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22 pages, 3791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voxel Interpolation of Geotechnical Properties and Soil Classification Based on Empirical Bayesian Kriging and Best-Fit Convergence Function

by Yelbek Utepov, Aliya Aldungarova, Assel Mukhamejanova, Talal Awwad, Sabit Karaulov and Indira Makasheva

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2452; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142452 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

To support bearing capacity estimates, this study develops and tests a geoprocessing workflow for predicting soil properties using Empirical Bayesian Kriging 3D and a classification function. The model covers a 183 m × 185 m × 24 m site in Astana (Kazakhstan), based [...] Read more.

To support bearing capacity estimates, this study develops and tests a geoprocessing workflow for predicting soil properties using Empirical Bayesian Kriging 3D and a classification function. The model covers a 183 m × 185 m × 24 m site in Astana (Kazakhstan), based on 16 boreholes (15–24 m deep) and 77 samples. Eight geotechnical properties were mapped in 3D voxel models (812,520 voxels at 1 m × 1 m × 1 m resolution): cohesion (c), friction angle (φ), deformation modulus (E), plasticity index (PI), liquidity index (LI), porosity (e), particle size (PS), and particle size distribution (PSD). Stratification patterns were revealed with ~35% variability. Maximum φ (34.9°), E (36.6 MPa), and PS (1.29 mm) occurred at 8–16 m; c (33.1 kPa) and PSD peaked below 16 m, while PI and e were elevated in the upper and lower strata. Strong correlations emerged in pairs φ-E-PS (0.91) and PI-e (0.95). Classification identified 10 soil types, including one absent in borehole data, indicating the workflow’s capacity to detect hidden lithologies. Predicted fractions of loams (51.99%), sandy loams (22.24%), and sands (25.77%) matched borehole data (52%, 26%, 22%). Adjacency analysis of 2,394,873 voxel pairs showed homogeneous zones in gravel–sandy soils (28%) and stiff loams (21.75%). The workflow accounts for lateral and vertical heterogeneity, reduces subjectivity, and is recommended for digital subsurface 3D mapping and construction design optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 10703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Emergency Response Framework Design and Performance Analysis for Ship Fire Incidents in Waterway Tunnels

by Jian Deng, Shaoyong Liu and Xiaohan Zeng

Fire 2025, 8(7), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8070278 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Waterway tunnels, a novel type of infrastructure designed for inland waterways in mountainous gorge regions, have seen rapid development in recent years. However, their unique structural characteristics and specific shipping activities pose significant risks in the event of an accident. To enhance the [...] Read more.

Waterway tunnels, a novel type of infrastructure designed for inland waterways in mountainous gorge regions, have seen rapid development in recent years. However, their unique structural characteristics and specific shipping activities pose significant risks in the event of an accident. To enhance the scientific rigor and efficiency of emergency responses to vessel incidents in tunnels, this study focuses on fire accidents in waterway tunnels. Considering the unique challenges of emergency response in such scenarios, we propose an emergency response framework using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). The framework is mapped into a Petri net model encompassing three key stages: detection and early warning, emergency response actions, and recovery. A Colored Hierarchical Timed Petri Net (CHTPN) emergency response model is then developed based on fire incident data and emergency response time functions. Furthermore, a homomorphic Markov chain is employed to assess the network’s validity and performance. Finally, optimization strategies are proposed to improve the emergency response process. The results indicate that the emergency response network demonstrates strong accessibility, effectively mitigating information bottlenecks in critical stages of the response process. The network provides accurate and rapid decision support for different tunnel ship fire scenarios, efficiently and reasonably allocating emergency resources and response teams, and monitoring the operation of key emergency response stages. This enhances the efficiency of emergency operations and provides robust support for decision-making in waterway tunnel fire emergencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Experiment and Simulation of Tunnel Fire)

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46 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends and Commonalities of Approved and Late Clinical-Phase RNA Therapeutics

by Maxime Tufeu, Christophe Herkenne and Yogeshvar N. Kalia

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070903 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: After many years of research and the successful development of therapeutic products by a few industrial actors, the COVID-19 vaccines brought messenger RNAs, as well as other nucleic acid modalities, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and aptamers, into the spotlight, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: After many years of research and the successful development of therapeutic products by a few industrial actors, the COVID-19 vaccines brought messenger RNAs, as well as other nucleic acid modalities, such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, and aptamers, into the spotlight, eliciting renewed interest from both academia and industry. However, owing to their structure, relative “fragility”, and the (usually) intracellular site of action, the delivery of these therapeutics has frequently proven to be a key limitation, especially when considering endosomal escape, which still needs to be overcome. Methods: By compiling delivery-related data on approved and late clinical-phase ribonucleic acid therapeutics, this review aims to assess the delivery strategies that have proven to be successful or are emerging, as well as areas where more research is needed. Results: In very specific cases, some strategies appeared to be quite effective, such as the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety in the case of liver delivery. Surprisingly, it also appears that for some modalities, efforts in molecular design have led to more “drug-like” properties, enablingthe administration of naked nucleic acids, without any form of encapsulation. This appears to be especially true when local administration, i.e., by injection, is possible, as this provides de facto targeting and a high local concentration, which can compensate for the small proportion of nucleic acids that reach the cytoplasm. Conclusions: Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have come a long way in terms of their physicochemical properties. However, due to their inherent limitations, targeting appears to be crucial for their efficacy, even more so than for traditional pharmaceutical modalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nucleic-Acid-Based Strategies and Nanotechnology Applications for Targeted Therapy)

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25 pages, 1844 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Metformin’s Overall Effectiveness and Combined Action with Lifestyle Interventions in Preventing Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus in High-Risk Metformin-Naïve Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Published RCTs

by Georgios I. Tsironikos, Vasiliki Tsolaki, George E. Zakynthinos, Vasiliki Rammou, Despoina Kyprianidou, Thomas Antonogiannis, Epaminondas Zakynthinos and Alexandra Bargiota

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4947; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144947 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The effectiveness of metformin in preventing Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is examined. There are new available data. Currently, there are no available analyses classifying its effectiveness compared to placebo, standard care, or lifestyle interventions, and there is limited evidence on the combined [...] Read more.

