MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

12 pages, 2452 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Micro-Cutting on the Residual Height of Surface Topography in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Using a Small-Diameter Cutter

by Xinyi Wang, Zeming Li, Yansen Wang, Zelin Wang, Zhenshan Chen, Junxiang Liu, Jian Wang and Guijie Wang

Coatings 2026, 16(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010100 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The milled surface topography of NiTi SMA critically affects its frictional behavior, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, which are essential for biomedical and aerospace applications. This study combines simulation and single-factor experiments to investigate the coupling behavior among surface topography evolution, work hardening, plastic [...] Read more.

The milled surface topography of NiTi SMA critically affects its frictional behavior, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, which are essential for biomedical and aerospace applications. This study combines simulation and single-factor experiments to investigate the coupling behavior among surface topography evolution, work hardening, plastic deformation, and residual stress evolution. Results showed that increasing feed per tooth led to a significant rise in surface residual height and an improvement in surface isotropy. With the increase in feed per tooth, the error between the experimental and simulated heights gradually decreased from 105.6% to 30.9%, indicating that both material properties and feed per tooth strongly affect residual profile formation in the feed direction. In addition, larger feed per tooth intensifies work hardening and plastic deformation but reduces surface residual stress, thereby increasing microhardness. These effects can mitigate material rebound and improve surface profile accuracy. The results provide a direct basis for controlling the surface integrity of NiTi SMA components through machining parameter optimization, enabling precise tailoring of functional surface characteristics, such as wear performance, chemical stability, and biological response, which is of critical importance for high-end biomedical implants and aerospace systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

23 pages, 1961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum-Resilient Federated Learning for Multi-Layer Cyber Anomaly Detection in UAV Systems

by Canan Batur Şahin

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020509 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in civilian and military applications, making their communication and control systems targets for cyber attacks. The emerging threat of quantum computing amplifies these risks. Quantum computers could break the classical cryptographic schemes used in current UAV [...] Read more.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in civilian and military applications, making their communication and control systems targets for cyber attacks. The emerging threat of quantum computing amplifies these risks. Quantum computers could break the classical cryptographic schemes used in current UAV networks. This situation underscores the need for quantum-resilient, privacy-preserving security frameworks. This paper proposes a quantum-resilient federated learning framework for multi-layer cyber anomaly detection in UAV systems. The framework combines a hybrid deep learning architecture. A Variational Autoencoder (VAE) performs unsupervised anomaly detection. A neural network classifier enables multi-class attack categorization. To protect sensitive UAV data, model training is conducted using federated learning with differential privacy. Robustness against malicious participants is ensured through Byzantine-robust aggregation. Additionally, CRYSTALS-Dilithium post-quantum digital signatures are employed to authenticate model updates and provide long-term cryptographic security. Researchers evaluated the proposed framework on a real UAV attack dataset containing GPS spoofing, GPS jamming, denial-of-service, and simulated attack scenarios. Experimental results show the system achieves 98.67% detection accuracy with only 6.8% computational overhead compared to classical cryptographic approaches, while maintaining high robustness under Byzantine attacks. The main contributions of this study are: (1) a hybrid VAE–classifier architecture enabling both zero-day anomaly detection and precise attack classification, (2) the integration of Byzantine-robust and privacy-preserving federated learning for UAV security, and (3) a practical post-quantum security design validated on real UAV communication data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

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18 pages, 333 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Screen, Sample, Stratify: Biomarkers and Machine Learning Compress Dementia Pathways

by Simone Battaglia and Masaru Tanaka

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010159 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Late-life cognitive complaints seldom align with a single disease entity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodegeneration in Cognitive Impairment and Mood Disorders for Experimental, Clinical, and Translational Neuropsychiatry—Second Edition)

12 pages, 709 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synovial Joint Fluid Metabolomic Profiles and Pathways Differentiate Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Psoriatic Arthritis

by Ozan Kaplan, Rositsa Karalilova, Zguro Batalov, Konstantin Batalov, Maria Kazakova, Victoria Sarafian, Emine Koç, Mustafa Çelebier and Feza Korkusuz

Metabolites 2026, 16(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo16010070 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Distinguishing between osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) remains challenging despite different underlying mechanisms. Synovial fluid reflects metabolic changes within affected joints, yet comprehensive metabolomic comparisons across these conditions are limited. We aimed to identify disease-specific metabolic signatures in [...] Read more.

Background: Distinguishing between osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) remains challenging despite different underlying mechanisms. Synovial fluid reflects metabolic changes within affected joints, yet comprehensive metabolomic comparisons across these conditions are limited. We aimed to identify disease-specific metabolic signatures in synovial fluid that could improve differential diagnosis and reveal therapeutic targets. Methods: We collected synovial fluid from 39 patients (20 OA, 5 RA, and 14 PsA) during routine knee arthrocentesis between January 2023 and February 2024. Following metabolite extraction, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS). Data underwent multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), to identify discriminatory metabolites. Results: While unsupervised analysis showed overlap between groups, supervised PLS-DA achieved clear metabolic separation. RA samples showed elevated itaconic acid, indicating inflammatory macrophage activation, and increased O-acetylserine, suggesting altered one-carbon metabolism. Hypoxanthine was decreased, which reflected severe metabolic stress. PsA exhibited the unique elevation of 4,4-dimethylcholestane and 2-oxoarginine. These metabolites have previously been unreported in this disease. OA demonstrated increased hippuric acid and indoleacetic acid, which are both gut microbiota products, supporting the gut–joint axis hypothesis. Conclusions: Each arthritis type displayed distinct metabolic fingerprints in synovial fluid. Candidate discriminatory metabolites, including gut-derived metabolites in OA and specific lipid alterations in PsA, open new diagnostic and therapeutic avenues. Given the limited RA sample size (n = 5), RA-related results should be viewed as exploratory and requiring validation in larger independent cohorts. These metabolites may, after rigorous validation in larger and independent cohorts, contribute to multi-metabolite biomarker panels for earlier diagnosis and to the rational design of targeted therapeutics addressing disease-specific metabolic disruptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Metabolic Biomarkers in Different Diseases)

