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16 pages, 3143 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Combined Cr, Mn, and Zr Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–6Cu Alloys Under Various Heat Treatment Conditions

by Hyuncheul Lee, Jaehui Bang, Pilhwan Yoon and Eunkyung Lee

Metals 2026, 16(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16020143 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the synergistic effects of Cr–Zr and Mn–Zr additions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al–6 wt.%Cu alloys. Alloys were designed with solute concentrations positioned below, near, and above their maximum solubility limits, and were evaluated under as-cast, T4, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the synergistic effects of Cr–Zr and Mn–Zr additions on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al–6 wt.%Cu alloys. Alloys were designed with solute concentrations positioned below, near, and above their maximum solubility limits, and were evaluated under as-cast, T4, and T6 heat treatment conditions. Mechanical testing revealed distinct behavioral trends depending on the heat treatment: the T4 heat treatment condition generally exhibited superior hardness and yield strength, whereas the T6 heat treatment condition resulted in a slight reduction in hardness but facilitated a significant recovery in tensile strength and structural stability, particularly in alloys designed near the solubility limit. To elucidate the crystallographic origins of these mechanical variations, X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to monitor changes in lattice parameters, dislocation density, and micro-strain. The results showed that T4 heat treatment induced lattice contraction and a decrease in dislocation density, suggesting that the high strength under T4 heat treatment conditions arises from lattice distortion caused by supersaturated solute atoms. Conversely, T6 aging led to lattice relaxation approaching that of pure aluminum, yet simultaneously triggered a re-accumulation of dislocation density and micro-strain due to the coherency strain fields surrounding precipitates, which effectively impede dislocation motion. Therefore, rather than proposing a single, definitive optimization condition, this study aims to secure foundational data regarding the correlation between these microstructural descriptors and mechanical behavior, providing a guideline for balancing the strengthening contributions in transition metal-modified Al–Cu alloys. Full article

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4 pages, 145 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Synergy in Polyphase Materials—Harnessing the Power of Glass and Ceramics

by Georgiy Shakhgildyan, Kai Xu and Michael I. Ojovan

Materials 2026, 19(3), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19030478 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Polyphase materials—where crystalline and vitreous constituents coexist and interact—offer a uniquely rich design space in which functionality can be engineered through phase assemblage, nanoscale morphology, interfaces, and defect chemistry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergy in Polyphase Materials: Harnessing the Power of Glass and Ceramics)

11 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effect of Scalp Nerve Block on Bispectral Index Values During Skull Pinning; Prospective Observational Study

by Halide Hande Şahinkaya, Gözde Gürsoy Çirkinoğlu, Cafer Ak, Sermin Altunbaş and Zeki Tuncel Tekgül

Medicina 2026, 62(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62020252 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Scalp nerve block (SNB) is hypothesized to attenuate the physiological response to skull pinning more effectively than local anesthetic (LA) infiltration. This study aimed to compare the two techniques using Bispectral index (BIS) as a primary surrogate measure of [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Scalp nerve block (SNB) is hypothesized to attenuate the physiological response to skull pinning more effectively than local anesthetic (LA) infiltration. This study aimed to compare the two techniques using Bispectral index (BIS) as a primary surrogate measure of cortical arousal. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, patients undergoing elective craniotomy received either bilateral SNB (Group S, n = 53) or LA infiltration (Group LA, n = 35) based on anesthesiologist preference. Depth of anesthesia was monitored via BIS. The primary outcome was the change in BIS after skull pin insertion. A ΔBIS > 20% from baseline triggered rescue medication (remifentanil/propofol). Secondary outcomes included hemodynamic parameters and rescue requirements. Results: There was a significant main effect of time on BIS values (p < 0.001), indicating that BIS values changed significantly across measurement points. Post-hoc examination of parameter estimates revealed that the Group LA showed significantly greater increases in BIS values compared to the Group S at T1 (p = 0.030) and T3 (p = 0.024). No significant between-group differences in BIS changes were observed at T5, T10, or T15 time points (p > 0.05). Hemodynamic responses (mean arterial pressure and heart rate) were also transiently but significantly higher in Group LA at these time points (p < 0.001). The most clinically notable finding was that significantly more patients in Group LA required rescue medication (p < 0.001), indicating a greater frequency of clinically significant physiological trespass. Conclusions: Compared to LA infiltration, SNB was associated with statistically significant reductions in immediate BIS and hemodynamic responses to skull pinning. The key potential clinical implication is the corresponding reduction in the need for rescue anesthetic intervention. These findings support SNB as a technique for enhancing physiological stability, though the direct impact on patient-centered outcomes requires further study. BIS may serve as a useful adjunctive indicator of the cortical response to noxious stimuli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care/ Anesthesiology)

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26 pages, 1473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Variable Cable Stiffness Effects on Force Control Performance in Cable-Driven Robotic Actuators

by Ana-Maria Ifrim and Ionica Oncioiu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031220 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cable-driven robotic systems are widely used in applications requiring lightweight structures, large workspaces, and accurate force regulation. In such systems, the mechanical behavior of cable-driven actuators is strongly influenced by the elastic properties of the cable, transmission elements, and supporting structure, leading to [...] Read more.