Background: The effectiveness of metformin in preventing Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is examined. There are new available data. Currently, there are no available analyses classifying its effectiveness compared to placebo, standard care, or lifestyle interventions, and there is limited evidence on the combined action of metformin and lifestyle interventions in preventing T2DM. Objective: To calculate the updated overall effectiveness of metformin in preventing T2DM using all available and most recent data, and to explore the effectiveness of metformin and lifestyle interventions in preventing T2DM. Materials and Methods: A search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (from inception to 24 May 2025). A systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was carried out, including metformin-naïve adults with any identified diabetes risk factors. The overall effectiveness of metformin was estimated by combining studies that compare metformin against placebo, metformin and standard care against standard care, and metformin plus lifestyle interventions and the same lifestyle interventions. The combined action of metformin and lifestyle interventions was evaluated against standard care. We performed a GRADE assessment of the overall evidence. Results: Overall, metformin may reduce the incidence of T2DM by 23% in high-risk adults (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.67, 0.88, p-value 0.0001) and 25% in patients with prediabetes (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.66, 0.86, p-value < 0.0001). It is also effective in both obese and normal-weight patients, in Caucasians, in studies with female predominance, in studies with a mean age over 60 years, at 1700 mg daily, and after 18 months of administration. Effectiveness weakens after interruption of administration. Metformin is more effective compared to placebo and when combined with standard care than standard care alone, but not when combined with lifestyle interventions against lifestyle interventions alone. Metformin and lifestyle interventions reduce the incidence of diabetes in patients with prediabetes by 52% compared to standard care (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30, 0.77; p-value 0.002). There are effectiveness concerns in studies with more men than women, Asian Indians and Pakistanis, a mean age below 60 years, 500 mg of metformin daily, and after six months. The effect is reduced during post-intervention. Finally, metformin alone is more effective than standard care (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34, 0.90, p-value 0.02). The quality of evidence was moderate for the overall effectiveness of metformin and metformin combined with lifestyle interventions, and low for metformin against standard care. Conclusions: A 1700 mg dose of metformin daily is effective in preventing T2DM, especially in Caucasians, in women over 60 years, in prediabetes, and independent of obesity. Lifestyle interventions and 500 mg of metformin daily may prevent T2DM in patients with prediabetes, especially in men and Asian Indians or Pakistanis under 60 years. The effectiveness of complex interventions is more pronounced than that of metformin alone in patients with prediabetes. Further research is needed for post-intervention effectiveness, patients with any diabetes risk factors, patients from different regions, and women in complex interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence, Prevention, and Management)

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15 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Institutional Evolution of Chinese University Data Governance: An Analytical Framework Based on Historical Institutionalism

by Duanhong Zhang, Bowen Song, Hongwei Geng, Yiming Chen and Hong Liu

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070891 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article examines the institutional evolution of university data governance in China through the lens of historical institutionalism, offering a novel perspective on this critical topic. This framework provides a structured approach to analyzing the role of institutional factors, power dynamics, and path [...] Read more.

This article examines the institutional evolution of university data governance in China through the lens of historical institutionalism, offering a novel perspective on this critical topic. This framework provides a structured approach to analyzing the role of institutional factors, power dynamics, and path dependence in shaping university data governance. Since the onset of the information age, Chinese university data governance has evolved through three distinct phases: functional departmentalism, cross-departmental collaborative governance with hierarchical structures, and governance focused on data openness and application. At a deeper level, shifts in governmental data governance serve as key indicators of transformations in university data governance, demonstrating the interplay between institutional frameworks and power structures. Path dependence is evident, with rational choices made by both the government and universities driving the persistence of existing governance models. Legitimacy emerges as the core driving force behind these institutional changes, while efficiency acts as an accelerator, contingent on legitimacy. To advance data governance, Chinese universities must break free from path dependence, reform institutional frameworks, and adapt data power structures to meet the evolving demands of data openness and effective application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Higher Education Governance and Leadership in the Digital Era)

21 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Infection: How Antimicrobial Therapies Influence the Urinary Microbiome and Stone Disease

by Oana Nicu-Canareica, Vlad-Octavian Bolocan, Loredana Sabina Cornelia Manolescu, Petru Armean, Cosmin Medar, Liliana Burlibașa, Maria-Luiza Băean and Viorel Jinga

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18071038 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The discovery of a resident urinary microbiome has significantly altered the understanding of urolithiasis, expanding its etiology beyond metabolic and dietary factors to include microbial contributions. This review highlights how specific uropathogens—particularly Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli—facilitate stone [...] Read more.