20 pages, 2301 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Regulatory Role of Quorum Sensing-Mediated Amino Acid Metabolism in Biofilm Formation and Motility of Hafnia alvei H4

by Congyang Yan, Xue Li, Gongliang Zhang, Jingran Bi, Hongshun Hao and Hongman Hou

Foods 2026, 15(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020281 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The spoilage phenotype of microorganisms is a key mechanism leading to food spoilage, but how their metabolic environment affects the spoilage phenotype remains unclear. This study utilized metabolomics and spoilage phenotype analysis to reveal metabolic differences between different quorum sensing (QS) genotypes of [...] Read more.

The spoilage phenotype of microorganisms is a key mechanism leading to food spoilage, but how their metabolic environment affects the spoilage phenotype remains unclear. This study utilized metabolomics and spoilage phenotype analysis to reveal metabolic differences between different quorum sensing (QS) genotypes of Hafnia. alvei H4 and their impact on spoilage phenotypes. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection revealed that the QS system participated in the differential metabolic regulation of eight amino acids, with serine exerting the most significant influence on the spoilage phenotype. Subsequent studies demonstrated that QS-promoted serine inhibited bacterial motility by affecting the biosynthesis of rhamnolipid (rather than c-di-GMP) and inhibiting flagellar/chemotactic genes expression. Moreover, QS-promoted serine induced the difference of bacterial inner membrane, further inhibiting bacterial motility. These findings provided fundamental information for the control of biofilms conformation within complex food nutritional background. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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25 pages, 447 KB

Open AccessReview

Parenting Intervention Programs Supporting Social–Emotional Development in Preschool Children: A Literature Review

by Athina Vatou, Maria Evangelou-Tsitiridou, Eleni Tympa, Athanasios Gregoriadis and Anastasia Vatou

Encyclopedia 2026, 6(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia6010017 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Social–emotional development in early childhood lays the groundwork for school readiness, healthy relationships, and long-term well-being. Parents play a pivotal role in this process, shaping children’s emotional awareness, regulation, and social competence through everyday interactions. This literature review synthesizes evidence from 74 peer-reviewed [...] Read more.

Social–emotional development in early childhood lays the groundwork for school readiness, healthy relationships, and long-term well-being. Parents play a pivotal role in this process, shaping children’s emotional awareness, regulation, and social competence through everyday interactions. This literature review synthesizes evidence from 74 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate nine evidence-based parenting interventions targeting parents of preschool-aged children. The programs were analyzed with respect to their objectives, theoretical foundations, components, and the resulting outcomes for both parents and children. Across interventions, consistent benefits emerged in children, including improved emotion recognition, regulation, empathy, and prosocial behavior, as well as reductions in internalizing problems. Parents also gained in confidence and positive discipline practices. Key elements linked to effectiveness included active parent skill-building (such as modeling, role play, and guided practice), structured parent–child interactions, multi-component designs integrating home and school contexts, and flexible delivery formats that adapt to family needs. These findings underscore the critical role of parenting interventions as an evidence-based method to enhance preschoolers’ social–emotional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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25 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implicit and Explicit Energy Transition Under Financial, Social and Trade Globalisation: A Supply Chain Management and Knowledge Management Perspective for BRICS

by Azeldin Shaban Ragab and Kolawole Iyiola

Energies 2026, 19(2), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020373 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study pioneers an examination of the moderating role of supply chain management in the relationships between globalisation (financial, social and trade) and energy transition (implicit and explicit) for the BRICS nations using data from 2005 to 2022. In doing so, we employ [...] Read more.

This study pioneers an examination of the moderating role of supply chain management in the relationships between globalisation (financial, social and trade) and energy transition (implicit and explicit) for the BRICS nations using data from 2005 to 2022. In doing so, we employ a series of second-generation panel regression techniques. The results show that stronger supply chain management acts as a central engine of transition, particularly boosting explicit deployment when combined with supportive financial openness, while trade-linked interactions also enhance implicit efficiency. At the same time, rapid economic growth and deeper urbanisation tend to erode implicit gains and provide only limited support for explicit capacity build-out. Knowledge management and financial development emerge as short-run double-edged mechanisms as they support process-oriented improvements. The differentiated roles of globalisation are crucial, with financial globalisation consistently supporting explicit transition, social globalisation correlating with weaker explicit progress, and trade openness becoming strongly beneficial only when aligned with robust supply chain capabilities, while both social and trade integration dampen the marginal effectiveness of supply chain improvements. The study proposed policies based on these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Management for Improved Energy Efficiency)

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21 pages, 2335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green-Making Stage Recognition of Tieguanyin Tea Based on Improved MobileNet V3

by Yuyan Huang, Shengwei Xia, Wei Chen, Jian Zhao, Yu Zhou and Yongkuai Chen

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020511 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The green-making stage is crucial for forming the distinctive aroma and flavor of Tieguanyin tea. Current green-making stage recognition relies on tea makers’ sensory experience, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address these issues, this paper proposes a lightweight automatic recognition model named [...] Read more.

