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Recent Articles  

24 pages, 729 KB  
Article
A Decision Framework for Early-Stage Circularity Assessment in Sustainable Manufacturing Systems
by Ottavia Aleo, Sascha Nagel, Anika Stephan and Johannes Fottner
Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021143 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
The transition toward a Circular Economy (CE) has received significant attention from academia, industry, and policymakers; however, manufacturing practices remain predominantly linear, generating waste and inefficiencies. This study addresses the lack of accessible sustainability assessment methods by introducing the Circularity Calculator (CC), a [...] Read more.
The transition toward a Circular Economy (CE) has received significant attention from academia, industry, and policymakers; however, manufacturing practices remain predominantly linear, generating waste and inefficiencies. This study addresses the lack of accessible sustainability assessment methods by introducing the Circularity Calculator (CC), a novel tool for evaluating circular strategies during the early phases of process development. Unlike existing assessment frameworks, which often require extensive data and customization, the CC can be integrated directly to existing processes to combine environmental and economic impact into a streamlined evaluation process for early decision-making. The research involves collaboration with a leading German automotive manufacturer. Site visits and interviews enabled the identification of material flows and primary waste streams, which informed the definition of relevant indicators. The CC generates a dimensionless index, enabling comparison and prioritization of proposed scenarios without relying on supply-chain-wide data, which is often unavailable at early stages. Implications demonstrate the adaptability of the CC across industrial contexts, supporting conceptual planning and operational phases. Its intuitive design facilitates adoption by practitioners without extensive expertise in sustainability. The tool represents an advance in CE assessment, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 12, and 17 by promoting sustainable industrial practices, resource circularity, and collaborative evaluation frameworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resilient Cities: The 11th World Sustainability Forum (WSF 2025))
18 pages, 1663 KB  
Article
Innovative Titanium Implants Coated with miR-21-Loaded Nanoparticle for Peri-Implantitis Prevention
by Anna Valentino, Raffaele Conte, Pierfrancesco Cerruti, Roberta Condò, Gianfranco Peluso and Anna Calarco
Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18010142 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Peri-implantitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting tissues surrounding dental implants and is characterized by progressive marginal bone loss that can ultimately lead to implant failure. Reduced vascularization and impaired immune clearance in peri-implant tissues contribute to persistent inflammation and limited therapeutic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Peri-implantitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting tissues surrounding dental implants and is characterized by progressive marginal bone loss that can ultimately lead to implant failure. Reduced vascularization and impaired immune clearance in peri-implant tissues contribute to persistent inflammation and limited therapeutic efficacy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), particularly miR-21, have emerged as key regulators of inflammatory responses and bone remodeling. The objective of this study was to develop a bioactive dental implant coating capable of locally delivering miR-21 to modulate inflammation and promote peri-implant tissue regeneration, thereby preventing peri-implantitis. Methods: Cationic nanoparticles were synthesized using lecithin and low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI) as a non-viral delivery system for miR-21. Lecithin was employed to enhance biocompatibility, while PEI functionalization provided a positive surface charge to improve miRNA complexation and cellular uptake. The resulting lecithin–PEI nanoparticles (LEC–PEI NPs) were incorporated into a chitosan-based coating and applied to titanium implant surfaces to obtain a sustained miR-21–releasing system (miR21-implant). Transfection efficiency and biological activity were evaluated in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) and compared with a commercial transfection reagent (Lipofectamine). Release kinetics and long-term activity of miR-21 from the coating were also assessed. Results: MiR-21-loaded LEC–PEI nanoparticles demonstrated significantly higher transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine and retained marked biological activity in hPDLFs relevant to peri-implantitis prevention. The chitosan-based nanoparticle coating enabled controlled and sustained miR-21 release over time, supporting prolonged modulation of inflammatory and osteogenic signaling pathways involved in peri-implant tissue homeostasis. Conclusions: The miR21-implant system, based on lecithin–PEI nanoparticles incorporated into a chitosan coating, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for peri-implantitis prevention. By enabling sustained local delivery of miR-21, this approach has the potential to preserve peri-implant bone architecture, modulate chronic inflammation, and enhance the osseointegration of titanium dental implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Agents: Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications in Dental Research, 2nd Edition)
30 pages, 30415 KB  
Article
Differentially Private Generative Modeling via Discrete Latent Projection
by Yinchi Ge, Hui Zhang and Haijun Yang
Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020388 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Deep generative models trained on sensitive data pose significant privacy risks, yet enforcing differential privacy (DP) in high-dimensional generators often leads to severe utility degradation. We propose Differentially Private Vector-Quantized Generation (DP-VQG), a three-stage generative framework that introduces a discrete latent bottleneck as [...] Read more.
Deep generative models trained on sensitive data pose significant privacy risks, yet enforcing differential privacy (DP) in high-dimensional generators often leads to severe utility degradation. We propose Differentially Private Vector-Quantized Generation (DP-VQG), a three-stage generative framework that introduces a discrete latent bottleneck as the interface for privacy preservation. DP-VQG separates geometric structure learning, differentially private discrete latent projection, and non-private prior modeling, ensuring that privacy-induced randomness operates on a finite codebook aligned with the decoder’s effective support. This design avoids off-support degradation while providing formal end-to-end DP guarantees through composition and post-processing. We provide a theoretical analysis of privacy and utility, including explicit bounds on privacy-induced distortion. Empirically, under the privacy budget of ε=10, DP-VQG attains Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) scores of 18.21 on MNIST and 77.09 on Fashion-MNIST, surpassing state-of-the-art differentially private generative models of comparable scale. Moreover, DP-VQG produces visually coherent samples on high-resolution datasets such as Flowers102, Food101, CelebA-HQ, and Cars, demonstrating scalability beyond prior end-to-end DP generative approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)
19 pages, 2502 KB  
Article
Molecular Dissection of Permanent vs. Reperfused Ischemia: Multi-Omics Divergence and Precision Therapeutic Implications
by Zhiyong Shen, Yuxian Li, Tengfei Zhu, Ting Yang, Shiyu Zhou, Qian Liu, Qiong Lu, Dongyan Jing, Haiou Jiang, Jie Li and Xiao-Liang Xing
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48010124 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Objective: Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a distinct pathological phase that differs from permanent ischemia (IR) in that it triggers secondary damage despite the restoration of blood flow. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively characterize and compare the molecular signatures—such [...] Read more.
