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Recent Articles  

25 pages, 2641 KB  
Article
The Entropy Field Structure and the Recursive Collapse of the Electron: A Thermodynamic Foundation for Quantum Behavior
by John T. Solomon
Quantum Rep. 2026, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum8010005 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Conventional quantum mechanics treats the electron as a point-like particle endowed with intrinsic properties—mass, charge, and spin—that are inserted as axioms rather than derived from first principles. Here, we propose a thermodynamic reformulation of the electron grounded in entropy field dynamics, based on [...] Read more.
Conventional quantum mechanics treats the electron as a point-like particle endowed with intrinsic properties—mass, charge, and spin—that are inserted as axioms rather than derived from first principles. Here, we propose a thermodynamic reformulation of the electron grounded in entropy field dynamics, based on S-Theory. In this framework, the electron is composed of three distinct entropic components: Score (a collapsed entropy core from configurational mass), SEM (a structured electromagnetic entropy field from charge), and Sthermal (a diffuse entropy component from ambient interactions). We show that spin emerges as a rotating SEM shell around Score, and that electron collapse—as in quantum measurement—can be modeled as a Recursive Amplification of Sfield (RAS) process driven by entropic feedback. Through mathematical formulation and high-resolution simulations, we demonstrate how the S-field components evolve under entropic excitation, culminating in a collapse threshold defined by local entropy density matching. This model not only explains the emergence of quantum properties but also offers a thermodynamic mechanism for electron–photon interaction, wavefunction collapse, and spin generation, revealing the inner structure and dynamics of one of nature’s most fundamental particles. Full article
38 pages, 1697 KB  
Article
Learning from Unsustainable Post-Disaster Temporary Housing Programs in Spain: Lessons from the 2011 Lorca Earthquake and the 2021 La Palma Volcano Eruption
by Pablo Bris, Félix Bendito and Daniel Martínez
Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020963 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
This article examines the failure of the two most recent temporary housing programs implemented in Spain following two major disasters: the 2011 Lorca earthquake and the 2021 La Palma volcanic eruption. Despite differing hazard typologies, both cases resulted in incomplete and ultimately unsuccessful [...] Read more.
This article examines the failure of the two most recent temporary housing programs implemented in Spain following two major disasters: the 2011 Lorca earthquake and the 2021 La Palma volcanic eruption. Despite differing hazard typologies, both cases resulted in incomplete and ultimately unsuccessful housing programs, with only 13 of the 60 planned units built in Lorca and 121 of the 200 planned units delivered in La Palma. Using a qualitative comparative case study approach, the research analyzes governance decisions, housing design, and implementation processes to assess their impact on the sustainability of post-disaster temporary housing. The analysis adopts the five dimensions of sustainability—environmental, economic, social, cultural, and institutional—as an integrated analytical framework for evaluating public management performance in post-disaster temporary housing. The findings show that early decision-making, shaped by political urgency, technical misjudgments, and the absence of adaptive governance, led to severe delays, cost overruns, inadequate and energy-inefficient construction, and the formation of marginalized settlements. This study concludes that the lack of regulatory frameworks, legal instruments, and operational protocols for temporary housing in Spain was a determining factor in both failures, generating vulnerability, prolonging recovery processes, and undermining sustainability across all five dimensions. By drawing lessons from these cases, this article contributes to debates on resilient and sustainable post-disaster recovery and highlights the urgent need for integrated regulatory frameworks for temporary housing in Spain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainability)
16 pages, 1902 KB  
Article
Coordinated Control of Standalone Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Load Disturbance Suppression in Microgrid
by Wei Luo, Yan Le, Minglei Xie, Yi Liu and Dayi Li
Energies 2026, 19(2), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020464 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
The anti-load-disturbance capability is one of the most important capabilities in a microgrid. In comparison with the grid-connected brushless doubly-fed induction generator (BDFIG), the output voltage of the standalone BDFIG in a microgrid is more susceptible to load disturbances. In order to address [...] Read more.
The anti-load-disturbance capability is one of the most important capabilities in a microgrid. In comparison with the grid-connected brushless doubly-fed induction generator (BDFIG), the output voltage of the standalone BDFIG in a microgrid is more susceptible to load disturbances. In order to address this issue, this paper presents a coordinated control method based on both the machine side converter (MSC) and line side converter (LSC) to reduce the amplitude of power winding (PW) voltage fluctuation and shorten transient response time, so as to significantly reduce the influence of the load disturbance on the output voltage under the limited power converter capacity. The proposed control strategy is validated through experiments conducted on a 3 kW wound-rotor BDFIG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Computations and Energy Efficiency Studies in Electrical Machines, 2nd Edition)
26 pages, 1244 KB  
Article
Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Framework for Risk-Informed Maintenance Prioritization of Distribution Transformers
by Pannathon Rodkumnerd, Thunpisit Pothinun, Suwilai Phumpho, Neville Watson, Apirat Siritaratiwat, Watcharin Srirattanawichaikul and Sirote Khunkitti
Energies 2026, 19(2), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020460 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Effective asset management is crucial for improving the reliability, resilience, and cost efficiency of distribution networks throughout the asset life cycle. Distribution transformers are among the most critical components, as their failures can cause extensive service interruptions and substantial economic impacts. Therefore, robust [...] Read more.
