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12 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Chronic Leptospirosis in a Breeding Bull: A Case Report

by Gabrita De Zan, Antonio Carminato, Monia Cocchi, Giacomo Catarin, Irene Pascuci, Laura Lucchese, Laura Bellinati, Letizia Ceglie, Elisa Mazzotta, Mario D’Incau, Martina Ustulin, Laura Grassi and Alda Natale

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071695 (registering DOI) - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a (re-)emerging and global zoonotic disease. Given the complex host-pathogen interaction and the numerous environmental risk factors related to the transmission, a One Health approach to both disease prevention and control is needed. Occurring at the human–cattle–environment interfaces, bovine leptospirosis represents [...] Read more.

Leptospirosis is a (re-)emerging and global zoonotic disease. Given the complex host-pathogen interaction and the numerous environmental risk factors related to the transmission, a One Health approach to both disease prevention and control is needed. Occurring at the human–cattle–environment interfaces, bovine leptospirosis represents a zoonotic risk for the professionals in the field, besides being a potential cause of significant economic losses due to the bovine reproductive disorders. Although climatic change is a potential factor in exacerbating the risk of leptospirosis in Europe, this disease remains largely neglected, with several knowledge gaps in research, investigations, and diagnosis of bovine genital leptospirosis syndrome across the continent. The present report describes the results of the diagnostic investigations on a case of chronic bovine leptospirosis in a breeding bull. Following the seroconversion to Leptospira Sejroe var Hardjo after the arrival of the animal in a quarantine facility, a monitoring plan including both serological/molecular analyses and a therapeutic protocol was undertaken. The bull exhibited a persistent seroconversion and a repeated positivity for Leptospira to real-time PCR in urine samples, indicative of a chronic shedder pattern. This report emphasizes the diagnostic and management challenges in the context of such a complex but frequently overlooked disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Research on Leptospira and Leptospirosis)

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23 pages, 2903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Casson Fluid Saturated Non-Darcy Mixed Bio-Convective Flow over Inclined Surface with Heat Generation and Convective Effects

by Nayema Islam Nima, Mohammed Abdul Hannan, Jahangir Alam and Rifat Ara Rouf

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072295 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the complex dynamics of mixed convective flow in a Casson fluid saturated in a non-Darcy porous medium, focusing on the influence of gyrotactic microorganisms, internal heat generation, and multiple convective mechanisms. Casson fluids, known for their non-Newtonian behavior, are relevant [...] Read more.

This paper explores the complex dynamics of mixed convective flow in a Casson fluid saturated in a non-Darcy porous medium, focusing on the influence of gyrotactic microorganisms, internal heat generation, and multiple convective mechanisms. Casson fluids, known for their non-Newtonian behavior, are relevant in various industrial and biological contexts where traditional fluid models are insufficient. This study addresses the limitations of the standard Darcy’s law by examining non-Darcy flow, which accounts for nonlinear inertial effects in porous media. The governing equations, derived from conservation laws, are transformed into a system of no linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. These ODEs are solved numerically using a finite differencing method that incorporates central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and iterative procedures to ensure accuracy across various convective regimes. The reliability of this method is confirmed through validation with the MATLAB (R2024b) bvp4c scheme. The investigation analyzes the impact of key parameters (such as the Casson fluid parameter, Darcy number, Biot numbers, and heat generation) on velocity, temperature, and microorganism concentration profiles. This study reveals that the Casson fluid parameter significantly improves the velocity, concentration, and motile microorganism profiles while decreasing the temperature profile. Additionally, the Biot number is shown to considerably increase the concentration and dispersion of motile microorganisms, as well as the heat transfer rate. The findings provide valuable insights into non-Newtonian fluid behavior in porous environments, with applications in bioengineering, environmental remediation, and energy systems, such as bioreactor design and geothermal energy extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Modeling, Simulation and Computation on Dynamics of Complex Fluids)

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15 pages, 2714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Hypertension Interaction Research Published from 2001 to 2024

by Jianhui Mo, Wanghong Su, Jiale Qin, Jiayu Feng, Rong Yu, Shaoru Li, Jia Lv, Rui Dong, Yue Cheng and Bei Han

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071696 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of literature is imperative to elucidate current research landscapes and hotspots in the interplay between gut microbiota and hypertension, identify knowledge gaps, and establish theoretical foundations for the future. We used publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core [...] Read more.

A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of literature is imperative to elucidate current research landscapes and hotspots in the interplay between gut microbiota and hypertension, identify knowledge gaps, and establish theoretical foundations for the future. We used publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and SCOPUS databases (January 2001–December 2024) to analyze the annual publication trends with GraphPad Prism 9.5.1, to evaluate co-authorship, keywords clusters, and co-citation patterns with VOSviewer 1.6.20, and conducted keyword burst detection and keyword co-occurrence utilizing CiteSpace v6.4.1. We have retrieved 2485 relevant publications published over the past 24 years. A 481-fold increase in global annual publications in this field was observed. China was identified as the most productive country, while the United States demonstrated the highest research impact. For the contributor, Yang Tao (University of Toledo, USA) and the University of Florida (USA) have emerged as the most influential contributors. Among journals, the highest number of articles was published in Nutrients (n = 135), which also achieved the highest citation count (n = 5397). The emergence of novel research hotspots was indicated by high-frequency keywords, mainly “hypertensive disorders of pregnancy”, “mendelian randomization”, “gut-heart axis”, and “hepatitis B virus”. “Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)” and “receptor” may represent promising new research frontiers in the gut microbiota–hypertension nexus. The current research trends are shifting from exploring the factors influencing gut microbiota and hypertension to understanding the underlying mechanisms of these factors and the potential therapeutic applications of microbial modulation for hypertension management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet and Nutrition on Gut Microbiota)