The discovery of a resident urinary microbiome has significantly altered the understanding of urolithiasis, expanding its etiology beyond metabolic and dietary factors to include microbial contributions. This review highlights how specific uropathogens—particularly Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli—facilitate stone formation through mechanisms such as urease activity, citrate degradation, urine alkalinization, biofilm development, and inflammatory signaling. We critically examine how antibiotic therapies, while essential for treating urinary tract infections (UTIs), disrupt microbial homeostasis by depleting beneficial taxa like Lactobacillus and enabling colonization by lithogenic and resistant strains. Recurrent or broad-spectrum antibiotic use is linked to persistent dysbiosis and increased risk of stone recurrence. Additionally, this paper explores emerging microbiome-targeted strategies—such as probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriotherapy, and precision antimicrobials—as potential interventions to restore microbial balance and mitigate stone risk. Recognizing the urinary microbiome as a therapeutic target opens new avenues for personalized, microbiota-conscious strategies in the prevention and management of kidney stone disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Therapies Affect the Microbial Ecosystems Within Our Body: The Urinary Microbiome and Urolithiasis)

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19 pages, 2647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geological, Mineralogical, and Alteration Insights of the Intermediate-Sulfidation Epithermal Mineralization in the Sidi Aissa District, Northern Tunisia

by Jamel Ayari, Maurizio Barbieri, Tiziano Boschetti, Ahmed Sellami, Paolo Ballirano and Abdelkarim Charef

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070269 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The Sidi Aissa Pb-Zn-(Ag) District, located within the Nappe Zone of northern Tunisia, has been reinterpreted as a typical intermediate-sulfidation (IS) epithermal mineralization system based on field observations and lithogeochemical analyses. Previously described as vein-style Pb-Zn deposits, the local geological framework is dominated [...] Read more.

The Sidi Aissa Pb-Zn-(Ag) District, located within the Nappe Zone of northern Tunisia, has been reinterpreted as a typical intermediate-sulfidation (IS) epithermal mineralization system based on field observations and lithogeochemical analyses. Previously described as vein-style Pb-Zn deposits, the local geological framework is dominated by extensional normal faults forming half-grabens. These faults facilitated the exhumation of deep Triassic autochthonous rocks and the extrusion of 8-Ma rhyodacites and Messinian basalts. These structures, functioning as pathways for magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, facilitated the upward migration of acidic fluids, which interacted with the surrounding wall rocks, forming a subsurface alteration zone. The mineralization, shaped by Miocene extensional tectonics and magmatic activity, occurred in three stages: early quartz-dominated veins, an intermediate barite-rich phase, and late-stage supergene oxidation. Hydrothermal alteration, characterized by silicification, argillic, and propylitic zones, is closely associated with the deposition of base metals (Pb, Zn) and silver. The mineral assemblage, including barite, galena, sphalerite, and quartz, reflects dynamic processes such as fluid boiling, mixing, and pressure changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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20 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Didactic and Pedagogical Aspects of Tourism Training Programs in Portugal: Conceptual Analysis of Study Plans

by Gonçalo Maia Marques

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030138 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Higher education in tourism plays a pivotal role in the development of the tourism sector in Portugal—one of the country’s most vital economic pillars. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies by higher education institutions, [...] Read more.

Higher education in tourism plays a pivotal role in the development of the tourism sector in Portugal—one of the country’s most vital economic pillars. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies by higher education institutions, aiming to foster more dynamic and student-centered learning environments. This article analyzes, through a qualitative approach grounded in educational and social science research, the main pedagogical and didactic strategies employed in leading tourism programs across Portugal. Drawing on a content analysis of curricular unit descriptions and all relevant public pedagogical information available on official institutional websites, this study provides a critical overview of current didactic practices. Finally, the research reflects on the degree to which innovative teaching and research practices are integrated and discusses their alignment with recognized international standards and best practices. This study contributes to bridging a significant research gap by systematically linking pedagogical practice in Portuguese tourism programs with global educational standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Rethinking Future Studies in Tourism and Hospitality: Critical Insights and Paradigm Shifts for a New Era)

17 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of Mold Isolates from Patients with Cancer; Single-Center Experience, 2018–2023

by Hafij Al Mahmud, Sanjeet Singh Dadwal and Rosemary C. She

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070518 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing emergence of antifungal resistance poses potential clinical challenges, particularly among immunocompromised patients with cancer at risk of invasive mold infections, but data on antifungal susceptibility trends specific to this population are few. We evaluated distributions of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), including [...] Read more.

The increasing emergence of antifungal resistance poses potential clinical challenges, particularly among immunocompromised patients with cancer at risk of invasive mold infections, but data on antifungal susceptibility trends specific to this population are few. We evaluated distributions of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), including minimal effective concentrations (MEC) for echinocandins, of 11 antifungal agents for 523 mold isolates (395 Aspergillus spp.) from cancer patients. Based on published Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, isavuconazole had notably high rates of non-wild-type MICs for A. fumigatus (19.6%), A. flavus/oryzae (34.8%), A. niger complex (26.1%), and A. terreus complex (8.33%). Persistent low baseline resistance of A. fumigatus to voriconazole was observed across multiple years (2.4–11.5% per year, average 8.41%) without significant trends in MIC change over time. Itraconazole and posaconazole demonstrated the lowest MIC distributions (MIC₅₀ ≤ 0.06–0.5 µg/mL) of the azoles against Aspergillus spp. Amongst the A. niger complex, 29.4% (27/92) demonstrated non-wild-type MICs to itraconazole. While the A. nidulans group was less frequent (n = 24), bimodal peaks in MIC/MEC were noted for caspofungin (≤0.06 and 1 µg/mL). Non-Aspergillus molds of significance (Zygomycetes, Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., and Lomentospora prolificans) demonstrated variable but increased MICs to antifungal agents as previously described. Our results highlight increased rates of non-wild type MICs for Aspergillus spp. to isavuconazole and voriconazole, which are commonly used antifungal agents in cancer patients. Such AST trends should be closely monitored in populations with frequent antifungal use and encourage increased antifungal stewardship efforts. Full article