Objective: Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a distinct pathological phase that differs from permanent ischemia (IR) in that it triggers secondary damage despite the restoration of blood flow. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively characterize and compare the molecular signatures—such as differential gene expression, protein activation, and metabolic alterations—between IRI and IR. By doing so, we aim to identify key pathways and biomarkers that specifically drive IRI and IR pathology, thereby providing novel therapeutic targets to mitigate reperfusion-induced damage in stroke and related neurological conditions. Methods: We employed an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach to compare a permanent ischemia model (IR, 24 h ischemia) with a reperfusion model (IRI, 1 h ischemia + 24 h reperfusion), using SHAM-operated animals as controls. Results: Our results demonstrate a profound decoupling between the transcriptome and proteome in IRI. While IRI induced extensive proteomic alterations (160 changed proteins in IRI vs. IR), transcriptional changes were minimal (3 genes), indicating dominant post-transcriptional regulation. Both IR and IRI activated shared inflammatory responses (e.g., Saa3, upregulated 14.33-fold in IRI/SHAM) and metabolic shifts (Gapdh, downregulated 4.03-fold). However, IRI uniquely upregulated neuroprotective genes (Arc, Npas4), activated a specific set of reperfusion-related pathways (72 proteins), and exhibited distinct extracellular matrix remodeling (Mmp3, upregulated 11.24-fold in IR/SHAM). The overall correlation between transcriptomic and proteomic dynamics was remarkably low (r = 0.014), underscoring the importance of translation and protein decay mechanisms. Conclusions: This study redefines IRI not merely as an exacerbation of ischemic damage but as a unique adaptive molecular trajectory. We identify Pisd-ps3 and Saa3 as potential therapeutic targets and show that proteomic signatures can stratify injury phases. These findings advance the prospects of precision therapeutics aimed at neuroprotection and immunomodulation in ischemic stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)
25 pages, 11131 KB  
Article
Geometric Innovation in Acoustic Emission: The Icosidodecahedron as a Novel Omnidirectional Source
by Jimmy Llontop Incio, Marcelo Herrera Martínez and Jonnathan Odraude Montenegro Niño
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021149 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Omnidirectional acoustic sources play a critical role in accurate acoustic measurements, particularly in assessing parameters such as reverberation time and sound insulation. Traditionally, dodecahedral loudspeakers have been the standard for these purposes due to their geometric symmetry and uniform radiation patterns. However, recent [...] Read more.
Omnidirectional acoustic sources play a critical role in accurate acoustic measurements, particularly in assessing parameters such as reverberation time and sound insulation. Traditionally, dodecahedral loudspeakers have been the standard for these purposes due to their geometric symmetry and uniform radiation patterns. However, recent developments have explored alternative geometries to enhance performance and expand application potential. This study presents the design and implementation of an omnidirectional source based on an icosidodecahedron geometry, which introduces a more complex mathematical formulation but offers promising acoustic characteristics. The proposed source is not only evaluated in terms of its theoretical and practical advantages, but it is also a self-fabrication initiative to strengthen the laboratory infrastructure of the Sound Engineering program in Bogotá, Colombia. Finally, a series of objective measurements is conducted to validate the performance of the source in realistic listening scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musical Acoustics and Sound Perception)
25 pages, 4140 KB  
Article
Gain-Enhanced Correlation Fusion for PMSM Inter-Turn Faults Severity Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms
by Vasileios I. Vlachou, Theoklitos S. Karakatsanis, Karolina Kudelina, Dimitrios E. Efstathiou and Stavros D. Vologiannidis
Machines 2026, 14(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14010134 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Diagnosing faults in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) is critical for ensuring their reliable operation, particularly in detecting internal short-circuit faults in the stator windings. These faults, such as inter-turn and inter-coil short circuits, can significantly affect motor performance and lead to costly [...] Read more.
Diagnosing faults in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) is critical for ensuring their reliable operation, particularly in detecting internal short-circuit faults in the stator windings. These faults, such as inter-turn and inter-coil short circuits, can significantly affect motor performance and lead to costly downtime if not detected early. However, detecting these faults accurately, especially in the presence of operational noise and varying load conditions, remains a challenging task. To address this, a novel methodology is proposed for diagnosing and classifying fault severity in PMSMs using vibration and current data. The key innovation of the method is the combination of signal processing for both vibration and current data, to enhance fault detection by applying advanced feature extraction techniques such as root mean square (RMS), peak-to peak values, and spectral entropy in both time and frequency domains. Furthermore, a cooperative gain transformation is applied to amplify weak correlations between vibration and current signals, improving detection sensitivity, especially during early fault progression. In this study, the publicly available dataset on Mendeley, which consists of vibration and current measurements from three PMSMs with different power ratings of 1.0 kW, 1.5 kW, and 3.0 kW, was used. The dataset includes eight different levels of stator fault severity, ranging from 0% up to 37.66%, and covers normal operation, inter-coil short circuit, and inter-turn short circuit. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, achieving an accuracy of 96.6% in fault classification. The performance values for vibration and current measurements, along with the corresponding fault severities, validate the method’s ability to accurately detect faults across various operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fault Diagnostics and Fault Tolerance of Synchronous Electric Drives)
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25 pages, 1013 KB  
Article
Statewide Assessment of Public Park Accessibility and Usability and Playground Safety
by Iva Obrusnikova, Cora J. Firkin, Riley Pennington, India Dixon and Colin Bilbrough
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010139 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Accessible and inclusive community environments support physical activity and health equity for people with disabilities, yet gaps in design, maintenance, and communication limit safe, independent use. This statewide cross-sectional audit assessed park accessibility and usability and playground safety in publicly accessible, non-fee-based Delaware [...] Read more.
