intake, crucial for dairy grazing systems. However, these interactions are dynamic and vary with season, resource heterogeneity, and defoliation patterns. Seasonal effects of control (TC), medium (TM), and lax (TL) post-grazing [...] Read more.

Sward structure and post-grazing heights (SH) significantly influence plant growth and animal intake, crucial for dairy grazing systems. However, these interactions are dynamic and vary with season, resource heterogeneity, and defoliation patterns. Seasonal effects of control (TC), medium (TM), and lax (TL) post-grazing SH of grazed Lolium arundinaceum-based pasture on forage production and utilization, herbage mass, green cover, and chemical composition were tested during autumn-winter and spring seasons and among tall (TP), medium (MP), and short (SP) patches in spring. Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows were randomized evenly to TC, TM, and TL grazing treatments to achieve 6, 9, and 12 cm of post-grazing SH during autumn-winter, and 9, 12, and 15 cm in spring. Forage production was higher on TL than TM and TC, yet utilization was similar across all treatments. The TP relative to MP on SP increased for TL compared to TC and TM. The TP-TC presented higher leaf-density and leaf-proportion, than TP-TL, without modifying leaf canopy distribution of superior-medium horizons among treatments. Grazing management modulated forage production and structural heterogeneity across SH treatments. Critically, monitoring patch-level dynamics—rather than mean height —is essential for optimizing production and harvest efficiency in temperate systems by improving grazing horizon accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

16 pages, 1930 KB

Open AccessArticle

Left Atrial Appendage Closure in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Intermediate-to-Borderline High Cardiovascular Risk: A Retrospective Propensity Match Cohort Study

by Jiayi Liu, Ningjing Qian, Ying Gao, Junyan Jin, Bingqi Wang, Muhua Luo and Yaping Wang

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2026, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13010041 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and objective: Evidence of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) and oral anticoagulants (OACs) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with intermediate-to-borderline high stroke risk is scarce. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these treatments in the latter clinical [...] Read more.

Background and objective: Evidence of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) and oral anticoagulants (OACs) in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with intermediate-to-borderline high stroke risk is scarce. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these treatments in the latter clinical population. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included NVAF patients with CHA₂DS₂-VA scores of 1–2 and used 1:1 propensity score matching (184 patients per group) to compare efficacy and safety outcomes. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, transient ischemic attacks, systemic embolism, and cardiovascular death during follow-up. Adverse safety events were categorized into peri-procedure (LAAC group) and non-procedural (both groups) events. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 48.93 ± 28.50 months, a total of 26 patients (7.07%) reached the primary composite efficacy endpoint. The LAAC group showed a significantly higher incidence of the efficacy endpoint compared to the OAC group (HR = 3.09; 95% CI 1.22–7.85; log-rank p = 0.01). Procedure-related events occurred in five LAAC patients (one contributing to primary endpoint), while non-procedural bleeding rates were similar (0.54% vs. 1.09%; p = 0.56). Subgroup analyses suggested concomitant ablation of NVAF in LAAC group did not significantly improve efficacy composite endpoints (HR = 0.47). Conclusions: In NVAF patients with intermediate-to-high stroke risk, OACs were more effective than LAAC in preventing thromboembolic events, with comparable rates of clinically relevant bleeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research on Atrial Fibrillation)

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18 pages, 2326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of N/S CQDs@Fe-TCPP Nanocatalyst-Induced Electrochemical Sensors for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Milk

by Wenjing Wang, Shujuan Chen, Yifan Fu, Yike Hong, Chenbo Tang, Likou Zou, Junni Tang, Li He, Shuliang Liu, Kaidi Hu and Aiping Liu

Foods 2026, 15(2), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020266 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Given the potential hazards of enrofloxacin (ENR) residues to human health, establishing an accurate, rapid, and stable detection method is of importance. To enable the direct detection of ENR, an electrochemical sensor was constructed in this study. N- and S-doped carbon quantum dots [...] Read more.