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16 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alzheimer’s Disease–Thrombosis Comorbidity: A Growing Body of Evidence from Patients and Animal Models

by Joanna Koch-Paszkowski, Christopher Sennett and Giordano Pula

Cells 2025, 14(14), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14141069 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A growing body of evidence is amassing in the literature suggesting a correlation between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and thrombotic vascular complications, which led to the suggestive hypothesis that thrombosis may contribute to AD onset and progression by damaging the neurovasculature and reducing [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A growing body of evidence is amassing in the literature suggesting a correlation between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and thrombotic vascular complications, which led to the suggestive hypothesis that thrombosis may contribute to AD onset and progression by damaging the neurovasculature and reducing the cerebral blood flow. In turn, low cerebral blood flow is likely to contribute to neurodegeneration by reducing nutrient and oxygen supply and impairing toxic metabolite removal from the brain tissue. Methods: We searched the literature for studies in animal models of AD or patients diagnosed with the disease that reported circulating markers of platelet hyperactivity or hypercoagulation, or histological evidence of brain vascular thrombosis. Results: Platelet hyperactivity and hypercoagulability have been described in multiple animal models of AD, and histological evidence of neurovascular thrombosis has also been reported. Similarly, clinical studies on patients with AD showed circulating markers of platelet hyperactivity and hypercoagulation, or histological evidence of neurovascular thrombosis collected from post-mortem brain tissue samples. Conclusions: Taken together, a convincing picture is emerging that suggests a strong correlation between systemic or neurovascular thrombosis and AD. Nonetheless, a mechanistic role for haemostasis dysregulation and neurovascular damage in the onset or the progression of AD remains to be proven. Future research should focus on this important question in order to clarify the mechanisms underlying AD and identify a treatment for this disease. Full article

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14 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Temperature and Soil Moisture on the Life Cycle of the Strawberry Pest Priophorus fulvostigmatus and Its Control

by Juan Cui, Jingxu Yin, Lihuan Dong, Yu Gao, Shusen Shi, Jingzhu Zou, Wenbo Li and Yu Wang

Insects 2025, 16(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070717 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Priophorus fulvostigmatus, a species of leaf-cutter wasp, is an important leaf-feeding pest on strawberries. We investigated the effects of temperature and soil moisture content on key life cycle parameters of P. fulvostigmatus. The development time, survival, fecundity, and life table parameters [...] Read more.

Priophorus fulvostigmatus, a species of leaf-cutter wasp, is an important leaf-feeding pest on strawberries. We investigated the effects of temperature and soil moisture content on key life cycle parameters of P. fulvostigmatus. The development time, survival, fecundity, and life table parameters of P. fulvostigmatus were observed at five temperatures. Pupal development and survival under five moisture contents (8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24%) and four durations of water immersion (0, 1, 3, and 5 d) were recorded. P. fulvostigmatus could complete its life cycle at a constant temperature range of 16–28 °C. The duration of the immature stage first decreased and then increased with rising temperature, being longest at 16 °C and shortest at 25 °C. Female longevity and female fecundity did not differ between the temperature range of 16–25 °C. However, survival rates at all developmental stages decreased with increasing temperature. At 28 °C, both fecundity and survival rates of P. fulvostigmatus were significantly reduced compared to other temperatures. Compared with that at the constant temperature of 22 °C, the developmental duration of each stage was similar at a fluctuating temperature of 22 °C. The number of eggs laid per female, the longevity of male adults, and the eclosion rate were all significantly reduced. The net reproductive rate (R₀) under constant temperature conditions was significantly higher than under fluctuating temperature conditions, and the mean generation period (T), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) differed significantly. The soil moisture content significantly impacted the pupation and eclosion of P. fulvostigmatus. Differences in soil moisture content had no significant effect on the duration of development; a moisture content of 8–16% was more suitable for their pupation and eclosion. Pupal development differed significantly between different periods of water immersion after the mature larvae were immersed in the soil. The longer the larvae remained in the soil, the lower their emergence rate after immersion. Thus, environmental temperature affected the growth, reproduction, and survival of P. fulvostigmatus. The optimal soil moisture for pupation of mature larvae was 12% to 16%. After the larvae were immersed in soil, the emergence rate was significantly reduced. These findings expand our understanding of the biological characteristics of P. fulvostigmatus and can facilitate the development of prevention and control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Horticultural Crops)

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23 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Potential Risks Associated with the Growth of Nitrifying Bacteria in Drinking Water Distribution Lines and Storage Tanks: A Systematic Literature Review

by Amandhi N. Ekanayake, Wasana Gunawardana and Rohan Weerasooriya

Bacteria 2025, 4(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/bacteria4030033 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Nitrifying bacteria, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), are players in the nitrogen cycle but pose serious health risks when colonizing drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs). While the global impact of these bacteria is increasingly recognized, a significant research gap remains [...] Read more.

Nitrifying bacteria, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), are players in the nitrogen cycle but pose serious health risks when colonizing drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs). While the global impact of these bacteria is increasingly recognized, a significant research gap remains concerning their effects in tropical regions, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to bridge that gap by systematically reviewing the existing literature on nitrifying bacteria in DWDNs, their behavior in biofilms, and associated public health risks, particularly in systems reliant on surface water sources in tropical climates. Using the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, 51 relevant studies were selected based on content validity and relevance to the research objective. The findings highlight the critical role of nitrifying bacteria in the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) and highlight specific challenges faced by developing countries, including insufficient monitoring and low public awareness regarding safe water storage practices. Additionally, this review identifies key surrogate indicators, such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations, that influence the formation of DBPs. Although health risks from nitrifying bacteria are reported in comparable studies, there is a lack of epidemiological data from tropical regions. This underscores the urgent need for localized research, systematic monitoring, and targeted interventions to mitigate the risks associated with nitrifying bacteria in DWDNs. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing water safety and supporting sustainable water management in tropical developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Bacteria)

15 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Biomass in the Visegrad Group Countries and Its Determinants

by Piotr Kułyk and Mariola Michałowska

Energies 2025, 18(14), 3684; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143684 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article aims to assess the conditions and prospects for biomass utilization in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries. Additionally, the relationship between biomass energy production and greenhouse gas emissions was examined. A key component of the analysis involved identifying potential directions for the [...] Read more.