Cable-driven robotic systems are widely used in applications requiring lightweight structures, large workspaces, and accurate force regulation. In such systems, the mechanical behavior of cable-driven actuators is strongly influenced by the elastic properties of the cable, transmission elements, and supporting structure, leading to an effective stiffness that varies with pretension, applied load, cable length, and operating conditions. These stiffness variations have a direct impact on force control performance but are often implicitly treated or assumed constant in control-oriented studies. This paper investigates the effects of operating-point-dependent (incremental) cable stiffness on actuator-level force control performance in cable-driven robotic systems. The analysis is conducted at the level of an individual cable-driven actuator to isolate local mechanical effects from global robot dynamics. Mechanical stiffness is characterized within a limited elastic domain through local linearization around stable operating points, avoiding the assumption of global linear behavior over the entire force range. Variations in effective stiffness induced by changes in pretension, load, and motion regime are analyzed through numerical simulations and experimental tests performed on a dedicated test bench. The results demonstrate that stiffness variations significantly affect force tracking accuracy, dynamic response, and disturbance sensitivity, even when controller structure and tuning parameters remain unchanged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cable Driven Robotic Systems)

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12 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ceftazidime–Avibactam in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella spp. Infections: Is Monotherapy as Effective as Combination Therapy?

by Rukiyye Bulut, İbrahim Erayman, Bahar Kandemir and Pınar Belviranlı Keskin

Antibiotics 2026, 15(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15020116 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp. (CRK) causes healthcare-associated infections with high mortality. This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of ceftazidime–avibactam (CZA) therapy in CRK infections. Methods: Patients hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital in Türkiye between June 2021 and December 2022 with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella spp. (CRK) causes healthcare-associated infections with high mortality. This study evaluated the clinical outcomes of ceftazidime–avibactam (CZA) therapy in CRK infections. Methods: Patients hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital in Türkiye between June 2021 and December 2022 with CRK-positive cultures, CZA susceptibility, and ≥72 h of CZA treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Ninety-nine patients (61.6% male; mean age 63.7 ± 17.5 years) were included, 89.9% of whom were treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). Hypertension (29.3%), diabetes (28.3%), and malignancy (26.3%) were the most frequent comorbidities. The main infection types were bloodstream infection (56.6%) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (29.3%). CZA was used as monotherapy in 49.5%, and in combination in 50.5% of cases. The mean treatment duration was 13.2 ± 6.3 days. Clinical improvement occurred at 3.4 ± 1.2 days and microbiological eradication at 4.7 ± 2.1 days. Treatment success was achieved in 76.8% of patients, while 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 48.5% and 72.7%, respectively. Only treatment duration significantly affected clinical outcome (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CZA demonstrates favorable outcomes in CRK infections, with no significant difference between monotherapy and combination therapy. These findings support the use of CZA as an effective treatment option for severe CRK infections in real-world clinical settings and may help guide antimicrobial stewardship strategies in high-risk hospitalized patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibiotic Therapy in Infectious Diseases)

19 pages, 1188 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Microbial Fuel Cells Using Carbon-Rich Wastes as Substrates

by Kexin Ren, Jianfei Wang, Xurui Hou, Jiaqi Huang and Shijie Liu

Processes 2026, 14(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030416 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential applications in renewable energy generation, waste utilization, and biomass upgrading, offering a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. By directly converting carbon-rich wastes into electricity, MFCs provide a unique approach to [...] Read more.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential applications in renewable energy generation, waste utilization, and biomass upgrading, offering a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. By directly converting carbon-rich wastes into electricity, MFCs provide a unique approach to simultaneously address energy demand and waste management challenges. This review systematically examines the effects of various carbon-rich substrates on MFC performance, including lignocellulosic biomasses, molasses, lipid waste, crude glycerol, and C1 compounds. These substrates, characterized by wide availability, low cost, and high carbon content, have demonstrated considerable potential for efficient bioelectricity generation and resource recovery. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of microbial community regulation and genetic engineering strategies in enhancing substrate utilization efficiency and power output. Additionally, the application of carbon-rich wastes in electrode fabrication is discussed, highlighting their contributions to improved electrical conductivity, sustainability, and overall system performance. The integration of carbon-rich substrates into MFCs offers promising prospects for alleviating energy shortages, improving wastewater treatment efficiency, and reducing environmental pollution, thereby supporting the development of a circular bioeconomy. Despite existing challenges related to scalability, operational stability, and system cost, MFCs exhibit strong potential for large-scale implementation across diverse industrial sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery)

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9 pages, 675 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Dispersion Analysis of Sectoral Corrugated Waveguides Using Subdomain and Block-Circulant Matrix Formulation

by Sangkyu Kim

Electronics 2026, 15(3), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030509 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study presents the subdomain method with local coordinates and the mode-matching method to compute the dispersion relations of sectoral corrugated waveguides. Fields are expanded in local Fourier–Bessel series, and boundary conditions are enforced by mode-matching, which produces a block-circulant system matrix. The [...] Read more.

This study presents the subdomain method with local coordinates and the mode-matching method to compute the dispersion relations of sectoral corrugated waveguides. Fields are expanded in local Fourier–Bessel series, and boundary conditions are enforced by mode-matching, which produces a block-circulant system matrix. The method reduces computational cost while preserving accuracy, as verified by numerical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)

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11 pages, 522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surgically Treated Cervical Cancer in Manitoba: A Retrospective Study of the Impact of Geography on Care

by Nora-Beth Mercier, Yuliia Khudina, Lesley Roberts, Allison Feely, Oliver Bucher, Pascal Lambert and Alon D. Altman

