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81 pages, 50947 KiB  
Review
Towards Completion of the “Periodic Table” of Di-2-Pyridyl Ketoxime
by Christina Stamou, Christina D. Polyzou, Zoi G. Lada, Konstantis F. Konidaris and Spyros P. Perlepes
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040791 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
The oxime group is important in organic and inorganic chemistry. In most cases, this group is part of an organic molecule possessing one or more donor sites capable of forming bonds to metal ions. One family of such compounds is the group of [...] Read more.
The oxime group is important in organic and inorganic chemistry. In most cases, this group is part of an organic molecule possessing one or more donor sites capable of forming bonds to metal ions. One family of such compounds is the group of 2-pyridyl (aldo)ketoximes. Metal complexes of 2-pyridyl oximes continue to attract the intense interest of many inorganic chemistry groups around the world for a variety of reasons, including their interesting structures, physical and biological properties, and applications. A unique member of 2-pyridyl ketoximes is di-2-pyridyl ketoxime (dpkoxH), which contains two 2-pyridyl groups and an oxime functionality that can be easily deprotonated giving the deprotonated ligand (dpkox). The extra 2-pyridyl site confers a remarkable flexibility resulting in metal complexes with exciting structural and reactivity features. Our and other research groups have prepared and characterized many metal complexes of dpkoxH and dpkox over the past 30 years or so. This work is an attempt to build a “periodic table” of dpkoxH, which is near completion. The filled spaces of this “periodic table” contain metal ions whose dpkoxH/dpkox complexes have been structurally characterized. This work reviews comprehensively the to-date published coordination chemistry of dpkoxH with emphasis on the syntheses, reactivity, relationship to metallacrown chemistry, structures, and properties of the metal complexes; selected unpublished results from our group are also reported. The sixteen coordination modes adopted by dpkoxH and dpkox have provided access to monomeric and dimeric complexes, trinuclear, tetranuclear, pentanuclear, hexanuclear, heptanuclear, enneanuclear, and decanuclear clusters, as well as to a small number of 1D coordination polymers. With few exceptions ({MIILnIII2} and {NiII2MnIII2}; M = Ni, Cu, Pd, and Ln = lanthanoid), most complexes are homometallic. The metals whose ions have yielded complexes with dpkoxH and dpkox are Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, lanthanoids (mainly Pr and Nd), and U. Most metal complexes are homovalent, but some mixed-valence Mn, Fe, and Co compounds have been studied. Metal ion-assisted/promoted transformations of dpkoxH, i.e., reactivity patterns of the coordinated ligand, are also critically discussed. Some perspectives concerning the coordination chemistry of dpkoxH and research work for the future are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Chemistry)
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23 pages, 3261 KiB  
Article
The Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 3 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is a Disordered Protein Capable of Binding to Lipids Derived from Chloroplasts
by Natalia Pavia, Alberto Potenza, Felipe Hornos, José A. Poveda, Gabriela Gonorazky, José L. Neira, Ana M. Giudici and María Verónica Beligni
Biomolecules 2025, 15(2), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15020245 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Understanding triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is crucial for developing algae as a source of biodiesel. TAGs are the main reservoir of energy in most eukaryotes. The final, rate-limiting step in the formation of TAGs is catalyzed by 1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs). In the green alga [...] Read more.
Understanding triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is crucial for developing algae as a source of biodiesel. TAGs are the main reservoir of energy in most eukaryotes. The final, rate-limiting step in the formation of TAGs is catalyzed by 1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs). In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, DGAT3 is phylogenetically related to plant DGAT3 but unrelated to other DGATs from eukaryotes, such as DGAT1 and DGAT2. In this study, we described the conformational preferences and the lipid-binding features of the DGAT3 from C. reinhardtii. To characterize its conformational stability and structural features, we used several biophysical probes, namely, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Our results showed that the protein was mainly disordered, containing a small population of folded conformations in a narrow pH range (pH 8 to 10). The conformational stability of the folded structure of DGAT3 was very low, as shown by urea or guanidinium denaturations. Thermal denaturation, followed by fluorescence or CD, as well as calorimetric denaturation, followed by DSC, did not yield any transition in the pH range where DGAT3 acquired a “native-like” conformation. Furthermore, we used two approaches to demonstrate the interaction of DGAT3 with lipid membranes at the pH at which it had acquired a “native-like” conformation. The first involved the measurement of anisotropy and fluorescence quenching of the protein. The second approach focused on examining possible modifications of the biophysical properties of lipids due to their interaction with DGAT3, through anisotropy measurements and leakage assays. Both methods produced consistent results, suggesting that DGAT3 preferentially interacted with negatively charged membranes. These results will allow the design of a more efficient and stable DGAT3, as well as an in-depth understanding of how the metabolism of TAGs is accomplished in C. reinhardtii. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Enzymology—2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 3945 KiB  
Article
Technical Advancements and Applications in Predictive Modeling of Polyurethane Foaming Height
by Chil-Chyuan Kuo, Yi-Qing Lu, Armaan Farooqui and Song-Hua Huang
Polymers 2025, 17(4), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040452 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Various polyurethane foams (i.e., rigid, flexible, and spray polyurethane foams) offer diverse applications due to their unique properties, including thermal insulation, cushioning, and seamless gap filling. These foams provide solutions across industries such as construction, automotive, and refrigeration. However, the foaming process presents [...] Read more.
