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26 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Tree Shade on Vineyard Microclimate and Grape Production: A Novel Approach to Sun Radiation Modelling as a Response to Climate Change

by Isilda Cunha Menezes, Mário Santos, Lourdes Bugalho and Mário Gonzalez Pereira

Land 2024, 13(11), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111970 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Climate change threatens established agricultural systems and production, driving the need for adaptation and mitigation strategies. Vitiforestry, an alternative cultivation system combining trees and shrubs in the vineyard, promotes environmental sustainability and offers a possible adaptation strategy to climate change. This work scrutinizes [...] Read more.

Climate change threatens established agricultural systems and production, driving the need for adaptation and mitigation strategies. Vitiforestry, an alternative cultivation system combining trees and shrubs in the vineyard, promotes environmental sustainability and offers a possible adaptation strategy to climate change. This work scrutinizes the impact of shading on vineyards using an Integrated Model of Vineyard Shading and Climate Adaptation (IMVSCA), supported by a system dynamics approach. This model estimates solar radiation and computes daily and annual trends of insolation, air temperature, and relative humidity to shading and its influence on vineyard growth stages. It also assesses the effects of shading-related extreme weather events and the occurrence of grapevine disease development driven by daily weather conditions and zoning adaptations. The pilot results depict the effects of tree shading on vineyards, namely the impacts of solar radiation and air temperature on vine phenology, pollination, pollen germination, fungal diseases, and the complimentary indicators of grape production and quality. Our modeling framework and findings suggest that vitiforestry could be an interesting climate change adaptation technique, providing a starting point for further studies in this scope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land–Climate Interactions)

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13 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Decomposition of Core–Shell-Structured RDX@AlH₃, HMX@AlH₃, and CL-20@AlH₃ Nanoparticles: Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Zijian Sun, Lei Yang, Hui Li, Mengyun Mei, Lixin Ye, Jiake Fan and Weihua Zhu

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221859 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The reactive molecular dynamics method was employed to examine the thermal decomposition process of aluminized hydride (AlH₃) containing explosive nanoparticles with a core–shell structure under high temperature. The core was composed of the explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20, while the shell [...] Read more.

The reactive molecular dynamics method was employed to examine the thermal decomposition process of aluminized hydride (AlH₃) containing explosive nanoparticles with a core–shell structure under high temperature. The core was composed of the explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20, while the shell was composed of AlH₃. It was demonstrated that the CL-20@AlH₃ NPs decomposed at a faster rate than the other NPs, and elevated temperatures could accelerate the initial decomposition of the explosive molecules. The incorporation of aluminized hydride shells did not change the initial decomposition mechanism of the three explosives. The yields of the main products (NO, NO₂, N₂, H₂O, H₂, and CO₂) were investigated. There was a large number of solid aluminized clusters produced during the decomposition, mainly Al_mO_n and Al_mC_n clusters, together with Al_mN_n clusters dispersed in the Al_mO_n clusters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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15 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis of α-Hydroxyethylphosphonates and α-Hydroxyethylphosphine Oxides: Role of Solvents During Optical Resolution

by Zsuzsanna Szalai, Anna Sára Kis, József Schindler, Konstantin Karaghiosoff and György Keglevich

Symmetry 2024, 16(11), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111557 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Five chiral, racemic dialkyl α-hydroxyethylphosphonates and α-hydroxyethyl-diarylphosphine oxides were prepared in a scalable manner. Possibilities for the optical resolution of the racemic hydroxyphosphine oxides were explored via diastereomeric complex-forming experiments. The acidic calcium salt of O,O’-dibenzoyl-(2R,3R)-tartaric [...] Read more.

Five chiral, racemic dialkyl α-hydroxyethylphosphonates and α-hydroxyethyl-diarylphosphine oxides were prepared in a scalable manner. Possibilities for the optical resolution of the racemic hydroxyphosphine oxides were explored via diastereomeric complex-forming experiments. The acidic calcium salt of O,O’-dibenzoyl-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid and O,O’-di-p-tolyl-(2R,3R)-tartaric acid were chosen as the resolving agents. The role of the solvent in the enantiomeric discrimination was investigated. The diastereomeric complex could be obtained in a crystalline form for α-hydroxyethyl-diphenylphosphine oxide and α-hydroxyethyl-bis(4-methylphenyl)phosphine oxide. However, in the third case, for α-hydroxyethyl-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine oxide, there was no chiral discrimination. Decomposition of the recrystallized diastereomeric complex followed by decomposition of the complex yielded the target compounds in 77/90% enantiomeric excess. The absolute configuration of the hydroxyethyl-diphenylphosphine oxide was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The interactions stabilizing the supramolecular associate were evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymmetric Centers in Optically Active Molecules Containing a Heteroatom)