The green-making stage is crucial for forming the distinctive aroma and flavor of Tieguanyin tea. Current green-making stage recognition relies on tea makers’ sensory experience, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. To address these issues, this paper proposes a lightweight automatic recognition model named T-GSR for the accurate and objective identification of Tieguanyin tea green-making stages. First, an extensive set of Tieguanyin tea images at different green-making stages was collected. Subsequently, preprocessing techniques, i.e., multi-color-space fusion and morphological filtering, were applied to enhance the representation of target tea features. Furthermore, three targeted improvements were implemented based on the MobileNet V3 backbone network: (1) an adaptive residual branch was introduced to strengthen feature propagation; (2) the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function was replaced with the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) to improve gradient propagation efficiency; and (3) an Improved Coordinate Attention (ICA) mechanism was adopted to replace the original Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) module, enabling more accurate capture of complex tea features. Experimental results demonstrate that the T-GSR model outperforms the original MobileNet V3 in both classification performance and model complexity, achieving a recognition accuracy of 93.38%, an F1-score of 93.33%, with only 3.025 M parameters and 0.242 G FLOPs. The proposed model offers an effective solution for the intelligent recognition of Tieguanyin tea green-making stages, facilitating online monitoring and supporting automated tea production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)

25 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessArticle

BAP31 Modulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis Through PINK1/Parkin Pathway in MPTP Parkinsonism Mouse Models

by Wanting Zhang, Shihao Meng, Zhenzhen Hao, Xiaoshuang Zhu, Lingwei Cao, Qing Yuan and Bing Wang

Cells 2026, 15(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020137 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a process mediated by α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. While BAP31—an endoplasmic reticulum protein critical for protein trafficking and degradation—has been implicated in [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a process mediated by α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. While BAP31—an endoplasmic reticulum protein critical for protein trafficking and degradation—has been implicated in neuronal processes, its role in PD pathogenesis remains poorly understood. To investigate the impact of BAP31 deficiency on PD progression, we generated dopamine neuron-specific BAP31 conditional knockout with DAT-Cre (cKO) mice (Slc6a3cre-BAP31^fl/fl) and subjected them to MPTP-lesioned Parkinsonian models. Compared to BAP31^fl/fl controls, Slc6a3cre-BAP31^fl/fl mice exhibited exacerbated motor deficits following MPTP treatment, including impaired rotarod performance, reduced balance beam traversal time, and diminished climbing and voluntary motor capacity abilities. BAP31 conditional deletion showed no baseline phenotype, with deficits emerging only after MPTP. Our results indicate that these behavioral impairments correlated with neuropathological hallmarks: decreased NeuN neuronal counts, elevated GFAP astrogliosis, reduced tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the substantia nigra, and aggravated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, BAP31 deficiency disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis by suppressing the PINK1–Parkin mitophagy pathway. Further analysis revealed that BAP31 regulates PINK1 transcription via the transcription factor Engrailed Homeobox 1. Collectively, our findings identify BAP31 as a neuroprotective modulator that mitigates PD-associated motor dysfunction by preserving mitochondrial stability, underscoring its therapeutic potential as a target for neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

20 pages, 1997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Preservation Methods on the Microbiological Quality, Physicochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Red Prickly Pear (Opuntia streptacantha) Juice

by Jorge Alberto Jose-Salazar, Diana Maylet Hernández-Martínez, Eliseo Cristiani-Urbina and Liliana Morales-Barrera

Foods 2026, 15(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15020282 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The red prickly pear (Opuntia streptacantha) is a fruit that is distinguished by its sensory properties and high content of bioactive compounds. Its rapid spoilage rate significantly impacts its commercialization, underscoring the urgent need for effective preservation methods. This study investigated [...] Read more.

The red prickly pear (Opuntia streptacantha) is a fruit that is distinguished by its sensory properties and high content of bioactive compounds. Its rapid spoilage rate significantly impacts its commercialization, underscoring the urgent need for effective preservation methods. This study investigated the effectiveness of various juice preservation techniques—refrigeration, freezing, pasteurization, and vacuum packaging —in maintaining the microbiological quality, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant capacity of red prickly pear juice during storage. The most effective preservation method was found to be freezing the vacuum-packaged and pasteurized juice, referred to as J4. This method adequately maintained key nutritional and physicochemical qualities after 12 months, which was evidenced by a reduction in the microbial growth and the preservation of pH (4.64), acidity (0.74 g citric acid L^–1), antioxidant activity (2.6–2.9 mmol TE L^–1), as well as the content of phenols (506 mg GAE L^–1), betalains (141.2 mg L^–1), and total sugars (125 g L^–1). Furthermore, sensory analysis comparing J4-treated juice to control juice revealed no significant differences, confirming that J4 is an effective method for preserving the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of red prickly pear juice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Postharvest Physiology and Technology: Key to Optimizing the Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

32 pages, 9626 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Secure and Efficient Sharing Framework for Student Electronic Academic Records: Integrating Zero-Knowledge Proof and Proxy Re-Encryption

by Xin Li, Minsheng Tan and Wenlong Tian

Future Internet 2026, 18(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18010047 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

A sharing framework based on Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Proxy Re-encryption (PRE) technologies offers a promising solution for sharing Student Electronic Academic Records (SEARs). As core credentials in the education sector, student records are characterized by strong identity binding, the need for long-term [...] Read more.