Given the potential hazards of enrofloxacin (ENR) residues to human health, establishing an accurate, rapid, and stable detection method is of importance. To enable the direct detection of ENR, an electrochemical sensor was constructed in this study. N- and S-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with peroxidase-like activity were prepared using DL-malic acid, L-alanine, and L-cysteine as precursors and compounded with a tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) and Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O to make novel N/S CQDs@Fe-TCPP composite carbon-based nanozymes to construct an electrochemical sensor, and the electrochemical behavior was investigated. Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear current response to ENR concentrations in the range of 1–1300 nM (I (μA) = 0.0106c (nM) + 2.9861, R² = 0.9962), with a calculated detection limit of 0.872 nM (S/N = 3). The recovery rate of this sensor in actual milk samples ranged from 99.02% to 100.9%. The reproducibility experiments demonstrated the high precision of the method, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.27%. Stability testing revealed a peak current retention rate of 93.51% on day 21, indicating excellent system stability. These findings indicate that the sensor shows great capability for ENR detection in food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)

30 pages, 8195 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Water and Fertilizer Use Strategies for Silage Corn Under Different Irrigation Methods to Mitigate Abiotic Stress

by Delong Tian, Yuchao Chen, Bing Xu, Guoshuai Wang and Lingyun Xu

Plants 2026, 15(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020228 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

To reconcile the intensifying trade-off between chronic water scarcity and escalating forage demand in the Yellow River Basin, this study optimized integrated irrigation and fertilization regimes for silage maize. Leveraging the AquaCrop model, validated by 2023–2024 field experiments and a 35-year (1990–2024) meteorological [...] Read more.

To reconcile the intensifying trade-off between chronic water scarcity and escalating forage demand in the Yellow River Basin, this study optimized integrated irrigation and fertilization regimes for silage maize. Leveraging the AquaCrop model, validated by 2023–2024 field experiments and a 35-year (1990–2024) meteorological dataset, we systematically quantified the impacts of multi-factorial water–fertilizer–heat stress under drip irrigation with mulch (DIM) and shallow-buried drip irrigation (SBDI). Model performance was robust, yielding high simulation accuracy for soil moisture (RMSE < 3.3%), canopy cover (RMSE < 3.95%), and aboveground biomass (RMSE < 4.5 t·ha⁻¹), with EF > 0.7 and R² ≥ 0.85. Results revealed distinct stress dynamics across hydrological scenarios: mild temperature stress predominated in wet years, whereas severe water and fertilizer stresses emerged as the primary constraints during dry years. To mitigate these stresses, a medium fertilizer rate (555 kg·ha⁻¹) was identified as the stable optimum, while dynamic irrigation requirements were determined as 90, 135, and 180 mm for wet, normal, and dry years, respectively. Comparative evaluation indicated that DIM achieved maximum productivity in wet years (aboveground biomass yield 70.4 t·ha⁻¹), whereas SBDI exhibited superior “stable yield–water saving” performance in normal and dry years. The established “hydrological year–irrigation method–threshold” framework provides a robust decision-making tool for precision management, offering critical scientific support for the sustainable, high-quality development of livestock farming in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

20 pages, 12602 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Flow Behavior and Geochemical Impact of CO₂ and Hydrogen in Lithuanian Saline Aquifer: A Simulation and Experimental Study

by Shruti Malik, Parsa Alimohammadiardakani and Mayur Pal

Energies 2026, 19(2), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020359 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Lithuania covers the deepest parts of the Baltic basin and contains many reservoirs that have been explored for Hydrocarbon production and gas storage projects, including CO₂ and hydrocarbon gas storage. Studies have also been conducted to assess the storage potential of these [...] Read more.

Lithuania covers the deepest parts of the Baltic basin and contains many reservoirs that have been explored for Hydrocarbon production and gas storage projects, including CO₂ and hydrocarbon gas storage. Studies have also been conducted to assess the storage potential of these reservoirs for gases like CO₂ and Hydrogen. In the studies, four saline aquifers, including Syderiai, Vaskai, and D11, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gargzdai structure were evaluated for potential CO₂ storage. However, the long-term fate of these gases’ migration at the field scale has not been reported previously. In response to the existing gap, this study aims to evaluate the risks and challenges associated with subsurface CO₂ and Hydrogen storage by conducting numerical simulations at two injection rates, of fluid migration, pH variations, and geomechanical responses using the tNavigator platform, complemented by laboratory experiments on outcrops representative of Syderiai formation, to achieve a detailed understanding of geochemical interactions between rocks and fluids. The results reveal distinct gas-specific behaviors: CO₂ exhibits enhanced solubility trapping, density-driven convective mixing, and pronounced pH reduction, whereas Hydrogen demonstrates rapid buoyant migration, higher pressure buildup, and negligible geochemical reactivity. Both gases demonstrate short-term storage viability in the Syderiai aquifer under the modeled conditions, with pressure and total vertical stress remaining below the bottom-hole pressure limit of 450 bars. This integrated simulation and experimental study enhances our understanding of Lithuanian reservoirs for the safe, long-term storage of both CO₂ and Hydrogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage)