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19 pages, 1819 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Convolutional Neural Network for the Removal of Simultaneous Ocular and Myogenic Artifacts from EEG Signals

by Maryam Azhar, Tamoor Shafique and Anas Amjad

Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4576; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224576 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique widely used in neuroscience to diagnose neural disorders and analyse brain activity. However, ocular and myogenic artifacts from eye movements and facial muscle activity often contaminate EEG signals, compromising signal analysis accuracy. While deep learning models are [...] Read more.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique widely used in neuroscience to diagnose neural disorders and analyse brain activity. However, ocular and myogenic artifacts from eye movements and facial muscle activity often contaminate EEG signals, compromising signal analysis accuracy. While deep learning models are a popular choice for denoising EEG signals, most focus on removing either ocular or myogenic artifacts independently. This paper introduces a novel EEG denoising model capable of handling the simultaneous occurrence of both artifacts. The model uses convolutional layers to extract spatial features and a fully connected layer to reconstruct clean signals from learned features. The model integrates the Adam optimiser, average pooling, and ReLU activation to effectively capture and restore clean EEG signals. It demonstrates superior performance, achieving low training and validation losses with a significantly reduced value of 0.35 in both the temporal and spectral domains. A high cross-correlation coefficient of 0.94 with ground-truth EEG signals confirms the model’s fidelity. Compared to the existing architectures and models (FPN, UNet, MCGUNet, LinkNet, MultiResUNet3+, Simple CNN, Complex CNN) across a range of signal-to-noise ratio values, the model shows superior performance for artifact removal. It also mitigates overfitting, underscoring its robustness in artifact suppression. Full article

15 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Decision-Making in Pediatric Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Case-Based Questionnaire Among Dentists in Germany

by Bakr A. Rashid, Ahmad Al Masri, Christian H. Splieth, Mustafa Abdalla and Julian Schmoeckel

Medicina 2024, 60(11), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60111907 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The most recent guidelines and recommendations regarding treatments of dental caries in children are shifting towards evidence-based minimal or non-invasive approaches aiming to preserve the vitality of teeth and potentially reduce the need for dental general anesthesia. This study [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The most recent guidelines and recommendations regarding treatments of dental caries in children are shifting towards evidence-based minimal or non-invasive approaches aiming to preserve the vitality of teeth and potentially reduce the need for dental general anesthesia. This study investigated the treatment recommendations of dentists actively practicing pediatric dentistry in Germany regarding different patient cases with caries in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was distributed on paper or online to pediatric dentists and general dentists practicing pediatric dentistry. Five cases of children with dental treatment needs representing a variety of clinical situations were selected for the questionnaire. Considering four different scenarios regarding pain symptoms (yes/no) and cooperation level (good/low) for each case resulted in 20 questions, where the preferred treatment option could be chosen out of 21 options ranging from observation only to extraction with/without different sedation techniques. The answers were categorized into three categories for each case and scenario according to guidelines, recent scientific evidence, and recommendations (recommended, acceptable, or not recommended/contraindicated). Results: In total, 222 participants responded to the survey (161 female; 72.5%). In 55.2% of the total 4440 answers, the participants chose a “recommended” treatment option, in 16.4% “acceptable”, but in 28.4%, a “not recommended” treatment, which ranged for the five cases between 18.7 and 36.1%. While pain and low cooperation levels led to more invasive and justified treatment choices (only 26.3% “not recommended”), less severe scenarios resulted more often in “not recommended” options (pain with good cooperation: 31.0%; or low cooperation without pain: 32.6%). The dentist’s age, experience, and educational background did not significantly correlate to choosing “not recommended” treatment options. Conclusions: A child's pain and cooperation level greatly impact the treatment decisions made by dentists, with a risk of too-invasive treatment options in low-severity cases. Substantial disparities in treatment recommendations for caries in primary teeth persist among dental practitioners regardless of their age, experience, and educational background. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Caries Management in the Primary and Permanent Dentition)

23 pages, 4888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Drug and PVA–Drug–Surfactant Complex Organogel with Dimethyl Sulfoxide as a Drug Delivery System

by Sabina Otarbayeva and Dmitriy Berillo

Gels 2024, 10(11), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10110753 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The relevance of active research lies in the need to develop new technologies to improve drug delivery methods for the effective treatment of wound healing. Additionally, the potential application of organogels in other areas of biomedicine, such as creating medical patches with controlled [...] Read more.

The relevance of active research lies in the need to develop new technologies to improve drug delivery methods for the effective treatment of wound healing. Additionally, the potential application of organogels in other areas of biomedicine, such as creating medical patches with controlled drug delivery, indicates a wide range of possibilities for using this technology. This study focuses on developing controlled drug delivery systems using organogels as carriers for ceftriaxone and ofloxacin. By selecting optimal formulations, organogels were created to immobilize the drugs, facilitating their effective and sustained release. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels was studied, showing a swelling coefficient between 16 and 32%, indicating their ability to absorb liquid relative to their weight. Drug release studies demonstrated that ceftriaxone was released 1.8 times slower than ofloxacin, ensuring a more controlled delivery. Microbiological tests confirmed that the organogels containing ofloxacin exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, it was a challenge to estimate activity for the model antibiotic ceftriaxone due to bacterial resistance to it. Organogel poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-DMSO–alginate modifications with surfactant cetylpyridinium bromide led to the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex on the interphase, allowing further enhanced the prolonged release of the drugs. The research identified that the optimal compositions for sustained drug release were organogels with compositions PVA (10%)-PVP (1%) DMSO (50%) and PVA (10%)-DMSO (50%) formulations, illustrating the transparent nature of these organogels making them suitable for ophthalmological application. Various organogels compositions (PVA-DMSO, PVA-poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-DMSO, PVA-DMSO–alginate, PVA-DMSO-PLGA, PVA-DMSO–drug–surfactant) loaded with ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, and surfactant were prepared and characterized, highlighting their potential use in antibiotic patches for wound healing. These organogels illustrate promising results for localized treatment of infections in wounds, cuts, burns, and other skin lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydrogels: Preparation, Property and Biomedical Application (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Characterisation of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

by Min Yi Lau, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Chun Wie Chong, Jacky Dwiyanto, Yee Qing Lee, Jia Jie Woon, Zhi Xian Kong, Azmiza Syawani Jasni, Michelle Chin Chin Lee, Unaizah Hanum Obaidellah and Cindy Shuan Ju Teh