Various polyurethane foams (i.e., rigid, flexible, and spray polyurethane foams) offer diverse applications due to their unique properties, including thermal insulation, cushioning, and seamless gap filling. These foams provide solutions across industries such as construction, automotive, and refrigeration. However, the foaming process presents several challenges that may result in various defects in the final products. This work provides innovative predictive techniques for polyurethane foam expansion and applications in advanced manufacturing processes. The foaming height of the third polyurethane foaming agent (PU-3) closely aligned with the experimentally measured values. The relationship between foaming height and time is influenced by the type and concentration of catalysts, as well as the blowing agents used. However, simulations using Moldex 3D revealed a nonlinear relationship between foaming height and time, characterized by three distinct foaming rates. Zone B demonstrated the highest foaming rate, followed by Zone C, while Zone A showed the lowest rate. The foaming height and rate were significantly influenced by the foaming angle, with smaller angles enhancing both parameters. At a mold temperature of 30 °C and with an expansion coefficient of 35, the predicted foaming height of the polyurethane agent achieved an average accuracy of approximately 96% across four foaming angles. Based on these experimental findings, this study introduces three mechanisms involved in the foaming process of polyurethane foam components. Full article
15 pages, 7921 KiB  
Article
Research on the Safety Risk Analysis Framework and Control System for Multi-Type New Energy Storage Technologies
by Ningning Lian, Wentao Ji and Jie Chen
Energies 2025, 18(4), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040798 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
In the context of the global energy landscape restructuring driven by the “dual-carbon” goals, new energy storage technologies have emerged as a critical enabler for energy transformation and the development of a new power system. However, as these technologies advance and the market [...] Read more.
In the context of the global energy landscape restructuring driven by the “dual-carbon” goals, new energy storage technologies have emerged as a critical enabler for energy transformation and the development of a new power system. However, as these technologies advance and the market expands, ensuring safety remains a significant and long-term challenge. This paper focuses on the safety risk prevention and control of new energy storage systems. It systematically reviewed various new energy storage technology pathways and their associated potential risks. Furthermore, it analyzed the challenges and difficulties faced in safety risk prevention and control across different stages of new energy storage projects, including large-scale application, pilot demonstration, and R&D reserves. Considering the technical uncertainties in the future development of new energy storage, this study evaluated potential safety risks and proposed corresponding strategies and measures for risk management. By addressing these challenges, this study aims to safe-guard the security and reliability of new energy storage technologies, thereby supporting the construction of a robust and sustainable new power system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Coal Mine Disaster Prevention Technology)
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14 pages, 3098 KiB  
Article
Aesthetic Speech Therapy: A New Protocol of Exercises Against Facial Aging, Focusing on Facial Muscles
by Luca Levrini, Andrea Carganico, Margherita Caccia, Alessandro Deppieri, Federica Marullo, Stefano Saran, Giorgio Binelli, Marco Iera and Piero Antonio Zecca
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041742 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
The increasing emphasis on appearance and well-being has underscored the significance of self-care. From an aesthetic perspective, this entails addressing the early onset of wrinkles and the initial signs of aging. In response, new techniques have been developed, supplementing existing methods, to mitigate [...] Read more.
The increasing emphasis on appearance and well-being has underscored the significance of self-care. From an aesthetic perspective, this entails addressing the early onset of wrinkles and the initial signs of aging. In response, new techniques have been developed, supplementing existing methods, to mitigate the signs of aging. Aesthetic speech therapy has emerged in recent years as a non-invasive procedure to combat facial aging. The objective of this study is to evaluate its effects on the signs of facial aging in participants subjected to an experimental exercise protocol over a three-month period, focusing on orbicularis and zygomatic muscles, using both a digital evaluation analysis and a self-assessment questionnaire. A cohort of 21 female subjects, aged between 50 and 65, was instructed to perform a series of 4 targeted exercises for 15 min daily over a span of three months. The participants underwent monthly evaluations, each involving the collection of standardized photographic documentation and a three-dimensional facial scan. These scans were subsequently overlaid and analyzed by a colorimetric assay at the conclusion of the study period. Statistical tests were carried out by two-way ANOVA. Additionally, during the final evaluation (T3), the participants completed a questionnaire assessing their satisfaction with their self-image and the non-invasive aesthetic treatment they received. The statistical analysis of the overlays of the collected three-dimensional scans revealed a significant volumetric change around the orbicularis oris muscle. The difference between green and blue pixels was statistically significant (p < 0.05), as was the difference between blue and yellow pixels (p < 0.05). This change did not achieve statistical significance around the zygomatic muscles. The analysis of the participants’ questionnaire responses indicated an increasing level of satisfaction with their self-image at the end of the study compared to T0. Personal confidence increased by 20%, and participants reported a 53% improvement in satisfaction with their appearance in photographs. The observed volumetric changes may be attributed to modifications in the facial muscles targeted by the exercise protocol undertaken by the participants. However, further studies are warranted to delve deeper into this issue, considering the intricate process of facial aging and the complex three-dimensional structure of the face with its various components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare)
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16 pages, 4009 KiB  
Article
Curved Fabry-Pérot Ultrasound Detectors: Optical and Mechanical Analysis
by Barbara Rossi, Maria Alessandra Cutolo, Martino Giaquinto, Andrea Cusano and Giovanni Breglio
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041014 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Optical fiber-based acoustic detectors for ultrasound imaging in medical field feature plano-concave Fabry–Perot cavities integrated on fiber tips, realized via dip-coating. This technique imposes constraints on sensor geometry, potentially limiting performance. Lab-on-Fiber technology enables complex three-dimensional structures with precise control over geometric parameters, [...] Read more.