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14 pages, 4899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Receiver Antenna Prepared Based on Conformal Printing and Its Wearable System

by Qian Zhu, Wenjie Zhang, Wencheng Zhu, Chao Wu and Jianping Shi

Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4488; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144488 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Microwave energy is ideal for wearable devices due to its stable wireless power transfer capabilities. However, rigid receiving antennas in conventional RF energy harvesters compromise wearability. This study presents a wearable system using a flexible dual-band antenna (915 MHz/2.45 GHz) fabricated via conformal [...] Read more.

Microwave energy is ideal for wearable devices due to its stable wireless power transfer capabilities. However, rigid receiving antennas in conventional RF energy harvesters compromise wearability. This study presents a wearable system using a flexible dual-band antenna (915 MHz/2.45 GHz) fabricated via conformal 3D printing on arm-mimicking curvatures, minimizing bending-induced performance loss. A hybrid microstrip–lumped element rectifier circuit enhances energy conversion efficiency. Tested with commercial 915 MHz transmitters and Wi-Fi routers, the system consistently delivers 3.27–3.31 V within an operational range, enabling continuous power supply for real-time physiological monitoring (e.g., pulse detection) and data transmission. This work demonstrates a practical solution for sustainable energy harvesting in flexible wearables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Sensors in Medical Diagnostics and Rehabilitation)

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Graphical abstract

21 pages, 1656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Profiling of Desiccation Response in Recalcitrant Quercus acutissima Seeds

by Haiyan Chen, Fenghou Shi, Boqiang Tong, Yizeng Lu and Yongbao Shen

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071738 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Quercus acutissima seeds exhibit high desiccation sensitivity, posing significant challenges for long-term preservation. This study investigates the physiological and metabolic responses of soluble osmoprotectants—particularly soluble proteins and proline—during the desiccation process. Seeds were sampled at three critical moisture content levels: 38.8%, 26.8%, and [...] Read more.

Quercus acutissima seeds exhibit high desiccation sensitivity, posing significant challenges for long-term preservation. This study investigates the physiological and metabolic responses of soluble osmoprotectants—particularly soluble proteins and proline—during the desiccation process. Seeds were sampled at three critical moisture content levels: 38.8%, 26.8%, and 14.8%, corresponding to approximately 99%, 52%, and 0% germination, respectively. We measured germination ability, soluble protein content, and proline accumulation, and we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling using LC-MS. Soluble protein levels increased early but declined later during desiccation, while proline levels continuously increased for sustained osmotic adjustment. Metabolomics analysis identified a total of 2802 metabolites, with phenylpropanoids and polyketides (31.12%) and lipids and lipid-like molecules (29.05%) being the most abundant. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed metabolites were mainly enriched in key pathways such as amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. Notably, most amino acids decreased in content, except for proline, which showed an increasing trend. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, especially citric acid and isocitric acid, showed significantly decreased levels, indicating energy metabolism imbalance due to uncoordinated consumption without effective replenishment. The reductions in key amino acids such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid further reflected metabolic network disruption. In summary, Q. acutissima seeds fail to establish an effective desiccation tolerance mechanism. The loss of soluble protein-based protection, limited capacity for proline-mediated osmotic regulation, and widespread metabolic disruption collectively lead to irreversible cellular damage. These findings highlight the inherent metabolic vulnerabilities of recalcitrant seeds and suggest potential preservation strategies, such as supplementing critical metabolites (e.g., TCA intermediates) during storage to delay metabolic collapse and mitigate desiccation-induced damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

20 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Economic Security for Building Disaster-Resilient Communities in Vulnerable Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

by Md. Rasheduzzaman, Md. Shamsuzzoha, Abu Saleh Md. Ifat Istiak, Md. Jashim Uddin, Kamrunnahar Ishana, Mohammad Kabirul Islam, Rajib Shaw and Kentaka Aruga

Reg. Sci. Environ. Econ. 2025, 2(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/rsee2030019 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

The present study was conducted in Dacope Upazila, a sub-district located within the Khulna District of the coastal region in Bangladesh. The research methods employed included the implementation of 350 household questionnaire surveys (HQSs), 12 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 20 key informant [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted in Dacope Upazila, a sub-district located within the Khulna District of the coastal region in Bangladesh. The research methods employed included the implementation of 350 household questionnaire surveys (HQSs), 12 focus group discussions (FGDs), and 20 key informant interviews (KIIs) to assess economic security status in disaster-vulnerable areas. The findings indicate that the economic well-being of the region is precarious due to a paucity of revenue sources and the occurrence of various calamitous events, induced risks, and vulnerabilities. To achieve long-term economic security for households, a considerable proportion of the population (approximately 22%) in the study areas is dependent on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. The study also revealed that approximately 22% of households in the study areas reported experiencing salinity intrusion. Furthermore, most of the households, around 68%, reported cyclones as their primary obstacle to building disaster-resilient communities. Consequently, the prevailing local and institutional strategies to ensure economic security were found to be inadequate and unsustainable in the study upazila. Therefore, the study resulted in the formulation of a conceptual framework intended to measure the contribution of economic security to the adaptability and sustainability of disaster-resilient communities in vulnerable coastal areas of Bangladesh. Full article

