MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

4633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the CAPM and Multi-Factor Fama–French Models for the Valuation of Assets in the Industries with the Highest Number of Transactions in the US Market

by Karime Chahuán-Jiménez, Luis Muñoz-Rojas, Sebastián Muñoz-Pizarro and Erik Schulze-González

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030126 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study comparatively evaluated the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Fama and French three-factor model (FF3), and the Fama and French five-factor model (FF5) in key US market sectors (finance, energy, and utilities). The goals were to optimize financial decisions and reduce [...] Read more.

This study comparatively evaluated the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Fama and French three-factor model (FF3), and the Fama and French five-factor model (FF5) in key US market sectors (finance, energy, and utilities). The goals were to optimize financial decisions and reduce valuation errors. The historical daily returns of ten-stock portfolios, selected from sectors with the highest trading volume in the S&P 500 Index between 2020 and 2024, were analyzed. Companies with the lowest beta were prioritized. Models were compared based on the metrics of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The results demonstrate the superiority of the multifactor models (FF3 and FF5) over the CAPM in explaining returns in the analyzed sectors. Specifically, the FF3 model was the most accurate in the financial sector; the FF5 model was the most accurate in the energy and utilities sectors; and the FF4 model, with the SMB factor eliminated in the adjustment of the FF5 model, was the least error-prone. The CAPM’s consistent inferiority highlights the need to consider factors beyond market risk. In conclusion, selecting the most appropriate asset valuation model for the US market depends on each sector’s inherent characteristics, favoring multifactor models. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbonate Seismic Facies Analysis in Reservoir Characterization: A Machine Learning Approach with Integration of Reservoir Mineralogy and Porosity

by Papa Owusu, Abdelmoneam Raef and Essam Sharaf

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070257 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Amid increasing interest in enhanced oil recovery and carbon geological sequestration programs, improved static reservoir lithofacies models are emerging as a requirement for well-guided project management. Building reservoir models can leverage seismic attribute clustering for seismic facies mapping. One challenge is that machine [...] Read more.

Amid increasing interest in enhanced oil recovery and carbon geological sequestration programs, improved static reservoir lithofacies models are emerging as a requirement for well-guided project management. Building reservoir models can leverage seismic attribute clustering for seismic facies mapping. One challenge is that machine learning (ML) seismic facies mapping is prone to a wide range of equally possible outcomes when traditional unsupervised ML classification is used. There is a need to constrain ML seismic facies outcomes to limit the predicted seismic facies to those that meet the requirements of geological plausibility for a given depositional setting. To this end, this study utilizes an unsupervised comparative hierarchical and K-means ML classification of the whole 3D seismic data spectrum and a suite of spectral bands to overcome the cluster “facies” number uncertainty in ML data partition algorithms. This comparative ML, which was leveraged with seismic resolution data preconditioning, predicted geologically plausible seismic facies, i.e., seismic facies with spatial continuity, consistent morphology across seismic bands, and two ML algorithms. Furthermore, the variation of seismic facies classes was validated against observed lithofacies at well locations for the Mississippian carbonates of Kansas. The study provides a benchmark for both unsupervised ML seismic facies clustering and an understanding of seismic facies implications for reservoir/saline-aquifer aspects in building reliable static reservoir models. Three-dimensional seismic reflection P-wave data and a suite of well logs and drilling reports constitute the data for predicting seismic facies based on seismic attribute input to hierarchical analysis and K-means clustering models. The results of seismic facies, six facies clusters, are analyzed in integration with the target-interval mineralogy and reservoir porosity. The study unravels the nature of the seismic (litho) facies interplay with porosity and sheds light on interpreting unsupervised machine learning facies in tandem with both reservoir porosity and estimated (Umaa-RHOmaa) mineralogy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“This Is How I Give Back”: Long-Term Survivors on Legacy and HIV Cure Research at the End of Life—A Qualitative Inquiry in the United States

by Ali Ahmed, Jeff Taylor, Whitney Tran, Simran Swaitch, Samuel O. Ndukwe, Rachel Lau, Kris H. Oliveira, Stephanie Solso, Cheryl Dullano, Andy Kaytes, Patricia K. Riggs, Robert Deiss, Sara Gianella and Karine Dubé

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040078 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: End-of-life (EOL) HIV cure research, which studies HIV persistence through pre- and post-mortem tissue collection, has focused primarily on people living with HIV (PLWH) with a prognosis of six months or less. However, the perspectives of long-term survivors (LTS) diagnosed before [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: End-of-life (EOL) HIV cure research, which studies HIV persistence through pre- and post-mortem tissue collection, has focused primarily on people living with HIV (PLWH) with a prognosis of six months or less. However, the perspectives of long-term survivors (LTS) diagnosed before the advent of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) remain underexplored. Understanding their motivations and concerns about EOL cure research is essential for creating inclusive and ethical research frameworks. Methods: Between 2023 and 2024, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 16 PLWH aged 60 and older from diverse backgrounds across the United States, recruited through community-based organizations and HIV networks. We used inductive thematic analysis to explore LTS’ perspectives on EOL HIV research. Results: Participants included cisgender men (56.25%) and women (43.75%) with diverse racial identities. While participants supported EOL HIV cure research, their willingness to participate varied, influenced by awareness, logistics, and ethical concerns. Altruism-motivated participation, but misconceptions about procedures and concerns over bodily integrity represented potential barriers. Some viewed blood draws and leukaphereses as routine, while others expressed hesitancy with biopsies and post-mortem tissue retrieval. HIV stigma, historical mistrust, and cultural beliefs also played a role in willingness to participate. LTS emphasized the need for decentralized research sites, travel support, and financial safeguards. Conclusions: To include LTS in EOL HIV cure research, a community-driven approach is needed, focusing on clear communication, ethical considerations, logistical support, and linkages to EOL care. Addressing misconceptions and building trust, particularly within groups traditionally underrepresented in research, is essential to expanding participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section HIV-AIDS)

14 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Two Types of Combined Power-Over-Fiber and Radio-Over-Fiber Systems Using Raman Amplification for Different Link Lengths

by Paulo Kiohara, Romildo H. Souza, Véronique Quintard, Mikael Guegan, Laura Ghisa, André Pérennou and Olympio L. Coutinho

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4159; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134159 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

The use of analog radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems combined with power-over-fiber (PoF) systems has been proposed in recent years for applications involving remote sensors used in hazardous environments or where electrical wiring may be impractical. This article presents a hybrid architecture topology that combines [...] Read more.