16 pages, 852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Post-Harvest Management on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Stored Hazelnuts

by Alessia Casu, Giorgio Chiusa, Eugenio Zagottis, Giuseppe Genova and Paola Battilani

Toxins 2026, 18(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18010038 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a major crop in the Caucasus region, but its safety is often threatened by Aspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxin (AF) contamination. Although AFs are strictly regulated in the EU, the influence of post-harvest practices on fungal persistence [...] Read more.

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is a major crop in the Caucasus region, but its safety is often threatened by Aspergillus flavus colonization and aflatoxin (AF) contamination. Although AFs are strictly regulated in the EU, the influence of post-harvest practices on fungal persistence and AF accumulation remains poorly defined. A three-year study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drying protocols, storage temperature, and conservation practices on fungal growth and AF occurrence in hazelnuts from three producing regions of Azerbaijan. Freshly harvested nuts were subjected to two drying regimes: good drying (sun-exposed, mixed, protected from rewetting) and bad drying (shaded, piled, rewetted). After drying, samples were stored at cold (8–10 °C) or room temperature (18–22 °C). Fungal prevalence was determined by CFU counts with morphological and qPCR identification of Aspergillus section Flavi. AFs were quantified by HPLC, and water activity (a_w) was monitored during storage. Drying emerged as the decisive factor: bad drying consistently resulted in markedly higher fungal loads for A. section Flavi, with mean counts up to 1.5 × 10² CFU/g, compared with 2.1 × 10¹ CFU/g under good drying, representing a 7-fold increase. In contrast, storage temperature and shell condition had negligible effects when nuts were properly dried. Aflatoxins were consistently below the 5 µg/kg EU limit for AFB₁ in traced and well-dried samples, whereas market samples occasionally exhibited AFB₁ concentrations >450 µg/kg. These findings highlight drying efficiency as the key determinant of fungal persistence and AF risk in hazelnut post-harvest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mycotoxins)

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18 pages, 1467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 4300 Histopathological Cases (2017–2023)

by Anna-Chiara Riedl, Katharina Charlotte Jensen, Katja Schirl, Ines Hoffmann, Joshua Schwinn, Robert Klopfleisch and Heike Aupperle-Lellbach

Pets 2026, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/pets3010003 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

This retrospective study provides an extensive evaluation of feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), comparing oral and cutaneous SCC, as well as different oral/cutaneous sites, with respect to sex, age, breed, and coat length. It was based on 4300 SCCs submitted to LABOKLIN GmbH [...] Read more.

This retrospective study provides an extensive evaluation of feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), comparing oral and cutaneous SCC, as well as different oral/cutaneous sites, with respect to sex, age, breed, and coat length. It was based on 4300 SCCs submitted to LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG from 2017 to 2023. No sex predisposition was identified. Affected cats were predominantly older (median age 13 years). SCC risk increased with age, although cats of very young age were also affected. Breed predispositions were not found. However, compared to non-pedigree cats, Persians, Norwegian Forest Cats, British Shorthairs (BSH), Chartreux, and Siamese cats showed a reduced risk, as did longhaired cats. The predominant sites were the oral cavity (41.0%, 1762/4300) and skin (35.8%, 1540/4300). Maine Coons, BSHs, Persians, and Norwegian Forest Cats, as well as longhaired cats, developed oral SCC more frequently. Intraoral, gingival (36.2%, 637/1762) and lingual (19.0%, 334/1762) SCC predominated. Common cutaneous sites included the pinnae (35.0%, 539/1540), unspecified head/neck regions (8.8%, 135/1540), and the nose (8.7%, 134/1540). Maine Coons and BSHs showed less auricular SCC; Sphynx had more on the trunk. These findings emphasise SCC as a crucial differential diagnosis for oral and cutaneous lesions, even in young cats. Full article