Optical fiber-based acoustic detectors for ultrasound imaging in medical field feature plano-concave Fabry–Perot cavities integrated on fiber tips, realized via dip-coating. This technique imposes constraints on sensor geometry, potentially limiting performance. Lab-on-Fiber technology enables complex three-dimensional structures with precise control over geometric parameters, such as the curvature radius. A careful investigation of the optical and mechanical aspects involved in the sensors’ performances is crucial for determining the design rules of such probes. In this study, we numerically analyzed the impact of curvature on the optical and acoustic properties of a plano-concave cavity using the Finite Element Method. Performance metrics, including sensitivity, bandwidth, and directivity, were compared to planar Fabry–Perot configurations. The results suggest that introducing curvature significantly enhances sensitivity by improving light confinement, especially for cavity thicknesses exceeding half the Rayleigh zone (∼45 μm), reaching an enhancement of 2.5 a L = 60 μm compared to planar designs. The curved structure maintains high spectral quality (FOM) despite 2% fabrication perturbations. A mechanical analysis confirms no disadvantages in acoustic response and bandwidth (∼40 MHz). These findings establish curved plano-concave structures as robust and reliable for high-sensitivity polymeric lab-on-fiber ultrasound detectors, offering improved performance and fabrication tolerance for MHz-scale bandwidth applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Optical Sensors 2025)
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31 pages, 7203 KiB  
Article
An Electro-Magnetic Log (EML) Integrated Navigation Algorithm Based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Cross-Noise Linear Kalman Filter
by Haosu Zhang, Liang Yang, Lei Zhang, Yong Du, Chaoqi Chen, Wei Mu and Lingji Xu
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041015 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
In this paper, an EML (electro-magnetic log) integrated navigation algorithm based on the HMM (hidden Markov model) and CNLKF (cross-noise linear Kalman filter) is proposed, which is suitable for SINS (strapdown inertial navigation system)/EML/GNSS (global navigation satellite system) integrated navigation systems for small [...] Read more.
In this paper, an EML (electro-magnetic log) integrated navigation algorithm based on the HMM (hidden Markov model) and CNLKF (cross-noise linear Kalman filter) is proposed, which is suitable for SINS (strapdown inertial navigation system)/EML/GNSS (global navigation satellite system) integrated navigation systems for small or medium-sized AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle). The algorithm employs the following five techniques: ① the HMM-based pre-processing algorithm of EML data; ② the CNLKF-based fusion algorithm of SINS/EML information; ③ the MALKF (modified adaptive linear Kalman filter)-based algorithm of GNSS-based calibration; ④ the estimation algorithm of the current speed based on output from MALKF and GNSS; ⑤ the feedback correction of LKF (linear Kalman filter). The principle analysis of the algorithm, the modeling process, and the flow chart of the algorithm are given in this paper. The sea trial of a small-sized AUV shows that the endpoint positioning error of the proposed/traditional algorithm by this paper is 20.5 m/712.1 m. The speed of the water current could be relatively accurately estimated by the proposed algorithm. Therefore, the algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy, strong anti-interference ability (it can effectively shield the outliers of EML and GNSS), strong adaptability to complex environments, and high engineering practicality. In addition, compared with the traditional DVL (Doppler velocity log), EML has the advantages of great concealment, low cost, light weight, small size, and low power consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)
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16 pages, 2151 KiB  
Article
Anaerobic Digestion of Cattle Manure Contaminated with an Antibiotic Mixture: A Nature-Based Solution for Environmental Management
by Giulia Massini, Anna Barra Caracciolo, Jasmin Rauseo, Francesca Spataro, Giulia Scordo, Luisa Patrolecco, Gian Luigi Garbini, Andrea Visca, Paola Grenni, Ludovica Rolando and Valentina Mazzurco Miritana
Land 2025, 14(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020353 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a waste-to-energy strategy that leverages natural microbiological processes. It is increasingly used in farms to treat manure, resulting in biogas for energy production and digestate as fertiliser. However, animal manure often contains antibiotic (AB) residues, raising concerns about their [...] Read more.
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a waste-to-energy strategy that leverages natural microbiological processes. It is increasingly used in farms to treat manure, resulting in biogas for energy production and digestate as fertiliser. However, animal manure often contains antibiotic (AB) residues, raising concerns about their impact on AD efficiency and their potential spread through digestate use. This multidisciplinary study evaluated the effects of an AB mixture (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) on CH4 production, microbial community (Fungi, Bacteria and Archaea) dynamics and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) presence. The experiment used a cattle manure/digestate ratio of 1:35, typical of real digesters, with AB concentrations set at low (2.5 mg kg−1 each) and high (7.5 mg kg−1 each) levels. The ABs affected cumulative CH4 production (ranging from 5939 to 6464 mL) only at the highest concentration. After 51 days, sulfamethoxazole reached residual levels, while enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were only partially degraded (<50%), but ARGs were significantly reduced. The microbial community, particularly prokaryotes, exhibited resilience, maintaining efficient CH4 production. Overall findings strongly suggest that AD is an effective treatment for producing energy and good fertiliser, also reducing AB and ARG content as well as mitigating CH4 emissions into the atmosphere. Full article
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22 pages, 2728 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Dynamic Galois Field with Quantum Resilience for Secure IoT Data Management and Transmission in Smart Cities Using Reed–Solomon (RS) Code
by Abdullah Aljuhni, Amer Aljaedi, Adel R. Alharbi, Ahmed Mubaraki and Moahd K. Alghuson
Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020259 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT), which is characteristic of the current industrial revolutions, is the connection of physical devices through different protocols and sensors to share information. Even though the IoT provides revolutionary opportunities, its connection to the current Internet for smart cities [...] Read more.