A sharing framework based on Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Proxy Re-encryption (PRE) technologies offers a promising solution for sharing Student Electronic Academic Records (SEARs). As core credentials in the education sector, student records are characterized by strong identity binding, the need for long-term retention, frequent cross-institutional verification, and sensitive information. Compared with electronic health records and government archives, they face more complex security, privacy protection, and storage scalability challenges during sharing. These records not only contain sensitive data such as personal identity and academic performance but also serve as crucial evidence in key scenarios such as further education, employment, and professional title evaluation. Leakage or tampering could have irreversible impacts on a student’s career development. Furthermore, traditional blockchain technology faces storage capacity limitations when storing massive academic records, and existing general electronic record sharing solutions struggle to meet the high-frequency verification demands of educational authorities, universities, and employers for academic data. This study proposes a dedicated sharing framework for students’ electronic academic records, leveraging PRE technology and the distributed ledger characteristics of blockchain to ensure transparency and immutability during sharing. By integrating the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) with Ethereum Smart Contract (SC), it addresses blockchain storage bottlenecks, enabling secure storage and efficient sharing of academic records. Relying on optimized ZKP technology, it supports verifying the authenticity and integrity of records without revealing sensitive content. Furthermore, the introduction of gate circuit merging, constant folding techniques, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) hardware acceleration, and the efficient Bulletproofs algorithm alleviates the high computational complexity of ZKP, significantly reducing proof generation time. The experimental results demonstrate that the framework, while ensuring strong privacy protection, can meet the cross-scenario sharing needs of student records and significantly improve sharing efficiency and security. Therefore, this method exhibits superior security and performance in privacy-preserving scenarios. This framework can be applied to scenarios such as cross-institutional academic certification, employer background checks, and long-term management of academic records by educational authorities, providing secure and efficient technical support for the sharing of electronic academic credentials in the digital education ecosystem. Full article

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22 pages, 7601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of a Multimodal Wearable Device Integrating EMG and IMU Sensors for Monitoring Upper Limb Function During Tooth Brushing Activities of Daily Living

by Patrícia Santos, Filipa Marquês, Carla Quintão and Cláudia Quaresma

Sensors 2026, 26(2), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26020510 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Analyzing the dynamics of muscle activation patterns and joint range of motion is essential to understanding human movement during complex tasks such as tooth brushing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). In individuals with neuromotor impairments, accurate assessment of upper limb motor patterns plays [...] Read more.

Analyzing the dynamics of muscle activation patterns and joint range of motion is essential to understanding human movement during complex tasks such as tooth brushing Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). In individuals with neuromotor impairments, accurate assessment of upper limb motor patterns plays a critical role in rehabilitation, supporting the identification of compensatory strategies and informing clinical interventions. This study presents the validation of a previously developed novel, low-cost, wearable, and portable multimodal prototype that integrates inertial measurement units (IMU) and surface electromyography (sEMG) sensors into a single device. The system enables bilateral monitoring of arm segment kinematics and muscle activation amplitudes from six major agonist muscles during ADLs. Eleven healthy participants performed a functional task, tooth brushing, while wearing the prototype. The recorded data were compared with two established gold-standard systems, Qualisys^® motion capture system and Biosignalsplux^®, for validation of kinematic and electrophysiological measurements, respectively. This study provides technical insights into the device’s architecture. The developed system demonstrates potential for clinical and research applications, particularly for monitoring upper limb function and evaluating rehabilitation outcomes in populations with neurological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Sensing, Instrumentation and Systems: 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessReview

Right Ventricular–Pulmonary Artery Coupling as a Prognostic Marker in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Comprehensive Review

by Nikolaos Tsiamis, Dimitrios Afendoulis, Christos Tountas, Fotios Toulgaridis, Flora Tsakirian, Sotirios Tsalamandris, Maria Drakopoulou, Kostas Tsioufis, Anastasia Kitsiou and Konstantinos Toutouzas

Life 2026, 16(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010109 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by progressive myocardial infiltration leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. While left ventricular assessment has traditionally dominated prognostic evaluation, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and RV–pulmonary artery (PA) coupling have emerged as critical determinants of outcomes. Objectives: [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by progressive myocardial infiltration leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. While left ventricular assessment has traditionally dominated prognostic evaluation, right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and RV–pulmonary artery (PA) coupling have emerged as critical determinants of outcomes. Objectives: This review synthesizes current evidence on RV–PA coupling as a prognostic marker in cardiac amyloidosis, examining measurement methodologies, prognostic significance, pathophysiological mechanisms, and clinical applications. Methods: We comprehensively reviewed the recent literature on RV–PA coupling in CA, focusing on studies published from 2020 to 2025, including both AL and ATTR subtypes. We analyzed data from multicenter cohorts, prospective registries, and validation studies examining the relationship between RV–PA coupling indices and clinical outcomes. Results: RV–PA coupling, most commonly assessed using the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP) ratio, consistently demonstrates strong independent prognostic value for mortality and heart failure outcomes in CA patients. Impaired coupling (TAPSE/PASP < 0.45 mm/mmHg) identifies high-risk patients with hazard ratios ranging from 1.98 to 4.17 for adverse outcomes. In a multicenter cohort of 283 patients, TAPSE/PASP < 0.45 mm/mmHg was independently associated with death or heart failure hospitalization (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.32–2.96, p = 0.001) and significantly improved risk reclassification (NRI 0.46–0.49). In ATTR-specific populations receiving disease-modifying therapy, impaired coupling (TAPSE/PASP ≤ 0.382 mm/mmHg) predicted three-year mortality with an adjusted HR of 2.99. The coupling index provides incremental value over individual RV parameters by accounting for afterload conditions and demonstrates consistent prognostic performance across both AL and ATTR subtypes. Conclusions: RV–PA coupling represents a robust, easily obtainable prognostic marker that should be routinely assessed in CA patients for risk stratification and clinical decision-making. The TAPSE/PASP ratio can be calculated from standard echocardiographic examinations without additional cost or time, making it practical for widespread implementation. Future research should focus on standardizing measurement protocols, establishing disease-specific thresholds, evaluating coupling trajectories with novel therapies, and integrating coupling assessment into staging systems and management algorithms. The strong prognostic signal, pathophysiological relevance, and ease of measurement position RV–PA coupling as an essential component of comprehensive cardiac amyloidosis evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Translation in Cardiovascular Interventions)