Accessible and inclusive community environments support physical activity and health equity for people with disabilities, yet gaps in design, maintenance, and communication limit safe, independent use. This statewide cross-sectional audit assessed park accessibility and usability and playground safety in publicly accessible, non-fee-based Delaware community parks with playgrounds. Fifty stratified sites were evaluated using the Community Health Inclusion Index and the America’s Playgrounds Safety Report Card by trained raters with strong interrater reliability. Descriptive analyses summarized accessibility, usability, communication, and safety features by county, with exploratory urban-suburban/micropolitan contrasts. Most sites provided wide, smooth paths, shade, and strong playground visibility, but foundational accessibility varied. Only 30% had a nearby transit stop, fewer than 10% of crossings included auditory or visual signals. Curb-ramp completeness was inconsistent, with detectable warnings frequently absent. Restrooms commonly lacked low-force doors or operable hardware, and multi-use trails often had obstacles or lacked wayfinding supports. Playground accessibility features were present at approximately two-thirds of sites, and 62% were classified as safe, although 10% were potentially hazardous or at-risk. Higher playground accessibility scores were strongly associated with lower life-threatening injury risk. Overall, gaps in transit access, pedestrian infrastructure, amenities, and communication support limit equitable, health-supportive park environments and highlight priority improvement areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Inequities: Structural Causes, Intervention Strategies, and Methodological Challenges)
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19 pages, 4676 KB  
Article
A Dual-Frame SLAM Framework for Simulation-Based Pre-Adjustment of Ballastless Track Geometry
by Bin Cui, Ran An, Zhao Tan, Chunyu Qi, Debin Shi and Qian Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021148 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
The geometric precision of ballastless tracks critically determines the performance and safety of high-speed railways. Traditional manual fine adjustment methods remain labor-intensive, iterative, and sensitive to human expertise, making it difficult to achieve sub-millimeter accuracy and global consistency. To address these challenges, this [...] Read more.
The geometric precision of ballastless tracks critically determines the performance and safety of high-speed railways. Traditional manual fine adjustment methods remain labor-intensive, iterative, and sensitive to human expertise, making it difficult to achieve sub-millimeter accuracy and global consistency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a virtual-model–enabled pre-adjustment framework for high-speed ballastless track construction. The framework integrates a dual-frame SLAM-based and multi-sensor measurement system based on RC-SLAM principles and a local attitude compensation model, enabling accurate 3D mapping and reconstruction of long-track segments under extended-range and GNSS-denied conditions typical of linear infrastructure scenarios. A constraint-based global optimization algorithm is further developed to transform empirical fine adjustment into a computable geometric control problem, generating executable adjustment configurations with engineering feasibility. Field validation on a 1 km railway section demonstrates that the proposed method achieves sub-millimeter measurement accuracy, improves adjustment efficiency by over eight times compared with manual operations, and reduces material waste by $2800–$7000 per kilometer. This paper demonstrates a previously unexplored execution-level workflow for long-rail fine adjustment, establishing a closed-loop paradigm from measurement to predictive optimization and paving the way for SLAM-driven, simulation-based, and multi-sensor–integrated precision control in next-generation railway construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SLAM and Multi-Sensor Fusion for Robotics, Low-Altitude Remote Sensing, and 3D Applications)
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42 pages, 6173 KB  
Review
Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Circular Strategies for Plastic Recycling and Upcycling
by Allison Vianey Valle-Bravo, Carlos López González, Rosalía América González-Soto, Luz Arcelia García Serrano, Juan Antonio Carmona García and Emmanuel Flores-Huicochea
Polymers 2026, 18(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18020306 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
The increasing urgency to mitigate plastic pollution has accelerated the shift from linear manufacturing toward circular systems. This review synthesizes current advances in mechanical, chemical, biological, and upcycling pathways, emphasizing how artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping decision-making, performance prediction, and system-level optimization. Intelligent [...] Read more.
The increasing urgency to mitigate plastic pollution has accelerated the shift from linear manufacturing toward circular systems. This review synthesizes current advances in mechanical, chemical, biological, and upcycling pathways, emphasizing how artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping decision-making, performance prediction, and system-level optimization. Intelligent sensing technologies—such as FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and LIBS—combined with Machine Learning (ML) classifiers have improved material identification, reduced reject rates, and enhanced sorting precision. AI-assisted kinetic modeling, catalyst performance prediction, and enzyme design tools have improved process intensification for pyrolysis, solvolysis, depolymerization, and biocatalysis. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-integrated datasets reveal that environmental benefits depend strongly on functional-unit selection, energy decarbonization, and substitution factors rather than mass-based comparisons alone. Case studies across Europe, Latin America, and Asia show that digital traceability, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and full-system costing are pivotal to robust circular outcomes. Upcycling strategies increasingly generate high-value materials and composites, supported by digital twins and surrogate models. Collectively, evidence indicates that AI moves from supportive instrumentation to a structural enabler of transparency, performance assurance, and predictive environmental planning. The convergence of AI-based design, standardized LCA frameworks, and inclusive governance emerges as a necessary foundation for scaling circular plastic systems sustainably. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in the Recycling of Plastics)
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29 pages, 733 KB  
Review
Spermatogenesis Beyond DNA: Integrated RNA Control of the Epitranscriptome and Three-Dimensional Genome Architecture
by Aris Kaltsas, Maria-Anna Kyrgiafini, Zissis Mamuris, Michael Chrisofos and Nikolaos Sofikitis
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48010123 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a tightly coordinated differentiation program that sustains male fertility while transmitting genetic and epigenetic information to the next generation. This review consolidates mechanistic evidence showing how RNA-centered regulation integrates with the epitranscriptome and three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture to orchestrate germ-cell fate [...] Read more.
Spermatogenesis is a tightly coordinated differentiation program that sustains male fertility while transmitting genetic and epigenetic information to the next generation. This review consolidates mechanistic evidence showing how RNA-centered regulation integrates with the epitranscriptome and three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture to orchestrate germ-cell fate transitions from spermatogonial stem cells through meiosis and spermiogenesis. Recent literature is critically surveyed and synthesized, with particular emphasis on human and primate data and on stage-resolved maps generated by single-cell and multi-omics technologies. Collectively, available studies support a layered regulatory model in which RNA-binding proteins and RNA modifications coordinate transcript processing, storage, translation, and decay; small and long noncoding RNAs shape post-transcriptional programs and transposon defense; and dynamic chromatin remodeling and 3D reconfiguration align transcriptional competence with recombination, sex-chromosome silencing, and genome packaging. Convergent nodes implicated in spermatogenic failure are highlighted, including defects in RNA metabolism, piRNA pathway integrity, epigenetic reprogramming, and nuclear architecture, and the potential of these frameworks to refine molecular phenotyping in male infertility is discussed. Finally, key gaps and priorities for causal testing in spatially informed, stage-specific experimental systems are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Molecular Biology 2025)
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27 pages, 16408 KB  
Article
A SNR-Based Adaptive Goldstein Filter for Ionospheric Faraday Rotation Estimation Using Spaceborne Full-Polarimetric SAR Data
by Zelin Wang, Xun Wang, Dong Li and Yunhua Zhang
Remote Sens. 2026, 18(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020378 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
The spaceborne full-polarimetric (FP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced sensor for high-resolution Earth observation. However, FP data acquired by such a system are prone to distortions induced by ionospheric Faraday rotation (FR). From the perspective of exploiting these distortions, this enables [...] Read more.