Effective asset management is crucial for improving the reliability, resilience, and cost efficiency of distribution networks throughout the asset life cycle. Distribution transformers are among the most critical components, as their failures can cause extensive service interruptions and substantial economic impacts. Therefore, robust and transparent maintenance prioritization strategies are essential, particularly for utilities managing several transformers. Traditional time-based maintenance, while simple to implement, often results in inefficient resource allocation. Condition-based maintenance provides a more effective alternative; however, its performance depends strongly on the reliability of indicator selection and weighting. This study proposes a systematic weighting framework for distribution transformer maintenance prioritization using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. Each transformer is evaluated across two dimensions, including health condition and operational impact, based on indicators identified from the literature and expert judgment. To address uncertainty and judgmental inconsistency, particularly when the consistency ratio (CR) exceeds the conventional threshold of 0.10, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is employed. Seven condition parameters characterize transformer health, while impact is quantified using five indicators reflecting failure consequences. The proposed framework offers a transparent, repeatable, and defensible decision-support tool, enabling utilities to prioritize maintenance actions, optimize resource allocation, and mitigate operational risks in distribution networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
35 pages, 446 KB  
Systematic Review
The Experiences of LGBTQ+ Pre-Service and Qualified Teachers and Their Mental Health: A Systematic Review of International Research
by Jonathan Glazzard and Scott Thomas
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23010115 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Existing research highlights that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) teachers are often exposed to additional stressors in schools which adversely affect their mental health. Some mitigate the effects of these stressors by separating their personal and professional identities while others choose [...] Read more.
Existing research highlights that Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ+) teachers are often exposed to additional stressors in schools which adversely affect their mental health. Some mitigate the effects of these stressors by separating their personal and professional identities while others choose to integrate their identities so that they can be authentic, advance social justice in school contexts or be visible and vocal role models. Less is known about the experiences of pre-service teachers who are undertaking teacher preparation programmes. This systematic literature review presents the results of 20 published papers which represent the global experiences of both pre-service teachers and serving teachers. The findings highlight identity management, experiences of discrimination, agency and lack of confidence of teacher educators. Two new frameworks are presented that lay the foundations for embedding LGBTQ+ inclusion and proposed mandatory elements of curricula for initial teacher training. This systematic literature review has been informed by the following research questions RQ1. What are the experiences of LGBTQ+ pre-service teachers? RQ2. How do LGBTQ+ pre-service teachers negotiate their identities? RQ3. How do LGBTQ+ pre-service teachers disrupt hetero/cis-normative cultures in schools? RQ4: How well does the teacher education programme prepare pre-service teachers for teaching LGBTQ+ inclusive education? Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health Challenges Affecting LGBTQ+ Individuals and Communities)
47 pages, 17315 KB  
Article
RNN Architecture-Based Short-Term Forecasting Framework for Rooftop PV Surplus to Enable Smart Energy Scheduling in Micro-Residential Communities
by Abdo Abdullah Ahmed Gassar, Mohammad Nazififard and Erwin Franquet
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020390 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
With growing community awareness of greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental consequences, distributed rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a sustainable energy alternative in residential settings. However, the high penetration of these systems without effective operational strategies poses significant challenges for local [...] Read more.
With growing community awareness of greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental consequences, distributed rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a sustainable energy alternative in residential settings. However, the high penetration of these systems without effective operational strategies poses significant challenges for local distribution grids. Specifically, the estimation of surplus energy production from these systems, closely linked to complex outdoor weather conditions and seasonal fluctuations, often lacks an accurate forecasting approach to effectively capture the temporal dynamics of system output during peak periods. In response, this study proposes a recurrent neural network (RNN)- based forecasting framework to predict rooftop PV surplus in the context of micro-residential communities over time horizons not exceeding 48 h. The framework includes standard RNN, long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks. In this context, the study employed estimated surplus energy datasets from six single-family detached houses, along with weather-related variables and seasonal patterns, to evaluate the framework’s effectiveness. Results demonstrated the significant effectiveness of all framework models in forecasting surplus energy across seasonal scenarios, with low MAPE values of up to 3.02% and 3.59% over 24-h and 48-h horizons, respectively. Simultaneously, BiLSTM models consistently demonstrated a higher capacity to capture surplus energy fluctuations during peak periods than their counterparts. Overall, the developed data-driven framework demonstrates potential to enable short-term smart energy scheduling in micro-residential communities, supporting electric vehicle charging from single-family detached houses through efficient rooftop PV systems. It also provides decision-making insights for evaluating renewable energy contributions in the residential sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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21 pages, 568 KB  
Article
Three-Sided Fuzzy Stable Matching Problem Based on Combination Preference
by Ruya Fan and Yan Chen
Systems 2026, 14(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14010101 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Previous studies, constrained by the overly rigid stability requirements, often fail to adapt to complex systems and struggle to identify stable outcomes that align with the practical context of multi-agent resource allocation. To address the three-sided matching problem in complex socio-technical and business [...] Read more.
Previous studies, constrained by the overly rigid stability requirements, often fail to adapt to complex systems and struggle to identify stable outcomes that align with the practical context of multi-agent resource allocation. To address the three-sided matching problem in complex socio-technical and business management systems, this paper proposes a fuzzy stable matching method for three-sided agents under a framework of combinatorial preference relations, integrating network and decision theory. First, we construct a membership function to measure the degree of preference satisfaction between elements of different agents, and then define the concept of fuzzy stability. By incorporating preference satisfaction, we introduce the notion of fuzzy blocking strength and derive the generation conditions for blocking triples and fuzzy stability under the fuzzy stable criterion. Furthermore, we abstract the three-sided matching problem with combined preference relations into a shortest path problem. Second, we prove the equivalence between the shortest path solution and the stable matching outcome. We adopt Dijkstra’s algorithm for problem-solving and derive the time complexity of the algorithm under the pruning strategy. Finally, we apply the proposed model and algorithm to a case study of project assignment in software companies, thereby verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of this three-sided matching method. Compared with existing approaches, the fuzzy stable matching method developed in this study demonstrates distinct advantages in handling preference uncertainty and system complexity. It provides a more universal theoretical tool and computational approach for solving flexible resource allocation problems prevalent in real-world scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)
25 pages, 6292 KB  
Article
Solar Photovoltaic System Fault Classification via Hierarchical Deep Learning with Imbalanced Multi-Class Thermal Dataset
by Hrach Ayunts, Sos S. Agaian and Artyom M. Grigoryan
Energies 2026, 19(2), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020462 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
The growing global reliance on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems requires robust, automated inspection techniques to ensure reliability and efficiency. Thermal infrared (IR) imaging is widely used for detecting PV faults; however, accurate classification remains challenging due to severe class imbalance, low thermal contrast, [...] Read more.