This article aims to assess the conditions and prospects for biomass utilization in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries. Additionally, the relationship between biomass energy production and greenhouse gas emissions was examined. A key component of the analysis involved identifying potential directions for the development of biomass utilization in the pursuit of the sustainable development of agricultural enterprises. In relation to these research objectives, a hypothesis was formulated regarding the causal relationship between biomass energy consumption and economic growth, the abundance of natural resources, and income in reference to the European Union economies. Both static and dynamic panel studies were applied. The conducted research revealed the complex nature of the conditions influencing biomass utilization. The study period covered the years 2004–2022. A negative correlation was found between the use of biomass and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, factors favoring biomass utilization included economic growth, the level of natural resource consumption per capita, and government policies aimed at increasing the share of renewable resources in the economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

17 pages, 7114 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthetic Feed Attractants in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Culture: Effects on Growth, Health, and Appetite Stimulation

by Federico Conti, Matteo Zarantoniello, Nico Cattaneo, Matteo Antonucci, Elena Antonia Belfiore and Ike Olivotto

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142060 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Synthetic flavors from standardized processes have recently emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative to traditional feed attractants. In this study, two attractive (F25, cheese; F35, caramel) and one repulsive (F32-, coconut) synthetic flavors were individually added (1% w/w) to [...] Read more.

Synthetic flavors from standardized processes have recently emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative to traditional feed attractants. In this study, two attractive (F25, cheese; F35, caramel) and one repulsive (F32-, coconut) synthetic flavors were individually added (1% w/w) to a commercial diet for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and tested over a 90-day feeding trial (30 fish per tank, in triplicate; initial weight 72.48 ± 8.04 g) to assess their impact on fish growth performance, welfare, and the modulation of brain appetite and monoaminergic pathways. None of the tested flavors negatively affected overall fish health. The F35 flavor enhanced feed intake (90.1 ± 5.6%) and growth (SGR 2.2 ± 0.2%) and positively influenced appetite-related and monoaminergic signals, thus being more effective than the F25 one (80.4 ± 3.2 and 1.6 ± 0.1%, respectively). A weekly feeding rotation between F35 and F25 (ROT group) resulted in suboptimal outcomes compared to F35 administration alone. The F32- flavor was not clearly perceived as strongly aversive by seabass and did not impair zootechnical performance. These findings highlight the potential of attractive synthetic flavors to improve diet palatability in a carnivorous species of commercial value, offering novel insights for more sustainable and cost-effective aquaculture feeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutritional Ingredients for Aquaculture)

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20 pages, 1588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Hungry Bone Syndrome and Reintervention After Subtotal Versus Total Parathyroidectomy for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Dialysis Patients: A Single-Center Cohort

by Adina Coman, Cristi Tarta, Gigi Adrian Aiordachioae, Dan Goldis, Diana Utu, Marco Marian, Amadeus Dobrescu, Florina Buleu and Sorin Olariu

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4944; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144944 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a prevalent complication in end-stage renal disease, often necessitating surgical intervention when refractory to medical therapy. The optimal surgical strategy—subtotal parathyroidectomy (SPTX) versus total parathyroidectomy with/without autotransplantation (TPTX ± AT)—remains debated, especially considering postoperative complications like persistent [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a prevalent complication in end-stage renal disease, often necessitating surgical intervention when refractory to medical therapy. The optimal surgical strategy—subtotal parathyroidectomy (SPTX) versus total parathyroidectomy with/without autotransplantation (TPTX ± AT)—remains debated, especially considering postoperative complications like persistent HPT and hungry bone syndrome (HBS). This study aimed to compare early surgical outcomes and identify predictors for postoperative complications in patients undergoing SPTX and TPTX + AT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center observational study involving 93 dialysis patients who underwent PTX for drug-refractory SHPT. Patients were analyzed according to surgical procedure (SPTX vs. TPTX + AT), focusing on postoperative complications such as cervical bleeding, reintervention rates, and the incidence of HBS. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to identify predictors of these outcomes. Results: TPTX + AT demonstrated superior control of HPT, with significantly lower rates of reintervention compared to SPTX (7.1% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.037). However, TPTX + AT was associated with a higher incidence of HBS (57.1% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.039). Independent predictors of reintervention included absence of concomitant thymectomy, preoperative hypercalcemia, fewer visualized glands preoperatively, and preoperative PTH > 2000 pg/mL. Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels (>300 U/L), severe bone pain, and the TPTX procedure itself were significant predictors of HBS. Conclusions: Surgical strategy for SHPT should be individualized, balancing the lower recurrence risk associated with TPTX + AT against its higher likelihood of postoperative hypocalcemia. Preoperative biochemical markers and clinical features could potentially influence operative decision-making and optimize patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Endocrine Surgery)

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13 pages, 5197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Ballasted Railway Track Response in Potentially Critical Areas Using Vibration Measurements

by Mojmir Uranjek and Andrej Štrukelj

Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4363; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144363 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

In railway infrastructure, particularly where concrete sleepers are employed, certain critical zones exhibit pronounced degradation of the ballast layer. Previous studies have identified several contributing factors, including the presence of welds, heterogeneity in the substructure beneath the sleepers, and variations in the track’s [...] Read more.