The spaceborne full-polarimetric (FP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced sensor for high-resolution Earth observation. However, FP data acquired by such a system are prone to distortions induced by ionospheric Faraday rotation (FR). From the perspective of exploiting these distortions, this enables the estimation of the ionospheric FR angle (FRA), and consequently the total electron content, across most global regions (including the extensive ocean areas) using spaceborne FP SAR measurements. The accuracy of FRA estimation, however, is highly sensitive to noise interference. This study addresses denoising in FRA retrieval based on the Bickel–Bates estimator, with a specific focus on noise reduction methods built upon the adaptive Goldstein filter (AGF) that was originally designed for radar interferometric processing. For the first time, three signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based AGFs suitable for FRA estimation are investigated. A key feature of these filters is that their SNRs are all defined using the amplitude of the Bickel–Bates estimator signal rather than the FRA estimates themselves. Accordingly, these AGFs are applied to the estimator signal instead of the estimated FRAs. Two of the three AGFs are developed by adopting the mathematical forms of SNRs and filter parameters consistent with the existing SNR-based AGFs for interferogram. The third AGF is newly proposed by utilizing more general mathematical forms of SNR and filter parameter that differ from the first two. Specifically, its SNR definition aligns with that widely used in image processing, and its filter parameter is derived as a function of the defined SNR plus an additionally introduced adjustable factor. The three SNR-based AGFs tailored for FRA estimation are tested and evaluated against existing AGF variants and classical image denoising methods using three sets of FP SAR Datasets acquired by the L-band ALOS PALSAR sensor, encompassing an ocean-only scene, a plain land–ocean combined scene, and a more complex land–ocean combined scene. Experimental results demonstrate that all three filters can effectively mitigate noise, with the newly proposed AGF achieving the best performance among all denoising methods included in the comparison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Satellite Remote Sensing Techniques for Ionospheric and Thermospheric Observations)
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20 pages, 7477 KB  
Article
Fatty Acid Synthase as a Potential Metabolic Vulnerability in Ocular Adnexal Sebaceous Carcinoma
by Autumn Berlied, Isabella Boyack, Andre Vieira, Maria Gonzalez-Perez, Vikas Kumar and Cornelia Peterson
Cancers 2026, 18(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18020349 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: MYC dysregulation is frequent in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA), an aggressive malignancy without precision therapy. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and lipid metabolism are commonly perturbed in high-MYC-expressing tumors; however, the role of MYC and FASN in the coregulation of [...] Read more.
Background: MYC dysregulation is frequent in ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA), an aggressive malignancy without precision therapy. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and lipid metabolism are commonly perturbed in high-MYC-expressing tumors; however, the role of MYC and FASN in the coregulation of lipid biosynthesis and tumorigenesis in SebCA is unknown. Methods: The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of FASN inhibition on MYC expression, oncogenic processes, and lipid profiles in vitro, using non-neoplastic human Meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs) and three primary SebCA cell lines, and in vivo, utilizing a conditionally MYC-overexpressing mouse model. Results: FASN inhibition reduced cell viability, proliferation, and clonogenicity and altered the saturation profile of fatty acids across multiple lipid classes. The relative saturation of ceramides was the most variable between treatment conditions. MYC overexpression in the murine Meibomian gland promoted proliferation while suppressing sebaceous differentiation. Subsequent topical FASN inhibition further reduced sebaceous differentiation, attenuated PLIN2 expression, and induced apoptotic cell death. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that MYC expression in SebCA is responsive to FASN inhibition. Pharmacologic targeting of FASN reveals a metabolic vulnerability that may serve as a target for future therapeutic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Treatments for Ocular and Periocular Cancers)
14 pages, 767 KB  
Article
Awareness of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Among Turkish Physicians: A Cross-Sectional, Multicenter, Web-Based Survey
by Hasan Eruzun and Henning Gronbaek
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020915 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) requires early diagnosis and specialized management to prevent progression to cirrhosis. This study evaluates the awareness levels of Turkish physicians from various specialties regarding the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and current treatment protocols of PBC. Methods: A multi-regional [...] Read more.
Background: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) requires early diagnosis and specialized management to prevent progression to cirrhosis. This study evaluates the awareness levels of Turkish physicians from various specialties regarding the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and current treatment protocols of PBC. Methods: A multi-regional cross-sectional survey was conducted with 269 physicians across Türkiye. Knowledge levels were assessed through a 28-item instrument covering epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy. Data distribution was non-normal (Skewness: −1.296, Kurtosis: 2.857), necessitating the use of the Kruskal–Wallis H test and Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc procedure for inter-group comparisons. Internal consistency was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. Results: The overall mean awareness score was 62.6%. Item-level analysis revealed a near-universal understanding of the non-mandatory role of liver biopsy in diagnosis (99.1%) yet identified a critical knowledge gap regarding second-line therapies, particularly the use of steroids (6.8%). Significant disparities were observed among specialties (p < 0.001). Gastroenterologists (Median: 91.07%) and gastroenterology fellows (Median: 85.71%) exhibited significantly higher proficiency compared to general practitioners (64.29%) and family medicine residents (67.86%). Internal medicine specialists outperformed primary care providers, while no significant differences were found among other subgroups after Bonferroni adjustment. Conclusions: Professional specialization is the primary determinant of PBC awareness. While core diagnostic knowledge is stable, significant gaps exist in pharmacological management among non-specialists. Targeted medical education for primary care physicians is essential to ensure timely referral and optimize patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine)
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14 pages, 2341 KB  
Article
Reversible Effects of Integrase Inhibitors on Newly Differentiated Adipocytes
by Richard Taylor Pickering, Archana Asundi, Alex Olson, Katie Soden and Nina H. Lin
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010149 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Weight gain has been associated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in real-world studies; however, the causality of this relationship is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of the INSTI, Dolutegravir (DTG), on human adipose cells in vitro and the reversibility of these [...] Read more.