Antibiotics 2024, 13(11), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111107 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant organisms, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, pose a significant threat to healthcare systems worldwide. This retrospective study aims to characterise carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains in a teaching [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant organisms, particularly Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, pose a significant threat to healthcare systems worldwide. This retrospective study aims to characterise carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) strains in a teaching hospital and to determine the risk factors associated with patients’ in-hospital mortality. Methods: A total of 90 CRAB and 63 CRKP were included in this study. Carbapenemase genes and MLST types of CRAB and CRKP were determined using specific primers. Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality were analysed with collected data. Results: All the CRAB strains consisted of OXA carbapenemase genes, with 98% of the strains co-harbouring blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase genes. Conversely, blaNDM is the predominant carbapenemase gene in CRKP, followed by blaOXA-48-like carbapenemase genes. ST2 and ST20 are the dominant MLST types in CRAB and CRKP, respectively. In CRAB, multivariate analysis identified age, ethnicity, the presence of a mechanical ventilator, and patients who experienced previous exposure to clindamycin in the last 90 days as associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. In contrast, older age, male, ICU admission, and the presence of an indwelling urinary catheter were significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality for patients with CRKP. Conclusions: Both CRAB and CRKP lead to high rates of mortality. The MLST profile showed that the genomic patterns of CRKP were highly diverse, whereas CRAB strains had low genetic diversity. To tackle these challenging pathogens, robust surveillance and an in-depth understanding of molecular epidemiology and genomics studies are needed to tailor infection control strategies and individualise treatment approaches. Full article

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16 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Cardiac Rehabilitation After Open Heart Surgery: A Narrative Systematic Review

by Eleni Delimanoli, Olav Muurlink, Pavlos Myrianthefs and Anna Korompeli

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(11), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11110376 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Postoperative cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are increasingly recommended by clinicians, but only a minority of patients who have undergone open heart surgery participate in such programs. Participation rates in postoperative CR, if anything, appear to be declining. This systematic review examines the [...] Read more.

Background: Postoperative cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are increasingly recommended by clinicians, but only a minority of patients who have undergone open heart surgery participate in such programs. Participation rates in postoperative CR, if anything, appear to be declining. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of post-operative CR and reveals possible participation barriers. Methods: A search of two scholarly databases for primary research papers published in the last decade examining the impact of post-operative CR was conducted and the resultant papers reviewed. Results: The 21 resulting studies revealed physiological functioning improvement and a reduction in mortality and readmission rates, while highlighting an enhancement in mental status. Some of the studies recognized the need for nutritional support and suggested that age, gender, access to CR centers, and socioeconomic variables impact participation in CR. Conclusions: Post-operative CR participation rates continue to decline despite increasing evidence of the value of the approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiac Surgery)

15 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of Sensitivity, Emotions, and Motivations During Visual Perception

by Sergey Lytaev

Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7414; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227414 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

When an organism is exposed to environmental stimuli of varying intensity, the adaptive changes in the CNS can be explained by several conceptual provisions: the law of motivation–activation by Yerkes and Dodson, the laws of force and pessimal protective inhibition, and the theory [...] Read more.

When an organism is exposed to environmental stimuli of varying intensity, the adaptive changes in the CNS can be explained by several conceptual provisions: the law of motivation–activation by Yerkes and Dodson, the laws of force and pessimal protective inhibition, and the theory of emotion activation. Later, reinforcement sensitivity theory was developed in the fields of psychology and psychophysics. At the same time, cortical prepulse inhibition (PPI), the prepulse inhibition of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and the augmentation/reduction phenomenon were proposed in sensory neurophysiology, which expanded our understanding of consciousness. The aim of this study was to identify markers of levels of activity of cognitive processes under normal and in psychopathological conditions while amplifying the information stimulus. For this purpose, we changed the contrast level of reversible checkerboard patterns and mapped the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in 19 monopolar channels among 52 healthy subjects and 39 patients with a mental illness without an active productive pathology. Their cognitive functions were assessed by presenting visual tests to assess invariant pattern recognition, short-term visual memory, and Gestalt perception. The personalities of the healthy subjects were assessed according to Cattell’s 16-factor questionnaire, linking the data from neurophysiological and cognitive studies to factors Q4 (relaxation/tension) and C (emotional stability). According to the N₇₀ and N₁₅₀ VEP waves, the healthy subjects and the patients were divided into two groups. In some, there was a direct relationship between VEP amplitude and contrast intensity (21 patients and 29 healthy persons), while in the others, there was an inverse relationship, with a reduction in VEP amplitude (18 patients and 23 healthy persons). The relationship and mechanisms of subjects’ cognitive abilities and personality traits are discussed based on the data acquired from the responses to information stimuli of varied intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)

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12 pages, 2704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propolis Extract: Weaving Antioxidant Power into Polymeric Composites Through Electrospinning

by Sergiana dos Passos Ramos, Leonardo Ribeiro Bernardo, Monize Bürck, Laura Ordonho Líbero, Marcelo Assis and Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga

Polymers 2024, 16(22), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223230 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The manufacture of composites with bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for developing advanced materials in biomedical, food, and industrial applications. However, challenges such as stability, bioactivity retention, and controlled release hinder their effectiveness. Electrospinning emerges as a viable technique for encapsulating bioactive [...] Read more.