18 pages, 689 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Health Status, Preventive Behaviors, and Dental Injury Experience in Croatian Basketball Athletes

by Marija Badrov, Petra Franov and Antonija Tadin

Oral 2026, 6(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral6010011 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate oral health knowledge, self-perceived oral status, hygiene behaviors, prevalence of dental injuries, and mouthguard use among Croatian basketball players and coaches. Materials and Methods: A total of 414 participants of both sexes, spanning various levels of [...] Read more.

Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate oral health knowledge, self-perceived oral status, hygiene behaviors, prevalence of dental injuries, and mouthguard use among Croatian basketball players and coaches. Materials and Methods: A total of 414 participants of both sexes, spanning various levels of basketball participation in Croatia, completed an anonymous online questionnaire assessing oral health knowledge, hygiene habits, trauma history, and preventive practices. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: Participants demonstrated generally poor oral health knowledge, with coaches scoring significantly higher than players (p < 0.05), and knowledge levels varying according to education and socioeconomic status (p ≤ 0.001). A majority reported no prior dental trauma (69.6%), and mouthguard use was notably low (20.8%). While regular toothbrushing was prevalent (87%), the use of dental floss was limited (39.9%). The most reported oral health problems included gingival bleeding (37.9%), dental calculus (35.0%), and tooth sensitivity (34.3%). Conclusions: Despite relatively good hygiene habits, Croatian basketball players demonstrated low oral health knowledge and insufficient preventive practices, particularly regarding mouthguard use. These findings indicate the need for targeted education and preventive strategies within the basketball community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health in Athletes: Risks, Prevention, Management, and Education)

11 pages, 7895 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Surveillance of Shrew-Borne Hantaviruses Expands Viral Host Range in Hungary

by Gréta Varga, Renáta Dóró, Anett Kuczmog, Győző Horváth, Gábor Kemenesi, Krisztián Bányai and Mónika Madai

Animals 2026, 16(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020223 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Since the late 2000s, a growing diversity of distinct hantaviruses has been identified in shrews across Europe. However, knowledge about shrew-borne hantaviruses in Hungary is limited. This study was initiated to investigate the prevalence and host range of these viruses in shrew populations [...] Read more.

Since the late 2000s, a growing diversity of distinct hantaviruses has been identified in shrews across Europe. However, knowledge about shrew-borne hantaviruses in Hungary is limited. This study was initiated to investigate the prevalence and host range of these viruses in shrew populations in Hungary. Between 2007 and 2011, 129 shrew specimens, representing six species, were collected from four locations in Southern Transdanubia. Lung tissues were analyzed for the presence of hantaviral RNA by RT-PCR targeting the L genomic segment. Hantavirus RNA was detected in four shrew species. This study provides the first molecular evidence of hantavirus infection in the pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus), Miller’s water shrew (Neomys milleri), and the Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens) in Hungary, while also confirming infection in the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus). The overall prevalence varied among species, with marked detection rates in S. minutus (50%) and N. fodiens (33.3%). Our findings document the co-circulation of hantaviruses in four distinct shrew species within the same ecosystems in Hungary, thereby expanding the known host range for these viruses within the country. This contributes to the understanding of the complex hantavirus landscape in Central Europe and highlights the need for genetic characterization of identified viruses to assess their evolutionary dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance of Microbial and Parasitic Agents in Wildlife: Second Edition)

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24 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive and Personalized Learning in Higher Education: An Artificial Intelligence-Based Approach

by Juan Roberto Hernández-Herrera, Jesus Ortiz-Bejar and Jose Ortiz-Bejar

Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16010109 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education offers a potential solution to the scalability of personalized learning, yet empirical frameworks connecting diagnostic data with teacher-mediated interventions remain limited in developing contexts. This study adopts a sequential multi-phase research design to address [...] Read more.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education offers a potential solution to the scalability of personalized learning, yet empirical frameworks connecting diagnostic data with teacher-mediated interventions remain limited in developing contexts. This study adopts a sequential multi-phase research design to address this gap. Phase 1 comprised a diagnostic quantitative analysis of the National Survey on Access and Permanence in Education (ENAPE 2021), involving a representative sample of 3422 Mexican undergraduate students. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (KMO = 0.96) and Pearson correlations, the study established a structural baseline. Phase 2 implemented a quasi-experimental exploratory pilot (N = 23) across two academic clusters (Civil Engineering and Nutrition) using “ActivAI”, a custom GPT configured with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Results from Phase 1 revealed a strong, statistically significant correlation (

r = 0.72

,

p < 0.01

) between the perceived impact of education on daily life and the perception of equity, identifying “relevance” as a key driver of accessibility. Phase 2 results demonstrated high student satisfaction with AI-driven personalization (M = 4.49, SD = 0.64), although disciplinary variations in engagement were observed (SD = 0.85 in Nutrition versus 0.45 in Engineering). The study concludes by proposing the Dynamic Integration Model, which leverages AI not as a replacement for instruction but as a scalability toolkit for teacher-led orchestration, ensuring that personalization addresses dynamic student needs rather than static learning styles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Enhanced Didactics: Transforming Education Through Intelligent Technologies and Fostering 21st Century Skills)

20 pages, 1662 KB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning in Clinical Decision Making: Applications, Data Limitations and Multidisciplinary Perspectives

by Augusta Raţiu and Emilia-Loredana Pop

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020785 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent progress in machine learning (ML) has fueled the emergence of intelligent clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) designed to optimize diagnostic and prognostic accuracy through the analysis of complex and heterogeneous medical data. The analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on the use of [...] Read more.