The Internet of Things (IoT), which is characteristic of the current industrial revolutions, is the connection of physical devices through different protocols and sensors to share information. Even though the IoT provides revolutionary opportunities, its connection to the current Internet for smart cities brings new opportunities for security threats, especially with the appearance of new threats like quantum computing. Current approaches to protect IoT data are not immune to quantum attacks and are not designed to offer the best data management for smart city applications. Thus, post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is still in its research stage, aims to solve these problems. To this end, this research introduces the Dynamic Galois Reed–Solomon with Quantum Resilience (DGRS-QR) system to improve the secure management and communication of data in IoT smart cities. The data preprocessing includes K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and min–max normalization and then applying the Galois Field Adaptive Expansion (GFAE). Optimization of the quantum-resistant keys is accomplished by applying Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithms. Also, role-based access control provides strong cloud data security, and quantum resistance is maintained by refreshing keys every five minutes of the active session. For error correction, Reed–Solomon (RS) codes are used which provide data reliability. Data management is performed using an attention-based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Att-Bi-LSTM) model with skip connections to provide optimized city management. The proposed approach was evaluated using key performance metrics: a key generation time of 2.34 s, encryption time of 4.56 s, decryption time of 3.56 s, PSNR of 33 dB, and SSIM of 0.99. The results show that the proposed system is capable of protecting IoT data from quantum threats while also ensuring optimal data management and processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Symmetric Cryptography)
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16 pages, 890 KiB  
Article
DeepGuard: Identification and Attribution of AI-Generated Synthetic Images
by Yasmine Namani, Ikram Reghioua, Gueltoum Bendiab, Mohamed Aymen Labiod and Stavros Shiaeles
Electronics 2025, 14(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14040665 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Text-to-image (T2I) synthesis, driven by advancements in deep learning and generative models, has seen significant improvements, enabling the creation of highly realistic images from textual descriptions. However, this rapid development brings challenges in distinguishing synthetic images from genuine ones, raising concerns in critical [...] Read more.
Text-to-image (T2I) synthesis, driven by advancements in deep learning and generative models, has seen significant improvements, enabling the creation of highly realistic images from textual descriptions. However, this rapid development brings challenges in distinguishing synthetic images from genuine ones, raising concerns in critical areas such as security, privacy, and digital forensics. To address these concerns and ensure the reliability and authenticity of data, this paper conducts a systematic study on detecting fake images generated by text-to-image synthesis models. Specifically, it evaluates the effectiveness of deep learning methods that leverage ensemble learning for detecting fake images. Additionally, it introduces a multi-classification technique to attribute fake images to their source models, thereby enabling accountability for model misuse. The effectiveness of these methods is assessed through extensive simulations and proof-of-concept experiments. The results reveal that these methods can effectively detect fake images and associate them with their respective generation models, achieving impressive accuracy rates ranging from 98.00% to 99.87% on our custom dataset, “DeepGuardDB”. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed techniques to mitigate synthetic media risks, ensuring a safer digital space with preserved authenticity across various domains, including journalism, legal forensics, and public safety. Full article
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35 pages, 6546 KiB  
Article
From Gretel to Strudelcity: Empowering Teachers Regarding Generative AI for Enhanced AI Literacy with CollectiveGPT
by Benedikt Brünner, Sandra Schön and Martin Ebner
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020206 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
In the era of transformative technologies, generative artificial intelligence (genAI) offers profound opportunities and challenges for education. This study explores the development and execution of an interactive workshop designed to equip educators with foundational genAI literacy. Using a design-based research (DBR) framework, the [...] Read more.
In the era of transformative technologies, generative artificial intelligence (genAI) offers profound opportunities and challenges for education. This study explores the development and execution of an interactive workshop designed to equip educators with foundational genAI literacy. Using a design-based research (DBR) framework, the workshop leverages interactivity and contextual relevance to introduce genAI concepts, prompting strategies and ethical considerations. Participants engaged in a scripted learning workshop design, comparing human and AI responses, exploring genAI’s probabilistic foundations, context dependency, and vulnerability to manipulation. Conducted across 12 workshops with 191 participants in Austria, this study revealed significant improvements in self-perceived genAI understanding, with 70% of participants reporting better grades in post-assessment evaluations. Feedback emphasized the workshop’s strengths in interactivity and relevance, alongside recommendations for deeper school-specific applications. Scalability analysis showed that workshop duration remained consistent regardless of group size, suggesting potential for broader implementation. The findings highlight the effectiveness of scripted learning workshop design in fostering critical AI literacy, preparing educators to critically evaluate and ethically integrate genAI into pedagogical practices. This adaptable model contributes to the discourse on professional development in AI-enhanced education. Full article
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13 pages, 9073 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the Microstructure and Interfacial Morphology of Magnetic Pulse Welded Steel/Al Tubes
by Tianhan Hu, Bolong Li, Tianhai Wu, Hua Pan, Kai Ding and Yulai Gao
Materials 2025, 18(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040757 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Facing the global energy crisis and increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations, automotive lightweighting has become a core issue for the sustainable development of the automotive industry. In particular, the qualified combination of steel and aluminum alloy has become a promising development direction to [...] Read more.