The growing global reliance on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems requires robust, automated inspection techniques to ensure reliability and efficiency. Thermal infrared (IR) imaging is widely used for detecting PV faults; however, accurate classification remains challenging due to severe class imbalance, low thermal contrast, and high inter-class visual similarity among fault types. This study proposes a hierarchical deep learning framework for thermal PV fault classification, integrating a multi-class dataset-balancing strategy to enhance representational efficiency. The proposed framework consists of two major components: (i) a hierarchical two-stage classification scheme that mitigates data imbalance and leverages limited labeled data for improved fault discrimination; and (ii) a contrast-preserving MixUp augmentation technique designed explicitly for low-contrast thermal imagery, improving minority fault class recognition and overall robustness. Comprehensive experiments were conducted on benchmark 8-class thermal PV datasets using nine deep network architectures. Dataset refactoring decisions are validated through quantitative inter-class distance analysis using multiple complementary metrics. Results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical SlantNet model achieves the best trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, achieving an F1-Efficiency Index of 337.6 and processing 42,072 images per second on a GPU, over twice the efficiency of conventional approaches. Comparatively, the Swin-T Transformer attained the highest classification accuracy of 89.48% and F1 score of 80.50%, while SlantNet achieved 86.15% accuracy and 73.03% F1 score with substantially higher inference speed, highlighting its real-time potential. Ablation studies on augmentation and regularization strategies confirm that the proposed techniques significantly improve minority class detection without compromising overall performance, with detailed per-class precision, recall, and F1 analysis. The proposed framework delivers a high-accuracy, low-latency, and edge-deployable solution for automated PV inspection, facilitating seamless integration into operational PV plants for real-time fault diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Solar Thermal Energy Harvesting, Storage and Conversion—2nd Edition)
20 pages, 2338 KB  
Article
Process Simulation of a Temperature Swing Absorption Process for Hydrogen Isotope Separation
by Annika Uihlein, Jonas Caspar Schwenzer, Stefan Hanke and Thomas Giegerich
Energies 2026, 19(2), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020466 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Temperature Swing Absorption (TSA) is the primary candidate for the Isotope Rebalancing and Protium Removal (IRPR) system within the envisioned EU-DEMO fusion reactor fuel cycle. TSA separates a mixed hydrogen isotope stream into two product streams using a semi-continuous process. One stream, enriched [...] Read more.
Temperature Swing Absorption (TSA) is the primary candidate for the Isotope Rebalancing and Protium Removal (IRPR) system within the envisioned EU-DEMO fusion reactor fuel cycle. TSA separates a mixed hydrogen isotope stream into two product streams using a semi-continuous process. One stream, enriched in heavy isotopes, is used to re-establish the required deuterium-to-tritium fuel ratio. The second, enriched in protium, is stripped off from the fuel cycle to counteract the protium build-up. Separation is achieved by cycling an isotope mixture between two columns filled with metallic absorption materials that have opposite isotope effects of metal hydride formation. The selection of these materials, the operation parameters and the column geometry allow for adjusting the resulting enrichments. To identify suitable operation parameters, a TSA process model is developed which depicts the process dynamics and interactions between the columns. A modified process operation mode is introduced, which enables higher system throughputs and non-cryogenic operation, i.e., operational temperatures between 0 to 130 °C, while reducing the tritium inventory due to shorter cycling times by reduced amplitudes of the temperature swings. Finally, simulations of a TSA system at relevant scale confirm the suitability of TSA technology for the separation task of the EU-DEMO IRPR system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B4: Nuclear Energy)
29 pages, 671 KB  
Review
Equity-Oriented Decision-Making for Renewable Energy Investments
by Justas Streimikis and Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene
Energies 2026, 19(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020463 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Renewable energy investment evaluation continues to rely predominantly on techno-economic and environmental criteria, while equity-related considerations remain weakly embedded within formal decision-support frameworks. Although recent research increasingly acknowledges social impacts, spatial constraints, policy uncertainty, and financing structures, these dimensions are rarely integrated in [...] Read more.
Renewable energy investment evaluation continues to rely predominantly on techno-economic and environmental criteria, while equity-related considerations remain weakly embedded within formal decision-support frameworks. Although recent research increasingly acknowledges social impacts, spatial constraints, policy uncertainty, and financing structures, these dimensions are rarely integrated in a systematic and operational manner into investment appraisal. This paper addresses this gap by advancing an equity-oriented conceptual framework for renewable energy investment evaluation. Using an integrative literature review combined with thematic analysis, the study synthesises insights from techno-economic assessment, multi-criteria decision-making, energy justice scholarship, and equity-focused modelling studies. The analysis demonstrates that existing evaluation approaches inadequately capture distributional impacts, accessibility constraints, differentiated vulnerability, and equity-adjusted risk. In response, the proposed framework systematises these equity dimensions and embeds them directly into the core logic of investment evaluation alongside conventional criteria. By consolidating fragmented research insights into a coherent evaluative structure, the study contributes to the literature by clarifying how equity can be operationalised within renewable energy investment decision-making. The framework provides a foundation for future empirical applications and supports more socially responsive and analytically robust investment evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Decision Making Methods for Renewable Energy Investments)
12 pages, 583 KB  
Case Report
Dysphagia After Cosmetic Submandibular Gland Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Injection: A Case Report
by Seoyon Yang and You Gyoung Yi
Healthcare 2026, 14(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14020235 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Cosmetic injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) into the submandibular glands is increasingly performed to enhance jawline contour. Although generally considered safe, unintended diffusion of the toxin can impair pharyngeal musculature and lead to dysphagia. Severe aspiration-prone dysphagia after esthetic [...] Read more.