The use of analog radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems combined with power-over-fiber (PoF) systems has been proposed in recent years for applications involving remote sensors used in hazardous environments or where electrical wiring may be impractical. This article presents a hybrid architecture topology that combines PoF and RoF, using Raman amplification to obtain RF gain. The first emphasis is placed on the use of two types of high-power laser sources (HPLSs) for the PoF system: a 1480 nm Raman-based HPLS and a 1550 nm HPLS that is based on an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The second emphasis of this paper is on how these two HPLSs simulate Raman scattering (SRS) in the fiber, considering different lengths of SMF 28 for the link. Thus, a comparative analysis is proposed considering the effects induced on the RF signal, mainly focused on its RF power gain (

G_{R F}

), noise figure (NF), and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR). The obtained results show that the architecture using a PoF system based on the 1550 nm HPLS benefits from a lower noise figure degradation, even when the noise generated by the optical amplification is considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Communications in Sensor Networks)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personal Growth and Wellbeing: An Iterative Mindset Assessment and Perspective

by Kyra Bobinet, Jeni L. Burnette, Whitney Becker and Mallory Rowell

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070906 (registering DOI) - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Interest in personal growth is expanding in both the popular press and the scientific literature. These expansions incorporate varied theoretical approaches and multiple areas of life. In the current work, we propose a novel perspective that focuses on managing failure to reach self-improvement [...] Read more.

Interest in personal growth is expanding in both the popular press and the scientific literature. These expansions incorporate varied theoretical approaches and multiple areas of life. In the current work, we propose a novel perspective that focuses on managing failure to reach self-improvement goals and improving wellbeing. Specifically, we introduce an iterative mindset, which is the belief that making adaptations combined with deliberate practice and neutralizing of failure is critical for lasting transformations. We seek to contribute to the personal growth and mindset literature in two key ways. First, we developed and validated a new measure, called an Iterative Mindset Inventory (IMI), examining factor structure, reliability, and validity. Second, we investigated the links between iterative mindsets, self-improvement, and wellbeing, extending existing work on the power of beliefs to shape self-development. In both studies (Study 1, N = 871; Study 2, N = 345), we incorporated online samples that resembled the adult population of the United States. In Study 1, we found evidence for the proposed theoretical three-factor structure of an iterative mindset, which we label iterate, practice, and assess. In Study 2, using a longitudinal approach across three weeks, we confirmed the three-factor structure and found high test–retest reliability. Iterative mindsets were also positively linked to weight-loss success across both studies and to self-efficacy and wellbeing in Study 2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experiences and Well-Being in Personal Growth)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bounded-Gain Prescribed-Time Robust Spatiotemporal Cooperative Guidance Law for UAVs Under Jointly Strongly Connected Topologies

by Mingxing Qin, Le Wang, Jianxiang Xi, Cheng Wang and Shaojie Luo

Drones 2025, 9(7), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070474 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a three-dimensional robust spatiotemporal cooperative guidance law for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to track a dynamic target under jointly strongly connected topologies, even when some UAVs malfunction. To resolve the infinite gain challenge in existing prescribed-time cooperative guidance laws, a [...] Read more.

This paper presents a three-dimensional robust spatiotemporal cooperative guidance law for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to track a dynamic target under jointly strongly connected topologies, even when some UAVs malfunction. To resolve the infinite gain challenge in existing prescribed-time cooperative guidance laws, a novel bounded-gain prescribed-time stability criterion was formulated. This criterion allows the convergence time of the guidance law to be prescribed arbitrarily without any convergence performance trade-off. Firstly, new prescribed-time disturbance observers are designed to achieve accurate estimations of the target acceleration within a prescribed time regardless of initial conditions. Then, by leveraging a distributed convex hull observer, a tangential acceleration command is proposed to drive arrival times toward a common convex combination within a prescribed time under jointly strongly connected topologies, remaining effective even when partial UAVs fail. Moreover, by utilizing a prescribed-time nonsingular sliding mode control method, normal acceleration commands are developed to guarantee that the line-of-sight angles constraints can be satisfied within a prescribed time. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Cross-Domain Unmanned Platform Command and Security Technology)

2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Health Effects of Economic Growth: Evidence from PM_2.5-Attributable Mortality in China

by Cheng Xue, Yiying Chao, Shangwei Xie and Kebiao Yuan

Economies 2025, 13(7), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13070192 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Economic growth can bring material prosperity and improvements in public services to a country yet can simultaneously lead to environmental pollution that threatens population health, which has important implications for shaping macro-level policies. Here, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and mortality [...] Read more.