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33020070 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer outcomes based on geographic location of residence reveal inconsistent patterns, and most of the evidence is from the United States. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether there existed a difference in overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) between [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer outcomes based on geographic location of residence reveal inconsistent patterns, and most of the evidence is from the United States. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether there existed a difference in overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) between individuals living within a Canadian city with a tertiary care centre versus those living remotely within a large catchment area (up to >1000 km travel distance), including a sizeable rural component. Methods: Surgically treated cervical cancer patients from 2000 to 2016 were included. Patients were treated with either radical hysterectomy, trachelectomy, or simple hysterectomy. Adjuvant treatment was provided depending on surgical pathology. OS and RFS were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves and cumulative incidence curves. Results: Two hundred and eighty-two patients with surgically treated cervical cancer were included: 185 patients living within urban city limits and 97 patients living rurally. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. No significant difference in OS or RFS was found, even after adjusting for death as a competing risk for RFS. The median time to surgery for residents living within versus outside the city was 84 vs. 66 days, respectively, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3179). Conclusions: This is the first Canadian study to examine an association between survival and distance to care for cervical cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gynecologic Oncology)

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29 pages, 2200 KB

Open AccessArticle

Method of Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption in Passenger Car Fleets with Internal Combustion, Hybrid, Battery Electric, and Hydrogen Powertrains in Long-Term European Operating Conditions

by Lech J. Sitnik and Monika Andrych-Zalewska

Energies 2026, 19(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030616 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Accurately determining actual energy consumption is essential for guiding technological developments in the transport sector, assessing vehicle development outcomes, and designing effective energy and climate policies. Although laboratory driving cycles such as the WLTP provide standardized benchmarks, they do not reflect the complex [...] Read more.

Accurately determining actual energy consumption is essential for guiding technological developments in the transport sector, assessing vehicle development outcomes, and designing effective energy and climate policies. Although laboratory driving cycles such as the WLTP provide standardized benchmarks, they do not reflect the complex interactions between human behavior, environmental conditions, and vehicle dynamics under real-world operating conditions. This article presents an integrated framework for assessing long-term, actual energy carrier consumption in four main vehicle categories: internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (H2EVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The entire discussion here is based on the results of data analysis from natural operation using the so-called vehicle energy footprint. This framework provides a method for determining the average energy carrier consumption for each group of vehicles with the specified drivetrains. This information formed the basis for assessing the total energy demand for the operation of the analyzed vehicle types in normal operation. The simulations show that among mid-range passenger vehicles, ICEVs are the most energy-intensive in normal operation, followed by H2EVs and HEVs, and BEVs are the least. This study highlights the methodological challenges and implications of accurately quantifying energy consumption. The presented method for assessing energy demand in vehicle operation can be useful for manufacturers, consumers, fleet operators, and policymakers, particularly in terms of energy efficiency, emission reduction, and public health protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

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15 pages, 2981 KB

Open AccessArticle

Capacity-Limited Failure in Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search on Image Embedding Spaces

by Morgan Roy Cooper and Mike Busch

J. Imaging 2026, 12(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12020055 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Similarity search on image embeddings is a common practice for image retrieval in machine learning and pattern recognition systems. Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) methods enable scalable similarity search on large datasets, often approaching sub-linear complexity. Yet, little empirical work has examined how ANN [...] Read more.

Similarity search on image embeddings is a common practice for image retrieval in machine learning and pattern recognition systems. Approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) methods enable scalable similarity search on large datasets, often approaching sub-linear complexity. Yet, little empirical work has examined how ANN neighborhood geometry differs from that of exact k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) search as the neighborhood size increases under constrained search effort. This study quantifies how approximate neighborhood structure changes relative to exact k-NN search as k increases across three experimental conditions. Using multiple random subsets of 10,000 images drawn from the STL-10 dataset, we compute ResNet-50 image embeddings, perform an exact k-NN search, and compare it to a Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW)-based ANN search under controlled hyperparameter regimes. We evaluated the fidelity of neighborhood structure using neighborhood overlap, average neighbor distance, normalized barycenter shift, and local intrinsic dimensionality (LID). Results show that exact k-NN and ANN search behave nearly identically when

e f S e a r c h > k

. However, as the neighborhood size grows and

e f S e a r c h

remains fixed, ANN search fails abruptly, exhibiting extreme divergence in neighbor distances at approximately

k \approx 2

–

3.5 \times e f S e a r c h

. Increasing index construction quality delays this failure, and scaling search effort proportionally with neighborhood size (

e f S e a r c h = α \times k

with

α \geq 1

) preserves neighborhood geometry across all evaluated metrics, including LID. The findings indicate that ANN search preserves neighborhood geometry within its operational capacity but abruptly fails when this capacity is exceeded. Documenting this behavior is relevant for scientific applications that approximate embedding spaces and provides practical guidance on when ANN search is interchangeable with exact k-NN and when geometric differences become nontrivial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Image and Video Processing)

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15 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Body Adiposity Indices, Adipokines Profile, and CNR1 Polymorphisms in Atypical Phenotypes of Obesity

by Simona Georgiana Popa, Loredana Maria Marin, Loredana Maria Dira, Ana Cristina Tudosie and Andreea Loredana Golli