Recent progress in machine learning (ML) has fueled the emergence of intelligent clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) designed to optimize diagnostic and prognostic accuracy through the analysis of complex and heterogeneous medical data. The analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on the use of machine learning in the medical field by integrating a bibliometric assessment of the recent literature and a detailed examination of the algorithms used in current studies. The bibliometric component highlights the evolution of publications, the thematic distribution of research and emerging directions within various medical specialties. In addition, the evaluation of selected articles sheds light on the concrete ways of applying ML algorithms, as well as the methodological limitations encountered in clinical practice. Random forest and gradient boosting are commonly used in internal medicine and cardiology, while convolutional neural networks (CNNs) dominate neuroimaging in neurology and image-based analyses in oncology and radiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning in Medicine and Health: Data, Methods and Applications)

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16 pages, 6485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of In Situ Synthesized Al₂O₃ and TiC on the Microstructure and Properties of 6061 Aluminum Matrix Composites

by Wei Long, Jiaxin Zhou, Xinbin Hu, Sheng Liu and Wenming Jiang

Materials 2026, 19(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19020308 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Al₂O₃-TiC/6061Al composites were fabricated via in situ powder metallurgy using 6061 Al, TiO₂, and graphite powders as starting materials. The effects of sintering temperature and ceramic particle content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites [...] Read more.

Al₂O₃-TiC/6061Al composites were fabricated via in situ powder metallurgy using 6061 Al, TiO₂, and graphite powders as starting materials. The effects of sintering temperature and ceramic particle content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The wear performance of composites sintered at 1200 °C with varying ceramic particle content was also examined. The results indicate that the microstructure of the composite varied with the sintering temperature. At 1000 °C and 1100 °C, the microstructure primarily consisted of Al₃Ti, Al₂O₃, and TiC phases. At 1200 °C and 1250 °C, the microstructure was predominantly composed of Al₂O₃ and TiC phases. The 6061 Al-12% (TiO₂ + C) composite sintered at 1200 °C exhibited a tensile strength of 246 MPa, an elongation of 12.7%, and a microhardness of 104.2 HV_0.1. Regarding wear performance, the wear behavior of the composites under different loads at 1200 °C was studied. Under a 30 N load, the 6061 Al-12% (TiO₂ + C) composite demonstrated the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate, measured at 0.253 and 0.396 mm³·N⁻¹·m⁻¹, respectively. Analysis of the worn surface morphology under a 30 N load indicates that the dominant wear mechanism for the 6061 aluminum alloy is delamination wear, whereas for the 6061 Al-12% (TiO₂ + C) composite, it is primarily abrasive wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)

10 pages, 2164 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence of Three Current Forms on the Cathodic Protection Effect of Pipeline Intelligent Test Piles

by Man Liu, Han Dong, Naixin Lv, Weijie An, Jufeng Huang, Yun Gao, Yinjuan Sun, Yuntao Xi and Lei Wang

Coatings 2026, 16(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16010099 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

In order to explore the influence of different current forms on the protection effect of cathodic protection systems for intelligent test piles of oil and gas gathering and transportation pipelines, X80 steel was taken as the research object to simulate the soil corrosion [...] Read more.

In order to explore the influence of different current forms on the protection effect of cathodic protection systems for intelligent test piles of oil and gas gathering and transportation pipelines, X80 steel was taken as the research object to simulate the soil corrosion environment, and cathodic protection performance test experiments were carried out under three current forms: direct current (DC), conventional pulse (P) and high-frequency pulse (HP). Through a polarization curve test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, surface morphology observation and corrosion rate test, the effects of three current forms on cathodic polarization effect, polarization resistance, corrosion product composition and protection efficiency were compared. The results show that high-frequency pulse current can make the pipeline steel reach the protection potential in a shorter time, and under the same average current density, its polarization resistance is 23.6% and 15.8% higher than that of DC and conventional pulse, respectively. The anti-interference ability of conventional pulse current is better than that of DC. In the presence of stray current, the fluctuation amplitude of protection potential is only 21.1% of DC. The protection stability of DC is good, but the polarization speed is slow, and the phenomenon of “over protection” easily occurs in the process of long-term protection. Combined with economic analysis, high-frequency pulse current has significant advantages in high-corrosion-risk environments. Conventional pulse is suitable for stray current interference areas, while DC is more suitable for long-distance pipeline protection with low corrosion risk. The research results can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the selection of the current form of pipeline cathodic protection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Heat Treatment on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials/Coatings)

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33 pages, 729 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Energy Efficiency in 5G Networks: Past Strategies, Present Advances, and Future Research Directions

by Narjes Lassoued and Noureddine Boujnah

Computers 2026, 15(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15010050 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rapid evolution of wireless communication toward Fifth Generation (5G) networks has enabled unprecedented performance improvement in terms of data rate, latency, reliability, sustainability, and connectivity. Recent years have witnessed an excessive deployment of new 5G networks worldwide. This deployment lead to an [...] Read more.