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14 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Availability of Hydropressor Systems: Redundancy and Multiple Failure Modes

by Ricardo Enguiça and Sérgio Lopes

AppliedMath 2025, 5(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5030094 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hydropressor systems are of paramount importance in keeping water supplies running properly. A typical such device consists of two (or more) identical electropumps operating alternately, so as to avoid downtime as much as possible. We consider a dual pump configuration to identify the [...] Read more.

Hydropressor systems are of paramount importance in keeping water supplies running properly. A typical such device consists of two (or more) identical electropumps operating alternately, so as to avoid downtime as much as possible. We consider a dual pump configuration to identify the ideal usage proportion of each pump (from 0%-100%, meaning interchange only upon failure, to 50%-50%, where each pump works half the time) in order to improve availability, accounting solely for corrective maintenance. We also address the possibility of improving the availability of a single pump under the hazard of failure in three different ways (with their own occurrence frequencies), while also accounting for preventive maintenance. Both settings are tackled through Monte Carlo simulation and the models are implemented with the Python 3.12 programming language. The results indicate that significant improvements to standard industry practices can be made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Control for Solving Optimization Problems)

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10 pages, 900 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Isoforms of Ral Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Stimulator (RalGDS) in LLC-PK1 Cells

by Jingze Song, Na Li, Xinze Dong, Jianping Xie, Hongqiao Lai, Hengzhi Zhu, Kongwang He, Libin Wen, Sizhu Suolang and Qi Xiao

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(7), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47070566 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the isoforms of porcine-origin Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RalGDS) in LLC-PK1 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Through segmented amplification, sequence assembly, and comparative genomics analysis, seven RalGDS isoforms were identified, characterized by insertions, deletions, and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the isoforms of porcine-origin Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RalGDS) in LLC-PK1 cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Through segmented amplification, sequence assembly, and comparative genomics analysis, seven RalGDS isoforms were identified, characterized by insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations. These genetic variations may significantly alter RalGDS’s protein structure and function, potentially impacting its role in Ral GTPase-mediated signaling pathways. This work provides foundational insights into the genetic diversity of porcine RalGDS and its implications for porcine physiology and economically significant traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

23 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Problem for a Time-Dependent Source in Distributed-Order Time-Space Fractional Diffusion Equations

by Yushan Li and Huimin Wang

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(7), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9070468 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the problem of identifying a time-dependent source term in distributed-order time-space fractional diffusion equations (FDEs) based on boundary observation data. Firstly, the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the solution to the direct problem are proved. Using the regularity of the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the problem of identifying a time-dependent source term in distributed-order time-space fractional diffusion equations (FDEs) based on boundary observation data. Firstly, the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the solution to the direct problem are proved. Using the regularity of the solution and a Gronwall inequality with a weakly singular kernel, the uniqueness and stability estimates of the solution to the inverse problem are obtained. Subsequently, the inverse source problem is transformed into a minimization problem of a functional using the Tikhonov regularization method, and an approximate solution is obtained by the conjugate gradient method. Numerical experiments confirm that the method provides both accurate and robust results. Full article

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34 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Communication and Migration Perceptions Using Machine Learning: A Feature-Based Approach

by Andrés Tirado-Espín, Ana Marcillo-Vera, Karen Cáceres-Benítez, Diego Almeida-Galárraga, Nathaly Orozco Garzón, Jefferson Alexander Moreno Guaicha and Henry Carvajal Mora

Journal. Media 2025, 6(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6030112 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Public attitudes toward immigration in Spain are influenced by media narratives, individual traits, and emotional responses. This study examines how portrayals of Arab and African immigrants may be associated with emotional and attitudinal variation. We address three questions: (1) How are different types [...] Read more.

Public attitudes toward immigration in Spain are influenced by media narratives, individual traits, and emotional responses. This study examines how portrayals of Arab and African immigrants may be associated with emotional and attitudinal variation. We address three questions: (1) How are different types of media coverage and social environments linked to emotional reactions? (2) What emotions are most frequently associated with these portrayals? and (3) How do political orientation and media exposure relate to changes in perception? A pre/post media exposure survey was conducted with 130 Spanish university students. Machine learning models (decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine) were used to classify attitudes and identify predictive features. Emotional variables such as fear and happiness, as well as perceptions of media clarity and bias, emerged as key features in classification models. Political orientation and prior media experience were also linked to variation in responses. These findings suggest that emotional and contextual factors may be relevant in understanding public perceptions of immigration. The use of interpretable models contributes to a nuanced analysis of media influence and highlights the value of transparent computational approaches in migration research. Full article

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26 pages, 2819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Predictive Functional Control for Quadrotor Flight Systems

by Kai Masuda and Kenji Uchiyama

Drones 2025, 9(7), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070506 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Predictive Functional Control (PFC) has a control structure similar to Model Predictive Control (MPC), determining control inputs by predicting future states using a motion model. However, PFC does not require solving a quadratic programming problem for every control loop like MPC. This feature [...] Read more.