Facing the global energy crisis and increasingly stringent environmental protection regulations, automotive lightweighting has become a core issue for the sustainable development of the automotive industry. In particular, the qualified combination of steel and aluminum alloy has become a promising development direction to achieve the aim of lightweight design. As an innovative solid-phase welding technique, magnetic pulse welding (MPW) exhibits unique advantages in joining these dissimilar metals. The 6061 Al alloy and 20# steel tubes were joined by the MPW technique in this study. The microstructure and interface morphology of the MPW steel/Al tube were characterized using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an electro-probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The microstructure in the region adjacent to the interface was similar to that of the base metals (BMs). The element transition zone could be observed at the interface. The thickness of the transition layer was approximately 6 μm. The transition layer did not possess high hardness and brittleness like the Fe–Al binary IMC layer. Therefore, the interface bonding quality and long-term stability of the MPW steel/Al joint were relatively good. The welded joint interface could be divided into three zones: the bonded zone in the center and unbonded zones on both sides. In particular, an obvious wavy interface with gradually increased amplitude was detected in the bonded zone. The interaction between the reflected wave and the welding collision point could promote the initiation of the wavy interface. In addition, the formation of the wavy interface depended on the impact velocity and angle of the MPW process. The qualified mechanical properties of the joint could be attributed to the formation of the wavy interface. The microhardness at the interface was higher than that on both sides, owing to work hardening, at approximately 226 HV. Full article
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12 pages, 4013 KiB  
Article
Effect of Turmeric Staining and Bleaching Treatment on Color Stability and Surface Hardness of Different Dental Composite Resins
by Mitsu Patel, Jimin Lee, Marc Hayashi, Reuben H. Kim and Mijoo Kim
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9020077 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the susceptibility of nine composite resins to turmeric staining, evaluated bleaching efficacy for color recovery, and assessed surface hardness throughout these processes. Disc-shaped specimens (8 mm × 2 mm, n = 3/group) were subjected to daily 20 min turmeric solution [...] Read more.
This study investigated the susceptibility of nine composite resins to turmeric staining, evaluated bleaching efficacy for color recovery, and assessed surface hardness throughout these processes. Disc-shaped specimens (8 mm × 2 mm, n = 3/group) were subjected to daily 20 min turmeric solution immersion for two weeks, followed by two weeks of daily 3 h applications of 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching. Color measurements included spectrophotometric analysis for ΔE values (threshold ΔE > 3.3 for clinical significance) and VITA Classic shade assessment at baseline, post-staining, and post-bleaching intervals. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers hardness tester. Results showed significant color changes in all materials except HA after turmeric exposure, with FS exhibiting the highest staining susceptibility (ΔE = 24.6 ± 2.69) and HA showing minimal change (ΔE = 1.9 ± 0.85). VITA Classic shade evaluation revealed varying patterns; some materials maintained their initial shade designation despite significant ΔE changes (FS, CM), while others showed substantial shade shifts with successful recovery post-bleaching (HA, OM). Bleaching effectiveness varied across materials, with PO, VEP, and FS demonstrating substantial recovery in ΔE values, although FS retained clinically noticeable discoloration post-bleaching (ΔE = 7.6 ± 0.89). Surface hardness analysis revealed three distinct groups: high (80–90 HV: FS, CA, VPO), intermediate (55–70 HV: VEP, OM), and low (40–47 HV: PO, AE, HA, CM). For patients with high exposure to chromogenic foods, such as turmeric, material selection requires careful consideration of staining susceptibility, with HA and OM demonstrating superior color stability and recovery characteristics in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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22 pages, 327 KiB  
Article
External and Internal Threats to the Freedom of Religion or Belief of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America
by Dennis P. Petri and Jason Klocek
Religions 2025, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16020209 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples in Latin America face a dual challenge of social vulnerability and violations of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). Representing 8% of the region’s population yet disproportionately affected by poverty, displacement, and health disparities, these communities also endure persistent religious discrimination—a [...] Read more.
Indigenous Peoples in Latin America face a dual challenge of social vulnerability and violations of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB). Representing 8% of the region’s population yet disproportionately affected by poverty, displacement, and health disparities, these communities also endure persistent religious discrimination—a challenge historically overlooked in policy and scholarship. This article advances the understanding of FoRB violations against Indigenous Peoples by distinguishing between external threats, targeting collective religious practices, and internal threats, undermining individual religious rights. Using a cross-case analysis of Paraguay, Mexico, and Colombia, this study illustrates the varied manifestations of these threats, relying on novel data from interviews, open-source platforms, and the Violent Incidents Database of the Observatory of Religious Freedom in Latin America and the International Institute for Religious Freedom. Focusing on Latin America as a “least likely case” for FoRB violations, the article highlights significant disparities in FoRB protections for Indigenous Peoples, challenging the assumption of Latin America as a region of relative religious freedom. By shedding light on these violations, the study underscores their broader implications for political stability and human rights. The findings call for greater attention to the intersections of religious freedom and Indigenous rights, offering a framework applicable to global contexts. This work also highlights the need for sustained data collection and targeted interventions to address these challenges effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Right to Freedom of Religion: Contributions)
21 pages, 5910 KiB  
Article
The Association Between Aggressive Driving Behaviors and Elderly Pedestrian Traffic Accidents: The Application of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
by Minjun Kim, Dongbeom Kim and Jisup Shim
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041741 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the association between aggressive driving behavior and elderly pedestrian traffic accidents using the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method. This study focuses on Seoul, South Korea, where an aging population and urban challenges create a pressing need for pedestrian safety research. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the association between aggressive driving behavior and elderly pedestrian traffic accidents using the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method. This study focuses on Seoul, South Korea, where an aging population and urban challenges create a pressing need for pedestrian safety research. The analysis reveals that aggressive driving behaviors, particularly rapid acceleration, rapid deceleration, and speeding, are the most influential factors on the frequency of and deaths from elderly pedestrian traffic accidents. In addition, several built environments and demographic factors such as the number of crosswalks and elderly population play varying roles depending on the spatial match or mismatch between risky driving areas and accident spots. The findings of this study underscore the importance of tailored interventions including well-lit crosswalks, traffic calming measures, and driver education, to reduce the vulnerabilities of elderly pedestrians. The integration of XAI methods provides transparency and interpretability, enabling policymakers to make data-driven decisions. Expanding this approach to other urban contexts with diverse characteristics could validate and refine the findings, contributing to a comprehensive strategy for improving pedestrian safety globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Safety Measures and Assessment)
14 pages, 657 KiB  
Review
The Many Faces of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Kidney Injury
by Yuji Oe, Tetsuhiro Tanaka and Nobuyuki Takahashi
Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020414 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by coagulation proteases such as factor VIIa and factor Xa and other serine proteases. It is a potential therapeutic target for kidney injury, as it enhances inflammatory and fibrotic responses via [...] Read more.