Background: Cosmetic injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) into the submandibular glands is increasingly performed to enhance jawline contour. Although generally considered safe, unintended diffusion of the toxin can impair pharyngeal musculature and lead to dysphagia. Severe aspiration-prone dysphagia after esthetic submandibular gland injection has rarely been described. Case Presentation: A healthy 37-year-old woman developed acute oropharyngeal dysphagia the day after receiving cosmetic contouring injections with incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®), administered to both submandibular glands (20 units per gland, performed without ultrasound guidance). She presented to our rehabilitation medicine clinic 11 days later with severe difficulty swallowing solids and liquids. Her functional oral intake was severely restricted (Functional Oral Intake Scale [FOIS] score 3), and the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) score was 24. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) demonstrated markedly delayed pharyngeal swallow initiation, reduced palatal elevation, poor airway protection, consistent laryngeal penetration, and silent aspiration of thin liquids (Penetration–Aspiration Scale score 8). She underwent diet modification and structured dysphagia rehabilitation. At three months, repeat VFSS showed substantial improvement, with only occasional penetration of large-volume thin liquids, corresponding to FOIS 5 and EAT-10 score 8. By five months, VFSS confirmed complete resolution of penetration and aspiration with normalization of swallowing physiology, reflected by a FOIS score of 7 and EAT-10 score of 1. Conclusions: This case demonstrates that cosmetic incobotulinumtoxinA injection into the submandibular glands, particularly when performed without ultrasound guidance, can lead to significant oropharyngeal dysphagia. Clinicians performing esthetic lower-face procedures should be aware of this potential complication and ensure timely swallowing evaluation and rehabilitation when symptoms arise. Full article
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12 pages, 1500 KB  
Article
Detection and Molecular Characterisation of Protoparvovirus carnivoran1 in Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) in Croatia
by Ivona Coric, Gorana Miletic, Dean Konjevic, Ivica Boskovic, Miljenko Bujanic, Alenka Skrinjaric, Snjezana Kovac, Ljubo Barbic, Andreja Jungic and Vladimir Stevanovic
Viruses 2026, 18(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18010123 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Protoparvoviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause severe, often fatal diseases in both domestic and wild carnivores. Golden jackal (Canis aureus) populations have experienced expansion in recent years, increasingly occupying urban and peri-urban areas. Despite this, they remain largely overlooked in [...] Read more.
Protoparvoviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause severe, often fatal diseases in both domestic and wild carnivores. Golden jackal (Canis aureus) populations have experienced expansion in recent years, increasingly occupying urban and peri-urban areas. Despite this, they remain largely overlooked in scientific research. This study aimed to detect and characterise Protoparvovirus carnivoran1 circulating in a golden jackal population in Croatia and to assess their role in the epidemiology of parvovirus infections in companion animals. Small intestines from 55 jackals hunted in 2024 and 2025 were tested for Protoparvovirus carnivoran1 using real-time PCR. Positive samples were found across all sampling sites, with an overall positivity rate of 40%. Based on characteristic amino acid residues within the VP2 protein, the viruses detected in jackals were classified as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 protein demonstrated considerable genetic diversity among strains circulating in Croatia. Additionally, a distinct group was identified, shared exclusively by Croatian domestic cats and golden jackals. Amino acid analysis revealed the novel A91T mutation, found only in jackals, and the E411Q mutation, unique to Croatian FPV strains. Structural modelling of the VP2 protein indicates that the observed mutations are located on the protein surface, within the antibody-binding site. These findings highlight the potential role of wild carnivores in parvovirus epidemiology and underscore the importance of including them in future surveillance and research efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Bocavirus and Other Parvoviruses, and Overlooked Respiratory Viruses)
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25 pages, 3112 KB  
Review
The Emerging Promise of Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Derivatives as Novel Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants
by Xin Wan, Xiaoxuan Cui, Ke Liang, Junran Huang, Kangan Chen, Wen Chen and Gaopeng Song
Molecules 2026, 31(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020325 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
The continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Omicron strain with its heightened transmissibility, has posed ongoing challenges to the efficacy of existing vaccine and drug regimens. This situation highlights the pressing demand for antiviral drugs employing novel mechanisms of action. Pentacyclic triterpenoids [...] Read more.
The continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Omicron strain with its heightened transmissibility, has posed ongoing challenges to the efficacy of existing vaccine and drug regimens. This situation highlights the pressing demand for antiviral drugs employing novel mechanisms of action. Pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTs), a structurally varied group of compounds derived from plants, exhibit both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities, making them attractive candidates for further therapeutic development. These natural products, along with their saponin derivatives, show broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants (from Alpha to Omicron) via interactions with multiple targets, such as the spike protein, main protease (Mpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and inflammatory signaling pathways. This review consolidates recent findings on PTs and their saponins, emphasizing their influence on the key structural features required for inhibiting viral attachment, membrane fusion, reverse transcription, and protease function. We systematically summarized the structure–activity relationships and their antiviral results of PTs based on different target proteins in existing studies. Furthermore, this work points toward new strategies for designing multi-target PT-based inhibitors with improved efficacy against Omicron and future variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Drug Development)
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16 pages, 1551 KB  
Article
Host Response of Winter Wheat to the Causal Agents of Eyespot and Fungicide Resistance of the Pathogens
by Jana Palicová, Pavel Matušinsky, Simona Čejková, Alena Hanzalová, Veronika Dumalasová, Taťána Militká, Dominik Bleša and Jana Chrpová
Plants 2026, 15(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020285 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Eyespot is one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat in the Czech Republic. As part of a long-term study (2015–2024), the occurrence, population structure, and pathogenic variability of Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis were investigated. In total, 356 O. yallundae, [...] Read more.