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21 pages, 59519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lysozyme Functionalized Alginate-Chitosan Beads and Films for Different Release Applications

by Beatriz Moutinho, Natalia Pyra, Zuzanna Styrna, Maria Emilia Rosa and Maria H. L. Ribeiro

Gels 2026, 12(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010066 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

The main goal of this work was to develop nanoparticles of lysozyme (Lys) for biological and biomedical applications. The developed biosystems were based on Lys-loaded calcium alginate 2% and chitosan 1% beads and films with different concentrations of each polymer. Encapsulation efficiency was [...] Read more.

The main goal of this work was to develop nanoparticles of lysozyme (Lys) for biological and biomedical applications. The developed biosystems were based on Lys-loaded calcium alginate 2% and chitosan 1% beads and films with different concentrations of each polymer. Encapsulation efficiency was 100%. The ratio of adsorbed Lys on the films, Lys activity, and the release profile of Lys were measured using water and buffer solution at pH similar to the environment of cancer cells, at a controlled temperature of 37 °C and a constant speed, to assess the efficacy of the encapsulation process. Lys antimicrobial activity was assessed using Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the developed biosystems were also evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity of Lys released from calcium alginate 2%-chitosan 1% beads loaded with Lys was about 99%. These findings highlight the potential of the developed beads and films for biomedical applications, particularly in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Green Chemistry in Hydrogel Development: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization)

28 pages, 9550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomedical Interpenetrated Hydrogels Fabricated via Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan and Dopamine-Conjugated Gelatin Integrated with Genipin and Epigallocatechin Gallate

by Ling Wang, Shuxin Hu, Zheng Wei, Peng Ding, Yaling Deng, Yanting Han, Yanfang Sun, Guohua Jiang and Lei Nie

Gels 2026, 12(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010067 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Multifunctional hydrogels with an interpenetrated network structure have shown great potential for biomedical and tissue-regeneration applications. In this work, the biomedical hydrogel was fabricated with an interpenetrated network based on dopamine grafted gelatin (DA-Gel), and genipin crosslinked quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS), incorporating epigallocatechin [...] Read more.

Multifunctional hydrogels with an interpenetrated network structure have shown great potential for biomedical and tissue-regeneration applications. In this work, the biomedical hydrogel was fabricated with an interpenetrated network based on dopamine grafted gelatin (DA-Gel), and genipin crosslinked quaternary ammonium chitosan (QCS), incorporating epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The EDC/NHS and Schiff-base bond connections occurred in the hydrogels, as confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The properties of the fabricated hydrogels, including microstructure, degradation rate, adhesive strength, mechanical strength, and rheological behavior, can be regulated by adjusting the DA-Gel/QCS ratio or by using different crosslinking approaches. In addition, the fabricated hydrogels exhibited self-healing properties and strong adhesion to various materials and organs. Furthermore, the hydrogels performed good antibacterial activity against the typical bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. EGCG encapsulated hydrogels displayed excellent antioxidant activities and good hemocompatibility. The hydrogels also demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility and good cell migration ability. The above results provide a facile approach to fabricate the biomedical hydrogels with a regulated network structure and multifunctional characteristics with potential in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds with a Focus on Medical Use (3rd Edition))

17 pages, 1926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical and Microdialysis Monitoring of Succinate Prodrug Treatment in a Rotenone-Induced Model of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Swine

by Alistair Lewis, Rodrigo M. Forti, Tiffany S. Ko, Eskil Elmér, Meagan J. McManus, Arjun G. Yodh, Todd J. Kilbaugh and Wesley B. Baker