Metabolites 2026, 16(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo16020091 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Insulin-Resistant Normal Weight and Insulin-Sensitive Obesity are atypical cardiometabolic phenotypes whose clinico-biological features, management, and prognosis are a subject of extensive scientific debate. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic phenotypes of obesity and to evaluate their association with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Insulin-Resistant Normal Weight and Insulin-Sensitive Obesity are atypical cardiometabolic phenotypes whose clinico-biological features, management, and prognosis are a subject of extensive scientific debate. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic phenotypes of obesity and to evaluate their association with markers related to diabesity, adipokines profile, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms of CNR1 gene. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in a random sample of 487 individuals (53.03 ± 13.71 years, 48.3% male) which were classified based on body mass index (</≥25 kg/m²) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR cut-off value 2.5) as Insulin-Sensitive/Insulin-Resistant Normal Weight (ISNW/IRNW) and Insulin-Sensitive/Insulin-Resistant Obesity (ISO/IRO). Results: The ISO phenotype frequency was 24.2%, with a higher prevalence in the 40–60 years age group (47.0%) and in men (44.9%), while the prevalence of IRNW was 7.0%, predominating in women (61.8%). Participants with IRNW had a more altered glycoregulation profile (fasting and 2 h OGTT blood glucose, prediabetes, and hyperinsulinism), hypercholesterolemia, and adiposity indices (ABSI) than those with ISNW, but comparable to those with IRO. Participants with ISO had a more favorable glycoregulation profile, lipid profile, adipocytokines, and adiposity indices than those with IRO. IRNW had higher odds of being associated with prediabetes (OR 10.75; p < 0.001) than ISNW, while younger age, CUN-BAE, and ABSI were independently associated with both ISO and IRNW phenotypes. Conclusions: The IRNW phenotype should be actively evaluated to intervene on the cardiometabolic risk, while further studies are needed to confirm the sustainability of the favorable cardiometabolic profile of the ISO phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Signature of Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity Triad)

25 pages, 4548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Microstructural Engineering of Polyurethane Foams with Luffa Fibers for Synergistic Optimization of Ergonomic Support and Hygrothermal Comfort

by Mengsi Zhang, Juan Zhou, Nuofan Tang, Yijun Hu, Fuchao Yan, Yuxia Chen, Yong Guo and Daowu Tu

Polymers 2026, 18(3), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030320 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Traditional flexible polyurethane (PU) foams frequently exhibit limited mechanical support and suboptimal moisture–heat regulation, which can compromise the microenvironmental comfort required for high-quality sleep. In this study, natural luffa fibers (LF) were incorporated as a microstructural modifier to simultaneously enhance the mechanical and [...] Read more.

Traditional flexible polyurethane (PU) foams frequently exhibit limited mechanical support and suboptimal moisture–heat regulation, which can compromise the microenvironmental comfort required for high-quality sleep. In this study, natural luffa fibers (LF) were incorporated as a microstructural modifier to simultaneously enhance the mechanical and moisture–heat regulation performance of PU foams. PU/LF composite foams with varying LF loadings were prepared via in situ polymerization, and their foaming kinetics, cellular morphology evolution, and physicochemical characteristics were systematically investigated. The results indicate that LF functions both as a reinforcing skeleton and as a heterogeneous nucleation site, thereby promoting more uniform bubble formation and controlled open-cell development. At an optimal loading of 4 wt%, the composite foam developed a highly interconnected porous architecture, leading to a 7.9% increase in tensile strength and improvements of 19.4% and 22.6% in moisture absorption and moisture dissipation rates, respectively, effectively alleviating the heat–moisture accumulation typically observed in unmodified PU foams. Ergonomic pillow prototypes fabricated from the optimized composite further exhibited enhanced pressure-relief performance, as evidenced by reduced peak cervical pressure and improved uniformity of contact-area distribution in human–pillow pressure mapping, together with an increased SAG factor, indicating improved load-bearing adaptability under physiological sleep postures. Collectively, these findings elucidate the microstructural regulatory role of biomass-derived luffa fibers within porous polymer matrices and provide a robust material basis for developing high-performance, sustainable, and ergonomically optimized sleep products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

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36 pages, 708 KB

Open AccessArticle

Paegam Sŏngch’ong’s Precious Writings on the Pure Land: A Korean Huayan Advocate’s Seventeenth-Century Treasury of Chinese Pure Land Devotional Narratives

by Richard D. McBride II

Religions 2026, 17(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020133 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Although Paegam Sŏngch’ong 栢庵性聰 (1631–1700) received orthodox transmission in Sŏn Buddhism in the Puhyu lineage 浮休係 (deriving from Puhyu Sŏnsu 浮休善修, 1543–1615), he is remembered as an important advocate of Huayan 華嚴 doctrinal learning in the mid-Chosŏn period. He collected Buddhist works from [...] Read more.

Although Paegam Sŏngch’ong 栢庵性聰 (1631–1700) received orthodox transmission in Sŏn Buddhism in the Puhyu lineage 浮休係 (deriving from Puhyu Sŏnsu 浮休善修, 1543–1615), he is remembered as an important advocate of Huayan 華嚴 doctrinal learning in the mid-Chosŏn period. He collected Buddhist works from the Chinese Jia-xing Canon 嘉興藏 that had washed ashore on Imja Island 荏子島 in Chŏlla Province and published them in more than 190 volumes. In 1686, the first work produced in this endeavor was Precious Writings on the Pure Land (Chŏngt’o posŏ 淨土寶書), in one volume. It is a compilation, in fourteen sections (including the preface), of excerpts and summaries of Pure Land writings and stories published in the supplementary canon section 續藏 of the Jiaxing Canon. The core and longest section of the work is chapter thirteen: “Efficacy of the Fruit of the Pure Land” (Chŏngt’o kwahŏm 淨土果驗). This chapter comprises devotional narratives on cases of rebirth in the Pure Land classified according to the social or birth status of the main figures: monks, kings and ministers, nobles and commoners, nuns, women, evildoers, animals, and so forth. The primary purpose of these narratives is to underscore to virtue of chanting the name of the Buddha Amitābha (yŏmbul, Ch. nianfo 念佛) as a means of rebirth in Sukhāvatī. This work is significant because it demonstrates the value and function of Chinese Pure Land literature in the popularization of Pure Land practice in the mid and late Chosŏn period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Development of the Pure Land Tradition Through the Lens of Sacred Site Transference)

16 pages, 2907 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parallel Hybrid Modeling of Al–Mg–Si Tensile Properties Using Density-Based Weighting

by Christian Dalheim Øien, Ole Runar Myhr and Geir Ringen

Metals 2026, 16(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16020142 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

A hybrid modeling framework for predicting the mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloys, that blends physics-based and machine-learning models, is developed and tested. Motivated by a demand for post-consumer material (PCM) content in wrought aluminium applications, this work proposes, analyses, and discusses a parallel [...] Read more.