Eyespot is one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat in the Czech Republic. As part of a long-term study (2015–2024), the occurrence, population structure, and pathogenic variability of Oculimacula yallundae and Oculimacula acuformis were investigated. In total, 356 O. yallundae, 24 O. acuformis, and 33 mixed cultures were collected and identified using PCR. The study also included small-plot inoculation trials (2022–2023) to assess the response of widely grown winter wheat cultivars. Disease severity was evaluated visually, pathogen DNA was quantified using qPCR, and the presence of the resistance gene Pch1 was determined with the STS marker Xorw1. In addition to these analyses, monitoring of fungicide resistance to two commonly used fungicides (fluxapyroxad and prothioconazole) was performed. The results showed significant differences among cultivars and seasons. Genotypes carrying Pch1—including Annie, Campesino, Illusion, KWS Donovan, LG Absalon, and Pallas—exhibited the lowest levels of infection, whereas Mercedes and Dagmar were the most susceptible. The qPCR reliably detected and distinguished both pathogens, with O. yallundae occurring at higher concentrations. Fungicide sensitivity testing revealed EC50 values (mean ± SD) of 0.09 ± 0.13 μg·mL−1 for fluxapyroxad and 0.30 ± 0.22 μg·mL−1 for prothioconazole, indicating that eyespot pathogens remain largely sensitive, with only minor signs of reduced sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Interactions Between Pathogenic Fungi and Host Plants)
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25 pages, 701 KB  
Article
Digital Technology for Cultural Experience: A Psychological Ownership Perspective on the Three-Path Model
by Yifei Gao, Shaowen Zhan and Dan Yuan
Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020962 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Digital technology is profoundly transforming the experiential landscape of tourism. However, its application does not necessarily produce cultural experiences, creating a critical bottleneck that constrains the sustainable development of the cultural tourism industry and broader societal culture. To address this gap, this study [...] Read more.
Digital technology is profoundly transforming the experiential landscape of tourism. However, its application does not necessarily produce cultural experiences, creating a critical bottleneck that constrains the sustainable development of the cultural tourism industry and broader societal culture. To address this gap, this study introduces psychological ownership theory as an overarching explanatory framework. It constructs and validates an integrated model that examines how digital technology characteristics (interactivity and innovativeness) influence cultural experience through three parallel mediating pathways: cognitive evaluation (perceived usefulness and ease of use), scenario construction, and flow experience. Based on 540 visitor questionnaires, structural equation modeling validated the theoretical model. Findings reveal that the interactivity and innovation of digital technology jointly stimulate visitors’ psychological ownership through three parallel pathways. Specifically, technological innovativeness exhibited the strongest effect on perceived ease of use (β = 0.387, p < 0.001), while the indirect effect via the flow experience path was also significant (effect size = 0.036). This process stimulates visitors’ psychological ownership, ultimately leading to cultural experiences. The study systematically reveals the pathways through which digital technology empowers cultural experiences across three dimensions: as a rational tool, an emotional narrative medium, and an intrinsic psychological catalyst. It highlights that strategically allocating technological resources to cultivate visitors’ psychological ownership is crucial for driving high-quality industrial development. Furthermore, the research offers significant implications for cultural sustainability, suggesting that such internally motivated identification provides a more effective foundation for the living transmission of culture and socio-cultural sustainability than external regulations or imposed norms. Full article
22 pages, 2589 KB  
Article
Optimal Bidding Strategy of Virtual Power Plant Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Electric Vehicles
by Honghui Zhang, Dejie Zhao, Hao Pan and Limin Jia
Energies 2026, 19(2), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020465 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs), virtual power plants (VPPs) have become a key mechanism for coordinating distributed energy resources and flexible loads to participate in electricity markets. However, the uncertainties of renewable generation and EV user behavior [...] Read more.
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs), virtual power plants (VPPs) have become a key mechanism for coordinating distributed energy resources and flexible loads to participate in electricity markets. However, the uncertainties of renewable generation and EV user behavior pose significant challenges to bidding strategies and real-time execution. This study proposes a two-stage optimal bidding strategy for VPPs by integrating vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. An aggregated EV schedulable-capacity model is established to characterize the time-varying charging and discharging capability boundaries of the EV fleet. A unified day-ahead and real-time optimization framework is further developed to ensure coordinated bidding and scheduling. Case studies on a modified IEEE-33 bus system demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly enhances renewable energy utilization and market revenues, validating the effectiveness of coordinated V2G operation and multi-type flexible load control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Power System Operation, Control, and Trading Considering Flexible Resources)
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17 pages, 2450 KB  
Article
Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Multi-Frequency MEMS Transducer for Photoacoustic Imaging
by Alberto Prud’homme and Frederic Nabki
Micromachines 2026, 17(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17010122 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
This work presents the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) ultrasonic transducers engineered for multi-frequency operation in photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The proposed devices integrate multiple resonant geometries, including circular diaphragms, floated crosses, anchored cross membranes, and cantilever arrays, within compact [...] Read more.