Metabolites 2026, 16(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo16010065 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause of brain injury in patients with primary mitochondrial disease. New mitochondrial therapeutics and non-invasive tools for efficacy monitoring are urgently needed. To these ends, succinate prodrug NV354 (methyl 3-[(2-acetylaminoethylthio)carbonyl]propionate) and diffuse optical techniques are promising. In [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major cause of brain injury in patients with primary mitochondrial disease. New mitochondrial therapeutics and non-invasive tools for efficacy monitoring are urgently needed. To these ends, succinate prodrug NV354 (methyl 3-[(2-acetylaminoethylthio)carbonyl]propionate) and diffuse optical techniques are promising. In this proof-of-concept study, we characterize NV354’s effects on microdialysis metrics of cerebral metabolism in a swine model of mitochondrial dysfunction and assess the associations of diffuse optical metrics with mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic improvement. Methods: One-month-old swine received a four-hour co-infusion of rotenone with either the succinate prodrug NV354 (n = 5) or placebo (n = 5). Rotenone is a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Before and during co-infusion, cerebral metabolism was probed with microdialysis and diffuse optics. Microdialysis acquired interstitial lactate and pyruvate levels invasively, while diffuse optics measured changes in oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and oxidized cytochrome-c-oxidase concentration (oxCCO). Results: Interstitial lactate continually increased in the placebo group (p < 0.01), but lactate levels plateaued in the NV354 group (p = 0.90). oxCCO also increased in the placebo group (p = 0.05), but OEF remained constant (p = 0.80). In the NV354 group, oxCCO increased (p < 0.01) while OEF decreased (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Microdialysis results suggest that NV354 treatment can increase oxygen metabolism in large animals with mitochondrial dysfunction. The optical oxCCO metric was also sensitive to metabolic changes induced by rotenone and NV354 administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research)

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22 pages, 916 KB

Open AccessReview

CRISPR–Cas-Mediated Reprogramming Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance

by Byeol Yoon, Jang Ah Kim and Yoo Kyung Kang

Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18010095 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is escalating worldwide, posing a serious threat to global public health by driving infections that are no longer treatable with conventional antibiotics. CRISPR–Cas technology offers a programmable and highly specific therapeutic alternative by directly targeting the genetic determinants responsible for [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is escalating worldwide, posing a serious threat to global public health by driving infections that are no longer treatable with conventional antibiotics. CRISPR–Cas technology offers a programmable and highly specific therapeutic alternative by directly targeting the genetic determinants responsible for resistance. Various CRISPR systems can restore antibiotic susceptibility and induce selective bactericidal effects by eliminating resistance genes, disrupting biofilm formation, and inhibiting virulence pathways. Moreover, CRISPR can suppress horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by removing mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, thereby limiting the ecological spread of AMR across humans, animals, and the environment. Advances in delivery platforms—including conjugative plasmids, phagemids, and nanoparticle-based carriers—are expanding the translational potential of CRISPR-based antimicrobial strategies. Concurrent progress in Cas protein engineering, spatiotemporal activity regulation, and AI-driven optimization is expected to overcome current technical barriers. Collectively, these developments position CRISPR-based antimicrobials as next-generation precision therapeutics capable of treating refractory bacterial infections while simultaneously suppressing the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Challenges and Future Prospects of Antibacterial Therapy, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 1831 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrodeposition and Corrosion Resistance of Ni-Mo Alloy Coating: Effect of Electroplating Bath pH Values

by Xi Shi, Shiyuan Zhu, Qiongyu Zhou, Bo Liang, Jun Li, Guangji Li, Longquan Chen and Peijun Xu

Crystals 2026, 16(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16010051 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ni-Mo alloy coating has shown exciting potential as a candidate to replace chromium coating. In this paper, Ni-Mo alloy coatings were successfully electrodeposited from a citrate/ammonia bath, and the effect of the bath pH values over a wide range (4–10) on the characteristics [...] Read more.