Economic growth can bring material prosperity and improvements in public services to a country yet can simultaneously lead to environmental pollution that threatens population health, which has important implications for shaping macro-level policies. Here, we investigate the relationship between economic growth and mortality attributable to air pollution in China from 2002 to 2021, using data analyzed with Stata 18 software. We identify a counterintuitive U-shaped relationship between the two, with the coefficient of the primary term for economic growth at −1.222 and the quadratic term at −0.053, both statistically significant at the 1% level. The inflection point, with accounting for control variables, is calculated to be 99,708 yuan (CNY) per person. These results withstand different empirical testing. We then perform heterogeneity analyses at the city level and find that disparities in social, economic, and physical geographical conditions lead to an unequal mortality burden that persists. Economic growth may have negative impacts on population health after crossing a certain threshold, although the effects vary across different regions. Our findings reveal that the benefits of economic growth may not “trickle down” to improve population health. Policymakers cannot take economic growth as an intrinsic good that would inevitably lead to better population health. Greater emphasis should be placed on egalitarian welfare systems, investments in environmental improvements, and other life-supporting priorities, as these measures could mitigate the negative health impacts of economic growth and promote a virtuous cycle between the economy and population health. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eugenol@natural Zeolite vs. Citral@natural Zeolite Nanohybrids for Gelatin-Based Edible-Active Packaging Films

by Achilleas Kechagias, Areti A. Leontiou, Yelyzaveta K. Oliinychenko, Alexandros Ch. Stratakos, Konstantinos Zaharioudakis, Katerina Katerinopoulou, Maria Baikousi, Nikolaos D. Andritsos, Charalampos Proestos, Nikolaos Chalmpes, Aris E. Giannakas and Constantinos E. Salmas

Gels 2025, 11(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070518 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study, aligned with the principles of the circular economy and sustainability, novel eugenol@natural zeolite (EG@NZ) and citral@natural zeolite (CT@NZ) nanohybrids were developed. These nanohybrids were successfully incorporated into a pork gelatin (Gel)/glycerol (Gl) composite matrix using an extrusion–compression molding method to [...] Read more.

In this study, aligned with the principles of the circular economy and sustainability, novel eugenol@natural zeolite (EG@NZ) and citral@natural zeolite (CT@NZ) nanohybrids were developed. These nanohybrids were successfully incorporated into a pork gelatin (Gel)/glycerol (Gl) composite matrix using an extrusion–compression molding method to produce innovative active packaging films: Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ (where x = 5, 10, and 15%wt.) and Gel/Gl/xCT@NZ (where x = 5 and 10%wt.). All films exhibited zero oxygen barrier properties. Release kinetic studies showed that both EG@NZ and CT@NZ nanohybrids adsorbed up to 58%wt. of their respective active compounds. However, EG@NZ exhibited a slow and nearly complete release of eugenol, whereas CT@NZ released approximately half of its citral content at a faster rate. Consequently, the obtained Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ films demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity as measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical (DPPH) assay and superior antibacterial effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes compared to their CT-based counterparts. Overall, the Gel/Gl/xEG@NZ films show strong potential for applications as active pads for fresh pork ham slices, offering zero oxygen permeability, enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and effective control of total viable count (TVC) growth, maintaining a low and steady rate beyond the 10th day of a 26-day storage period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Gel Coatings and Membranes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Serum Thiamine Levels with Blood Pressure Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Women in Eastern China

by Lijin Chen, Jingjing Lin, Xiangyu Chen, Zhimin Ma, Xiaofu Du, Meng Wang, Rong Chen and Jieming Zhong

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132210 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Although B vitamins are implicated in cardiovascular regulation, the associations between serum thiamine (vitamin B1) and blood pressure (BP) remain unclear, particularly among women who are at high risk for hypertension-related complications. This study aimed to investigate relationships between serum thiamine [...] Read more.

Background: Although B vitamins are implicated in cardiovascular regulation, the associations between serum thiamine (vitamin B1) and blood pressure (BP) remain unclear, particularly among women who are at high risk for hypertension-related complications. This study aimed to investigate relationships between serum thiamine levels and BP outcomes among middle-aged and elderly women in eastern China. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2015 women aged 45–69 years in Zhejiang Province, China. Serum thiamine levels were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hypertension was defined as measured BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg, or current use of antihypertensive medications. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to assess associations of thiamine with hypertension prevalence and BP levels, respectively. Dose–response relationships were evaluated using restricted cubic splines (RCSs). Results: Higher thiamine levels were significantly associated with reduced hypertension prevalence (adjusted OR per SD increase: 0.87; 95%CI: 0.77, 0.97), with RCSs confirming linear dose–response (p-overall < 0.05, p-nonlinearity > 0.05). Compared with the lowest tertile, participants in the highest thiamine tertile had a 25% lower hypertension risk. Thiamine levels also showed negative associations with systolic BP (adjusted coef: −1.51 mmHg per SD; 95% CI: −2.33, −0.68), with the participants in the highest tertile showing a 3.94 mmHg reduction (95%CI: −5.97, −1.92). No significant relationship was found for diastolic BP. Conclusions: Serum thiamine is inversely associated with both hypertension prevalence and systolic BP in middle-aged and elderly women. This study supports the potential of serum thiamine as a modifiable biomarker in hypertension prevention strategies, particularly among aging women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Changes of Telencephalon and Hypothalamus in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Under Crowding Stress

by Meijia Li, Leshan Yang and Ying Liu

Biology 2025, 14(7), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070809 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Crowding stress is an inevitable stressor in intensive farming, yet its underlying mechanisms are still obscure, severely hindering the aquaculture industry’s healthy development. As the primary sensory and regulatory organ for stressors, the brain plays a crucial role in stress responses. In this [...] Read more.