This work presents the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) ultrasonic transducers engineered for multi-frequency operation in photoacoustic imaging (PAI). The proposed devices integrate multiple resonant geometries, including circular diaphragms, floated crosses, anchored cross membranes, and cantilever arrays, within compact footprints to overcome the inherently narrow frequency response of conventional MEMS transducers. All devices were fabricated using the PiezoMUMPs commercial microfabrication process, with finite element simulations guiding modal optimization and laser Doppler vibrometry used for experimental validation in air. The circular diaphragm exhibited a narrowband response with a dominant resonance at 1.69 MHz and a quality factor (Q) of 268, confirming the bandwidth limitations of traditional geometries. In contrast, complex designs such as the floated cross and cantilever arrays achieved significantly broader spectral responses, with resonances spanning from 275 kHz to beyond 7.5 MHz. The cantilever array, with systematically varied arm lengths, achieved the highest modal density through asynchronous activation across the spectrum. Results demonstrate that structurally diverse MEMS devices can overcome the bandwidth constraints of traditional piezoelectric transducers. The integration of heterogeneous MEMS geometries offers a viable approach for broadband sensitivity in PAI, enabling improved spatial resolution and depth selectivity without compromising miniaturization or manufacturability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS and NEMS Sensors: Innovations, Applications, and Future Directions in Micro/Nano Technologies)
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42 pages, 3816 KB  
Article
Dynamic Decision-Making for Resource Collaboration in Complex Computing Networks: A Differential Game and Intelligent Optimization Approach
by Cai Qi and Zibin Zhang
Mathematics 2026, 14(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14020320 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
End–edge–cloud collaboration enables significant improvements in system resource utilization by integrating heterogeneous resources while ensuring application-level quality of service (QoS). However, achieving efficient collaborative decision-making in such architectures poses critical challenges within dynamic and complex computing network environments, including dynamic resource allocation, incentive [...] Read more.
End–edge–cloud collaboration enables significant improvements in system resource utilization by integrating heterogeneous resources while ensuring application-level quality of service (QoS). However, achieving efficient collaborative decision-making in such architectures poses critical challenges within dynamic and complex computing network environments, including dynamic resource allocation, incentive alignment between cloud and edge entities, and multi-objective optimization. To address these issues, this paper proposes a dynamic resource optimization framework for complex cloud–edge collaborative networks, decomposing the problem into two hierarchical decision schemes: cloud-level coordination and edge-side coordination, thereby achieving adaptive resource orchestration across the End–edge–cloud continuum. Furthermore, leveraging differential game theory, we model the dynamic resource allocation and cooperation incentives between cloud and edge nodes, and derive a feedback Nash equilibrium to maximize the overall system utility, effectively resolving the inherent conflicts of interest in cloud–edge collaboration. Additionally, we formulate a joint optimization model for energy consumption and latency, and propose an Improved Discrete Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (IDAHA) to achieve an optimal trade-off between these competing objectives, addressing the challenge of multi-objective coordination from the user perspective. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods exhibit superior performance in multi-objective optimization, incentive alignment, and dynamic resource decision-making, significantly enhancing the adaptability and collaborative efficiency of complex cloud–edge networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Analysis and Decision-Making in Complex Networks)
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21 pages, 2122 KB  
Article
Pareto Local Search Guided by Archive Entropy
by Shuangshuang Yao, Le Zhang, Zhiming Dong, Qingqing Liu and Xianpeng Wang
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020964 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Pareto local search (PLS) serves as an important component in multi-objective combinatorial optimization. Nevertheless, achieving a balance between convergence and diversity remains a challenge, as few studies have leveraged knowledge from the search archive to effectively guide the PLS process. This paper proposes [...] Read more.
Pareto local search (PLS) serves as an important component in multi-objective combinatorial optimization. Nevertheless, achieving a balance between convergence and diversity remains a challenge, as few studies have leveraged knowledge from the search archive to effectively guide the PLS process. This paper proposes an archive entropy-guided Pareto local search algorithm (AEG-PLS). In the proposed method, the objective space is partitioned into subregions using a set of reference vectors. The archive entropy is then computed for each subregion to assess population diversity. To enhance diversity in less explored areas, a PLS is initiated using a well-performing solution selected from the subregion with the lowest entropy, thus indicating the weakest diversity. This approach promotes a more balanced trade-off between convergence and diversity throughout the optimization process. Experimental results on 25 multi-objective combinatorial optimization benchmark instances demonstrate that the proposed AEG-PLS achieves competitive performance in terms of both Inverted Generational Distance and Hypervolume metrics when compared to nine state-of-the-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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10 pages, 540 KB  
Review
Not All Patients Need a CT When the Appendix Is Not Seen on Ultrasound: A Scoping Review
by Ali Ramji, Justin J. Y. Kim, Gavin Low, Karim Samji and Mitchell P. Wilson
Diagnostics 2026, 16(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16020304 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objective: Recent North American guidelines suggest that CT is indicated for further evaluation where ultrasound (US) is negative, although the negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound in adult patients when the appendix is not seen remains unclear. To assess the negative predictive [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Recent North American guidelines suggest that CT is indicated for further evaluation where ultrasound (US) is negative, although the negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound in adult patients when the appendix is not seen remains unclear. To assess the negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound in adult patients when the appendix is not seen. Methods: A scoping review of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed from inception to 13 May 2025 using PRISMA-ScR guidelines to identify studies evaluating the outcome of adult patients where the appendix is not seen on ultrasound, with preference for studies where there were no secondary signs of acute appendicitis (right lower quadrant free fluid, abscess, ileus, echogenic fat or regional lymphadenopathy). Original studies with at least 10 patients were included in the review. The reference standard included a combination of clinical follow-up, CT and/or pathology. Data synthesis was provided as a qualitative review of the existing literature. Results: Six studies were included in the review. The number of included patients range from 12 to 179 with a mean age of 29–38 years. Few studies reported the patient BMI. NPVs ranged from 80 to 90% for all indeterminate ultrasounds and 83 to 95% for studies where secondary signs of appendicitis were excluded (90 to 95% when non-surgical reference standards were included). Two studies reported NPVs of 96–100% when the pre-test probability was low. Conclusions: The NPV of indeterminate ultrasound for adult patients with right lower quadrant pain and no secondary signs of appendicitis is likely ≥90%. When combined with a low clinical suspicion, the NPV is likely >95%. The appropriateness of a subsequent CT indication when the appendix is not visualized on ultrasound should be determined on an individualized basis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnosis of Digestive Diseases)
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16 pages, 255 KB  
Article
Beyond Heideggerian Gelassenheit and Lichtungen: Christian Thought in Terrence Malick’s The Thin Red Line
by Sixto J. Castro
Religions 2026, 17(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17010110 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
The Thin Red Line is a film by Terrence Malick that is usually read in a Heideggerian key, due precisely to the intellectual formation of the author, who was a professor of phenomenology and translator of Heidegger before becoming a filmmaker. However, read [...] Read more.