Ni-Mo alloy coating has shown exciting potential as a candidate to replace chromium coating. In this paper, Ni-Mo alloy coatings were successfully electrodeposited from a citrate/ammonia bath, and the effect of the bath pH values over a wide range (4–10) on the characteristics and corrosion resistance of Ni-Mo alloy coating was studied in detail. Results show that all the deposited Ni-Mo alloy coatings consist of a crystalline solid-solution Ni(Mo) fcc structure. An increase in bath pH values could facilitate the deposition of Mo, thereby increasing the Mo content and decreasing the crystallite size of Ni-Mo alloy coatings. However, there are subtle gaps between the coarse grains on the surface of the Ni-Mo alloy coating deposited at pH 10. These subtle gaps tend to form between the coarse grains on the surface of the electrodeposited Ni-Mo alloy coating because of the relatively high Mo content, refined grains, and appropriate morphology. The Ni-Mo alloy coating deposited at pH 9 exhibits optimal corrosion resistance, attributed to its lowest corrosion current density i_corr (7.31 × 10⁻⁶ A cm⁻²), the strongest polarization resistance (11.13 kΩ·cm⁻²), and impedance value, which are mainly contributed to by the coating resistance and charge-transfer resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

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20 pages, 1994 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quadri-Wave Lateral Shearing Interferometry for Precision Focal Length Measurement of Optical Lenses

by Ze Li, Chi Fai Cheung, Wen Kai Zhao and Bo Wang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020757 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

The effective focal length is a critical determinant of optical performance and imaging quality, serving as a fundamental parameter for components ranging from ophthalmic lenses to precision microlens arrays. With the rapid advancement of complex optical systems in microscopy and smart manufacturing, there [...] Read more.

The effective focal length is a critical determinant of optical performance and imaging quality, serving as a fundamental parameter for components ranging from ophthalmic lenses to precision microlens arrays. With the rapid advancement of complex optical systems in microscopy and smart manufacturing, there is an increasing demand for high-precision measurement techniques that can characterize these parameters with low uncertainty. In this paper, a quadri-wave lateral shearing interferometry (QWLSI) measurement system was developed. A novel precision focal length measurement method of optical lenses based on the principle of QWLSI is presented. A theoretical model for solving the focal length of the measured lens from the curvature radius of the wavefront was derived. We also proposed a novel algorithm and subsequently developed a dedicated hardware platform and a corresponding software package for its real-time implementation. Different sets of repeated measurement experiments were carried out for two convex lenses with symmetrical and asymmetrical structures, a large-scale concave lens, and a microlens array, to verify the measurement uncertainty and robustness of the QWLSI measurement system. The expanded uncertainty was also analyzed and determined as 0.31 mm (k = 1.96, normal distribution). The results show that the proposed QWLSI measuring system possesses good performance in measuring the focal lengths of different kinds of lenses and can be widely used in fields such as advanced optics manufacturing. Full article

21 pages, 3877 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Urban Perception of Zhengzhou City Based on Interpretable Machine Learning

by Mengjing Zhang, Chen Pan, Xiaohua Huang, Lujia Zhang and Mengshun Lee

Buildings 2026, 16(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020314 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Urban perception research has long focused on global metropolises, but has overlooked many cities with complex functions and spatial structures, resulting in insufficient universality of existing theories when facing diverse urban contexts. This study constructed an analytical framework that integrates street scene images [...] Read more.

Urban perception research has long focused on global metropolises, but has overlooked many cities with complex functions and spatial structures, resulting in insufficient universality of existing theories when facing diverse urban contexts. This study constructed an analytical framework that integrates street scene images and interpretable machine learning. Taking Zhengzhou City as the research object, it extracted street visual elements based on deep learning technology and systematically analyzed the formation mechanism of multi-dimensional urban perception by combining the LightGBM model and SHAP method. The main findings of the research are as follows: (1) The urban perception of Zhengzhou City shows a significant east–west difference with Zhongzhou Avenue as the boundary. Positive perceptions such as safety and vitality are concentrated in the central business district and historical districts, while negative perceptions are more common in the urban fringe areas with chaotic built environments and single functions. (2) The visibility of greenery, the openness of the sky and the continuity of the building interface are identified as key visual elements affecting perception, and their directions and intensifies of action show significant differences due to different perception dimensions. (3) The influence of visual elements on perception has a complex mechanism of action. For instance, the promoting effect of greenery visibility on beauty perception tends to level off after reaching a certain threshold. The research results of this study can provide quantitative basis and strategic reference for the improvement in urban space quality and humanized street design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Built Environment)

15 pages, 1661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Macromolecular Proton Fraction Reveals Divergent White Matter Myelination in Bipolar Disorder and Unipolar Recurrent Depression

by Sofia Gusakova, Liudmila Smirnova, Oleg Borodin, Elena Epimakhova, Alexander Seregin and Vasily Yarnykh

Bioengineering 2026, 13(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010078 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are the most common affective disorders worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of these disorders remains far from understood. Macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping is a sensitive and specific quantitative MRI method for the assessment of brain [...] Read more.

Recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are the most common affective disorders worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of these disorders remains far from understood. Macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping is a sensitive and specific quantitative MRI method for the assessment of brain tissue myelination, but its clinical value for affective disorders remains unknown. This cross-sectional study employed fast MPF mapping on a 1.5 T MRI scanner using the single-point synthetic reference method to investigate myelin abnormalities in white matter of RDD and BD patients. ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the group (RDD vs. BD vs. two age-matched control groups; F (3.76) = 7.42, p < 0.001, η² = 0.227). MPF values were significantly reduced in RDD versus BD patients (p < 0.001). BD showed elevated MPF compared to controls (p = 0.01). MPF levels showed significant weak-to-moderate correlations with clinical scales of affective disorders. These findings demonstrate divergent cerebral myelination patterns—hypomyelination in RDD versus an increased myelin content in BD. In conclusion, MPF mapping demonstrated a promise as a marker of myelin content changes in affective disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications in Neuroscience)

26 pages, 5051 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Compatibility of the Epichloë bromicola–Hordeum Association

by Jing Liu, Jiping Li, Tao Li, Zhengfeng Wang and Chunjie Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010053 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Artificial inoculation of Epichloë endophytes into elite forage germplasm aims to establish beneficial symbioses for developing high-yield, high-quality, and stress-tolerant cultivars, but host specificity of the fungi often causes compatibility issues in non-natural hosts. Methods: The E. bromicola isolated from native [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial inoculation of Epichloë endophytes into elite forage germplasm aims to establish beneficial symbioses for developing high-yield, high-quality, and stress-tolerant cultivars, but host specificity of the fungi often causes compatibility issues in non-natural hosts. Methods: The E. bromicola isolated from native wild barley was inoculated into cultivated wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum) and cultivated barley (Hordeum valgare), forming Hb+Eb and Hv+Eb. The NHb+Eb (native wild barley naturally infected with E. bromicola) served as a control. We analyzed fungal colonization patterns and symbiotic gene regulation to clarify the compatibility between E. bromicola and non-natural hosts. Results: Compared with NHb+Eb and Hb+Eb, E. bromicola in Hv+Eb showed obvious hyphal vacuolization. E. bromicola colonization altered host trichome morphology and induced stomatal closure. Correspondingly, expression of the siderophore biosynthesis gene sidN and the NADPH oxidase complex genes (NoxA, NoxB, NoxR, RacA) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Hv+Eb than in Hb+Eb and NHb+Eb. Conclusions: This study reveals that the incompatibility between cultivated barley and E. bromicola is characterized by altered hyphal morphology, which is linked to the downregulation of sidN and Nox. These findings provide a critical theoretical foundation for developing highly compatible cereal-Epichloë germplasms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

28 pages, 7162 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Scenario Deduction of Mass Life-Threatening Incidents at Sea Based on Bayesian Network

by Qiaojie Wang, Jiacai Pan, Jun Li, Qiang Zhao, Feng Zhang, Feng Ma and Zhihui Hu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14020158 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

The growth of the cruise industry and rising passenger numbers have led to an increase in cruise-related accidents, presenting challenges for mass rescue operations. It is crucial to understand the evolution of MAss Life-Threatening Incidents at Sea (MALTISs) in order to make effective [...] Read more.