The manufacture of composites with bioactive compounds represents a promising strategy for developing advanced materials in biomedical, food, and industrial applications. However, challenges such as stability, bioactivity retention, and controlled release hinder their effectiveness. Electrospinning emerges as a viable technique for encapsulating bioactive compounds, offering advantages such as high surface area, porosity, and gradual release, which are critical for maintaining the bioactivity of embedded compounds. Regarding bioactive composition, propolis has been highlighted as a potential source and has great potential as a biopolymer ingredient due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study analyzed the composition and antioxidant activity of three commercial propolis extracts to select the most suitable extract for fiber composite production using zein and polyethylene oxide (PEO), both recognized as safe. The characterization of the electrospun fibers, including morphology, thermal properties, and antioxidant release, was conducted through various analytical techniques. The findings highlight the effectiveness of electrospinning for developing composite materials with bioactive compounds, paving the way for innovations in antioxidant technologies across multiple sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Materials Incorporated with Bioactive Compounds)

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16 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Extreme Precipitation in Henan Province Based on RClimDex Model

by Zhijia Gu, Yuemei Li, Mengchen Qin, Keke Ji, Qiang Yi, Panying Li and Detai Feng

Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111399 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Global warming has led to an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events worldwide. The extreme precipitation of Henan Province in central China usually occurs in summer, with the climate transition from the northern subtropical to the warm temperate climate. Compared with [...] Read more.

Global warming has led to an increasing frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events worldwide. The extreme precipitation of Henan Province in central China usually occurs in summer, with the climate transition from the northern subtropical to the warm temperate climate. Compared with the study of extreme precipitation events in other regions, the study of Henan Province pays less attention. In order to systematically understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in Henan Province, this study applied RClimDex model to obtain nine extreme precipitation indices based on daily precipitation data from 90 meteorological stations from 1981 to 2020. Linear propensity estimation, M-K mutation test, Morlet wavelet analysis, and geostatistical analysis were used to investigate the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the extreme precipitation indices in the region. The results indicated that continuous dry days (CDD), number of heavy rain days (R20mm), maximum daily precipitation (Rx1day), maximum precipitation for 5 consecutive days (Rx5day), and precipitation intensity (SDII) showed an overall increasing trend, but none passed the significance test (p > 0.01). Extremely strong precipitation (R99p) and Rx5day changed abruptly in 1994, and Rx1day and SDII changed abruptly in 2004. The seven extreme precipitation indices, except CDD and continuous wet days (CWD), had a 30-year cyclical pattern. The multi-year average of extreme precipitation indices showed that the CDD gradually decreased from north to south, CWD and R20mm gradually increased from north to south. Rx1day and Rx5day gradually increased from northwest to southeast, and SDII increased from west to east. The results can contribute valuable insights to extreme precipitation trends and future climate predictions in Henan Province and provide scientific support for coping with extreme precipitation changes and disaster prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Observations and Modeling of Precipitation Extremes and Tropical Cyclones (2nd Edition))

16 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrodynamic Attitude Stabilization of a Spacecraft in an Elliptical Orbit

by Maksim A. Klyushin, Margarita V. Maksimenko and Alexey A. Tikhonov

Aerospace 2024, 11(11), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11110956 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

One of the fundamental problems of spacecraft dynamics related to ensuring its angular orientation in the basic coordinate system is considered. The problem of electrodynamic attitude control for a spacecraft in an elliptical near-Earth Keplerian orbit is studied. A mathematical model describing the [...] Read more.

One of the fundamental problems of spacecraft dynamics related to ensuring its angular orientation in the basic coordinate system is considered. The problem of electrodynamic attitude control for a spacecraft in an elliptical near-Earth Keplerian orbit is studied. A mathematical model describing the attitude dynamics of the spacecraft under the action of the Lorentz torque, the magnetic interaction torque, and the gravitational torque is constructed. The multipole model of the Earth’s magnetic field is used. The possibility of electrodynamic attitude control for the spacecraft’s angular stabilization in the orbital frame is analyzed based on the Euler–Poisson differential equations. The problem of electrodynamic compensation of disturbing torque due to the orbit eccentricity is solved. The control strategy for spacecraft electrodynamic attitude stabilization is presented. Electromagnetic parameters that allow stabilizing the spacecraft’s attitude position in the orbital frame are proposed. The disturbing gravity gradient torque is taken into account. The convergence of the control process is verified by computer modeling. Thus, the possibility and advisability of using the electrodynamic method for the spacecraft attitude control and its angular stabilization in the orbital coordinate system in an elliptical orbit is shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