Predictive Functional Control (PFC) has a control structure similar to Model Predictive Control (MPC), determining control inputs by predicting future states using a motion model. However, PFC does not require solving a quadratic programming problem for every control loop like MPC. This feature enables PFC to be implemented in small-scale systems such as actuators, where embedding a high-performance computer is difficult. However, similar to MPC, there are concerns with PFC regarding control performance degradation due to incorrect predictions of future states in environments affected by modeling errors and disturbances. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel method that employs robustness, Robust Predictive Functional Control (RPFC). The proposed RPFC method was applied to a quadrotor flight control system, and its effectiveness was verified through numerical simulations. Specifically, the control performance of RPFC under disturbance conditions was compared with that of conventional PFC, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Design, Manufacturing, and Dynamics of Complex Systems)

13 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Preliminary Investigation of the Efficacy of Far-Infrared-Emitting Garments in Enhancing Objective and Subjective Recovery Following Resistance Exercise

by Jonathon R. Lever, Cara Ocobock, Valerie Smith-Hale, Casey J. Metoyer, Alan Huebner, John P. Wagle and Jonathan D. Hauenstein

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030280 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of far-infrared (FIR) garments in enhancing recovery following resistance exercise in recreationally active individuals. Methods: Ten recreationally active adults (six females, four males; aged 20.7 ± 3.2 years) completed a resistance exercise protocol and were [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of far-infrared (FIR) garments in enhancing recovery following resistance exercise in recreationally active individuals. Methods: Ten recreationally active adults (six females, four males; aged 20.7 ± 3.2 years) completed a resistance exercise protocol and were randomly selected to wear either FIR (n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) tights post-exercise. The FIR garments incorporated Celliant-based fibers emitting wavelengths in the 2.5–20 µm range. The participants’ recovery was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics, including their jump height, takeoff velocity, and modified reactive strength index (mRSI), along with their fatigue biomarkers and subjective recovery perceptions. The CMJ performance was tested immediately post-exercise and at 24 and 48 h. Results: The FIR garments led to significant improvements in neuromuscular recovery, with greater increases in the jump height, takeoff velocity, and mRSI observed at 48 h post-exercise (p < 0.05). Notably, the mRSI showed earlier improvements at 24 h. The fatigue biomarkers did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05), suggesting localized rather than systemic recovery effects. The participants in the FIR group reported faster subjective recovery, with a readiness to resume activity perceived within 48 h, compared to slower recovery in the placebo group. Conclusions: FIR garments may enhance neuromuscular recovery and subjective recovery perceptions following resistance exercise, likely by improving the peripheral blood flow, metabolic clearance, and tissue oxygenation. These findings suggest that FIR garments may be effective in enhancing both neuromuscular and perceived recovery following resistance exercise, supporting their potential use as a post-exercise recovery tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

10 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reading as Resistance: Dialectics of Passivity and Agency in Cortázar’s Short Fiction

by Santiago Juan-Navarro

Literature 2025, 5(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/literature5030017 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article re-examines Julio Cortázar’s “Continuity of Parks” (1956) and “Instructions for John Howell” (1963) through the lens of reader-response theory, hermeneutics, and cognitive narratology. Traditionally viewed as examples of the fantastic, these stories are interpreted here as complementary explorations of [...] Read more.

This article re-examines Julio Cortázar’s “Continuity of Parks” (1956) and “Instructions for John Howell” (1963) through the lens of reader-response theory, hermeneutics, and cognitive narratology. Traditionally viewed as examples of the fantastic, these stories are interpreted here as complementary explorations of passive and active reading, offering a literary dialectic that parallels the reflections articulated in Cortázar’s Rayuela [Hopscotch] (1963). Drawing on Wolfgang Iser’s theories of textual gaps and reader cooperation, Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of appropriation, and more recent approaches to cognitive immersion and narrative engagement, this study argues that both stories dramatize reading as an ethical and political act. “Continuity of Parks” illustrates the dangers of uncritical textual consumption, culminating in the protagonist’s epistemic and existential annihilation, while “Instructions for John Howell” presents a model of insurgent readership, where the spectator’s appropriation of the play foregrounds the risks and possibilities of narrative intervention. By analyzing the use of metalepsis, destabilized focalization, and narrative layering in these stories, this article highlights how Cortázar anticipates contemporary concerns regarding reader agency, interpretive autonomy, and the sociopolitical implications of literary engagement. Full article