The growth of the cruise industry and rising passenger numbers have led to an increase in cruise-related accidents, presenting challenges for mass rescue operations. It is crucial to understand the evolution of MAss Life-Threatening Incidents at Sea (MALTISs) in order to make effective decisions in such situations. This study, therefore, presents a scenario deduction model for MALTIS, integrating knowledge element theory, Bayesian Networks (BNs), fuzzy set theory, and improved Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence theory. Based on knowledge element theory, this study identifies the scenario elements in typical maritime accidents. Given the large scale and complex disaster chain characteristics of MALTISs, the BN method is employed to convert the scenario elements into BN nodes, therefore constructing the MALTIS deduction model. To minimize the subjectivity associated with expert assessments, this study combines fuzzy set theory and the improved DS evidence theory to integrate the opinions of multiple experts, thereby enhancing the reliability of the model’s deduction. BN inference is then used to calculate the probabilities of various situational states, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the key nodes. The Costa Concordia grounding incident serves as an empirical case study. The deduction results closely align with the actual accident evolution, and sensitivity analysis reveals five critical nodes in the event’s progression. This validates the effectiveness of the proposed scenario deduction model. These findings demonstrate that the model can effectively support emergency decision-making in MALTISs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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25 pages, 2725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Color Image Encryption Based on Phase-Only Hologram Encoding Under Dynamic Constraint and Phase Retrieval Under Structured Light Illumination

by Wenqi Zhong, Yanfeng Su, Yiwen Wang, Xinyu Peng, Chenxia Li, Shanjun Nie, Zhijian Cai and Wenqiang Wan

Photonics 2026, 13(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13010066 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper introduces a color image encryption technique based on phase-only hologram (POH) encoding with dynamic constraint and phase retrieval under structured light illumination (SLI). During encryption, the color plaintext is first encoded into a POH. This hologram is then transformed into an [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a color image encryption technique based on phase-only hologram (POH) encoding with dynamic constraint and phase retrieval under structured light illumination (SLI). During encryption, the color plaintext is first encoded into a POH. This hologram is then transformed into an amplitude distribution through phase-amplitude conversion. Subsequently, using an iterative phase retrieval algorithm under structured light, the amplitude is encrypted into a visible ciphertext image, while a POM set is produced. The resulting ciphertext exhibits a visible image pattern, rather than noise-like appearance, providing ultrahigh imperceptibility. Moreover, the dynamic constraint in hologram encoding ensures balanced quality across color channels, leading to high-quality decrypted images with correct keys. The incorporation of a structured phase mask and the POM set expands the key space and boosts security. In decryption, the decryption structured light (DSL) illuminates the ciphertext and the neural network sequentially to generate a reconstructed amplitude. This amplitude is converted into a phase distribution via amplitude-phase conversion, which then acts as the POH for color holographic reconstruction, yielding the decrypted image. Numerical simulations demonstrate the method’s feasibility, high security, and strong robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Optical Imaging, Sensing and Wireless Communication Through Random Scattering Media)

25 pages, 12897 KB

Open AccessReview

Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Adults Between Old and New: Progress and Challenges

by Luca Dell’Angela and Gian Luigi Nicolosi

Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020235 (registering DOI) - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) diastolic function assessment represents one of the mainstays for routine, comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography in adults. Estimation of LV filling pressures is an integral part of LV diastolic function evaluation. Additionally, LV diastolic function assessment is crucial for the study [...] Read more.

Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) diastolic function assessment represents one of the mainstays for routine, comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography in adults. Estimation of LV filling pressures is an integral part of LV diastolic function evaluation. Additionally, LV diastolic function assessment is crucial for the study of subjects with potential heart failure with preserved LV ejection fraction. Beyond the “old” LV diastolic function parameters, to date, mostly strain-based (and generally artificial intelligence-assisted) additional “new” echocardiographic techniques have emerged to optimize the study of LV diastole. The purpose of the present narrative critical review is to report and discuss the optimal echocardiographic assessment of LV diastolic function in light of the recent literature, with the aim of trying to outline the gaps in the current evidence in view of future developments. To date, multiparametric diastolic evaluation and grading seem advisable, using as many “old and new” measurements as possible—associated with their adequate selection related to the patients’ comorbidities—aiming to cumulatively increase the advantages of diastolic parameters and possibly minimize their limitations. Taking into account the considerable number of echocardiographic measurements to perform and describe, at present, the timing of optimal echocardiography performance and reporting should be adequately adapted to the current technical needs and real-life routine clinical practice. Importantly, contextual clinical and (if needed) multimodality assessment should be included in the diagnostic workflow, in order to enable a more individualized approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Echocardiography, 2nd Edition)

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