19 pages, 557 KiB

Open AccessReview

Combating Tuberculosis via Restoring the Host Immune Capacity by Targeting M. tb Kinases and Phosphatases

by Shahinda S. R. Alsayed and Hendra Gunosewoyo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 12481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212481 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a remarkably versatile pathogen that possesses a unique ability to counteract the host’s defence mechanisms to control the infection. Several mycobacterial protein kinases and phosphatases were found to play a key role in impeding phagosome maturation [...] Read more.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a remarkably versatile pathogen that possesses a unique ability to counteract the host’s defence mechanisms to control the infection. Several mycobacterial protein kinases and phosphatases were found to play a key role in impeding phagosome maturation in macrophages and accordingly blocking the phagosome–lysosome fusion, therefore allowing the bacteria to survive. During phagocytosis, both M. tb and the host’s phagocytic cells develop mechanisms to fight each other, resulting in pathogen elimination or survival. In this respect, M. tb uses a phosphorylation-based signal transduction mechanism, whereby it senses extracellular signals from the host and initiates the appropriate adaptation responses. Indeed, the ability of M. tb to exist in different states in the host (persistent quiescent state or actively replicating mode) is mainly mediated through protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signalling. The M. tb regulatory and defensive responses coordinate different aspects of the bacilli’s physiology, for instance, cell wall components, metabolic activity, virulence, and growth. Herein, we will discuss the implication of M. tb kinases and phosphatases in hijacking the host immune system, perpetuating the infection. In addition, the role of PknG, MPtpA, MPtpB, and SapM inhibitors in resetting the host immune system will be highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)

13 pages, 1340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacological Evaluation of the Traditional Brazilian Medicinal Plant Monteverdia ilicifolia in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Preliminary Results of a Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial

by Maitê Scherer da Silva, Rebeca Vargas Antunes Schunck, Maicon Pereira Moraes, Giana Blume Corssac, Gabriela Meirelles, Sara Elis Bianchi, Leonardo Vieira Targa, Valquiria Bassani, Marcelo Rodrigues Gonçalves, Caroline Dani and Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(11), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111559 (registering DOI) - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The present work aimed to compare the effects of the standardized dry extract from the leaves of Monteverdia ilicifolia, popularly known as “espinheira-santa”, with omeprazole in the management of dyspepsia related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: A double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The present work aimed to compare the effects of the standardized dry extract from the leaves of Monteverdia ilicifolia, popularly known as “espinheira-santa”, with omeprazole in the management of dyspepsia related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods: A double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority and double-dummy clinical trial was conducted. In total, 86 patients with GERD symptoms were randomized into three groups: Omeprazol (20 mg), M. ilicifolia (400 mg), or M. ilicifolia (860 mg). Capsules were provided by SUSTENTEC^®, Pato Bragato, Brazil. It was requested that the participants take three capsules before breakfast and dinner for 4 weeks. Clinical outcomes were obtained at the beginning and end of the study, with GERD symptoms (QS-GERD), the impact of heartburn symptoms on quality of life (HBQOL), and medical records. Results: Overall, 75.6% of the participants showed adherence without any differences among the experimental groups. All groups had significant reductions in both QS-GERD and HBQOL scores. Omeprazole and 400 and 860 mg of M. ilicifolia decreased the QS-GERD total scores at the endpoint compared to the baseline (Chi-square = 129.808; p < 0.0001), as well as individual item scores, such as heartburn intensity (Chi-square = 93.568, p < 0.0001) and heartburn after meals (Chi-square = 126.426, p < 0.0001). There were no differences among the experimental groups after the intervention. Conclusions: Our results suggest that capsules with a standardized dry extract from the leaves of M. ilicifolia at a dosage of 400 or 860 mg are non-inferior to omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor. Full article

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11 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survivors’ Narratives of the Oklahoma City Bombing Retold Seven Years Post-Disaster

by Elizabeth W. Pollio, Samir Abu-Hamad, Jennifer Wang, Carol S. North and David E. Pollio

Emerg. Care Med. 2024, 1(4), 417-427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecm1040041 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Introduction: A large proportion of the existing voluminous disaster mental health research literature represents the quantitative study of psychopathology, especially posttraumatic stress disorder. Subjective disaster experience is relatively unexplored. Qualitative narratives of surviving a disaster may provide insight into individual experiences of it [...] Read more.

Introduction: A large proportion of the existing voluminous disaster mental health research literature represents the quantitative study of psychopathology, especially posttraumatic stress disorder. Subjective disaster experience is relatively unexplored. Qualitative narratives of surviving a disaster may provide insight into individual experiences of it and efforts to derive meaning from it. Methods: From an initial random sample of 182 survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing, narrative descriptions of this experience were collected 7 years after the bomb blast from 116 of the original sample, for the purpose of examining persistent as well as newly evolving content through qualitative analysis. The narrative content was analyzed for the evolution of thematic content in narrative data also collected at 6 months post-disaster and 1 year later. Results: The thematic content of the bombing experience was structured in a chronological fashion from the bomb blast (sensory, cognitive, and emotional), its immediate aftermath (e.g., escaping danger), and later experiences, (e.g., leaving the bomb site and receiving hospital treatment). During the time between interviews, the focus and general content of the narratives changed minimally, despite considerable compression of detail. Conclusions: The consistency of the material in these narratives over 7 years may reflect the persistence and salience of disaster memories, with the potential for its continuation for the rest of their lives. Full article

32 pages, 5401 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Role of New Molecules in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Insights into Disease Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential

by Diana Martinez, Nicole Santoro and Annalisa Paviglianiti

Targets 2024, 2(4), 396-427; https://doi.org/10.3390/targets2040023 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

This review article explores the current landscape of acute myeloid leukemia treatment, including novel target molecules and recent advancements in cell therapy and immunotherapy focused on T cell activity. Advances in treatment have been promising in recent years, driven by the development of [...] Read more.