The rapid evolution of wireless communication toward Fifth Generation (5G) networks has enabled unprecedented performance improvement in terms of data rate, latency, reliability, sustainability, and connectivity. Recent years have witnessed an excessive deployment of new 5G networks worldwide. This deployment lead to an exponential growth in traffic flow and a massive number of connected devices requiring a new generation of energy-hungry base stations (BSs). This results in increased power consumption, higher operational costs, and greater environmental impact, making energy efficiency (EE) a critical research challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of EE optimization strategies in 5G networks. It reviews the transition from traditional methods such as resources allocation, energy harvesting, BS sleep modes, and power control to modern artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solutions employing machine learning, deep reinforcement learning, and self-organizing networks (SON). Comparative analyses highlight the trade-offs between energy savings, network performance, and implementation complexity. Finally, the paper outlines key open issues and future directions toward sustainable 5G and beyond-5G (B5G/Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, emphasizing explainable AI, zero-energy communications, and holistic green network design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future of Green Networking: Integrated Approaches of Joint Intelligence, Communication, Sensing, and Resilience for 6G)

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23 pages, 3585 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Mass Deposition Rates of Carbon Dioxide onto a Cryogenically Cooled Surface

by Martin Jan Tuinier, Wout Jacob René Ververs, Danica Tešić, Ivo Roghair and Martin van Sint Annaland

Processes 2026, 14(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020271 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The rates of CO₂ mass deposition onto cryogenically cooled surfaces are crucial for CO₂ removal processes that rely on cryogenics. A dedicated experimental setup was constructed to measure CO₂ mass deposition rates under controlled conditions. Experiments were carried out with [...] Read more.

The rates of CO₂ mass deposition onto cryogenically cooled surfaces are crucial for CO₂ removal processes that rely on cryogenics. A dedicated experimental setup was constructed to measure CO₂ mass deposition rates under controlled conditions. Experiments were carried out with both pure CO₂ and CO₂/N₂ mixtures, growing frost layers up to 8 mm thick. Results demonstrated that heat transfer through the frost layer significantly slows down the mass deposition process. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of N₂ to the gas phase has a considerable influence on mass deposition rates, because it introduces an additional mass transfer resistance toward the frost surface. To describe the experimentally observed behavior, a frost growth model based on mass and energy balances was developed. Expressions for the frost density as a function of the frost temperature and for the effective frost conductivity as a function of the frost density were derived and implemented in the model. When accounting for drift fluxes, the model accurately captures the behavior observed in experiments. The findings of this work highlight the significant impact of heat transfer limitations on processes that accumulate a thick solid CO₂ layer, such as continuously cooled heat exchangers. Conversely, technologies like cryogenically refrigerated packed beds do not develop a thick solid CO₂ layer; calculations showed that a frost layer of 3.24∙10⁻⁵ m is formed, resulting in a Biot number well below 0.01, indicating that heat transfer in the frost layer is not limiting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

35 pages, 4594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conceptual Neighborhood Graphs of Discrete Time Intervals

by Matthew P. Dube and Brendan P. Hall

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2026, 15(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010039 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Temporal reasoning is an important part of the field of time geography and spatio-temporal data science. Recent advances in qualitative temporal reasoning have developed a set of 74 relations that apply between discretized time intervals of at least two pixels each. While the [...] Read more.

Temporal reasoning is an important part of the field of time geography and spatio-temporal data science. Recent advances in qualitative temporal reasoning have developed a set of 74 relations that apply between discretized time intervals of at least two pixels each. While the identification of specific relations is important, the field of qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning relies on conceptual neighborhood graphs to address relational similarity. This similarity is paramount for generating essential decision support structures, notably reasonable aggregations of concepts into single terms and the determination of nearest neighbor queries. In this paper, conceptual neighborhood graphs of qualitative topological changes, with discretized temporal interval relations in the form of translation, isotropic scaling, and anisotropic scaling, are identified using data generated through a simulation protocol. The outputs of this protocol are compared to the extant literature regarding conceptual neighborhood graphs of the Allen interval algebra, demonstrating the theoretical accuracy of the work. This work supports the development of robust spatio-temporal artificial intelligence as well as the future development of spatio-temporal query systems upon the spatio-temporal stack data architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Data Science and Knowledge Discovery)

23 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Between Secularization and Desecularization: Youth Religiosity in Turkey’s Imam Hatip Schools

by Fadime Yılmaz

Religions 2026, 17(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17010087 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article examines the trajectory of secularization and desecularization in Turkey through the lens of Imam Hatip high schools, focusing on how religion has been reintroduced into the public sphere and reshaped educational exposure. While secularism in Turkey historically emerged as a state-driven [...] Read more.

This article examines the trajectory of secularization and desecularization in Turkey through the lens of Imam Hatip high schools, focusing on how religion has been reintroduced into the public sphere and reshaped educational exposure. While secularism in Turkey historically emerged as a state-driven project imposed from above, recent decades have witnessed a marked process of desecularization under the Justice and Development Party, facilitated by institutional reforms in law, education, and bureaucracy. The study draws on qualitative interviews with experts, analyzed through grounded theory, to capture their perceptions of religious schooling and its impact. The analysis is organized into three themes: the persistence of top-down secularism, the institutionalized reintroduction of religion, and the intersection of religionized politics with educational practices. Findings indicate that while family socialization remains a primary source of religious identity, Imam Hatip schools function as a symbolic site of religiosity and political contestation. The study concludes that Turkey’s current desecularization is not merely a grassroots revival but a state-mediated restructuring of the secular–religious balance, with education serving as a central arena for negotiating visibility, autonomy, and identity. At the same time, the legacy of top-down secularism has paradoxically contributed to alienating younger generations from religion, shaping ambivalent attitudes toward faith and schooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Secularism: Society, Politics, Theology)