20 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Crop Load Management on Berry and Wine Composition of Marselan Grapes

by Jianrong Kai, Jing Zhang, Caiyan Wang, Fang Wang, Xiangyu Sun, Tingting Ma, Qian Ge and Zehua Xu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070851 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the crop load on the berry and wine composition of Marselan grapes. Thus, the appropriate crop load for Marselan wine grapes in Ningxia was determined based on the shoot density and the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the crop load on the berry and wine composition of Marselan grapes. Thus, the appropriate crop load for Marselan wine grapes in Ningxia was determined based on the shoot density and the number of clusters per shoot. Marselan grapes from the Gezi Mountain vineyard, located at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in the Qingtongxia region of Ningxia, were selected as the research material to conduct a combination experiment with four levels of shoot density and three levels of cluster density. The analysis of the berry and wine chemical composition was combined with a wine sensory evaluation to determine the optimal crop load levels. Crop load regulation significantly affected both the grape berry composition and the basic physicochemical properties of the resulting wine. Low crop loads improved metrics such as the berry weight and soluble solids content. A low shoot density facilitated the accumulation of organic acids, flavonols, and hydroxybenzoic acids in wine. Moderate crop loads were conducive to anthocyanin synthesis—the total individual anthocyanins content in the 10–20 shoots per meter of the canopy treatment group ranged from 116% to 490% of the control group—whereas excessive crop loads hindered its accumulation. Crop load management significantly influenced the aroma composition of wine by regulating the content of sugars, nitrogen sources, and organic acids in grape berries, thereby promoting the synthesis of esters and the accumulation of key aromatic compounds, such as terpenes. This process optimized pleasant flavors, including fruity and floral aromas. In contrast, wines from the high crop load and control treatments contained lower levels of these aroma compounds. Compounds such as ethyl caprylate and β-damascenone were identified as potential quality markers. Overall, the wine produced from vines with a crop load of 30 clusters (15 shoots per meter of canopy, 2 clusters per shoot) received the highest sensory scores. Appropriate crop load management is therefore critical to improving the chemical composition of Marselan wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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18 pages, 3989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Analysis, Bud Differentiation, and Regulation of “Bud Jumping” Phenomenon in Oncidium Using Plant Growth Regulators

by Hanqiao Lan, Le Liu, Weishi Li, Daicheng Hao, Shanzhi Lin, Beilei Ye, Minqiang Tang and Peng Ling

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070852 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Oncidium has an important market value, with important high-grade cut orchids and potted flowers on the flower market. In the Oncidium cut flowers production industry, there is a common phenomenon that the development of vegetative buds disrupts the normal generation cycle of the [...] Read more.

Oncidium has an important market value, with important high-grade cut orchids and potted flowers on the flower market. In the Oncidium cut flowers production industry, there is a common phenomenon that the development of vegetative buds disrupts the normal generation cycle of the inflorescence induction, so-called “bud jumping”. In this study, vegetative bud differentiation and flower bud differentiation were divided into three stages, namely, the initial stage of differentiation, the leaf primordial/flower primordial differentiation stage, and the late stage of leaf bud/flower bud differentiation, as observed by paraffin sectioning. Secondly, we analyzed the differences between the vegetative buds of “bud jumping” plants and the flower buds of normal flowering plants by transcriptome sequencing. The transcriptome analysis results revealed significant differences among plant signaling pathways, particularly in gibberellins, auxins, and cytokinins, which play important roles in this phenomenon’s formation. In conjunction with the transcriptome analysis, the researchers conducted field experiments by applying plant growth regulators on the newborn pseudobulb of young Oncidium plants measuring approximately 49 mm in length. The results showed that the treatment groups of 100 mg/L of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 100 mg/L GA₃ + 10 mg/L 6-Benziladenine (6-BA) exhibited the highest rate of flower bud differentiation instead of the least “bud jumping” phenomenon, and the “bud jumping” phenomenon was significantly reduced under 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 75 mg/L 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) treatments. The application of exogenous gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins can effectively reduce the occurrence of “bud jumping”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Liability Management and Solvency of Life Insurers in a Low-Interest Rate Environment: Evidence from Thailand

by Wilaiporn Suwanmalai and Simon Zaby

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070397 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This research investigates the liability management of Thai life insurers in a prolonged low-interest rate environment. It examines the impact of interest rate changes on life insurance products, solvency, and profitability. The study identifies a significant shift in product portfolios toward non-interest-sensitive products, [...] Read more.

This research investigates the liability management of Thai life insurers in a prolonged low-interest rate environment. It examines the impact of interest rate changes on life insurance products, solvency, and profitability. The study identifies a significant shift in product portfolios toward non-interest-sensitive products, which helps mitigate financial risk and enhance solvency. The solvency of Thai life insurers is influenced by their return on assets, with higher risk exposures requiring more capital, potentially lowering solvency levels. However, the proportion of risky investment assets is not significantly related to the solvency position in the Thai market. The market index return is a significant predictor of stock returns for Thai life insurers, while changes in interest rate sensitivity are not statistically significant between low-rate and normal periods. The average solvency level under Thailand’s regulatory regime is also not statistically different between normal and prolonged low-interest rate situations. This study contributes to the understanding of liability management practices among life insurers in Thailand and provides insights into the challenges and strategies for maintaining solvency and profitability in a low-interest rate environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Financial Markets)