Weight gain has been associated with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in real-world studies; however, the causality of this relationship is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of the INSTI, Dolutegravir (DTG), on human adipose cells in vitro and the reversibility of these effects by switching to a protease inhibitor, Darunavir (DRV). We established cultures of human adipose stem cells (ASCs) and newly differentiated adipocytes from individuals without HIV. For adipocytes, cells were exposed to DTG or DRV for 7 days, after which cells were maintained or switched to another ART. Experiments examining ASCs and the effects on adipogenesis initiated exposure during proliferation and continued throughout differentiation. Adipogenic outcomes included triglyceride content, gene expression, and adipokine secretion. Metabolic outcomes included lactate production, lipolysis, and oxygen consumption rates. DTG suppressed the secretion of adiponectin and leptin, and this was reversed following the switch to DRV in adipocytes without the altered expression of adipogenic genes. DTG exposure increased markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, elevated lactate production, and suppressed oxygen consumption in ASCs. Exposure to DTG during differentiation lowered triglyceride accumulation and adiponectin secretion without altering the expression of adipogenic markers. Thus, DTG exposure resulted in changes in adipocyte function consistent with the progression of metabolically adverse phenotypes, and these effects were reversible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV-1 Infection and Immunometabolism: Relevance to HIV Pathogenesis and Persistence 3.0)
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19 pages, 11267 KB  
Article
A Dual-Dynamic Crosslinked Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Loaded with Exosomes for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing
by Ding Lin, Zhenhao Li, Jianying Hao, Xiaobo Xu, Xiuqiang Li, Yuan Feng, Xiaochen Lu, Fanglian Yao, Hong Zhang and Junjie Li
Materials 2026, 19(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020445 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Diabetic wounds are often accompanied by severe inflammation, which is unfavorable for vascular growth and wound repair. Therefore, promoting the healing of diabetic wounds is of great significance. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was grafted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA) and then crosslinked [...] Read more.
Diabetic wounds are often accompanied by severe inflammation, which is unfavorable for vascular growth and wound repair. Therefore, promoting the healing of diabetic wounds is of great significance. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) was grafted with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA) and then crosslinked with oxidized sodium alginate (OAlg) to form a dual-dynamic covalent hydrogel (CPOA) based on borate ester bond and Schiff base bonds. Mesenchymal stem cells’ exosomes (Exos) were incorporated into the CPOA to construct CPOA@Exos for diabetic wound healing. Owing to the dual-dynamic covalent crosslinking network, the CPOA hydrogel showed good injectability and self-healing ability. In addition, the hydrogel displayed reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive properties, enabling both scavenging of multiple free radicals and on-demand release of Exos in the ROS-rich wound microenvironment. A diabetic wound model was established on C57 mice, and treatment with CPOA@Exos demonstrated that it could promote the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, enhance cellular proliferation in the wounded area, and thereby accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds. In conclusion, this study provides a new hydrogel wound dressing that can inhibit inflammation for the management of diabetic wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication, Characteristics and Applications of Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites)
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23 pages, 924 KB  
Article
Test–Retest Reliability and Agreement of Postural Control Variables Within and Between Single-Leg Squat Variations
by Vasileios Chatziilias, Ioannis Kafetzakis and Dimitris Mandalidis
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16021147 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Single-leg squats are commonly used to assess lower-limb strength and alignment; however, their application for evaluating postural control remains underexplored. This study assessed the reliability and agreement of postural control measures within and between unipedal squat variations. Twenty-eight physically active adults performed a [...] Read more.
Single-leg squats are commonly used to assess lower-limb strength and alignment; however, their application for evaluating postural control remains underexplored. This study assessed the reliability and agreement of postural control measures within and between unipedal squat variations. Twenty-eight physically active adults performed a conventional single-leg squat (CSLSQ), the anterior excursion of the Y-Balance Test (ANYBT), and a forward step-down (FRSTD) with both limbs on two occasions, 5–7 days apart. The mean values of five trials were analyzed for center-of-pressure (COP) 95% confidence ellipse area (95%CEA), path length (PL), velocity (VL), and mediolateral and anteroposterior variability (RMS-X and RMS-Y). Most COP variables demonstrated good-to-excellent reliability (ICC = 0.780–0.948), whereas RMS-X showed lower reliability (ICC = 0.367–0.803) and higher measurement error across limbs. The FRSTD demonstrated high ICCs (0.780–0.948) and low measurement error, comparable to the CSLSQ (0.794–0.940) and generally higher than the ANYBT (0.790–0.895), regardless of limb. Overall, the dominant limb exhibited higher ICCs and lower measurement error than the non-dominant limb. Inter-task agreement was greatest between the CSLSQ and FRSTD, primarily on the dominant limb, indicating greater potential interchangeability for selected COP metrics (95% CEA, VL, and RMS-Y). These findings may assist clinicians and sports scientists in selecting appropriate single-leg squat tasks and COP measures for assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Prevention and Rehabilitation of ACL Injuries—2nd Edition)
7 pages, 857 KB  
Article
Viruses Infecting Cuban Honey Bees and Evolution of Deformed-Wing-Virus Variants
by Poppy J. Hesketh-Best, Anais R. Luis, Declan C. Schroeder and Stephen J. Martin
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010148 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Cuba is in a unique situation in which it has a large (220,000 managed colonies) and isolated honey bee population due to a 60+ year ban on the importation of bees. Despite this, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor arrived in 1996, and with [...] Read more.