A hybrid modeling framework for predicting the mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloys, that blends physics-based and machine-learning models, is developed and tested. Motivated by a demand for post-consumer material (PCM) content in wrought aluminium applications, this work proposes, analyses, and discusses a parallel framework that applies an adaptive weighting coefficient derived from local observation density. Based on existing datasets from a range of Al-Mg-Si alloys, such a model is trained and tested in an iterative manner to study its robustness, by emulating a shift in observed alloy composition. The results indicate that the hybrid model is able to combine the interpolative strength of machine learning for cases similar to previous observations with the explorative strength of physics-based (Kampmann–Wagner Numerical) modeling for previously unobserved parameter combinations, as the hybrid model shows higher or similar accuracy than the best of its constituents across the majority of the sequence. The observed model characteristics are promising for predicting the effect of increased compositional variation inherent in PCM. Finally, possible future research is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Machine Learning in Metallic Materials)

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27 pages, 2246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Postbiotics to Boost Chemotherapy: N-Acetylcysteine and Tetrahydro β-Carboline Carboxylic Acid as Potentiators in Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancer

by Vanessa Rodriguez, Annacandida Villani, Margarida Sénica, Concetta Panebianco, Valerio Pazienza and Ana Preto

Cancers 2026, 18(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030369 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are among the most lethal malignancies, with growing evidence pointing to the gut microbiota’s role in their progression. This study aimed to explore the anticancer potential of two microbiota-derived postbiotics, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and tetrahydro β-carboline [...] Read more.

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are among the most lethal malignancies, with growing evidence pointing to the gut microbiota’s role in their progression. This study aimed to explore the anticancer potential of two microbiota-derived postbiotics, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and tetrahydro β-carboline carboxylic acid (THC), in targeting some hallmark traits of PC and CRC, both as standalone agents and in combination with standard chemotherapeutics (gemcitabine for PC and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for CRC). Methods: Cell viability assays and IC₅₀ determination was assessed using either the Muse™ Count & Viability Kit or the Sulforhodamine B assay; cell death was determined by Annexin V/Propidium Iodide and cell cycle assessed by Propidium Iodide was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Here, we found that NAC selectively reduced the viability of PC cells BxPC-3 without triggering apoptosis, while effectively inducing apoptosis in PC cells Panc-1 and in CRC cell lines. THC exhibited stronger anticancer activity, inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis in all tested PC and CRC cells, even at lower concentrations. Combination treatments yielded promising enhancement effects. NAC enhanced the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in Panc-1 cells through increased apoptosis. NAC, when combined with 5-FU, also increased apoptosis of CRC cells. THC further potentiated gemcitabine’s impact on Panc-1 cells by increasing apoptosis and by inducing cell cycle changes in BxPC-3. In the CRC model, THC co-treatment with 5-FU reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in all cells. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary in vitro evidence supporting the potential of integrating microbiota-derived postbiotics with conventional chemotherapy both in PC and CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unravelling Cancer Mechanism and Developing Novel Therapeutics: An Urgent Need to Treat Cancer (2nd Edition))

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35 pages, 19007 KB

Open AccessTutorial

Microscopy of Macrofossils: Techniques from Geology

by George E. Mustoe

Foss. Stud. 2026, 4(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/fossils4010002 (registering DOI) - 25 Jan 2026

Abstract

Microscopes have long been an important tool for paleontology, but most researchers use biological microscopes that are designed for transmitted light illumination. Micropaleontology has traditionally involved investigations of individual organisms (e.g., foraminifera, radiolarian and diatoms), or fossil pollen. Optical microscopy can also be [...] Read more.

Microscopes have long been an important tool for paleontology, but most researchers use biological microscopes that are designed for transmitted light illumination. Micropaleontology has traditionally involved investigations of individual organisms (e.g., foraminifera, radiolarian and diatoms), or fossil pollen. Optical microscopy can also be a useful method for the study of macrofossils. Polarized light illumination, long a mainstay of geological research, has largely been missing from paleontology investigations. However, adapting a standard microscope for polarized light is not a difficult task. The preparation of mineralized fossils as petrographic thin sections greatly expands the possibilities for microscopic examination of macrofossils. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has long been used for the study of fossils, most commonly for observing individual microfossils or anatomical features of larger organisms. X-ray fluorescence analysis (SEM/EDS), a standard method for geology research, has had minimal use by paleontologists, but it is a method that merits wider acceptance. This paper emphasizes inexpensive methods for researchers who want to expand their microscopy horizons without needing deep funding or access to specialized facilities. Full article

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20 pages, 1009 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Screening of Sleep-Disordered Breathing Using a Smartphone-Based Portable System in Stroke Patients and Its Relevance for Rehabilitation: A Prospective Observational Study

by Sergiu Albu, Yolanda Castillo-Escario, Alicia Romero Marquez, Mónica López Andurell, Raimon Jané and Hatice Kumru