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by coagulation proteases such as factor VIIa and factor Xa and other serine proteases. It is a potential therapeutic target for kidney injury, as it enhances inflammatory and fibrotic responses via the nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. The body of knowledge regarding the role of PAR2 in kidney disease is currently growing, and its role in various kidney disease models, such as acute kidney injury, renal fibrosis, diabetic kidney disease, aging, and thrombotic microangiopathy, has been reported. Here, we review the literature to better understand the various aspects of PAR2 in kidney disease. Full article
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33 pages, 2135 KiB  
Article
Transcription of Clock Genes in Medulloblastoma
by Jerry Vriend and Aleksandra Glogowska
Cancers 2025, 17(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040575 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
We investigated the transcription of circadian clock genes in publicly available datasets of gene expression in medulloblastoma (MB) tissues using the R2 Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Differential expression of the core clock genes among the four consensus subgroups of MB (defined in [...] Read more.
We investigated the transcription of circadian clock genes in publicly available datasets of gene expression in medulloblastoma (MB) tissues using the R2 Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Differential expression of the core clock genes among the four consensus subgroups of MB (defined in 2012 as Group 3, Group 4, the SHH group, and the WNT group) included the core clock genes (CLOCK, NPAS2, PER1, PER2, CRY1, CRY2, BMAL1, BMAL2, NR1D1, and TIMELESS) and genes which encode proteins that regulate the transcription of clock genes (CIPC, FBXL21, and USP2). The over-expression of several clock genes, including CIPC, was found in individuals with the isochromosome 17q chromosomal aberration in MB Group 3 and Group 4. The most significant biological pathways associated with clock gene expression were ribosome subunits, phototransduction, GABAergic synapse, WNT signaling pathway, and the Fanconi anemia pathway. Survival analysis of clock genes was examined using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model through the R2 Genomics Platform. Two clock genes most significantly related to survival were CRY1 and USP2. The data suggest that several clock proteins, including CRY1 and USP2, be investigated as potential therapeutic targets in MB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circadian Rhythms, Cancers and Chronotherapy)
18 pages, 5900 KiB  
Article
Research on Deflection and Stress Analyses and the Improvement of the Removal Uniformity of Silicon in a Single-Sided Polishing Machine Under Pressure
by Guoqing Ye and Zhenqiang Yao
Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020198 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
The chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon wafers involves high-precision surface machining after double-sided lapping. Silicon wafers are subjected to chemical corrosion and mechanical removal under pressurized conditions. The multichip CMP process for 4~6-inch silicon wafers, such as those in MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor [...] Read more.
The chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon wafers involves high-precision surface machining after double-sided lapping. Silicon wafers are subjected to chemical corrosion and mechanical removal under pressurized conditions. The multichip CMP process for 4~6-inch silicon wafers, such as those in MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors), IGBTs (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors), and MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical System) field materials, is conducted to maintain multiple chips to improve efficiency and improve polish removal uniformity; that is, the detected TTV (total thickness variation) gradually increases from 10 μm to less than 3 μm. In this work, first, a mathematical model for calculating the small deflection of silicon wafers under pressure is established, and the limit values under two boundary conditions of fixed support and simple support are calculated. Moreover, the removal uniformity of the silicon wafers is improved by improving the uniformity of the wax-coated adhesion state and adjusting the boundary conditions to reflect a fixed support state. Then, the stress distribution of the silicon wafers under pressure is simulated, and the calculation methods for measuring the TTV of the silicon wafers and the uniformity measurement index are described. Stress distribution is changed by changing the size of the pressure ring to achieve the purpose of removing uniformity. This study provides a reference for improving the removal uniformity of multichip silicon wafer chemical–mechanical polishing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials and Microdevices, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 653 KiB  
Review
Advances in Antibody-Based Immune-Stimulating Drugs: Driving Innovation in Cancer Therapy
by Ren-Jie Zhao and Xing-Xing Fan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041440 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Antibody-based immune-stimulating drugs (ABIs) represent a transformative frontier in cancer immunotherapy, designed to reshape the tumor microenvironment and overcome immune suppression. This study highlighted recent advances in ABIs, including immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and checkpoint blockade enhancers, with a focus [...] Read more.