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16 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GDF-15 Levels in Gouty Arthritis and Correlations with Decreasing Renal Function: A Clinical Study

by Osman Cure, Ertugrul Yigit, Merve Huner Yigit and Hakki Uzun

Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071767 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gouty arthritis (GA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder frequently linked to systemic inflammation and impaired kidney function. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been suggested as a potential biomarker involved in both inflammatory responses and renal dysfunction. Studies on GDF-15 serum levels [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Gouty arthritis (GA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder frequently linked to systemic inflammation and impaired kidney function. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been suggested as a potential biomarker involved in both inflammatory responses and renal dysfunction. Studies on GDF-15 serum levels and renal function decline in GA patients are limited. This study aimed to investigate serum GDF-15 levels in patients with GA and to evaluate the relationship between GDF-15 and renal function parameters. Methods: This prospective case–control study included 60 (intercritical group: 30; acute attack group: 30) patients with gout arthritis and 60 healthy controls, matched for body mass index and sex. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured serum GDF-15, and renal function and inflammatory markers were also assessed. Group comparisons used non-parametric tests, Spearman’s analysis evaluated correlations, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed diagnostic performance. Results: Serum GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in GA patients than controls (p < 0.001), especially during acute attacks. GDF-15 correlated moderately with renal function markers. ROC analysis showed high diagnostic accuracy for both acute (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.98) and intercritical gout phases (AUC = 0.96). Conclusions: Serum GDF-15 levels are increased in patients with gouty arthritis and are associated with impaired renal function. GDF-15 may serve as a helpful biomarker for disease activity and renal involvement in GA, but its interpretation should be considered in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Kidney Disease)

13 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Advancements in Cervical Cancer Screening: Enhancing HPV Testing and Triage Strategies for Improved Risk Assessment

by Yana Merdzhanova-Gargova, Magdalena Ivanova, Angelina Mollova-Kysebekirova, Anna Mihaylova, Nikoleta Parahuleva-Rogacheva, Ekaterina Uchikova and Mariya Koleva-Ivanova

Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071768 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a significant global health issue, with high incidence and mortality rates, particularly in Eastern Europe. Despite the availability of vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), regular screening remains crucial for prevention. Testing for HPV, alone or combined with cytology, has [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a significant global health issue, with high incidence and mortality rates, particularly in Eastern Europe. Despite the availability of vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), regular screening remains crucial for prevention. Testing for HPV, alone or combined with cytology, has become an alternative to traditional methods. However, since many HPV infections are transient, additional tests are needed to identify high-risk cases. Methods: This study aims to generate detailed statistical data specific to the Bulgarian population, reinforcing the necessity of incorporating updated European methodologies and algorithms for the prophylaxis and prevention of cervical carcinoma. Results: By evaluating epidemiological trends, risk factors, and the effectiveness of current preventive measures, this research seeks to provide a strong foundation for enhancing cervical cancer screening and early detection programs. This method improves triage by identifying women who require further evaluation, ensuring timely referrals for colposcopy or biopsy. Conclusions: While liquid-based cytology (LBC) and HPV genotyping improve detection, the introduction of p16/Ki-67 dual staining has enhanced risk stratification, offering higher sensitivity and specificity for detecting high-grade lesions. These advancements are improving cervical cancer screening and patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

29 pages, 1414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the GEV Distribution in Flood Frequency Analysis in Romania: An In-Depth Analysis

by Cristian Gabriel Anghel and Dan Ianculescu

Climate 2025, 13(7), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13070152 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This manuscript investigates the applicability and behavior of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution in flood frequency analysis, comparing it with the Pearson III and Wakeby distributions. Traditional approaches often rely on a limited set of statistical distributions and estimation techniques, which may [...] Read more.

This manuscript investigates the applicability and behavior of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution in flood frequency analysis, comparing it with the Pearson III and Wakeby distributions. Traditional approaches often rely on a limited set of statistical distributions and estimation techniques, which may not adequately capture the behavior of extreme events. The study focuses on four hydrometric stations in Romania, analyzing maximum discharges associated with rare and very rare events. The research employs seven parameter estimation methods: the method of ordinary moments (MOM), the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), the L-moments, the LH-moments, the probability-weighted moments (PWMs), the least squares method (LSM), and the weighted least squares method (WLSM). Results indicate that the GEV distribution, particularly when using L-moments, consistently provides more reliable predictions for extreme events, reducing biases compared to MOM. Compared to the Wakeby distribution for an extreme event (T = 10,000 years), the GEV distribution produced smaller deviations than the Pearson III distribution, namely +7.7% (for the Danube River, Giurgiu station), +4.9% (for the Danube River, Drobeta station), and +35.3% (for the Ialomita River). In the case of the Siret River, the Pearson III distribution generated values closer to those obtained by the Wakeby distribution, being 36.7% lower than those produced by the GEV distribution. These results support the use of L-moments in national hydrological guidelines for critical infrastructure design and highlight the need for further investigation into non-stationary models and regionalization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimatic Extremes: Modeling, Forecasting, and Assessment)

12 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Source of Explant and Light Spectrum Influence in Adventitious Shoot Regeneration of Prunus salicina Lindl. (Japanese plum)

by Carmen López-Sierra, José E. Cos-Terrer, Miriam Romero-Muñoz and Margarita Pérez-Jiménez

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142230 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Light influence on shoot regeneration in Prunus salicina is a complex interaction that has been studied for the first time. Japanese plum plants were regenerated from calli and seeds of the scion cultivar ‘Victoria’. The effect of four different light spectra (white, blue, [...] Read more.