26 pages, 1259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound Treatment in Berry Puree Production: Effects on Sensory, Rheological, and Chemical Properties

by Jan Piecko, Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc, Niall J. Dickinson, Anna Wrzodak, Karolina Celejewska, Michael Bom Frøst, Belinda Lange, Charlotte Dandanell, Jacek Lewandowicz and Patrycja Jankowska

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020260 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Berries are a valuable source of health-promoting substances, including vitamins, microelements, and polyphenols. Optimising the extraction efficiency of these compounds during processing is crucial to minimise their loss into the waste stream. Ultrasound technology is recognised as a sustainable and promising tool for [...] Read more.

Berries are a valuable source of health-promoting substances, including vitamins, microelements, and polyphenols. Optimising the extraction efficiency of these compounds during processing is crucial to minimise their loss into the waste stream. Ultrasound technology is recognised as a sustainable and promising tool for improving extraction; however, previous literature has not sufficiently addressed the optimal point of its application in fruit puree processing, and its impact on the sensory properties of the final product has only occasionally been explored. As one of the first reports, this study aimed to determine the optimal moment for ultrasound application within a puree production scheme. In the second stage of the experiment, four recipes based on strawberry and haskap berry were tested. The results demonstrated the potential for enhancing sensory quality of puree by using an ultrasound treatment. It was found that the ultrasound-treated purees showed significantly higher pectin levels and improved rheological properties, while the content of anthocyanins and L-ascorbic acid remained mainly unchanged. This indicates that the non-thermal nature of ultrasound treatment can induce positive changes from a sensory and rheological point of view without causing the degradation of health-promoting compounds, offering a viable strategy for improving berry puree quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physicochemical Properties of Innovative Food Products During Processing)

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32 pages, 10558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Technology and Sustainable Agriculture: Evidence from Henan Province, China

by Xinyu Guo, Jinwei Lv and Ruojia Zhu

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020780 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

As global agriculture seeks to reconcile the dual imperatives of food security and environmental sustainability, this study examines the role of Internet access in promoting green agricultural production, specifically by reducing fertilizer and pesticide use. Using a panel dataset from 16 rural fixed [...] Read more.

As global agriculture seeks to reconcile the dual imperatives of food security and environmental sustainability, this study examines the role of Internet access in promoting green agricultural production, specifically by reducing fertilizer and pesticide use. Using a panel dataset from 16 rural fixed observation points in Henan Province from 2009 to 2022, we find that Internet access significantly lowers per-unit farmland expenditures on fertilizers and pesticides by 6.0% and 7.3%, respectively. Mechanism analysis reveals that these positive effects operate through three main channels: improved information accessibility delivers timely agricultural data and guides input decisions; enhanced technical learning efficiency reduces barriers to adopting green technologies; and stronger market connectivity via e-commerce platforms shortens supply chains and provides price incentives. Heterogeneity analysis further identifies more pronounced effects among farmers with higher human capital (higher education, better health, younger age), higher production capital (greater mechanization, larger farmland, stronger decision-making capacity), lower livelihood capital (lower income, lower consumption, less communication expenditure), and higher spatial capital (residing in urban suburbs, poverty registration villages, and traditional villages). This study provides micro evidence for digital technology to empower sustainable agricultural development and provides policy implications for building a sustainable agri-food system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Agricultural Technologies, Digitalization and Sustainable Development Goals)

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20 pages, 2963 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Distinct Defense Strategy: The Molecular Basis of WSSV Tolerance in Macrobrachium nipponense Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomics with Litopenaeus vannamei

by Yunpeng Niu, Sufei Jiang, Wenyi Zhang, Yiwei Xiong, Shubo Jin, Hui Qiao and Hongtuo Fu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020766 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) remains one of the most devastating pathogens in global shrimp aquaculture, causing massive economic losses annually. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to elucidate the molecular basis of the differential resistance to WSSV between the highly susceptible Pacific white [...] Read more.

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) remains one of the most devastating pathogens in global shrimp aquaculture, causing massive economic losses annually. This study employed comparative transcriptomics to elucidate the molecular basis of the differential resistance to WSSV between the highly susceptible Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the remarkably resistant oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). Our analysis of gill, hepatopancreas, and muscle tissues at 24 h post-infection revealed fundamentally distinct defense strategies. The resistant M. nipponense employs a unique “proactive homeostatic reinforcement” strategy, characterized by significant enrichment of pathways central to cellular homeostasis, including signal transduction, cellular processes, and transport/catabolism. This approach, supported by coordinated up-regulation of heat shock proteins and structural genes, enables effective viral control without triggering excessive immune activation. In contrast, susceptible L. vannamei displays either widespread metabolic dysregulation leading to systemic collapse in moribund individuals or dependency on specific immune pathways (Toll-like receptor signaling and apoptosis) in survivors. Through comparative KEGG analysis, we identified heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70, K03283) as a key conserved gene and functionally validated its critical role in antiviral defense using RNA interference. Knockdown of HSP70 in M. nipponense significantly increased cumulative mortality and viral load, confirming its essential protective function. These findings provide novel insights into crustacean antiviral immunity and identify promising genetic targets for breeding WSSV-resistant shrimp strains, offering sustainable solutions for disease management in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Germplasm Innovation Technology in Aquactic Genetic Breeding)

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