This review article explores the current landscape of acute myeloid leukemia treatment, including novel target molecules and recent advancements in cell therapy and immunotherapy focused on T cell activity. Advances in treatment have been promising in recent years, driven by the development of therapies targeting new molecular and genetic therapeutic targets. These findings allowed for the approval of several target therapies by the European and American drug agencies in the last 5 years. However, mortality remains very high, particularly in relapsed or refractory (R/R) patients. In recent years, the development of immunotherapy has expanded this field, leading to the introduction of new drugs and treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Targeted Therapy for Hematological Malignancies)

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18 pages, 2511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tetrahydrofurfuryl Nitrate: A New Organic Nitrate Induces Hypotension and Vasorelaxation Without Vascular Tolerance Induction

by Maria do Carmo de Alustau-Fernandes, Fabíola Fialho Furtado Gouvêa, Natália Tabosa Machado Calzerra, Tays Amanda Felisberto Gonçalves, Valéria Lopes de Assis, Walma Pereira de Vasconcelos, Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, Robson Cavalcante Veras, Thyago Moreira de Queiroz and Isac Almeida de Medeiros

J. Vasc. Dis. 2024, 3(4), 453-470; https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3040034 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The development of new organic nitrates is still relevant due to the clinical limitations of their use. Tetrahydrofurfuryl nitrate (NTHF) is a new organic nitrate obtained through a synthetic route of sugarcane. The aim of this research was to investigate the cardiovascular effects [...] Read more.

The development of new organic nitrates is still relevant due to the clinical limitations of their use. Tetrahydrofurfuryl nitrate (NTHF) is a new organic nitrate obtained through a synthetic route of sugarcane. The aim of this research was to investigate the cardiovascular effects promoted by NTHF in rats. Isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were incubated with a specific probe and were analyzed in a flow cytometer to measure the NO concentration after NTHF treatment. Rat superior mesenteric rings were isolated and used for isometric tension recordings and the evaluation of the vasorelaxant activity induced by NTHF. For the in vivo study, polyethylene catheters were implanted into the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava of the rats (weighing 250–300 g). NTHF increased NO levels in rat VSMCs. In anesthetized rats, NTHF induced hypotension and bradycardia after intravenous administration. These effects were attenuated after the administration of a sGC inhibitor, methylene blue. In the phenylephrine pre-contracted superior mesenteric artery of rats, NTHF (1 pM–10 μM) induced concentration-dependent vasodilatation in both the intact and removed endothelium. Furthermore, in the presence of NO° scavenging (C-PTIO and HDX) or ODQ, a sGC inhibitor, the vasorelaxation induced by NTHF was decreased. NTHF tolerance was evaluated in mesenteric artery rings previously exposed with isolated concentrations of the new organic nitrate. The vasorelaxant effect was not modified by exposure to nitrate. These results demonstrated that NTHF induced hypotension and bradycardia in vivo and a vasorelaxant effect with the participation of the NO-sGC-PKG pathway and triggering calcium-activated K⁺ channels without vascular tolerance induction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Diseases)

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34 pages, 21673 KiB

Open AccessReview

Paying Homage to Microvessel Remodeling and Small Vessel Disease in Neurodegeneration: Implications for the Development of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

by Melvin R. Hayden

J. Vasc. Dis. 2024, 3(4), 419-452; https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd3040033 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The microvessel neurovascular unit, with its brain endothelial cells (BEC) and blood–brain barrier remodeling, is important in the development of impaired cognition in sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), which is associated with aging and is highly prevalent in older populations (≥65 years [...] Read more.

The microvessel neurovascular unit, with its brain endothelial cells (BEC) and blood–brain barrier remodeling, is important in the development of impaired cognition in sporadic or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), which is associated with aging and is highly prevalent in older populations (≥65 years of age). It is also linked with vascular dementia and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy in neurodegeneration. LOAD is considered to be the number one cause of dementia globally; however, when one considers the role of mixed dementia (MD)—the combination of both the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the vascular hypothesis of LOAD—it becomes apparent that MD is the number one cause. Microvessel BECs are the first cells in the brain to be exposed to peripheral neurotoxins from the systemic circulation and are therefore the brain cells at the highest risk for early and chronic injury. Therefore, these cells are the first to undergo injury, followed by excessive and recurrent wound healing and remodeling processes in aging and other age-related diseases such as cerebrocardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Parkinson’s disease. This narrative review explores the intricate relationship between microvessel remodeling, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), and neurodegeneration in LOAD. It also discusses the current understanding of how microvessel dysfunction, disruption, and pathology contribute to the pathogenesis of LOAD and highlights potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurovascular Diseases)

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14 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Helenium amarum to Environmental Stressors in the Presence of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Its Role as a Pollinator Resource

by Austin Jameson and Lisa Horth

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1215-1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040084 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Globally, climate change is causing shifts in precipitation patterns. Shifting precipitation patterns can be a stressor for many species. One species that is experiencing such stress is Helenium amarum Raf (H. Rock). H. amarum, thrives in dry upland pastures and low-lying grassy [...] Read more.