Light influence on shoot regeneration in Prunus salicina is a complex interaction that has been studied for the first time. Japanese plum plants were regenerated from calli and seeds of the scion cultivar ‘Victoria’. The effect of four different light spectra (white, blue, red, and mixed), along with three 6-benzyladenine (BA) concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 mg L⁻¹), was studied in these two sources of explants. Organogenic calli were derived from the base of stem explants of the scion cultivar ‘Victoria’, whereas cotyledons and embryogenic axis slices were used as seed explants. Calli cultured with 2 mg L⁻¹ of BA and mixed light or 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA and control light showed the highest regeneration rates, with no significant differences compared to other treatments. Seed explants exposed to 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA and red light exhibited significantly higher organogenesis. In comparison, those in 1.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA with blue light or 2.5 mg L⁻¹ of BA with mixed/control light showed no regeneration. BA concentration did not have a significant effect in the induction of somatic shoots from any explant source. In contrast, a strong interaction between light and BA was noticed. This work presents a protocol that can be applied in transformation and editing research as light spectrum studies continue to advance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Regeneration)

31 pages, 2323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Metformin Combination Therapy Synergistically Activate Nrf2-AMPK Signaling Pathways to Ameliorate Cognitive Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Encephalopathy: A Preclinical Study

by Abdulmajeed F. Alrefaei and Mohamed E. Elbeeh

Biology 2025, 14(7), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070885 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Diabetic encephalopathy affects over 40% of diabetic patients globally, yet effective treatments remain critically limited. This study investigated the synergistic neuroprotective potential of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and metformin through the coordinated activation of Nrf2 and AMPK signaling pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus [...] Read more.

Diabetic encephalopathy affects over 40% of diabetic patients globally, yet effective treatments remain critically limited. This study investigated the synergistic neuroprotective potential of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and metformin through the coordinated activation of Nrf2 and AMPK signaling pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced encephalopathy. Using a clinically relevant streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced T2DM rat model, sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, diabetic, ALA-treated (300 mg/kg), metformin-treated (50 mg/kg), and combination-treated groups over eight weeks. Combination therapy produced statistically validated synergistic effects with significant interaction terms (p < 0.01) across all evaluated parameters. Nuclear Nrf2 translocation increased 3.9-fold and AMPK phosphorylation rose 3.2-fold compared to monotherapies, surpassing mathematical additivity. Mitochondrial function was remarkably restored, with ATP production increasing to 92% of control levels. Cognitive performance was normalized, with spatial memory approaching control values. Combination index analysis (CI < 1.0) confirmed true synergistic interactions across molecular, cellular, and behavioral endpoints. These findings establish a novel convergent mechanism providing compelling evidence for combination ALA–metformin therapy as an innovative treatment strategy for diabetes-associated neurodegeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases)

31 pages, 3506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Upstream Channel of a Ship Lift on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Fleet Entry Chamber and Design of Traction Scheme

by Haichao Chang, Qiang Zheng, Zuyuan Liu, Yu Yao, Xide Cheng, Baiwei Feng and Chengsheng Zhan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(7), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13071375 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of ships entering a ship lift compartment that is under the influence of upstream channel geometry and proposes a mechanical traction scheme to enhance operational safety and efficiency. Utilizing a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of ships entering a ship lift compartment that is under the influence of upstream channel geometry and proposes a mechanical traction scheme to enhance operational safety and efficiency. Utilizing a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach with overlapping grid technology, numerical simulations were conducted for both single and grouped ships navigating through varying water depths, speeds, and shore distances. The results revealed significant transverse force oscillations near the floating navigation wall due to unilateral shore effects, posing risks of deviation. The cargo ship experienced drastic resistance fluctuations in shallow-to-very-shallow-water transitions, while tugboats were notably affected by hydrodynamic interactions during group entry. A mechanical traction system with a four-link robotic arm was designed and analyzed kinematically and statically, demonstrating structural feasibility under converted real-ship traction forces (55.1 kN). The key findings emphasize the need for collision avoidance measures in wall sections and validate the proposed traction scheme for safe and efficient ship entry/exit. This research provides critical insights for optimizing ship lift operations in restricted waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

63 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Efficacy and Real-World Effectiveness of Fabry Disease Treatments: A Systematic Literature Review

by Ana Jovanovic, Eve Miller-Hodges, Felicia Castriota, Obaro Evuarherhe, Olulade Ayodele, Derralynn Hughes, Guillem Pintos-Morell, Roberto Giugliani, Sandro Feriozzi and Csaba Siffel

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5131; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145131 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic literature review aimed to identify studies assessing the clinical efficacy and real-world effectiveness of current and emerging treatments for Fabry disease. Methods: Searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases, as well as relevant congress proceedings, were conducted [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic literature review aimed to identify studies assessing the clinical efficacy and real-world effectiveness of current and emerging treatments for Fabry disease. Methods: Searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases, as well as relevant congress proceedings, were conducted to identify publications reporting on studies in patients of any age, sex, race, or ethnicity who received any approved or experimental treatment for Fabry disease, published before 17 June 2024. Results: Of 1901 publications screened, 247 reported data on renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and disease severity outcomes from 231 studies. The majority of reported studies were observational in nature (n = 154; 67%) and involved only adults (n = 176; 76%). Study designs and patient populations were highly heterogeneous, and cross-study conclusions about the effectiveness of different therapies could not be made. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with agalsidase alfa or agalsidase beta stabilized renal function and cardiac structure in patients with Fabry disease. Early initiation of ERT in childhood or young adulthood was associated with better renal and cardiac outcomes than treatment initiation at a later age. The small number of comparator studies of agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta suggested similar efficacy. Patients treated with migalastat and pegunigalsidase alfa also maintained stable renal function and cardiac structure. Conclusions: Overall, current treatments slow the progression of renal and cardiac decline in patients with Fabry disease. Large cohort studies with long-term follow-up and baseline stratification based on clinical phenotype are needed to address evidence gaps and provide clinicians with robust data to inform treatment decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