Antibody-based immune-stimulating drugs (ABIs) represent a transformative frontier in cancer immunotherapy, designed to reshape the tumor microenvironment and overcome immune suppression. This study highlighted recent advances in ABIs, including immune-stimulating antibody conjugates (ISACs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and checkpoint blockade enhancers, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, clinical advancements, and challenges. Preclinical findings revealed that ISACs effectively boost overall anti-cancer immunity by reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages, enhancing T cell activation, and engaging other immune pathways. Similarly, BsAbs effectively redirect immune cells to tumors, achieving significant tumor regression. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the development of ABIs by optimizing drug design, identifying novel targets, and accelerating preclinical validation, enabling personalized therapeutic strategies. Despite these advancements, significant challenges remain, including immune resistance and off-target effects. Future research should prioritize next-generation multifunctional antibodies, AI-driven innovations, and combination therapies to enhance efficacy and expand therapeutic applications. Connecting these gaps could unlock the full potential of ABIs, upgrading cancer treatment and improving outcomes for patients with refractory or resistant tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy: New Developments and Challenges)
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20 pages, 4569 KiB  
Review
Invasive Meningococcal Disease in the Post-COVID World: Patterns of Disease Rebound
by Jamie Findlow, Myint Tin Tin Htar, Rodolfo Villena and Paul Balmer
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020165 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a global health threat with an unpredictable epidemiology that varies regionally and over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Consortium reported widespread reductions in bacterial diseases transmitted via the respiratory route, including IMD, that [...] Read more.
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a global health threat with an unpredictable epidemiology that varies regionally and over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Consortium reported widespread reductions in bacterial diseases transmitted via the respiratory route, including IMD, that were associated with the stringency of COVID-19 measures implemented in each country. Here, we report the epidemiology of IMD from the United States, England, France, Australia, and Chile during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a consistent trend in which IMD incidence declined throughout 2020 and into 2021 but began to increase in 2021 (England and Chile) or 2022 (United States, France, and Australia). Case numbers of IMD in France and the United States surpassed pre-pandemic levels by December 2022 and 2023, respectively, whereas in other countries examined, overall cases in 2021/2022 or 2023 approached but did not exceed pre-pandemic levels. Except for the United States, meningococcal serogroup B was the prominent serogroup of post-pandemic re-emergence, although substantial increases in serogroup Y and W disease in France in 2022 and serogroup W disease in Chile in 2023 were also observed. In the United States, where meningococcal vaccination coverage did not decline during the pandemic, the rebound in cases was predominantly due to serogroups C, Y, and nongroupable serogroups. The data indicate that surveillance of IMD cases, associated serogroups, and vaccination uptake is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease prevention strategies and guiding future public health policy. Full article
44 pages, 4882 KiB  
Article
Determining the Optimal Level of Service of the Airport Passenger Terminal for Low-Cost Carriers Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process
by Jelena Pivac, Igor Štimac, Dajana Bartulović and Andrija Vidović
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041734 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Based on the projected growth in passenger air traffic and the need for better utilization of existing capacities, the level of service (LOS) concept in the design and planning of airport terminal facilities is crucial. By monitoring and quickly responding to expected changes [...] Read more.
Based on the projected growth in passenger air traffic and the need for better utilization of existing capacities, the level of service (LOS) concept in the design and planning of airport terminal facilities is crucial. By monitoring and quickly responding to expected changes in passengers’ and airlines’ needs, better utilization of airport terminal facilities in the passenger terminal can be achieved. The factors that influence the level of service (LOS) from the passenger perspective were evaluated in order to improve the user experience. Definitions of the level of service, key indicators of customer satisfaction, and a decision-making process using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method are described. A survey questionnaire was developed, passengers’ preferences were collected, and an analysis of the results was conducted. A hierarchical AHP decision-making model with associated criteria and sub-criteria was developed to determine the optimal level of service for low-cost carriers. Finally, by using the AHP model, new spatial–temporal parameters for the optimal level of service (LOS) for low-cost carriers (LCCs) are proposed, developed, and presented. The main objective is to adjust the existing LOS concept considering the business characteristics of low-cost carriers, in order to improve the efficiency of airport terminal facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)
26 pages, 12710 KiB  
Article
Coupling and Coordination Relationship Between Carbon Emissions from Land Use and High-Quality Economic Development in Inner Mongolia, China
by Min Gao, Zhifeng Shao, Lei Zhang, Zhi Qiao, Yongkui Yang and Lin Zhao
Land 2025, 14(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020354 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Taking Inner Mongolia as a case, this study systematically analyzes the coupling and coordination relationship between carbon emissions from land use (CELU) and high-quality economic development (HQED). The aim is to provide empirical support and policy inspiration for archiving the “dual carbon” goal [...] Read more.