Sensors 2026, 26(3), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26030794 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common after stroke and may negatively influence recovery, yet it is frequently underdiagnosed. Portable respiratory monitoring devices could facilitate early SDB screening in these patients. We estimated the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) using a smartphone-based monitoring system in [...] Read more.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common after stroke and may negatively influence recovery, yet it is frequently underdiagnosed. Portable respiratory monitoring devices could facilitate early SDB screening in these patients. We estimated the prevalence of sleep apnea (SA) using a smartphone-based monitoring system in post-stroke patients and examined associations between respiratory indices, stroke severity and disability (NIHSS, mRS), and rehabilitation outcomes (motor and cognitive Functional Independence Measure; FIM). Consecutive patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation within three months after a stroke underwent an overnight assessment with a smartphone-based respiratory monitoring device, which estimated the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), mean and minimum SpO₂, time with SpO₂ < 94% and <90%, and hourly oxygen desaturation events (≥3% and ≥4%). Of the 104 screened patients, 59 were recruited, while 56 had valid recordings. Most patients (89%) had previously undiagnosed SA: 11% mild (AHI ≥ 5 and <15), 38% moderate (AHI ≥ 15 and <30), and 41% severe (AHI ≥ 30). Greater event burden and nocturnal hypoxemia were associated with older age, worse baseline disability (mRS), lower admission motor FIMs, and poorer rehabilitation metrics. Smartphone-based portable monitoring is an accessible, easy-to-use approach that may enable earlier identification of SA, particularly in individuals with substantial hypoxemia or respiratory event burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Science to Recovery: Bridging Sensing Technology and Neurology for a Better Future)

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20 pages, 17958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mesh-Agnostic Model for the Prediction of Transonic Flow Field of Supercritical Airfoils

by Runze Li, Yue Fu, Yufei Zhang and Haixin Chen

Aerospace 2026, 13(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13020117 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mesh-agnostic models have advantages in processing flow field data with various topologies and densities, and they can easily incorporate partial differential equations. Beyond physics-informed neural networks, mesh-agnostic models have been studied for data-driven predictions of simple flows. In this study, a data-driven mesh-agnostic [...] Read more.

Mesh-agnostic models have advantages in processing flow field data with various topologies and densities, and they can easily incorporate partial differential equations. Beyond physics-informed neural networks, mesh-agnostic models have been studied for data-driven predictions of simple flows. In this study, a data-driven mesh-agnostic model is proposed to predict the transonic flow field of various supercritical airfoils. The model consists of two subnetworks, i.e., ShapeNet and HyperNet. ShapeNet is an implicit neural representation used to predict spatial bases of the flow field. HyperNet is a simple neural network that determines the weights of these bases. The input of ShapeNet is extended to ensure accurate prediction for different airfoil geometries. To reduce overfitting while capturing shock waves and boundary layers, a multi-resolution ShapeNet combining two activation functions is proposed. Additionally, a physics-guided loss function is proposed to enhance accuracy. The proposed model is trained and tested on various supercritical airfoils under different free-stream conditions. Results show that the model can effectively utilize airfoil samples with different grid sizes and distributions, and it can accurately predict the shock wave and boundary layer velocity profile. The proposed mesh-agnostic model can be used as a decoder in any conventional models, contributing to their application in complex and three-dimensional geometries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Aerodynamic Analysis and Optimization)

38 pages, 9992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Learning-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Parametric Stadium-Type Tiered-Seating Configurations

by Metin Arel and Fikret Bademci

Mathematics 2026, 14(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14030410 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Parametric tiered-seating design can be framed as a constrained multi-objective optimization problem in which a low-dimensional decision vector is evaluated by a deterministic operator with sequential feasibility rejection and visibility constraints. This study introduces an oracle-preserving, learning-assisted screening workflow, where a multi-output multilayer [...] Read more.

Parametric tiered-seating design can be framed as a constrained multi-objective optimization problem in which a low-dimensional decision vector is evaluated by a deterministic operator with sequential feasibility rejection and visibility constraints. This study introduces an oracle-preserving, learning-assisted screening workflow, where a multi-output multilayer perceptron (MLP) is used only to prioritize candidates for evaluation. Here, multi-output denotes a single network trained to predict the full objective vector jointly. Candidates are sampled within bounded decision ranges and evaluated by an operator that propagates section-coupled geometric state and enforces hard clearance thresholds through a Vertical Sightline System (VSS), i.e., a deterministic row-wise sightline/clearance evaluator that enforces hard clearance thresholds. The oracle-evaluated set is reduced to its mixed-direction Pareto-efficient subset and filtered by feature-space proximity to a fixed validation reference using nearest-neighbor distances in standardized 11-dimensional features, yielding a robustness-oriented pool. A compact shortlist is derived via TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution; used here strictly as a post-Pareto decision-support ranking rule), and preference uncertainty is assessed by Monte Carlo weight sampling from a symmetric Dirichlet distribution. In an archived run under a fixed oracle budget, 1235 feasible designs are evaluated, producing 934 evaluated Pareto solutions; proximity filtering retains 187 robust candidates and TOPSIS reports a traceable top-30 shortlist. Stability is supported by concentrated top-k frequencies under weight perturbations and by audits under single-feature-drop ablations and tested rounding precisions. Overall, the workflow enables reproducible multi-objective screening and reporting for feasibility-dominated seating design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven or AI-Driven Optimization Algorithms and Their Applications)

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36 pages, 12414 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Replication-Competent Flavivirus Genome with a Stable GFP Insertion at the NS1-NS2A Junction

by Pavel Tarlykov, Bakytkali Ingirbay, Dana Auganova, Tolganay Kulatay, Viktoriya Keyer, Sabina Atavliyeva, Maral Zhumabekova, Arman Abeev and Alexandr V. Shustov

Biology 2026, 15(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15030220 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

The flavivirus NS1 protein is a component of the viral replication complex and plays diverse, yet poorly understood, roles in the viral life cycle. To enable real-time visualization of the developing replication organelle and biochemical analysis of tagged NS1 and its interacting partners, [...] Read more.