11 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Implications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Coeliac Disease

by Geoffrey Holmes and Peter Gillett

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145129 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

T1D and CD commonly occur together. This association has received increasing attention from researchers and is considered in detail in this review. Since CD is over-represented in T1D, it may cause ill health with attendant complications, but because there is an effective dietary [...] Read more.

T1D and CD commonly occur together. This association has received increasing attention from researchers and is considered in detail in this review. Since CD is over-represented in T1D, it may cause ill health with attendant complications, but because there is an effective dietary treatment, screening has been recommended in children and adults. However, there are many unknowns regarding this association, and understanding the why, when, and how with regard to screening and managing those with dual diagnoses requires thorough consideration when introducing the concept of screening to patients. It is important that patients and, where appropriate, carers are put at the heart of the decision-making process with careful discussion of the issues involved before undertaking screening that might uncover a second life-changing diagnosis, for which, without preparatory preparation and support, individuals may be ill-prepared, causing mental health issues. For some patients, an initial policy of monitoring rather than moving to immediate small bowel biopsy and exposure to a gluten-free diet (GFD) will be appropriate. The correct management of patients will ultimately improve their quality of life medically and socially. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in the Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease)

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8 pages, 1898 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Nonunion

by James Tyler Frix, Maria Kammire, Nainisha Chintalapudi and Patrick Connor

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145130 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Surgical neck nonunions of the proximal humerus present a complex clinical challenge, especially in elderly patients with pre-existing glenohumeral arthritis. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) offers a reliable treatment option in these cases; however, resection of the tuberosities may compromise joint stability, [...] Read more.

Background: Surgical neck nonunions of the proximal humerus present a complex clinical challenge, especially in elderly patients with pre-existing glenohumeral arthritis. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) offers a reliable treatment option in these cases; however, resection of the tuberosities may compromise joint stability, increase the risk of postoperative dislocation and compromise postoperative function. This article describes a reproducible RTSA technique that preserves and repairs the greater and lesser tuberosities, aiming to enhance construct stability and optimize outcomes. Methods: We present a 74-year-old female with underlying glenohumeral arthritis who underwent RTSA for a symptomatic surgical neck nonunion via an extended deltopectoral approach. The nonunion is first mobilized, and tuberosity osteotomies are performed. After implant placement, the tuberosities are secured to the implant, to each other, and to the humeral shaft. A cerclage suture is also passed circumferentially to reinforce the repair and prevent posterior gapping. Results: The patient regained her pre-injury level of function by her last follow-up. She had pain-free, active forward elevation to 110 degrees and radiographic evidence of maintained tuberosity reduction and healing. There was no evidence of instability. Conclusions: In conclusion, incorporating tuberosity preservation and repair into RTSA for proximal humerus nonunion may reduce dislocation risk and improve functional recovery in elderly, low-demand patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates on Shoulder Arthroplasty)

15 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstructive Therapy in Patients with Peri-Implantitis in a University Dental Hospital: A Preliminary Retrospective Case Series Focusing on Complications

by Ahmad Alahmari, Xavier Costa-Berenguer, Rui Figueiredo, Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón, Alba Sánchez-Torres and Marta García-García

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8040; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148040 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease-causing bone loss around dental implants, often requiring reconstructive surgical therapies to reduce probing depth and regenerate bone. However, such surgeries are frequently complicated by postoperative issues. This retrospective case series aimed to identify the main postoperative complications following [...] Read more.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease-causing bone loss around dental implants, often requiring reconstructive surgical therapies to reduce probing depth and regenerate bone. However, such surgeries are frequently complicated by postoperative issues. This retrospective case series aimed to identify the main postoperative complications following the reconstructive treatment of peri-implant bone defects in peri-implantitis patients. Data from 14 patients with 21 affected implants were analyzed, including demographics, oral hygiene, surgical techniques, and complications such as wound dehiscence, membrane exposure, and infections. Wound dehiscence was measured using Image J^® software version 1.54. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. The results showed that 11 implants (52.4%; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 29% to 76%) in nine patients (57.1%; 95%CI = 27% to 87%) developed soft tissue dehiscence after one week, with membrane exposure observed in 4 implants. Dehiscence was significantly associated with mandibular implant location (p = 0.003), poor interproximal hygiene (p = 0.008), and membrane exposure (p = 0.034). No postoperative infections were recorded. In conclusion, more than half of peri-implantitis patients undergoing reconstructive surgery experience wound dehiscence, particularly in cases involving mandible, poor hygiene, and membrane exposure. This complication might compromise bone regeneration and reduce the treatment success rate. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to study design limitations (retrospective design, lack of a control group, and small sample size). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Digital Dentistry and Oral Implantology)

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