Cuba is in a unique situation in which it has a large (220,000 managed colonies) and isolated honey bee population due to a 60+ year ban on the importation of bees. Despite this, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor arrived in 1996, and with it came deformed wing virus (DWV). In 2018, an island-wide survey detected varroa and DWV in 91% of colonies. In this study, we conducted a full-virome analysis on some of these samples, along with additional samples collected in 2021. For the first time, we detected two variants of Lake Sinai Virus and confirmed the absence of the normally widespread black queen cell virus in Cuba. We also detected both DWV-A and DWV-B master variants, with DWV-B being the dominant variant. Interestingly, the DWV-B/A recombinant was also detected, indicating that despite Cuba’s isolated nature, the pattern of DWV evolution mirrors that found in the USA and Europe. However, this pattern is not found in neighboring Latin America, China, or Japan, where the DWV-A master variant continues to be dominant. How and why two distinct evolutionary DWV pathways have arisen remain a mystery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Honey Bee Viruses Research)
27 pages, 16896 KB  
Article
Large-Signal Stability Analysis of VSC-HVDC System Based on T-S Fuzzy Model and Model-Free Predictive Control
by Zhaozun Sun, Yalan He, Zhe Cao, Jingrui Jiang, Tongkun Li, Pizheng Tan, Kaixuan Mei, Shujie Gu, Tao Yu, Jiashuo Zhang and Linyun Xiong
Electronics 2026, 15(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020492 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Voltage source converter-based–high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics that dominate their dynamic behavior under large disturbances, making large-signal stability assessment essential for secure operation. This paper proposes a large-signal stability analysis framework for VSC-HVDC systems. The framework combines a [...] Read more.
Voltage source converter-based–high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics that dominate their dynamic behavior under large disturbances, making large-signal stability assessment essential for secure operation. This paper proposes a large-signal stability analysis framework for VSC-HVDC systems. The framework combines a unified Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model with a model-free predictive control (MFPC) scheme to enlarge the estimated domain of attraction (DOA) and bring it closer to the true stability region. The global nonlinear dynamics are captured by integrating local linear sub-models corresponding to different operating regions into a single T–S fuzzy representation. A Lyapunov function is then constructed, and associated linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions are derived to certify large-signal stability and estimate the DOA. To further reduce the conservatism of the LMI-based iterative search, we embed a genetic-algorithm-based optimizer into the model-free predictive controller. The optimizer guides the improved LMI iteration paths and enhances the DOA estimation. Simulation studies in MATLAB 2023b/Simulink on a benchmark VSC-HVDC system confirm the feasibility of the proposed approach and show a less conservative DOA estimate compared with conventional methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Analysis and Optimal Operation Strategy for Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration)
16 pages, 5622 KB  
Article
Tailoring the Microstructure and Properties of HiPIMS-Deposited DLC-Cr Nanocomposite Films via Chromium Doping
by Jicheng Ding, Wenjian Zhuang, Qingye Wang, Qi Wang, Haijuan Mei, Dongcai Zhao, Xingguang Liu and Jun Zheng
Nanomaterials 2026, 16(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16020150 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Chromium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC-Cr) nanocomposite films were successfully deposited using a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system. The Cr content in the films was controlled by adjusting the Cr target powers. The influence of Cr content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological performance, [...] Read more.
Chromium-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC-Cr) nanocomposite films were successfully deposited using a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system. The Cr content in the films was controlled by adjusting the Cr target powers. The influence of Cr content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological performance, and wettability of the films was systematically investigated. The results show that the Cr content and deposition rate of the films increased with increases in the target power. The surface topography of the films evolved from smooth to rough as the Cr target increased from 10 W to 70 W. At low Cr doping rates, the film mainly exhibited an amorphous structure, whereas the nanocomposite structure was formed at proper Cr doping rates. Raman and XPS analyses revealed that Cr incorporation altered the ID/IG ratio and promoted the formation of Cr-C bonds, leading to a more graphitic and nanocomposite-like structure. The nanoindentation results show that an optimal Cr content enhances both hardness and elastic modulus, while higher Cr concentrations lead to a decline in mechanical strength due to more graphitization and decreasing stress. Tribological tests exhibited a significant reduction in the friction coefficient (0.21) and wear rate (0.63 × 10−14 m3/N·m) at a moderate Cr level. Additionally, the surface wettability evolved toward enhanced hydrophilicity with increasing Cr power, as evidenced by reduced water contact angles and increased surface energy. These findings demonstrate that controlled Cr incorporation effectively tailors the structure, stress state, and surface chemistry of DLC films, offering a tunable pathway to achieving optimal mechanical performance and tribological stability for advanced engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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21 pages, 4647 KB  
Article
Multi-Omics Analysis of the Co-Expression Features of Specific Neighboring Gene Pairs Suggests an Association with Catechin Regulation in Camellia sinensis
by Shuaibin Lian, Feixiang Ren, Shuanghui Cai, Zhong Wang, Youchao Tu, Ke Gong and Wei Zhang
Genes 2026, 17(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17010117 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The arrangement and positioning of genes on chromosomes are non-random in plant genomes. Adjacent gene pairs often exhibit similar co-expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. However, the genomic and epigenetic features influencing such co-expression, particularly in perennial crops like tea (Camellia sinensis [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The arrangement and positioning of genes on chromosomes are non-random in plant genomes. Adjacent gene pairs often exhibit similar co-expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. However, the genomic and epigenetic features influencing such co-expression, particularly in perennial crops like tea (Camellia sinensis), remain largely uncharacterized. Methods: Firstly, we identified 771 specific neighboring gene pairs (SNGs) in C. sinensis (YK10) and investigated the contributions of intergenic distance and gene length to SNGs’ co-expression. Secondly, we integrated multi-omics data including transcriptome, ATAC-seq, Hi-C and histone modification data to explore the factors influencing their co-expression. Thirdly, we employed logistic regression models to individually assess the contributions of nine factors—ATAC-seq, H3K27ac, Hi-C, GO, distance, length, promoter, enhancer, and expression level—to the co-expression of SNGs. Finally, by integrating co-expression networks with metabolic profiles, several transcription factors potentially involved in the regulation of catechin metabolic pathways were identified. Results: Intergenic distance was significantly negatively correlated with co-expression strength, while gene length showed a positive correlation. Furthermore, these two features exerted synergistic effects with threshold characteristics and functional significance. SNGs marked by either ATAC-seq or H3K27ac peaks displayed significantly higher expression levels, suggesting that epigenetic regulation promotes co-expression. In addition, correlation analysis revealed that the expression of certain SNGs was closely associated with catechin accumulation, particularly epicatechin gallate (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), highlighting their potential role in modulating tissue-specific catechin levels. Conclusions: Collectively, this study reveals a multilayered regulatory framework governing SNG co-expression and provides theoretical insights and candidate regulators for understanding metabolic regulation in tea plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Tea Tree and Tea Plant)