In railway infrastructure, particularly where concrete sleepers are employed, certain critical zones exhibit pronounced degradation of the ballast layer. Previous studies have identified several contributing factors, including the presence of welds, heterogeneity in the substructure beneath the sleepers, and variations in the track’s geometric parameters. Of these factors, the presence of welds seems to have the most significant influence. This article aims to determine whether differences in the ballast railway track’s response to traffic loads at weld locations can be identified in the initial phase, before obvious damage appears. Vibration responses in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration were measured on upgraded concrete sleepers equipped with rubber under-sleeper pads. The results indicate that velocities and accelerations at rail weld locations differ significantly from those in adjacent track sections, when the railway track is in an intact, undamaged condition. These results suggest a high likelihood of damage formation in these critical locations, indicating the necessity of preventive measures to mitigate damage. Possible mitigation measures that could help reduce the formation of damage are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sensors for Sustainable Infrastructure: Inspection, Monitoring, and Maintenance)

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21 pages, 749 KiB

Open AccessReview

HDL Function Versus Small Dense LDL: Cardiovascular Benefits and Implications

by Claudiu Stoicescu, Cristina Vacarescu and Dragos Cozma

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4945; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144945 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) represent two critical yet contrasting components in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk modulation. While HDL has traditionally been viewed as cardioprotective due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-inflammatory effects, emerging evidence [...] Read more.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) represent two critical yet contrasting components in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk modulation. While HDL has traditionally been viewed as cardioprotective due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-inflammatory effects, emerging evidence emphasizes that HDL functionality—rather than concentration alone—is pivotal in atheroprotection. Conversely, sdLDL particles are increasingly recognized as highly atherogenic due to their enhanced arterial penetration, oxidative susceptibility, and prolonged plasma residence time. This review critically examined the physiological roles, pathological implications, and therapeutic interventions targeting HDL function and sdLDL burden. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic agents including statins, fibrates, PCSK9 inhibitors, and novel therapies such as icosapent ethyl were discussed in the context of their effects on HDL quality and sdLDL reduction. Additionally, current clinical guidelines were analyzed, highlighting a paradigm shift away from targeting HDL-C levels toward apoB-driven risk reduction. Although HDL-targeted therapies remain under investigation, the consensus supports focusing on lowering apoB-containing lipoproteins while leveraging lifestyle strategies to improve HDL functionality. In the setting of heart failure, particularly with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), alterations in HDL composition and elevated sdLDL levels have been linked to endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation, further underscoring their relevance beyond atherosclerosis. A comprehensive understanding of HDL and sdLDL dynamics is essential for optimizing cardiovascular prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Patients with Heart Failure—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Reasons for Transferring Patients from Orthopedic Specialty Hospitals to Tertiary Hospitals After Surgery

by Juneyoung Heo, Su Chan Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Chang Hyun Nam, Dong Nyoung Lee and Ji-Hoon Baek

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4943; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144943 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the reasons for transferring patients to tertiary hospitals due to complications arising after surgery at orthopedic specialty hospitals and the treatment results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on all orthopedic patients, except for the spine, [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the reasons for transferring patients to tertiary hospitals due to complications arising after surgery at orthopedic specialty hospitals and the treatment results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on all orthopedic patients, except for the spine, at a single institution from January 2012 to May 2022. Results: Of 67,118 patients, 167 (0.24%) were transferred to a tertiary hospital after surgery. Patients’ average age was 72.2 ± 9.2 years (range: 28–91 years), and there were 34 men and 133 women. The most common reason for transfer to a tertiary hospital was pulmonary embolism (27 patients, 16.2%), which occurred on an average 3.81 days (range: 0–23 days) after surgery, and 25 patients were transferred within 1 week after surgery. The next most common cause was acute cholecystitis (19 patients (11.4%), all of whom had undergone total knee arthroplasty), which occurred on an average 6.15 days (range: 1–14 days) after surgery. Conclusions: The rate of transfer from the orthopedic hospital where this study was conducted to a tertiary hospital was very low at 0.24%. Pulmonary embolism, acute cholecystitis, and cerebral infarct were the most common reasons for transfer. In particular, acute cholecystitis was the second most common reason for transfer, and caution should be taken because elderly patients may experience only atypical clinical symptoms without abdominal pain or tenderness even the day after surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

18 pages, 902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination, Balance and Fine Motor Skills Deficities in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Co-Occuring Conditions—Application of MABC-2 Test in Pilot Study Among Polish Children

by Katarzyna Stachura, Ewa Emich-Widera, Beata Kazek and Magdalena Stania

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4946; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144946 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether motor disorders are significantly more prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) without co-occurring genetic or neurological conditions compared to neurotypical children. Another aim was to explore the applicability of [...] Read more.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether motor disorders are significantly more prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) without co-occurring genetic or neurological conditions compared to neurotypical children. Another aim was to explore the applicability of the MABC-2 test for assessing motor skills in a Polish cohort of children with ASD. Additionally, this study sought to develop a basic framework for motor skill assessment in children with autism. Methods: This study included 166 Caucasian children, both sexes, aged 5–12 years, without intellectual disability (IQ ≥ 70), without concomitant genetic or neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy or cerebral palsy. The study group consisted of children with ASD (n = 71), and the control group consisted of neurotypical children (n = 95). The participants were assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–second edition (MABC-2), MABC-2 checklist and the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ), used as a reference point. Results: The children with ASD obtained significantly lower MABC-2 test results in all subtests in comparison with the control group. The children with suspected or diagnosed coordination disorders were characterized by a significantly greater number of co-occurring non-motor factors than the other participants of this study. MABC-2 test showed greater consistency with DCDQ than with the MABC-2 questionnaire. Conclusions: Children with ASD present a lower level of manual dexterity and balance and greater difficulties in performing tasks, including throwing and catching, in comparison with neurotypical children. The MABC-2 test with the MABC-2 checklist and DCDQ questionnaire constitute a complementary diagnostic tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Pediatrics)

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22 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting GPS Use Among Visitors in Capçaleres del Ter i del Freser Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain)

by Sara Hamza-Mayora, Estela Inés Farías-Torbidoni and Demir Barić

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(3), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6030137 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing use of Global Positioning System (GPS) tools reshapes nature-based recreational practices. While previous research has examined the role of GPS technologies in outdoor recreation, limited attention has been given to the specific factors driving GPS use in nature-based settings such as [...] Read more.