Crowding stress is an inevitable stressor in intensive farming, yet its underlying mechanisms are still obscure, severely hindering the aquaculture industry’s healthy development. As the primary sensory and regulatory organ for stressors, the brain plays a crucial role in stress responses. In this study, the effect of crowding stress on the telencephalon (Tel) and hypothalamus (Hy) has been explored using RNA sequencing. After four weeks of crowding stress, neuroinflammation-related genes were significantly induced in both the Tel and Hy. Additionally, cell fate-related processes were markedly altered. Neurogenesis-related pathways, including the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, were significantly enriched in both regions. The apoptosis-related genes (caspase3, p53) were predominantly downregulated in the Tel (log₂Fold Change: −1.27 and −0.71, respectively), while ferroptosis-related genes (ho1, ncoa4) were specifically activated in the Hy (log₂Fold Change: 1.15 and 0.73, respectively). The synaptic plasticity-related genes (prkcg, cacna1d) were significantly downregulated in both the Tel (log₂Fold Change: −1.78 and −0.88) and Hy (log₂Fold Change: −1.99 and −1.52). Furthermore, neurotransmitter synthesis (γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT)) was disrupted in the Tel, whereas growth-related hormone gene expression was markedly altered in the Hy. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of chronic crowding stress in fish, laying a foundation for developing brain-targeted strategies to enhance welfare and mitigate stress in intensive largemouth bass farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic and Stress Responses in Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nurses’ Best Friend? The Lived Experiences of Nurses Who Utilized Dog Therapy in the Workplace

by Valerie A. Esposito Kubanick and Joy Z. Scharfman

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15070246 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

The aim of this work is to explore and understand the lived experience of nurses who chose to schedule visits with an Emotional Support Animal (ESA), i.e., a dog, during their working shift. Background/Objectives: Nursing practice is rigorous, weighted with intense responsibility that [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to explore and understand the lived experience of nurses who chose to schedule visits with an Emotional Support Animal (ESA), i.e., a dog, during their working shift. Background/Objectives: Nursing practice is rigorous, weighted with intense responsibility that creates an environment conducive to stress and anxiety for the nurses, who have reported a higher level of work stress than other healthcare professionals. Knowing and addressing the factors impacting mental health/nurses’ well-being is crucial to providing care to patients. Stressful work environments result in burnout, compassion fatigue, depression, anxiety, suicide, and resignation. Understanding nurses’ perspectives on work related stress encourages hospitals to structure practices supporting nurses’ mental health and ability to provide quality care. Methods: A qualitative hermeneutic phenomenological approach was employed. Participants scheduled six weekly 10-min visits with Rex, a certified Service Dog for anxiety depression and PTSD, and registered ESA. A sample of 11 RNs participated in Rex visits at the workplace; field notes were taken during observations of visits. Semi-structured 30-min interviews conducted via Zoom, audio-recorded, and transcribed with NVivo were conducted. Results: Data were examined with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four main themes emerged: Preparing for the unknown, Doing the work, Refueling and resetting-Visits with Rex, What about nurses? Conclusions: This study highlights the need for nurses and hospital systems to incorporate self-care/self-reflection, including time/opportunities for nurses’ stress management during their practice. Knowledge of nurses receiving ESA interventions sheds light on how to protect/preserve the well-being of nurses practicing in this demanding profession. ESAs for nurses in the workplace offers an option to utilize dog therapy to re-energize and continue their shift renewed and refreshed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health Nursing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quasi-In Situ EBSD Investigation of Variant Evolution and Twin Formation in a Hot Isostatic Pressing-Treated Additively-Manufactured Titanium Alloy Under Tensile Loading

by Fengli Zhu, Jiahong Liang, Guojian Cao, Aihan Feng, Hao Wang, Shoujiang Qu and Daolun Chen

Materials 2025, 18(13), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133169 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

The advent of additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of titanium alloys, offering significant advantages in fabricating complex geometries with enhanced mechanical properties. This study investigates the variant-specific deformation mechanisms in HIP-treated TA15 (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V) titanium alloy, fabricated [...] Read more.

The advent of additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of titanium alloys, offering significant advantages in fabricating complex geometries with enhanced mechanical properties. This study investigates the variant-specific deformation mechanisms in HIP-treated TA15 (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V) titanium alloy, fabricated via selective electron beam melting (SEBM). The alloy exhibits a dual-phase (α+β) microstructure, where six distinct α variants are formed through the β→α phase transformation following the Burgers orientation relationship. Variant selection during AM leads to a non-uniform distribution of these α variants, with α6 (22.3%) dominating due to preferential growth. Analysis of the prismatic slip Schmid factor reveals that α4–α6 variants, with higher Schmid factors (>0.45), primarily undergo prismatic slip, while α1–α3 variants, with lower Schmid factors (<0.3), rely on basal or pyramidal slip and twinning for plastic deformation. In-grain misorientation axis (IGMA) analysis further reveals strain-dependent slip transitions: pyramidal slip is activated in α1–α3 variants at lower strains, while prismatic slip becomes the dominant deformation mechanism in α4–α6 variants at higher strains. Additionally, deformation twins, primarily {10–12}<1–101> extension twins (7.1%), contribute to the plasticity of hard-oriented α variants. These findings significantly enhance the understanding of the orientation-dependent deformation mechanisms in HIPed TA15 alloy and provide a crucial basis for optimizing the performance of additively-manufactured titanium alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Additive Manufacturing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concave Side of Proximal Thoracic Zone Vulnerable to Pedicle Screw Perforation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery: Comparative Analysis of Pre- and Intraoperative Computed Tomography Navigation

by Tomohiro Yamada, Yu Yamato, Tomohiko Hasegawa, Go Yoshida, Tomohiro Banno, Hideyuki Arima, Shin Oe, Koichiro Ide, Kenta Kurosu and Yukihiro Matsuyama