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21 pages, 828 KB  
Article
Near-Real-Time Epileptic Seizure Detection with Reduced EEG Electrodes: A BiLSTM-Wavelet Approach on the EPILEPSIAE Dataset
by Kiyan Afsari, May El Barachi and Christian Ritz
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16010119 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal brain activity. Reliable near-real-time seizure detection is essential for preventing injuries, enabling early interventions, and improving the quality of life for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. This study [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal brain activity. Reliable near-real-time seizure detection is essential for preventing injuries, enabling early interventions, and improving the quality of life for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. This study presents a near-real-time epileptic seizure detection framework designed for low-latency operation, focusing on improving both clinical reliability and patient comfort through electrode reduction. Method: The framework integrates bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks with wavelet-based feature extraction using Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from the EPILEPSIAE dataset. EEG signals from 161 patients comprising 1,032 seizures were analyzed. Wavelet features were combined with raw EEG data to enhance temporal and spectral representation. Furthermore, electrode reduction experiments were conducted to determine the minimum number of strategically positioned electrodes required to maintain performance. Results: The optimized BiLSTM model achieved 86.9% accuracy, 86.1% recall, and an average detection delay of 1.05 s, with a total processing time of 0.065 s per 0.5 s EEG window. Results demonstrated that reliable detection is achievable with as few as six electrodes, maintaining comparable performance to the full configuration. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the proposed BiLSTM-wavelet approach provides a clinically viable, computationally efficient, and wearable-friendly solution for near-real-time epileptic seizure detection using reduced EEG channels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neural Engineering, Neuroergonomics and Neurorobotics)
17 pages, 1148 KB  
Article
Polymorphisms and Expression Characteristics of the ZSWIM7 Gene Are Associated with the Fertility of Male Allotetraploid of Red Crucian Carp × Common Carp
by Tao Dai, Minglin Dong, Siyang He, Weiling Qin, Conghui Yang and Yi Zhou
Animals 2026, 16(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020352 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Allotetraploid fish produced by distant hybridization are valuable germplasm for the mass production of sterile triploids. The allotetraploid crucian–carp hybrid (4nAT, 4n = 200) is derived from the intergeneric cross between a female red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., 2n = [...] Read more.
Allotetraploid fish produced by distant hybridization are valuable germplasm for the mass production of sterile triploids. The allotetraploid crucian–carp hybrid (4nAT, 4n = 200) is derived from the intergeneric cross between a female red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., 2n = 100) and a male common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n = 100). However, after 33 successive generations, this lineage faces a critical bottleneck in maintaining male fertility. The present study aimed to develop new biomarkers for testicular development and characterize the associated functional gene expression profile in 4nAT. Following whole-genome resequencing and selection signature analysis of 15 male 4nAT individuals from each of the high-development group (HDG) and low-development group (LDG), ZSWIM7 (Zinc Finger SWIM-Type Containing 7), a gene implicated in reproductive development, was selected as a candidate for further fertility association studies. Seven SNPs were screened in the coding region of ZSWIM7 of 70 4nAT males; among these, SNP3 (c.23T/C) exhibited a significant correlation between genotypes and testicular development: individuals with the CT genotype showed a higher gonadosomatic index (1.17 ± 0.68 vs. 0.65 ± 0.50) and greater counts of mature spermatozoa (2537.67 ± 283.95 vs. 341.56 ± 121.66) compared to those with the TT genotype. Further quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that ZSWIM7 was highly expressed in the testis and specifically localized to the nuclei of early meiotic primary spermatocytes. Collectively, these results establish ZSWIM7 as a promising biomarker for 4nAT testicular development, offering a potential molecular tool for maintaining male fertility in allotetraploid fish breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Genetics in Aquaculture: Practical Applications for Sustainable Production)
14 pages, 1033 KB  
Systematic Review
Imaging and Clinical Outcomes with Sentinel Cerebral Embolic Protection During TAVR: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials with Trial Sequential Analysis
by Shanmukh Sai Pavan Lingamsetty, Mangesh Kritya, Priyanka Vatsavayi, Chenna Reddy Tera, Mohamed Doma, Sahas Reddy Jitta, Mohan Chandra Vinay Bharadwaj Gudiwada, Jaswanth Jasti, Adham Ramadan, Venkata Vedantam, Pedro A. Villablanca and Andrew M. Goldsweig
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(2), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020914 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Stroke and subclinical cerebral ischemia remain important neurological complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The Sentinel cerebral embolic protection (CEP) device is designed to capture embolic debris during TAVR, but its impact on clinical and imaging outcomes remains incompletely characterized. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Stroke and subclinical cerebral ischemia remain important neurological complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The Sentinel cerebral embolic protection (CEP) device is designed to capture embolic debris during TAVR, but its impact on clinical and imaging outcomes remains incompletely characterized. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Sentinel CEP versus no protection when TAVR was performed. Outcomes of interest included all stroke, disabling stroke, infarct volume by diffusion-weighted MRI in protected and unprotected areas, all-cause mortality, acute kidney injury, and major vascular complications. Risk ratios (RRs) and median differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models and trial sequential analysis (TSA) assessed evidence robustness. Results: Four RCTs including 10,986 patients were analyzed. Sentinel CEP did not significantly reduce clinical stroke (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.69–1.12) or disabling stroke (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.41–1.14). Pooled DW-MRI data showed a significant reduction in new ischemic lesion volume within Sentinel CEP-protected territories (difference in medians –75.7 mm3; 95% CI –130.4 to –21.0). Subgroup analyses in elderly, female, and high-surgical-risk patients revealed no benefit with Sentinel CEP. Additionally, TSA indicated that current data are underpowered for definitive conclusions. Conclusions: The Sentinel CEP device during TAVR did not significantly reduce clinical stroke but was associated with lower MRI-detected ischemic lesion volumes compared with no protection. Further adequately powered RCTs integrating clinical and imaging endpoints are needed to define its role in neuroprotection during TAVR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Recent Advances and Future Directions)
16 pages, 355 KB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Bone Metastasis Management: A Narrative Review
by Halil Bulut, Serdar Demiröz, Enes Kanay, Korhan Ozkan and Costantino Errani
Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33010065 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases, spanning lesion detection, segmentation, prognostic modeling, fracture risk assessment, and surgical decision support. However, the literature is heterogeneous and rapidly evolving, making it difficult [...] Read more.