The flavivirus NS1 protein is a component of the viral replication complex and plays diverse, yet poorly understood, roles in the viral life cycle. To enable real-time visualization of the developing replication organelle and biochemical analysis of tagged NS1 and its interacting partners, we engineered a replication-competent yellow fever virus (YFV) replicon encoding a C-terminal fusion of NS1 with green fluorescent protein (NS1–GFP). The initial variant was non-viable in the absence of trans-complementation with wild-type NS1; however, viability was partially restored through the introduction of co-adaptive mutations in GFP (Q204R/A206V) and NS4A (M108L). Subsequent cell culture adaptation generated a 17-nucleotide frameshift within the NS1–GFP linker, resulting in a more flexible and less hydrophobic linker sequence. The optimized genome, in the form of a replicon, replicates in packaging cells that produce YFV structural proteins, as well as in naive BHK-21 cells. In the packaging cells, the adapted NS1–GFP replicon produces titers of infectious particles of approximately 10^6 FFU/mL and is genetically stable over five passages. The expressed NS1–GFP fusion protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and co-fractionates with detergent-resistant heavy membranes, a hallmark of flavivirus replication organelles. This NS1–GFP replicon provides a novel platform for studying NS1 functions and can be further adapted for proximity-labeling strategies aimed at identifying the still-unknown protease responsible for NS1–NS2A cleavage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Ultrastructural Analysis: Integrating Morphology with Multidisciplinary Research)

21 pages, 16932 KB

Open AccessReview

Alternative Splicing Responses to Plant–Biotic Interactions and Abiotic Stresses in Plants

by Yuxia Yao, Bo Wang, Yuna Pan, Yushi Lu, Wenjin Yu and Changxia Li

Agronomy 2026, 16(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16030298 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Plants can cope with complex environmental changes through AS. In this paper, we found that AS plays an important role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. First, we note that [...] Read more.

Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Plants can cope with complex environmental changes through AS. In this paper, we found that AS plays an important role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. First, we note that under biotic stress (e.g., disease, insects), AS regulates the expression of immune-related genes and produces splice variants with different functions to regulate plant disease resistance. Second, under abiotic stress (e.g., drought, cold, heat, salt), plants generate functional splice variants via different AS events and change the original function of the gene. At the same time, we also found that splicing factors and regulatory elements, such as serine/arginine-rich proteins associated with AS, are also involved in the regulation of the expression of related resistance genes to improve plant stress resistance. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent progress on the main types of AS events, the functions of related splicing factors, and the action routes and regulatory mechanisms of splice variants. We hope to provide a reference for further understanding of the stress response mechanism of plant AS and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of resistant varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Under the Abiotic Stress)

19 pages, 1900 KB

Open AccessProtocol

Workflow for Gene Overexpression and Phenotypic Characterisation in Taraxacum kok-saghyz

by Loredana Lopez, Michele Antonio Savoia, Loretta Daddiego, Paolo Facella, Elio Fantini, Linda Bianco, Simone Maci and Francesco Panara

Methods Protoc. 2026, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps9010017 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (Tks) is a promising plant species for natural rubber (NR) production and represents a model for studying NR biosynthesis in the Asteraceae family. The generation of transgenic plants overexpressing a gene of interest is a well-established strategy to investigate gene function [...] Read more.

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (Tks) is a promising plant species for natural rubber (NR) production and represents a model for studying NR biosynthesis in the Asteraceae family. The generation of transgenic plants overexpressing a gene of interest is a well-established strategy to investigate gene function and potential interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive workflow—from the construction of an overexpression vector to the generation, identification, and propagation of stable transgenic Tks lines. In addition, we describe a rapid and reliable method for quantifying NR content in transformed plants, providing essential phenotypic characterisation in this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Biology)

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21 pages, 4856 KB

Open AccessArticle

Event-Based State Estimator Design for Fractional-Order Memristive Neural Networks with Random Gain Fluctuations

by Qifeng Niu, Yanjuan Lu, Xiaoguang Shao, Chengguang Zhang, Yibo Zhao and Jie Zhang

Fractal Fract. 2026, 10(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract10020081 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study addresses the issue of nonfragile state estimation for fractional-order memristive neural networks with time-varying delays under an adaptive event-triggered mechanism. Possible gain perturbations of the estimator are considered. A Bernoulli-distributed random variable is introduced to model the stochastic nature of gain [...] Read more.

This study addresses the issue of nonfragile state estimation for fractional-order memristive neural networks with time-varying delays under an adaptive event-triggered mechanism. Possible gain perturbations of the estimator are considered. A Bernoulli-distributed random variable is introduced to model the stochastic nature of gain fluctuations. The primary objective is to develop a nonfragile estimator that accurately estimates the network states. By means of Lyapunov functionals and fractional-order Lyapunov methods, two delay and order-dependent sufficient criteria are established to guarantee the mean-square stability of the augmented system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed estimation scheme is demonstrated through two simulation examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Modeling of Fractional-Order Dynamical Networks)