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4729; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134729 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to assess pedicle screw (PS) accuracy and identify perforation patterns using computed tomography (CT) navigation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. Methods: A total of 107 AIS patients were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative CT navigation was used [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess pedicle screw (PS) accuracy and identify perforation patterns using computed tomography (CT) navigation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. Methods: A total of 107 AIS patients were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative CT navigation was used in 48 patients (853 screws), and intraoperative CT with a second 3D scan was used in 59 patients (1059 screws). Postoperative CT images were analyzed using the Rampersaud grading system. Results: Overall PS accuracy (grade A + B) was significantly higher in the intraoperative CT group than the preoperative group (97% vs. 95%, p = 0.008). In Lenke type 1 cases, accuracy was also higher in the intraoperative group (97.8% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.014). Grade D perforations were most frequent on the concave side of the proximal thoracic (PT) zone in both groups. Ten screws were re-inserted during surgery in the intraoperative group based on findings from the second 3D scan. Conclusions: The concave PT zone is a common site for PS misplacement. Intraoperative CT navigation with a second 3D scan enhances PS accuracy compared with preoperative CT navigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Algorithmic Bias Through Probability Calibration: A Case Study on Lead Generation Data

by Miroslav Nikolić, Danilo Nikolić, Miroslav Stefanović, Sara Koprivica and Darko Stefanović

Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2183; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132183 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Probability calibration is commonly utilized to enhance the reliability and interpretability of probabilistic classifiers, yet its potential for reducing algorithmic bias remains under-explored. In this study, the role of probability calibration techniques in mitigating bias associated with sensitive attributes, specifically country of origin, [...] Read more.

Probability calibration is commonly utilized to enhance the reliability and interpretability of probabilistic classifiers, yet its potential for reducing algorithmic bias remains under-explored. In this study, the role of probability calibration techniques in mitigating bias associated with sensitive attributes, specifically country of origin, within binary classification models is investigated. Using a real-world lead-generation 2853 × 8 matrix dataset characterized by substantial class imbalance, with the positive class representing 1.4% of observations, several binary classification models were evaluated and the best-performing model was selected as the baseline for further analysis. The evaluated models included Binary Logistic Regression with polynomial degrees of 1, 2, 3, and 4, Random Forest, and XGBoost classification algorithms. Three widely used calibration methods, Platt scaling, isotonic regression, and temperature scaling, were then used to assess their impact on both probabilistic accuracy and fairness metrics of the best-performing model. The findings suggest that post hoc calibration can effectively reduce the influence of sensitive features on predictions by improving fairness without compromising overall classification performance. This study demonstrates the practical value of incorporating calibration as a straightforward and effective fairness intervention within machine learning workflows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Design of a Coreless Axial Flux Motor Based on the Magnetic Charge Method

by Guoqing Zhu, Zhihui Jin and Jian Luo

Energies 2025, 18(13), 3520; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133520 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Axial flux motors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their advantages such as shorter axial length and high torque density. However, the optimization of axial flux motors is an extremely time-consuming process. To reduce the computational time required for motor [...] Read more.

Axial flux motors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their advantages such as shorter axial length and high torque density. However, the optimization of axial flux motors is an extremely time-consuming process. To reduce the computational time required for motor optimization, this study employed a magnetic charge model to establish a coreless axial flux motor model and analyzed the advantages of this approach. This method is applicable to coreless axial flux motor optimizations with surface-mounted rotors and concentrated windings. Parameter optimization was subsequently performed based on the theoretical model. In terms of seeking optimal solutions, the torque obtained through the magnetic charge method (MCM) reached 99.67% of the finite element method (FEM) results. Finally, a prototype was fabricated, and a test platform was constructed based on the optimization results. The experimental torque showed a 4% deviation from simulations, validating the accuracy of the optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Glycolysis-Related Genes in MAFLD and Their Immune Infiltration Implications: A Multi-Omics Analysis with Experimental Validation

by Jiawei Chen, Siqi Yang, Diwen Shou, Bo Liu, Shaohan Li, Tongtong Luo, Huiting Chen, Chen Huang and Yongjian Zhou

Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071636 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is characterized by metabolic syndrome and immune infiltration, with glycolysis pathway activation emerging as a pivotal contributor. This study aims to identify glycolysis-associated key genes driving MAFLD progression and elucidate their crosstalk with immune infiltration through [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is characterized by metabolic syndrome and immune infiltration, with glycolysis pathway activation emerging as a pivotal contributor. This study aims to identify glycolysis-associated key genes driving MAFLD progression and elucidate their crosstalk with immune infiltration through bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Methods: Integrative multi-omics analysis was performed on bulk RNA-seq, single-cell RNA-seq, and spatial transcriptomic datasets from MAFLD patients and controls. Differential expression analysis and WGCNA were employed to pinpoint glycolysis-correlated key genes. The relationship with immune infiltration was analyzed using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics technologies. Machine learning was applied to identify feature genes for matching shared TFs and miRNAs. External cohort validation and in vivo experiments (methionine choline-deficient diet murine models) were conducted for biological confirmation. Results: Five glycolysis-associated key genes (ALDH3A1, CDK1, DEPDC1, HKDC1, SOX9) were identified and validated as MAFLD discriminators. Single-cell analysis revealed that the hepatocyte–fibroblast–macrophage axis constitutes the predominant glycolysis-active niche. Spatial transcriptomics showed that CDK1, SOX9, and HKDC1 were colocalized with the monocyte-derived macrophage marker CCR2. Using four machine learning models, four feature genes were identified, along with their common transcription factors YY1 and FOXC1, and the miRNA “hsa-miR-590-3p”. External datasets and experimental validation confirmed that the key genes were upregulated in MAFLD samples. Conclusions: In this study, we identified five glycolysis-related key genes in MAFLD and explored their relationship with immune infiltration, providing new insights for diagnosis and metabolism-directed immunomodulation strategies in MAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers in Metabolic Disorders, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42199 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrazides as Powerful Tools in Medicinal Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Biological Applications

by Sofia Teixeira, Elisabete M. S. Castanheira and M. Alice Carvalho

Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2852; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132852 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increase in drug resistance and the high toxicity of current drugs have inspired the scientific community to develop new drugs for various diseases. Hydrazides have become an attractive functional group to easily obtain a plethora of novel compounds with a broad range [...] Read more.