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly used in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases, spanning lesion detection, segmentation, prognostic modeling, fracture risk assessment, and surgical decision support. However, the literature is heterogeneous and rapidly evolving, making it difficult for clinicians to contextualize these developments. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature on AI/ML applications in bone metastasis management, focusing on studies that address clinically relevant problems such as detection and segmentation of metastatic lesions, prediction of skeletal-related events and survival, and support for reconstructive decision-making. We prioritized recent, peer-reviewed work that reports model performance and highlights opportunities for clinical translation. Results: Most published studies center on imaging-based diagnosis and lesion segmentation using radiomics and deep learning, with generally high internal performance but limited external validation. Emerging work explores prognostic models and biomechanically informed fracture risk estimation, yet these remain at an early proof-of-concept stage. Very few frameworks are integrated into routine workflows, and explainability, bias mitigation, and health-economic impacts are rarely evaluated. Conclusions: AI and ML tools have substantial potential to standardize imaging assessment, refine risk stratification, and ultimately support personalized management of bone metastases. Future research should focus on externally validated, multimodal models; development of AI-augmented alternatives to the Mirels score; federated multicenter collaboration; and routine incorporation of explainability and cost-effectiveness analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology)
19 pages, 2472 KB  
Review
Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Ecosystem Service Values in the Qinghai Lake Basin, Northwestern China (2000–2020)
by Yuyu Ma, Kelong Chen, Yanli Han, Shijia Zhou, Xingyue Li, Shuchang Zhu and Hairui Zhao
Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021141 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
As a vital ecological security barrier and climate regulator in northwestern China, the spatial patterns and evolving formation mechanisms of ecosystem services within the Qinghai Lake basin hold significant strategic value for ecological conservation and national park development in the region. This study [...] Read more.
As a vital ecological security barrier and climate regulator in northwestern China, the spatial patterns and evolving formation mechanisms of ecosystem services within the Qinghai Lake basin hold significant strategic value for ecological conservation and national park development in the region. This study selected land use data during 2000–2020, integrating the equivalent factor method, spatial correlation analysis, and the geodetector approach to systematically investigate the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of ESV in the Qinghai Lake basin and its corresponding driving mechanisms. The results indicate the following: (1) During the period 2000–2020, grassland consistently constituted the primary land cover category within the Qinghai Lake Basin, accounting for over 60% of the total area; water bodies (16.67%) and unused land (16.56%) represented the secondary land use categories. Over this twenty-year period, the total ESV exhibited a slight increasing trend, rising from USD 30.30 × 108 to USD 30.75 × 108, representing a growth of 0.31%. Regulating services constituted the primary component of ESV. The highest contribution to ESV originated from water bodies, with grassland ranking second. (2) ESV displayed a spatial arrangement marked by “high values in the lake center and low values in the surrounding areas” and “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest.” Its spatial correlation exhibits a pronounced positive relationship. The number of units classified as high-high clusters (primarily water bodies at low elevations) and low-low clusters (mainly grasslands and unused land at high elevations) both increased over the study period, indicating a continuous intensification of ESV spatial agglomeration. (3) Results from the geographical detector reveal that both natural and anthropogenic factors collectively drive the spatial variation in ESV, with natural factors exhibiting stronger explanatory capacity. Among these, elevation and temperature are identified as the dominant drivers of ESV spatiotemporal differentiation. The combined effect of two interacting factors surpasses the influence exerted by any single factor in isolation. This research clarifies that the spatial distribution of ESV in the Qinghai Lake Basin, which features “high values in the lake center and low values in the surrounding areas” as well as “higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest,” is jointly shaped by the combined control of vertical zonality governed by topographic and climatic factors and the spatial differentiation of human activities. In low-altitude lakeshore zones, ESV rose as a consequence of water body expansion and the enforcement of ecological conservation measures, leading to the emergence of high-value clusters. In contrast, ESV improvement in high-elevation regions remained limited, constrained by fragile natural conditions and minimal human intervention. The insights derived from this research offer a scientific foundation for refining the “one core, four zones, one ring, multiple points” functional zoning framework of the Qinghai Lake National Park, as well as for developing tailored management approaches suited to distinct elevation-based regions. Full article
23 pages, 1447 KB  
Article
Exploring the Potential of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Borax-Based Gels for the Conservation of Historical Silk Fabrics by Comparative Cleaning Tests on Simplified Model Systems
by Ehab Al-Emam, Marta Cremonesi, Natalia Ortega Saez, Hilde Soenen, Koen Janssens and Geert Van der Snickt
Gels 2026, 12(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12010097 (registering DOI) - 22 Jan 2026
Abstract
Cleaning historical silk textiles is a particularly sensitive operation that requires precise control to prevent mechanical or chemical damage. In this study, we investigate using flexible PVA–borax-based gels to remove soot from silk, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol–borax (PVA-B) gels and polyvinyl alcohol–borax–agarose double network [...] Read more.
Cleaning historical silk textiles is a particularly sensitive operation that requires precise control to prevent mechanical or chemical damage. In this study, we investigate using flexible PVA–borax-based gels to remove soot from silk, i.e., polyvinyl alcohol–borax (PVA-B) gels and polyvinyl alcohol–borax–agarose double network gels (PVA-B/AG DN) loaded with different cleaning agents—namely, 30% ethanol and 1% Ecosurf EH-6—in addition to plain gels loaded with water. These gel formulations were tested on simplified model systems (SMS) and were applied using two methods: placing and tamping. The cleaning results were compared with a traditional contact-cleaning approach; micro-vacuuming followed by sponging. Visual inspection, 3D opto-digital microscopy, colorimetry, and machine-learning-assisted (ML) soot counting were exploited for the assessment of cleaning efficacy. Rheological characterization provided information about the flexibility and handling properties of the different gel formulations. Among the tested systems, the DN gel containing only water, applied by tamping, was easy to handle and demonstrated the highest soot-removal effectiveness without leaving residues, as confirmed by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (micro-FTIR) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs proved the structural integrity of the treated silk fibers. Overall, this work allows us to conclude that PVA–borax-based gels offer an effective, adaptable, and low-risk cleaning strategy for historical silk fabrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Design and Application of Gels in Heritage Conservation)
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