Taking Inner Mongolia as a case, this study systematically analyzes the coupling and coordination relationship between carbon emissions from land use (CELU) and high-quality economic development (HQED). The aim is to provide empirical support and policy inspiration for archiving the “dual carbon” goal and HQED strategy in border areas. Panel data from 12 cities in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2020 were selected. We established an evaluation index system for CELU and HQED using the entropy-weight TOPSIS method and scientifically evaluated the level of HQED. We applied exploratory spatial data analysis, topic decoupling, coupling coordination degree (CCD), and geographic detector models to comprehensively analyze the coupling coordination status and spatial heterogeneity of CELU and HQED. The driving factors affecting CCD were explored in detail. Although the total CELU in Inner Mongolia has increased, its growth rate has slowed significantly. The CCD of CELU and HQED was low, and an obvious spatial disequilibrium was observed. Seven key factors, including land-use structure, efficiency, and energy intensity, have significant driving effects on the CCD. To support supply-side structural reform, promote HQED, and achieve emission reduction and green development goals, we offer a series of policy recommendations: promote the transformation of resource-based cities, optimize the energy structure, promote industrial structure upgrading, strengthen scientific and technological innovation and green technology applications, and improve regional cooperation and policy coordination. This study reveals the internal relationship between CELU and HQED and provides practical and instructive countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development of border areas, such as Inner Mongolia, which have important reference value for promoting the green transformation of regional economies and achieving the “dual carbon” goal. Full article
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18 pages, 5237 KiB  
Article
Insights on Morphology and Thermal Stability of Hollow Pt Nanospheres by In Situ Environmental TEM
by Josephine Rezkallah, Xavier Sauvage, Bernhard Witulski and Simona Moldovan
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040792 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
The fields of catalysis and energy storage nowadays quote the use of nanomaterials with well-defined size, morphology, chemical composition, and thermal stability in the high-temperature range and under harsh conditions of reactions. We present herein an approach based on in situ environmental scanning [...] Read more.
The fields of catalysis and energy storage nowadays quote the use of nanomaterials with well-defined size, morphology, chemical composition, and thermal stability in the high-temperature range and under harsh conditions of reactions. We present herein an approach based on in situ environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), combined with analytical STEM and electron tomography (ET), for the evaluation of the thermal stability of hollow Pt nanospheres under vacuum and high-pressure hydrogen environments. Spherical Pt hollow nanospheres (HNSs) with an average diameter of 15 and 34 nm were synthesized by a galvanic replacement-based procedure using either steep or continuous addition of Pt salts during synthesis. The as-synthesized HNSs exhibit complex 3D structures with shells of a few nm constituted by small Pt nanoparticles and marked by the presence of open channels. The thermal stability of Pt-based HNSs under TEM vacuum and 1 bar of hydrogen flow is reported by considering microstructural changes, e.g., the build-up of a continuous shell and its evolution until HNSs collapse at elevated temperatures (>500 °C). Experimental findings are discussed considering fundamental phenomenological issues, i.e., NP faceting, NP diffusion, and subsequent NP sintering, with respect to the behavior of the systems investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts: New Materials for Green Chemistry)
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13 pages, 2904 KiB  
Review
Three-Dimensional Surgical Guides in Orthodontics: The Present and the Future
by Silvia Izabella Pop, Eugen Bud, Kinga Mária Jánosi, Anamaria Bud and Bernadette Kerekes-Máthé
Dent. J. 2025, 13(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13020074 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
Surgical guides are integral tools in orthodontics, enhancing the precision and predictability of mini-implant placement. These guides facilitate accurate positioning, reduce risks to surrounding anatomical structures, and ensure proper angulation and depth during procedures. The aim of the present paper is to present [...] Read more.
Surgical guides are integral tools in orthodontics, enhancing the precision and predictability of mini-implant placement. These guides facilitate accurate positioning, reduce risks to surrounding anatomical structures, and ensure proper angulation and depth during procedures. The aim of the present paper is to present a detailed review of the surgical guides used in orthodontics, focusing on their classification, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and future developments. The advantages, disadvantages, clinical steps, and implications are also described based on the data in recent scientific literature. Future developments may incorporate artificial intelligence and augmented reality, further optimizing treatment planning and patient outcomes, thus solidifying the role of surgical guides in efficient orthodontic care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics and New Technologies: 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 4386 KiB  
Article
Study of Construction of Innovative Barite/Waterborne Polyurethane/Low-Density Polyethylene Composites for Enhanced X-Ray Shielding Performance
by Xi Xu, Shujin Shi, Xianrong Yang, Huan Shuai, Gaoxiang Du and Jiao Wang
Polymers 2025, 17(4), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040451 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2025
Abstract
X-rays’ high-energy nature poses risks to human health. Traditional X-ray shielding materials often contain toxic lead and have drawbacks like bulkiness and rigidity. Consequently, there is an increasing need to develop lightweight, non-toxic, flexible, and efficient shielding materials. In this study, we modified [...] Read more.
X-rays’ high-energy nature poses risks to human health. Traditional X-ray shielding materials often contain toxic lead and have drawbacks like bulkiness and rigidity. Consequently, there is an increasing need to develop lightweight, non-toxic, flexible, and efficient shielding materials. In this study, we modified barite with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and systematically investigated the effects of WPU on barite’s properties. The modification with WPU not only reduced the tendency of barite (B) to agglomerate but also enhanced its compatibility with polymers, thereby significantly improving the mechanical properties of LDPE/WPU-B composites. Compared to unmodified barite in LDPE/B composites, the tensile and flexural modulus of the LDPE/WPU-B composites increased by 22.31% and 29.64%, respectively. With 20% WPU-modified barite, the radiation shielding efficiency increased by 5%. When the WPU-B content reached 40%, the shielding efficiency of the LDPE/WPU-B composite exceeded 90% for tube voltages ranging from 60 kV to 120 kV, achieving a lead equivalent of 0.38 mmPb at 100 kV. This novel LDPE/WPU-B composite has great potential for low-dose radiation shielding applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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