The increase in drug resistance and the high toxicity of current drugs have inspired the scientific community to develop new drugs for various diseases. Hydrazides have become an attractive functional group to easily obtain a plethora of novel compounds with a broad range of biological activities. This review, which contains studies in the literature from the previous five years, focuses on the synthesis methods and biological applications of hydrazides and their derivatives. Here, the details of the experimental reaction conditions used for the synthesis of hydrazides and their derivatives (hydrazide–hydrazones and heterocycle derivatives) are presented, as well as the purification methods and the biological activity of the synthesized compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomim’Index—A New Method Supporting Eco-Design of Cosmetic Products Through Biomimicry

by Anneline Letard, Mylène Potrel, Eliot Graeff, Luce-Marie Petit, Adrien Saint-Sardos, Marie-Jocelyne Pygmalion, Jacques L’Haridon, Geoffroy Remaut and Delphine Bouvier

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136124 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the context of climate change, it becomes of utmost importance to limit the negative impact of industrial activities on carbon emissions, water stress, biodiversity loss, and natural resources depletion. Whether we consider the situation from a product-centered perspective (life cycle, R&D&I process, [...] Read more.

In the context of climate change, it becomes of utmost importance to limit the negative impact of industrial activities on carbon emissions, water stress, biodiversity loss, and natural resources depletion. Whether we consider the situation from a product-centered perspective (life cycle, R&D&I process, tools, methods, design, production, etc.) or from a human-centered perspective (habits, practices, fixation, strategic orientations, emotional sensitivity, etc.), coming years will represent a formidable upheaval for companies. To support this transition, various tools assessing products’ impact have been developed over the past decade. They aim at guiding decision makers, integrating new criteria to assess project success, and promoting the development and industrialization of solutions answering pressing environmental issues. If assessment is a key factor of success, it has become clear that processes and practices also need to evolve for practitioners to properly integrate sustainable requirements from the initial stages of their project. In that context, biomimicry, the approach aimed at taking nature as a model to support the design of more sustainable solutions, has been the center of growing interest. However, no integrated methods exist in the cosmetics sector to assess if a product is properly developed through biomimicry. This missing framework led to difficulties for cosmetic companies to support eco-design through biomimicry. In this article, we present a method called Biomim’Index developed by L’Oréal research and innovation sustainable development team to address three objectives: (i) to characterize cosmetic technologies according to whether they are based on bioinspiration, biomimetics or biomimicry; (ii) to guide the project’s leaders to identify key steps to improve existing cosmetic technologies through biomimicry; and (iii) to support the integration of biomimicry as an operational approach towards the development of new sustainable cosmetic technologies. This method, focusing on the problem-driven biomimetic approach is based on a combination of procedural requirements from the biomimetics TC288 18458:2015 ISO norm and environmental design requirements from L’Oréal for the Future (L4TF) commitments. Results present a proof of concept to outline the method’s efficiency and limits to support innovative eco-designed projects and value cosmetic technologies designed through biomimicry. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Investigation of Phosphate Decomposition and Soil Fertility Modulation by the Filamentous Fungus Talaromyces nanjingensis

by Xiao-Rui Sun, Pu-Sheng Li, Huan Qiao, Wei-Liang Kong, Ya-Hui Wang and Xiao-Qin Wu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071574 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) in soil play a crucial role in converting insoluble phosphates into plant-available soluble phosphorus. This paper systematically presents a comprehensive array of qualitative and quantitative techniques to assess the phosphate-decomposing capabilities of microbes. Additionally, it introduces two optimized media, namely [...] Read more.

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) in soil play a crucial role in converting insoluble phosphates into plant-available soluble phosphorus. This paper systematically presents a comprehensive array of qualitative and quantitative techniques to assess the phosphate-decomposing capabilities of microbes. Additionally, it introduces two optimized media, namely improved Monkina medium No. 1 and No. 2, which are particularly suitable for detecting the solubilization abilities of microbes toward insoluble organic phosphates. Talaromyces nanjingensis, a novel fungal species recently isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Pinus massoniana, demonstrates remarkable phosphate-solubilizing abilities. Across multiple temperature gradients (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 37 °C), it effectively decomposes both insoluble inorganic and organic phosphates. This is achieved through the secretion of organic acids, including gluconic acid (6.10 g L⁻¹), oxalic acid (0.93 g L⁻¹), and malonic acid (0.17 g L⁻¹), as well as phosphate-solubilizing enzymes. Moreover, under low-, medium-, and high-temperature conditions, T. nanjingensis can decompose insoluble phosphates in three types of soil with varying pH levels, thereby enhancing the overall soil fertility. Genomic analysis of T. nanjingensis has identified approximately 308 genes associated with phosphate decomposition and environmental adaptability, validating its superior capabilities and multi-faceted strategies for phosphate mobilization. These findings underscore the wide applicability of T. nanjingensis in maintaining soil phosphorus homeostasis and optimizing the phosphorus use efficiency, highlighting its promising potential for agricultural and environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Microbial Carbon/Nitrogen/Phosphorus Cycling: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Bigels for the Topical Delivery of Curcumin

by Juan Luis Peréz-Salas, Martha Rocío Moreno-Jiménez, Luis Medina-Torres, Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán, María Josefa Bernad-Bernad, Rubén Francisco González-Laredo and José Alberto Gallegos-Infante