The Thin Red Line is a film by Terrence Malick that is usually read in a Heideggerian key, due precisely to the intellectual formation of the author, who was a professor of phenomenology and translator of Heidegger before becoming a filmmaker. However, read in the light of some of his later works, it can be seen as an oblique preamble for the manifest theism that The Tree of Life and A Hidden Life, two manifestly 21st-century religious films, unfold. In The Thin Red Line, Malick gives cinematographic form to some Heideggerian concepts in order to go beyond Heideggerian post-Christian philosophy and make the viewers adopt a mystical gaze that allows them to contemplate creation from a point of view that is neither utilitarian nor technical, but rather characterised by the perspective of Gelassenheit. A religious reading of this Heideggerian idea allows access to Heidegger’s source, which is Meister Eckhart, who is as present in Malick’s film(s) as Heideggerian philosophy itself. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion and Film in the 21st Century: Perspectives and Challenges)
17 pages, 2609 KB  
Article
Design of a CMOS Self-Bootstrapping Rectifier with Latch-Up Protection for Wireless Power Harvesting Systems
by Muh-Tian Shiue, Yu-Fan Lo and Cihun-Siyong Alex Gong
Electronics 2026, 15(2), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020415 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
This study, based on the specifications of implantable medical devices for wireless power transfer, presents a bootstrap-comparator rectifier circuit design characterized by high voltage conversion efficiency, high power conversion efficiency, and improved reliability. The design is implemented using a 0.18 µm process to [...] Read more.
This study, based on the specifications of implantable medical devices for wireless power transfer, presents a bootstrap-comparator rectifier circuit design characterized by high voltage conversion efficiency, high power conversion efficiency, and improved reliability. The design is implemented using a 0.18 µm process to achieve superior VCE and PCE performance. The input signal is a 2 MHz, 3.3 V sine wave, producing an output voltage of 2.94 V with a maximum operating current of 5 mA. At an output load of RL=8kΩ, the maximum voltage conversion efficiency (VCE) reaches 89.02%, while the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 84.73% at RL=500Ω. The temperature rise (ΔT) is 0.22–0.45∘C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Power Electronics: Prospects and Challenges)
23 pages, 3117 KB  
Article
Targeting Infected Host Cell Heme Metabolism to Kill Malaria Parasites
by Faiza A. Siddiqui, Swamy R. Adapa, Xiaolian Li, Jun Miao, Liwang Cui and Rays H. Y. Jiang
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010167 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Malaria remains a major global health burden, increasingly complicated by resistance to artemisinin-based therapies. Because artemisinin activation depends on heme and porphyrin chemistry, we sought to exploit host red blood cell (RBC) heme metabolism as a therapeutic vulnerability. This study aims [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Malaria remains a major global health burden, increasingly complicated by resistance to artemisinin-based therapies. Because artemisinin activation depends on heme and porphyrin chemistry, we sought to exploit host red blood cell (RBC) heme metabolism as a therapeutic vulnerability. This study aims to develop and evaluate a host-directed “bait-and-kill” strategy that selectively sensitizes malaria-infected RBCs to artemisinin. Methods: We integrated quantitative proteomics, erythropoiesis transcriptomic analyses, flow cytometry, and in vitro malaria culture assays to characterize heme metabolism in mature RBCs and Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs (iRBCs). The heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was used to induce porphyrin accumulation, and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was applied as the killing agent. Drug synergy, porphyrin accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, and parasite survival were assessed, including ring-stage survival assays using artemisinin-resistant clinical isolates. Results: Mature RBCs retain a truncated heme biosynthesis pathway capable of accumulating porphyrin intermediates, while uninfected RBCs are impermeable to ALA. In contrast, iRBCs exhibit increased membrane permeability, allowing selective ALA uptake and porphyrin accumulation. ALA alone did not induce cytotoxicity or ROS, whereas DHA induced ROS and parasite killing. The ALA + DHA combination resulted in synergistic parasite elimination, including complete clearance of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates from the Greater Mekong Subregion, with no recrudescence observed over three weeks of culture. Evidence supports a predominant role for host-derived heme metabolites in mediating this synergy. Conclusions: The bait-and-kill strategy selectively exploits host RBC heme metabolism to restore and enhance artemisinin efficacy while sparing uninfected cells. Using clinically safe compounds, this host-directed approach provides a promising, resistance-bypassing framework for malaria treatment and combination drug development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Therapies)
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15 pages, 5795 KB  
Article
Identification and Analysis of the Terpene Synthases (TPS) Gene Family in Camellia Based on Pan-Genome
by Renjie Yin, Haibin Liu, Shanyuanrui Lin, Zhuolin Li, Linna Ma and Peng Liu
Genes 2026, 17(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17010094 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Terpenes are major determinants of tea aroma, and terpene synthases (TPSs) catalyze key steps in terpenoid biosynthesis. To capture gene-family variation beyond a single reference, we performed a pan-genome–based analysis of TPS genes across nine Camellia genomes (three wild tea relatives and six [...] Read more.