Globally, climate change is causing shifts in precipitation patterns. Shifting precipitation patterns can be a stressor for many species. One species that is experiencing such stress is Helenium amarum Raf (H. Rock). H. amarum, thrives in dry upland pastures and low-lying grassy and sandy habitat in the mid-Atlantic (USA), where it persists despite storm-driven standing water. Helenium amarum is a species that is toxic to livestock and has been found outside its native range. Temperature and light impacts on germination are already known, but the role of water availability and potential ameliorating effects of mycorrhizae during water stress have not been studied. We planted seeds collected from nature in the Aquatics Facility at Old Dominion University under varied water regimes (drought, flood, intermediate) and evaluated supplemental mycorrhizal fungi impacts on plant traits. Plants in soil with supplemental mycorrhizae grew to nearly twice the height of ‘no supplement’ controls (

\bar{x}

_mycorrhizae = 23.16, S.D. = 7.33 cm;

\bar{x}

_control = 13.70, S.D. = 6.33 cm; p < 0.001). Leaf length was also greater with supplemental mycorrhizae (

\bar{x}

_mycorrhizae = 3.52, S.D. = 1.27 cm;

\bar{x}

_control = 2.66, S.D. = 0.75 cm; p = 0.0239). Leaf number was greater in high water treatments, with supplemental mycorrhizae (high-water:

\bar{x}

_mycorrhizae = 27.47, S.D. = 10.66;

\bar{x}

_control = 13.50, S.D. = 6.80; p < 0.001; pulse-water

\bar{x}

_mycorrhizae = 30.50, S.D. = 8.64;

\bar{x}

_control = 22.38, S.D. = 7.42; p = 0.0254). This work demonstrates that H. amarum tolerates both dry and moist soil during germination, which may be relevant for successful invasiveness. Supplemental mycorrhizal fungi buffer the effects of water stress, which is significant as climate change impacts precipitation. Additionally, we have documented that pollinators frequently visit flowers of the plant, which is indicative that the species provides ecosystem services in the form of pollinator resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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14 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Accessions to Moisture Stress

by Nyimasata Manneh, Victor O. Adetimirin, Ibnou Dieng, Solomon O. Ntukidem, Christian A. Fatokun and Ousmane Boukar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1201-1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040083 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Cowpea is one of the most important leguminous crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and moisture stress is among the constraints affecting its productivity. This study was conducted to understand the response of cowpea accessions to moisture stress. A total of 255 cowpea accessions [...] Read more.

Cowpea is one of the most important leguminous crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and moisture stress is among the constraints affecting its productivity. This study was conducted to understand the response of cowpea accessions to moisture stress. A total of 255 cowpea accessions from Togo and four checks from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), were assessed. The trials were conducted in the glasshouse and an open field (which was divided into moisture-stressed (MS) and non-moisture-stressed fields (NMS)). In the non-moisture-stressed environment compared to the moisture-stressed environment, there was a greater heritability for agronomic traits such as biomass, seed weight, and pod weight. The accessions with the highest seed weights (yield-related traits), surpassing the checks under both moisture-stressed and non-moisture-stressed conditions in the field, were six viz.: RK173 (49.8 g (MS); 90.4 g (NMS)), RP225 (34.6 g (MS); 119.9 g (NMS)), RP232 (33.4 g (MS); 51.9 g (NMS)), RM357 (27.9 g (MS); 62.9 g (NMS)), RK148 (23.9 g (MS); 63.4 g (NMS)), and Vu081_2_2 (21.8 g (MS); 46.7 g (NMS)). The most promising accession was RK173; this was ranked first under the moisture-stressed condition and ranked second under the non-moisture-stressed condition with a loss in weight of 44.9% due to drought stress. Of the top 20 accessions that recovered after watering resumed in the glasshouse screening, only the following 9 had a recovery percentage higher than 5% viz.: RS029 (34.5%), RK014 (14.2%), RS114 (9.6%), RK121 (8.3%), RS007 (7.6%), RK123 (7.3%), RS037 (7.3%), RS101 (5.6%), and RS108 (5.1%). The best line and those with a higher recovery percentage could be exploited further in order to improve them in future drought breeding programs by crossing them with lines susceptible to drought or using other drought breeding techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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21 pages, 21427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Synoptic Systems Associated with Lake-Effect Snow Events over Northwestern Pennsylvania

by Jake Wiley and Christopher Elcik

Meteorology 2024, 3(4), 391-411; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology3040019 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the synoptic conditions associated with lake-effect snow (LES) over northwestern Pennsylvania with a focus on classifying cases based on the tracks of cyclones influencing the region, including Nor’easters (NEs), Alberta Clippers (ACs), Colorado Lows (COs), and Great Lakes Lows (GLs). [...] Read more.