The increasing use of Global Positioning System (GPS) tools reshapes nature-based recreational practices. While previous research has examined the role of GPS technologies in outdoor recreation, limited attention has been given to the specific factors driving GPS use in nature-based settings such as natural parks. This case study examines the sociodemographic, behavioural, motivational and experiential factors influencing GPS use among visitors to the Capçaleres del Ter i del Freser Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain). A structured visitor survey (n = 999) was conducted over a one-year period and a hierarchical binary logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the explanatory contribution of four sequential variable blocks. The results showed that the behavioural factors (i.e., physical activity intensity) emerged as the strongest predictor of GPS use. Additionally, the final model demonstrated that visitors who were younger, engaged in higher-intensity physical activities, motivated by health-related goals, undertook longer routes, and reported more positive experiences were significantly more likely to use GPS tools during their visit. These findings highlight the need to adapt communication strategies to diverse visitor profiles and leverage volunteered geographic information (VGI) for improved visitor monitoring, flow management, and adaptive conservation planning. Full article

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24 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Innovation or Expedient Compliance: Carbon Emission Reduction by Heavily Polluting Enterprises Under Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone

by Fang Cheng, Shuang Yang and Yanli Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6395; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146395 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The effective design of green financial policies is crucial for balancing the operational pressures of heavily polluting enterprises with the goal of sustained carbon emission reduction. This study investigates the impact of the Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone (GFRIPZ) policy by [...] Read more.

The effective design of green financial policies is crucial for balancing the operational pressures of heavily polluting enterprises with the goal of sustained carbon emission reduction. This study investigates the impact of the Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zone (GFRIPZ) policy by employing a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model based on firm-level panel data from 2012 to 2021, covering A-share listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen. The results show that GFRIPZs significantly reduced carbon emissions in pilot regions, with heterogeneous effects observed across enterprise types—particularly among large enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and those located in financially developed areas. To uncover the underlying mechanisms, we compare two behavioral responses: green innovation, marked by long-term investment in green technologies, and expedient compliance, involving short-term, strategic compliance behaviors. Our findings indicate that GFRIPZs did not effectively promote green innovation. Instead, it has encouraged a shift from productive capital investment toward un-productive, symbolic actions aimed at fulfilling policy requirements. These responses risk undermining the long-term objective of green transformation and may contribute to a broader shift from real economic activity toward speculative or less productive investments, raising concerns about the quality and sustainability of the low-carbon transition. Full article

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21 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emotional Responses to Racial Violence: Analyzing Sentiments and Emotions Among Black Women in Missouri

by Ivy Smith and Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes

Information 2025, 16(7), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070598 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study examines the emotional responses of Black women in Missouri regarding incidents of racial violence in the United States. Grounded in an analysis of self-reported emotions, this study explores how Black women (n = 384, M_age = 37) express their [...] Read more.

This study examines the emotional responses of Black women in Missouri regarding incidents of racial violence in the United States. Grounded in an analysis of self-reported emotions, this study explores how Black women (n = 384, M_age = 37) express their emotional experiences in response to racial violence. Utilizing the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACL-R), sentiment analysis was used to assess the overall emotional tone of participants’ responses, while emotion analysis was used to identify specific emotions expressed. The findings highlight the complexities of Black women’s emotional responses, considering factors such as coping mechanisms, racial identity beliefs, spirituality and religiosity, and resilience and strength. By applying computational methods to analyze these emotions, this study reveals how racial violence shapes sentiment and emotional expression patterns. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of acknowledging the complex ways Black women navigate and process racial violence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Information in 2024–2025)

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24 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessReview

Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Improved Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections and Urinary Stone Disease

by Theodor Florin Pantilimonescu, Costin Damian, Viorel Dragos Radu, Maximilian Hogea, Oana Andreea Costachescu, Pavel Onofrei, Bogdan Toma, Denisa Zelinschi, Iulia Cristina Roca, Ramona Gabriela Ursu, Luminita Smaranda Iancu and Ionela Lacramioara Serban

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4942; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144942 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common pathology worldwide, frequently associated with kidney stones. We aimed to determine how artificial intelligence (AI) could assist and enhance human medical activities in this field. We performed a search in PubMed using different sets of keywords. [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common pathology worldwide, frequently associated with kidney stones. We aimed to determine how artificial intelligence (AI) could assist and enhance human medical activities in this field. We performed a search in PubMed using different sets of keywords. When using the keywords “AI, artificial intelligence, urinary tract infections, Escherichia coli (E. coli)”, we identified 16 papers, 12 of which fulfilled our research criteria. When using the keywords “urolithiasis, AI, artificial intelligence”, we identified 72 results, 30 of which were suitable for analysis. We identified that AI/machine learning can be used to detect Gram-negative bacilli involved in UTIs in a fast and accurate way and to detect antibiotic-resistant genes in E. coli. The most frequent AI applications for urolithiasis can be summarized into three categories: The first category relates to patient follow-up, trying to improve physical and medical conditions after specific urologic surgical procedures. The second refers to urinary stone disease (USD), focused on stone evaluation, using different AI and machine learning systems, regarding the stone’s composition in terms of uric acid, its dimensions, its volume, and its speed of detection. The third category comprises the comparison of the ChatGPT-4, Bing AI, Grok, Claude, and Perplexity chatbots in different applications for urolithiasis. ChatGPT-4 has received the most positive evaluations. In conclusion, the impressive number of papers published on different applications of AI in UTIs and urology suggest that machine learning will be exploited effectively in the near future to optimize patient follow-up, diagnosis, and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Artificial Intelligence in Urology)

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23 pages, 3601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved PR Control Without Load Current Sensors and Phase-Locked Loops for APFs

by Jianling Liao, Wei Yuan, Yankui Zhang, Jia Zou and Xu Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7830; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147830 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Focusing on the common problems of phase-locked loop dependence, multiple current sensor requirements, a large number of controllers, and complex settings in traditional parallel active power filter (APF) control methods, this paper proposes a harmonic compensation control strategy based on an improved proportional [...] Read more.

Focusing on the common problems of phase-locked loop dependence, multiple current sensor requirements, a large number of controllers, and complex settings in traditional parallel active power filter (APF) control methods, this paper proposes a harmonic compensation control strategy based on an improved proportional resonant (PR) controller. The proposed method introduces an instantaneous power theory to construct a reference current model, which relies solely on grid voltage and current signals, does not require load-side current detection and phase-locked loop modules, and effectively simplifies the sensor configuration and system structure. At the same time, compared with the traditional solution that requires PR modules to be configured for each order of harmonics, this study only uses one set of PR controllers for fundamental current tracking, which has advantages in terms of compactness and computing resource occupation. To guide the controller parameter setting, this paper systematically discusses the influence of changes in K_p and K_r on pole distribution and dynamic performance based on discrete domain modeling and root locus analysis methods. The results were verified on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform and the 1 kVA experimental platform and compared with the traditional control method that requires the use of phase-locked loops (PLLs), load current sensors, and multiple PR controllers. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method has achieved a certain degree of optimization in terms of harmonic suppression effect, dynamic response performance, and system structure complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on and Application of Power Systems)

17 pages, 1864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Neurological Metabolic Phenotype in Prolonged/Chronic Critical Illness: Propensity Score Matched Analysis of Nutrition and Outcomes

by Levan B. Berikashvili, Alexander E. Shestopalov, Petr A. Polyakov, Alexandra V. Yakovleva, Mikhail Ya. Yadgarov, Ivan V. Kuznetsov, Mohammad Tarek S. M. Said, Ivan V. Sergeev, Andrey B. Lisitsyn, Alexey A. Yakovlev and Valery V. Likhvantsev

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142302 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Brain injuries, including stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), pose a major healthcare challenge due to their severe consequences and complex recovery. While ischemic strokes are more common, hemorrhagic strokes have a worse prognosis. TBI often affects young adults and leads [...] Read more.

Background: Brain injuries, including stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), pose a major healthcare challenge due to their severe consequences and complex recovery. While ischemic strokes are more common, hemorrhagic strokes have a worse prognosis. TBI often affects young adults and leads to long-term disability. A critical concern in these patients is the frequent development of chronic critical illness, compounded by metabolic disturbances and malnutrition that hinder recovery. Objective: This study aimed to compare changes in nutritional status parameters under standard enteral nutrition protocols and clinical outcomes in prolonged/chronic critically ill patients with TBI or stroke versus such a population of patients without TBI or stroke. Methods: This matched prospective–retrospective cohort study included intensive care unit (ICU) patients with TBI or stroke from the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology and patients without these conditions from the eICU-CRD database. Inclusion criteria comprised age 18–74 years, ICU stay >5 days, and enteral nutrition. Patients with re-hospitalization, diabetes, acute organ failure, or incomplete data were excluded. Laboratory values and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline characteristics (age, sex, and body mass index). Results: After PSM, 29 patients with TBI or stroke and 121 without were included. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in 21 laboratory parameters and three hospitalization outcomes. On day 1, the TBI/stroke group had higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, total protein, and albumin, but lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glucose. By day 20, they had statistically significantly lower calcium, BUN, creatinine, and glucose. This group also showed less change in lymphocytes, calcium, and direct bilirubin. Hospitalization outcomes showed longer mechanical ventilation duration (p = 0.030) and fewer cases of acute kidney injury (p = 0.0220) in the TBI/stroke group. Conclusions: TBI and stroke patients exhibit unique metabolic patterns during prolonged/chronic critical illness, differing significantly from other ICU populations in protein/glucose metabolism and complication rates. These findings underscore the necessity for specialized nutritional strategies in neurocritical care and warrant further investigation into targeted metabolic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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37 pages, 2494 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systems Biology Approach to Memory Health: Integrating Network Pharmacology, Gut Microbiota, and Multi-Omics for Health Functional Foods

by Heng Yuan, Junyu Zhou, Hongbao Li, Suna Kang and Sunmin Park

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146698 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Memory impairment, ranging from mild memory impairment to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, poses an escalating global health challenge that necessitates multi-targeted interventions to prevent progression. Health functional foods (HFFs), which include bioactive dietary compounds that not only provide basic nutrition but [...] Read more.

Memory impairment, ranging from mild memory impairment to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, poses an escalating global health challenge that necessitates multi-targeted interventions to prevent progression. Health functional foods (HFFs), which include bioactive dietary compounds that not only provide basic nutrition but also function beyond that to modulate physiological pathways, offer a promising non-pharmacological strategy to preserve memory function. This review presents an integrative framework for the discovery, evaluation, and clinical translation of biomarkers responsive to HFFs in the context of preventing memory impairment. We examine both established clinical biomarkers, such as amyloid-β and tau in the cerebrospinal fluid, neuroimaging indicators, and memory assessments, as well as emerging nutritionally sensitive markers including cytokines, microRNAs, gut microbiota signatures, epigenetic modifications, and neuroactive metabolites. By leveraging systems biology approaches, we explore how network pharmacology, gut–brain axis modulation, and multi-omics integration can help to elucidate the complex interactions between HFF components and memory-related pathways such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and metabolic regulation. The review also addresses the translational pipeline for HFFs, from formulation and standardization to regulatory frameworks and clinical development, with an emphasis on precision nutrition strategies and cross-disciplinary integration. Ultimately, we propose a paradigm shift in memory health interventions, positioning HFFs as scientifically validated compounds for personalized nutrition within a preventative memory function framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease)

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