Sci. Pharm. 2025, 93(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm93030028 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

The topical application of curcumin can act directly on the tissue, but there are problems related to solubility and permeation. Bigels combine hydrogels and organogels to enhance the release and transport of bioactives through the skin. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

The topical application of curcumin can act directly on the tissue, but there are problems related to solubility and permeation. Bigels combine hydrogels and organogels to enhance the release and transport of bioactives through the skin. The aim of this study was to develop bigels for the topical delivery of curcumin. Employing a rheology test, it was found that all bigels showed a solid-like behavior structure (G’ > G’’) with stiffness increasing with higher organogel content. The principle of time–temperature superposition (TTS) was used to generate master curves. Microscopy revealed a morphological structure that depended on the organogel/hydrogel ratio. The bigels exhibited a pH compatible with that of human skin, and the curcumin content met the standards for uniform dosage. Thermal characterization showed the presence of three peaks in coconut oil bigels and two peaks in castor oil bigels. Bigels with a 45% castor oil organogel/55% hydrogel ratio exhibited a longer controlled release of curcumin, while bigels with coconut oil showed a faster release. The release data were fitted to mathematical models indicating non-Fickian release. The permeability of curcumin through Strat-M membranes was investigated, and greater permeation was observed with increasing organogel content. The developed bigels could be a promising option for the topical delivery of curcumin. Full article

9859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Pollen Viability, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Transcriptomic Comparison of Self-Pollinated and Cross-Pollinated Inflorescence of Artemisia annua L. to Analyze Candidate Self-Incompatibility-Associated Genes

by Yimei Zang, Shengrong Cui, Shugen Wei, Limei Pan, Lingyun Wan, Xiaojun Ma, Zuliang Luo, Jine Fu and Chongnan Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070790 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Artemisia annua L., the primary source of the antimalarial compound artemisinin, is of great importance for malaria treatment. However, its self-incompatibility (SI) restricts selfing breeding and results in unstable artemisinin content which is vulnerable to environmental fluctuations. To address this, our study employed [...] Read more.

Artemisia annua L., the primary source of the antimalarial compound artemisinin, is of great importance for malaria treatment. However, its self-incompatibility (SI) restricts selfing breeding and results in unstable artemisinin content which is vulnerable to environmental fluctuations. To address this, our study employed fluorescence microscopy and transcriptomic analysis on stigmas post self- and cross-pollination to explore the molecular mechanisms of SI in Artemisia annua L. Fluorescence microscopy observations indicate that, three hours after pollination, cross-pollinated pollen tubes mostly exhibit normal filamentous growth, whereas the growth of self-pollinated pollen tubes is significantly inhibited, with most appearing as growth-arrested pollen tubes. Using transcriptome analysis, we generated approximately 25.03 GB of data assembled into 69,498 genes and identified 620 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 10 classified as SI response genes. Several specific SI-related candidate genes were identified, such as the S-locus receptor kinase (SRK), Calmodulin-like (CML), modifier (MOD), and exocyst complex component (EXO) genes, between AasB and AahA. These DEGs provide vital information for studying A. annua’s SI molecular mechanisms. The putative DEGs between the two groups provided important information for a further study of the molecular mechanisms of SI in A. annua. Candidate SI-associated genes are essential for the genetic engineering of A. annua to overcome SI and to avoid breeding inbred lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling and 4D MR Angiography in the Diagnosis of Neck Paragangliomas

by Andrea Romano, Allegra Romano, Giulia Moltoni, Serena Palizzi, Andrea Muscoli, Silvia D’Eufemia, Emanuela Parri, Antongiulio Faggiano, Alessia Bernardo Ciddio, Alessia Guarnera, Giacomo Suma and Alessandro Bozzao

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134725 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective MRI techniques for detecting and characterising neck paragangliomas (NPGLs), which are highly vascularised tumors. Methods: Five readers were asked which MRI sequence among T2-WI, contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-WI, pcASL, and TRICKS made [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the most effective MRI techniques for detecting and characterising neck paragangliomas (NPGLs), which are highly vascularised tumors. Methods: Five readers were asked which MRI sequence among T2-WI, contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-WI, pcASL, and TRICKS made them most confident in diagnosing paraganglioma. To evaluate concordance among the readers, the Fleiss K value was calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values were calculated for each observer separately, and from all values, a mean was calculated. Results: The final cohort consisted of 28 patients (11 diagnosed with head-and-neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs)) of whom 7 were histologically confirmed and 4 identified based on a positive family history; 11 patients were undergoing familial screening (8 with HNPGLs and 3 without), and 6 patients had surgically confirmed vagal schwannomas. None of the schwannomas showed any increase in signal on pcASL sequences or arterial enhancement on TRICKS acquisition. The best concordance among readers was reached for pcASL and combined pcASL-TRICKS images (K = 1). Conclusions: The combined use of pcASL and TRICKS should be considered essential in a standardised protocol for characterising NPGLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroimaging in 2024 and Beyond)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operationalization of the Creative City Concept in Japan: A Comparative Review with a Special Focus on Kanazawa and Environmental Sustainability

by Baptiste Gueniffey and Kei Sakamura

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136127 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

The creative city concept has gained global recognition, notably through the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). In Japan, facing declining birth rates and economic stagnation, this framework was seen as a revitalization tool to increase the urban quality. Yet, while the creative city [...] Read more.