This study investigates the synoptic conditions associated with lake-effect snow (LES) over northwestern Pennsylvania with a focus on classifying cases based on the tracks of cyclones influencing the region, including Nor’easters (NEs), Alberta Clippers (ACs), Colorado Lows (COs), and Great Lakes Lows (GLs). Synoptic composites were constructed using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for all cases, as well as each cyclone group, using an LES repository spanning from 2006–2020. Additionally, 95 percent bootstrapped confidence intervals were created for each cyclone track to compare the initial mesoscale environmental properties (i.e., surface lake/air temperature and wind direction/speed) and LES impact (i.e., duration, maximum snowfall, and property damage). Synoptic composites of all LES cases exhibited an archetypal LES synoptic pattern consisting of an upper-level low geopotential height anomaly over the Hudson Bay and surface dipole structure centered across the Great Lakes basin. Regarding the different tracks, NEs and COs featured dynamic support in the form of enhanced turbulent mixing and synoptic vertical forcing, while ACs and GLs had greater thermodynamic support in the form of higher lapse rates and heightened heat and moisture fluxes. However, the bootstrapping analysis revealed minimal differences in LES impact between the cyclone types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Career Scientists' (ECS) Contributions to Meteorology (2024))

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20 pages, 7696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar Power Supply for Sensor Applications in the Field: A Guide for Environmental Scientists

by Vincent Boitier, Kha Bao Khanh Cao, Bruno Estibals, Vincent Raimbault, Maxime Cauchoix, Jean-Louis Druilhe and Arnaud Elger

Solar 2024, 4(4), 674-693; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040032 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

The move toward sophisticated sensor networks in ecological applications requires a substantial amount of energy. Energy storage solutions based simply on batteries are often not sufficient to cover the energy needs, so a standalone power supply using solar energy harvesting is generally required. [...] Read more.

The move toward sophisticated sensor networks in ecological applications requires a substantial amount of energy. Energy storage solutions based simply on batteries are often not sufficient to cover the energy needs, so a standalone power supply using solar energy harvesting is generally required. However, designing an appropriate solar power supply without oversizing and avoiding output power disruption all year long is not a trivial task. This paper provides a set of guidelines as well as useful information and advice for environmental researchers and other non-experts to select the right components when designing their own autonomous solar power supply for a range between 10 mW and 10 W. The design steps are compiled into a comprehensive document, free of irrelevant information yet still presenting a general overview of the solar power supply design process, in order to make this task more accessible and understandable for non-experts. The methodology for simple initial dimensioning was carried out and applied to a real-life use case by using the estimated or measured daily consumption combined with free meteorological data of the deployment site provided by various websites. Next, an hourly simulation completed the first sizing. A year of experimental results validated the methodology. Full article

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21 pages, 2759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic Aerosol Contamination in Porto (Portugal)

by Yuliya Logvina, Diogo Silva Moreira, Rui Pedro Moreira Santos, Inês Filipa Neves, Helena Ribeiro, Luís Pinto da Silva and Joaquim Esteves da Silva

Microplastics 2024, 3(4), 696-716; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3040043 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Microplastic pollution, particularly particles smaller than 5 mm, poses significant environmental and health risks due to their potential for inhalation and long-range transport. This study provides the first long-term assessment of airborne microplastics and fibers in Porto, Portugal, over 18 months (September 2022 [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution, particularly particles smaller than 5 mm, poses significant environmental and health risks due to their potential for inhalation and long-range transport. This study provides the first long-term assessment of airborne microplastics and fibers in Porto, Portugal, over 18 months (September 2022 to March 2024). Bi-weekly samples were collected using a Microplastic Collector NILU, which were size-fractionated into five categories (>125 μm, 125–63 μm, 63–25 μm, 25–12 μm, and 12–1.2 μm) and quantified via optical microscopy. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 26 to 1484 MPs/day/m², while fiber concentrations varied from 14 to 646 fibers/day/m². With a focus on the 12–1.2 μm size range due to their classifications as PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, the highest microplastic concentrations were 164 MPs/day/m² (12–1.2 μm) and 534 MPs/day/m² (25–12 μm). Recovery rates varied among polymers, with PP, PE-HD, and ABS showing high accuracy (75.9%) and PES significantly lower (26.5%). This study highlights the significant temporal variability in airborne microplastic and fiber pollution, correlations with meteorological parameters, and the need for ongoing monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies to address associated health risks. Full article

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11 pages, 1803 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aerial Remote Sensing of Aquatic Microplastic Pollution: The State of the Science and How to Move It Forward

by Dominique Chabot and Sarah C. Marteinson

Microplastics 2024, 3(4), 685-695; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3040042 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants in aquatic systems. Due to their small size, they can be ingested by aquatic biota, and numerous negative effects have been documented. Determining the risks to aquatic organisms is reliant on characterizing the environmental presence and concentrations [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants in aquatic systems. Due to their small size, they can be ingested by aquatic biota, and numerous negative effects have been documented. Determining the risks to aquatic organisms is reliant on characterizing the environmental presence and concentrations of MPs, and developing efficient ways to do so over wide scales by means of aerial remote sensing would be beneficial. We conducted a systematic literature review to assess the state of the science of aerial remote sensing of aquatic MPs and propose further research steps to advance the field. Based on 28 key references, we outline three main approaches that currently remain largely experimental rather than operational: remote sensing of aquatic MPs based on (1) their spectral characteristics, (2) their reduction of water surface roughness, and (3) indirect proxies, notably other suspended water constituents. The first two approaches have the most potential for wide-scale monitoring, and the spectral detection of aquatic MPs is seemingly the most direct approach, with the fewest potential confounding factors. Whereas efforts to date have focused on inherently challenging detection in coarse-resolution satellite imagery, we suggest that better progress could be made by experimenting with image acquisition at much lower altitudes and finer spatial and spectral resolutions, which can be conveniently achieved using drones equipped with high-precision hyperspectral sensors. Beyond developing drone-based aquatic MP monitoring capabilities, such experiments could help with upscaling to satellite-based monitoring for global coverage. Full article

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