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38 pages, 2523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methods for GIS-Driven Airspace Management: Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs), Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), and Crewed Aircraft in the NAS

by Ryan P. Case and Joseph P. Hupy

Drones 2026, 10(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10020082 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rapid growth of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) presents significant integration and safety challenges for the National Airspace System (NAS), often relying on disconnected Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) practices that contribute [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) presents significant integration and safety challenges for the National Airspace System (NAS), often relying on disconnected Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) practices that contribute to airspace incidents. This study evaluates Geographic Information Systems (GISs) as a unified, data-driven framework to enhance shared airspace safety and efficiency. A comprehensive, multi-phase methodology was developed using GIS (specifically Esri ArcGIS Pro) to integrate heterogeneous aviation data, including FAA aeronautical data, Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) for crewed aircraft, and UAS Flight Records, necessitating detailed spatial–temporal data preprocessing for harmonization. The effectiveness of this GIS-based approach was demonstrated through a case study analyzing a critical interaction between a University UAS (Da-Jiang Innovations (DJI) M300) and a crewed Piper PA-28-181 near Purdue University Airport (KLAF). The resulting two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models successfully enabled the visualization, quantitative measurement, and analysis of aircraft trajectories, confirming a minimum separation of approximately 459 feet laterally and 339 feet vertically. The findings confirm that a GIS offers a centralized, scalable platform for collating, analyzing, modeling, and visualizing air traffic operations, directly addressing ATM/UTM integration deficiencies. This GIS framework, especially when combined with advancements in sensor technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for anomaly detection, is critical for modernizing NAS oversight, improving situational awareness, and establishing a foundation for real-time risk prediction and dynamic airspace management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Air Mobility Solutions: UAVs for Smarter Cities)

23 pages, 2628 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scattering-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Label-Efficient Cardiac Image Segmentation

by Serdar Alasu and Muhammed Fatih Talu

Electronics 2026, 15(3), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030506 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Deep learning models based on supervised learning rely heavily on large annotated datasets and particularly in the context of medical image segmentation, the requirement for pixel-level annotations makes the labeling process labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive. To overcome these limitations, self-supervised learning (SSL) has [...] Read more.

Deep learning models based on supervised learning rely heavily on large annotated datasets and particularly in the context of medical image segmentation, the requirement for pixel-level annotations makes the labeling process labor-intensive, time-consuming and expensive. To overcome these limitations, self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a promising alternative that learns generalizable representations from unlabeled data; however, existing SSL frameworks often employ highly parameterized encoders that are computationally expensive and may lack robustness in label-scarce settings. In this work, we propose a scattering-based SSL framework that integrates Wavelet Scattering Networks (WSNs) and Parametric Scattering Networks (PSNs) into a Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) pretraining pipeline. By replacing the initial stages of the BYOL encoder with fixed or learnable scattering-based front-ends, the proposed method reduces the number of learnable parameters while embedding translation-invariant and small deformation-stable representations into the SSL pipeline. The pretrained encoders are transferred to a U-Net and fine-tuned for cardiac image segmentation on two datasets with different imaging modalities, namely, cardiac cine MRI (ACDC) and cardiac CT (CHD), under varying amounts of labeled data. Experimental results show that scattering-based SSL pretraining consistently improves segmentation performance over random initialization and ImageNet pretraining in low-label regimes, with particularly pronounced gains when only a few labeled patients are available. Notably, the PSN variant achieves improvements of 4.66% and 2.11% in average Dice score over standard BYOL with only 5 and 10 labeled patients, respectively, on the ACDC dataset. These results demonstrate that integrating mathematically grounded scattering representations into SSL pipelines provides a robust and data-efficient initialization strategy for cardiac image segmentation, particularly under limited annotation and domain shift. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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19 pages, 10092 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Degradation of Aquatic Vegetation Induced by Demolition of Enclosure Aquaculture Revealed by Remote Sensing

by Sheng Xu, Ying Xu, Guanxi Chen and Juhua Luo

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030400 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2026

Abstract

Aquatic vegetation (AV) forms the structural and functional basis of lake ecosystems, providing irreplaceable ecological functions such as water self-purification and the sustenance of biodiversity. Under the “Yangtze River’s Great Protection Strategy”, the action of returning nets to the lake has significantly improved [...] Read more.

Aquatic vegetation (AV) forms the structural and functional basis of lake ecosystems, providing irreplaceable ecological functions such as water self-purification and the sustenance of biodiversity. Under the “Yangtze River’s Great Protection Strategy”, the action of returning nets to the lake has significantly improved water-quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) basin. However, its ecological benefits for key biotic components, particularly AV communities, remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, this study utilized Landsat and Sentinel-1 satellite imagery to analyze the dynamic evolution of enclosure aquaculture (EA) and AV in 25 lakes (>10 km²) within the MLRYR basin from 1989 to 2023. A U-Net deep learning model was employed to extract EA data (2016–2023), and a vegetation and bloom extraction algorithm was applied to map different AV groups (1989–2023). Results indicate that by 2023, 88% (22/25) of the lakes had completed EA removal. Over the 34-year period, floating/emergent aquatic vegetation (FEAV) exhibited fluctuating trends, while submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) demonstrated a significant decline, particularly during the EA demolition phase (2016–2023), when its area sharply decreased from 804.8 km² to 247.3 km²—a reduction of 69.3%. Spatial comparative analysis further confirmed that SAV degradation was substantially more severe in EA removal areas than in EA retention areas. This study demonstrates that EA demolition, while beneficial for improving water quality, exerts significant short-term negative impacts on AV. These findings highlight the urgent need for lake governance policies to shift from single-objective management toward integrated strategies that equally prioritize water-quality improvement and ecological restoration. Future efforts should enhance targeted restoration in EA removal areas through active vegetation recovery and habitat reconstruction, thereby preventing catastrophic regime shifts to phytoplankton-dominated turbid-water states in lake ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Quality Monitoring and Quantitative Analysis in Marine and Inland Areas Utilizing Remote Sensing Techniques)

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