Terpenes are major determinants of tea aroma, and terpene synthases (TPSs) catalyze key steps in terpenoid biosynthesis. To capture gene-family variation beyond a single reference, we performed a pan-genome–based analysis of TPS genes across nine Camellia genomes (three wild tea relatives and six cultivated Camellia sinensis accessions) and integrated pan-transcriptome profiling across eight tissues. We identified 381 TPS genes; wild species contained more TPSs than cultivated accessions (mean 58.3 vs. 34.3), suggesting a putative contraction. Phylogenetic analysis with Arabidopsis TPSs classified Camellia TPSs into five subfamilies, dominated by TPS-b (149) and TPS-a (140), whereas TPS-c was rare (8). Gene-structure and physicochemical analyses revealed marked subfamily divergence, with TPS-c showing highly conserved coding-region length. Orthology clustering assigned 355 TPSs to 19 orthogroups, including five core groups (190 genes, 53.5%) and 14 dispensable groups (165 genes, 46.5%); core/non-core status was significantly associated with subfamily composition. Tandem and proximal duplication contributed most to TPS expansion (29.4% and 29.1%), and all orthogroups exhibited copy-number variation, with pronounced lineage-specific expansions. Ka/Ks analyses indicated pervasive purifying selection (median 0.516) but heterogeneous constraints among subfamilies. Finally, cultivated tea showed higher TPS expression in most tissues, especially mature leaf and stem, and TPS-g displayed the broadest and strongest expression. Together, these results provide a pan-genome resource for Camellia TPSs and highlight how domestication, duplication, and CNV shape terpene-related genetic diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)
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23 pages, 5602 KB  
Article
Effects of Soil Structure Degradation and Rainfall Patterns on Red Clay Slope Stability: Insights from a Combined Field-Laboratory-Numerical Study in Yunnan Province
by Jianbo Xu, Shibing Huang, Jiawei Zhai, Yanzi Sun, Hao Li, Jianjun Song, Ping Jiang and Yi Luo
Buildings 2026, 16(2), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020389 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
Rainfall-induced failures in red clay slopes are common, yet the coupled influence of soil structure degradation and rainfall temporal patterns on slope hydromechanical behavior remains poorly understood. This study advances the understanding by investigating a cut slope failure in Yunnan through integrated field [...] Read more.
Rainfall-induced failures in red clay slopes are common, yet the coupled influence of soil structure degradation and rainfall temporal patterns on slope hydromechanical behavior remains poorly understood. This study advances the understanding by investigating a cut slope failure in Yunnan through integrated field monitoring, laboratory testing, and numerical modeling. Key advancements include: (1) elucidating the coupled effect of structure degradation on both shear strength reduction and hydraulic conductivity alteration; (2) systematically quantifying the impact of rainfall temporal patterns beyond total rainfall; and (3) providing a mechanistic explanation for the critical role of early-peak rainfall. Mechanical and hydrological parameters were obtained from intact and remolded samples, with soil-water retention estimated via pedotransfer functions. A hydro-mechanical finite element model of the slope was constructed and calibrated using recorded rainfall, displacement data and failure surface. Six simulation scenarios were designed by combining three strength conditions (intact at natural water content, intact at saturation, remolded at natural water content) with two hydraulic conductivity values (intact vs. remolded). Additionally, four synthetic rainfall patterns, including uniform, peak-increasing, peak-decaying and bell-shaped rainfall, were simulated to evaluate their influence on pore water pressure development and slope stability. Results show remolding reduced hydraulic conductivity 4.7-fold, slowing wetting front advance and increasing shallow pore water pressure. Intact soil facilitated deeper drainage, elevating pressure near the soil-rock interface. Strength reduction induced by structure degradation (water saturating and remolding) enlarged the slope deformation zone by 1.5 times under same hydraulic conductivity. Simulations using saturated intact strength best matched field observations. The results from this specific slope indicate that strength parameters primarily control stability, while permeability affects deformation depth. Simulations considering different rainfall patterns indicate that slope stability depends more critically on the temporal distribution of rainfall intensity than on the total amount. Overall, peak-decaying rainfall led to the most rapid rise in pore water pressure, earliest instability and lowest failure rainfall threshold, whereas peak-increasing rainfall showed the opposite trends. Our findings outline a practical framework for assessing red clay slope stability during rainfall. This framework recommends using saturated intact strength parameters in stability analysis. It highlights the important influence of rainfall temporal patterns, especially those with an early peak, on failure timing and rainfall threshold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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14 pages, 14186 KB  
Article
Efficient and Spatially Aware 3D Gaussian Splatting for Compact Large-Scale Scene Reconstruction
by Hao Luo, Zhituo Tu, Jialei He and Jie Yuan
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020965 (registering DOI) - 17 Jan 2026
Abstract
While 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has significantly advanced large-scale 3D reconstruction and novel view synthesis, it still suffers from high memory consumption and slow training speed. To address these issues without compromising reconstruction quality, we propose a novel 3DGS-based framework tailored for large-scale [...] Read more.
While 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has significantly advanced large-scale 3D reconstruction and novel view synthesis, it still suffers from high memory consumption and slow training speed. To address these issues without compromising reconstruction quality, we propose a novel 3DGS-based framework tailored for large-scale scenes. Specifically, we introduce a visibility-aware camera selection strategy within a divide-and-conquer training approach to dynamically adjust the number of input views for each sub-region. During training, a spatially aware densification strategy is employed to improve the reconstruction of distant objects, complemented by depth regularization to refine geometric details. Moreover, we apply an enhanced Gaussian pruning method to re-evaluate the importance of each Gaussian, prune redundant Gaussians with low contributions, and improve efficiency while reducing memory usage. Experiments on multiple large-scale scene datasets demonstrate that our approach achieves superior performance in both quality and efficiency. With its robustness and scalability, our method shows great potential for real-world applications such as autonomous driving, digital twins, urban mapping, and virtual reality content creation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Autonomous Marine Vehicles (AMVs): Emerging Technologies and Applications)
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