The creative city concept has gained global recognition, notably through the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). In Japan, facing declining birth rates and economic stagnation, this framework was seen as a revitalization tool to increase the urban quality. Yet, while the creative city concept clearly appears on the theoretical level, its operationalization usually remains unclear. Additionally, previous research considers sustainability questions through economic, social, and cultural lenses but more rarely through environmental aspects. Thus, this paper aims to explore the implementation of the creative city in Japan, unveil the specific elements composing the policies of UNESCO Creative Cities, and question how environmental sustainability is addressed in these policies. The research method includes a qualitative analysis of the membership monitoring reports (MMRs) submitted by cities to UNESCO. Conducting a field survey in a creative facility and a hearing survey with the city government, the research also focuses on Kanazawa as a case study to explore in greater depth the interaction between creative city strategies and environmental sustainability. Among the research findings, economic perspectives—through support for creative industries and the promotion of tourism—and systematic actions targeting children dominate the MMRs, while socio-environmental aspects receive less attention. Most ambitious initiatives toward environmental sustainability were implemented in rural cities. In Kanazawa, it appears the creative city policy is independent of the local environmental policies, although some opportunities exist to connect them. The field survey indeed reveals that some spontaneous initiatives toward environmental sustainability might emanate from a creative facility. Therefore, the paper provides significance in unveiling the specific content of creative city policies in Japan and in re-examining the notion of creativity to integrate environmental sustainability into the creative city agenda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Distance FBG Sensor Networks Multiplexed in Asymmetric Tree Topology

by Keiji Kuroda

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4158; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134158 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article reports on the interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensors that are multiplexed in an asymmetric tree topology. At each stage in the topology, FBGs are connected at one output port of a 50:50 coupler with fibers of different lengths. This [...] Read more.

This article reports on the interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensors that are multiplexed in an asymmetric tree topology. At each stage in the topology, FBGs are connected at one output port of a 50:50 coupler with fibers of different lengths. This asymmetric structure allows the simultaneous interrogation of long-distance and parallel sensor networks to be realized. Time- and wavelength-division multiplexing techniques are used to multiplex the FBGs. Using the hesterodyne detection technique, high-sensitivity detection of reflection signals that have been weakened by losses induced by a round-trip transmission through the couplers and long-distance propagation is performed. Quasi-distributed FBGs are interrogated simultaneously, over distances ranging from 15 m to 80 km. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Optical Fiber Sensors)

3927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DFT Exploration of a Pd-Doped InSe Monolayer as a Novel Gas Sensing Candidate upon SF₆ Decomposition: SO₂, SOF_2, and SO₂F₂

by Xu Yang, Hao Cui, Zhongchao Liu and Yun Liu

Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4156; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134156 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Monitoring SF₆ decomposition gases has emerged as a vital diagnostic technique for evaluating insulation conditions and identifying faults in SF₆-based electrical equipment. This study comprehensively explores the adsorption properties and sensing capabilities of a Pd-doped InSe (Pd-InSe) monolayer for SF [...] Read more.

Monitoring SF₆ decomposition gases has emerged as a vital diagnostic technique for evaluating insulation conditions and identifying faults in SF₆-based electrical equipment. This study comprehensively explores the adsorption properties and sensing capabilities of a Pd-doped InSe (Pd-InSe) monolayer for SF₆ decomposition gases, including SO₂, SOF₂, and SO₂F₂, through density functional theory calculations. The Pd-InSe monolayer is constructed by substituting one Se atom with a Pd atom in the pristine InSe structure. Then, the Pd doping effect on the InSe monolayer and the adsorption behaviors of the Pd-InSe monolayer for three gases are thoroughly examined. The adsorption configurations, charge density differences, and electron localization functions are scrutinized to elucidate the gas adsorption mechanisms of the Pd-InSe monolayer; and the band structures, along with the density of states, are analyzed to gain insights into the resistive gas sensing mechanisms for detecting these three gases. Finally, the temperature-dependent recovery characteristics are evaluated to assess the reusability of the monolayer. These findings not only underscore the potential of the Pd-InSe monolayer for sensing SF₆ decomposition gases but also open new avenues for the development of next-generation 2D materials in gas sensing applications within the field of electrical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth in Zhejiang Province: Insights from Land Use Dynamics and Transportation Networks Based on Remote Sensing

by Qi Wang, Ben Wang, Wanlin Kong, Jiali Wu, Zhifeng Yu, Xiwen Wu and Xiaohong Yuan

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6126; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136126 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) serves as a critical indicator for atmospheric aerosol monitoring and air quality assessment, and quantifies the radiative attenuation caused by airborne particulate matter. This study uses MODIS remote sensing imagery together with land use transition datasets (2000–2020) and road [...] Read more.

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) serves as a critical indicator for atmospheric aerosol monitoring and air quality assessment, and quantifies the radiative attenuation caused by airborne particulate matter. This study uses MODIS remote sensing imagery together with land use transition datasets (2000–2020) and road network density metrics (2014–2020), to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of AOD in Zhejiang Province and its synergistic correlations with urbanization patterns and transportation infrastructure. By integrating MODIS_1KM AOD product, grid-based road network density mapping, land use dynamic degree modeling, and transfer matrix analysis, this study systematically evaluates the interdependencies among aerosol loading, impervious surface expansion, and transportation network intensification. The results indicate that during the study period (2000–2020), the provincial AOD level shows a significant declining trend, with obvious spatial heterogeneity: the AOD values in eastern coastal industrial zones and urban agglomerations continue to increase, with lower values dominating southwestern forested highlands. Meanwhile, statistical analyses confirm highly positive correlations between AOD, impervious surface coverage, and road network density, emphasizing the dominant role of anthropogenic activities in aerosol accumulation. These findings provide actionable insights for enhancing land-use zoning, minimizing vehicular emissions, and developing spatially targeted air quality management strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for advancing environmental sustainability by supporting policy development that balances urban expansion and air quality. It contributes to building more sustainable and resilient cities in Zhejiang Province. Full article

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI