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27 pages, 7266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Policosanol (Raydel^®) and Atorvastatin Improve High-Density Lipoproteins and Antioxidant Abilities to Protect Vital Organs and Fertility in Hyperlipidemic/Hyperglycemic Zebrafish

by Kyung-Hyun Cho, Ashutosh Bahuguna, Ji-Eun Kim, Sang Hyuk Lee, Yunki Lee, Cheolmin Jeon, Seung Hee Baek and Krismala Djayanti

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020237 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: The study explores the comparative effects of atorvastatin (ATV), policosanol (PCO), and their combination (ATV+PCO) on metabolic stress and associated organ damage in hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic zebrafish. Methodology: Hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic zebrafish (n = 112) were segregated into four groups (n = 28/group) and [...] Read more.

Objectives: The study explores the comparative effects of atorvastatin (ATV), policosanol (PCO), and their combination (ATV+PCO) on metabolic stress and associated organ damage in hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic zebrafish. Methodology: Hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic zebrafish (n = 112) were segregated into four groups (n = 28/group) and fed either with a high-cholesterol (HC, 4% w/w) and a high-galactose (HG, 30% w/w) diet, HCHG diet with policosanol (PCO, 0.1% w/w), atorvastatin (ATV, 0.1% w/w), or ATV+PCO (0.1% w/w each). After 12 weeks of supplementation, survivability and embryo production were assessed, along with biochemical and histological examinations of various organs across the groups. Results: Following a 12-week dietary regime, compromised zebrafish survival probability (0.75) was observed in the ATV group, compared to the PCO group (0.89), which increased to 0.82 with combined intake of ATV+PCO. A significantly greater effect of ATV than PCO was observed in reducing the HCHG elevated TC, TG, and LDL-C levels. However, compared to the ATV, a significantly higher HDL-C/TC (%) ratio was spotted in the PCO. Unlike individual supplementation (ATV or PCO), a combined intake (ATV+PCO) proved highly effective in counteracting dyslipidemia, especially by augmenting the HDL-C/TC (%) ratio. Interestingly, no protective effect of ATV was observed against elevated blood glucose levels, oxidative stress, or diminished antioxidant markers. Whereas ATV, in combination with PCO, significantly reduced blood glucose and MDA levels and elevated sulfhydryl content and antioxidant variables (ferric iron reduction ability and paraoxonase activity). ATV+PCO supplementation effectively mitigated HCHG-induced fatty liver, inflammation, ROS generation in the kidney, and brain senescence. Likewise, ATV+PCO improved reproductive health, elevating spermatozoa counts and embryo production ability of zebrafish. Notably, ATV+PCO supplementation significantly inhibited the HCHG-induced eye damage and demyelination in the retina, while ATV alone failed to establish any such changes. Conclusions: The study indicates the combinational therapy of ATV+PCO may offer a possible treatment to counter the metabolic stress and associated events in hyperlipidemic–hyperglycemic zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Methods Against Acute and Chronic Diseases and Oxidative Stress)

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15 pages, 450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Determinants of Egg Food Quality, and the Structural Relationship Between Egg Food Quality, Trust, and Loyalty: The Case of the U.S. Market

by Myungkeun Song, Joonho Moon and Luo Jing

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030452 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eggs serve as an important source of nutrition for the general public. However, despite their importance, research examining consumer characteristics related to egg consumption remains limited, focusing on the quality. Therefore, the primary objective of this work is to define the concept [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eggs serve as an important source of nutrition for the general public. However, despite their importance, research examining consumer characteristics related to egg consumption remains limited, focusing on the quality. Therefore, the primary objective of this work is to define the concept of food quality from the consumer’s perspective in the U.S. egg market. This work employs five attributes to evaluate the food quality of eggs, including price fairness, nutritional value, product size, packaging, and hygiene. Methods: This research also investigates the structural relationships between food quality attributes, trust, and loyalty. Food quality is operationalized through five sub-dimensions: price fairness, nutritional value, product size, packaging, and hygiene. Data were collected via an online survey using the Clickworker platform, resulting in 311 valid responses for statistical analysis. Covariance-based structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Results: The findings reveal that trust is positively influenced by price fairness, nutritional value, packaging, and hygiene. Furthermore, loyalty is positively affected by nutritional value, product size, and trust. Conclusion: This research contributes to the literature by offering a consumer-centered definition of egg quality and by identifying key quality-related attributes that influence trust and loyalty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Labeling and Consumer Behaviors)

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14 pages, 509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low Bone Mineral Density in Men Living with HIV on Tenofovir Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study from a Malaysian Tertiary Hospital

by Muhamad Riduan Daud, Petrick Periyasamy, Kok-Yong Chin, Najma Kori, Ummu Afeera Zainulabid, Sheng Qian Yew, Nur Ezzaty Mohammad Kazmin and Xiong Khee Cheong

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11020038 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and objectives: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a recognized complication in people living with HIV (PLHIV) that remains under-addressed, particularly in Malaysia. Known contributing factors for low BMD include advanced age, HIV infection itself, and prolonged use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a recognized complication in people living with HIV (PLHIV) that remains under-addressed, particularly in Malaysia. Known contributing factors for low BMD include advanced age, HIV infection itself, and prolonged use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), particularly tenofovir-based regimens. There are limited data on the burden of low BMD in the HIV population in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of low BMD among men living with HIV on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and to identify the possible associated factors compared to a group of healthy individuals matched for age and ethnicity. Methods: This is single-center cross-sectional study involved 112 men (56 HIV-positive individuals and 56 uninfected individuals matched for age and ethnicity) who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Sociodemographic, clinical lifestyle, and laboratory data, including FRAX scores for those aged more than 40 years old, were collected. Results: The prevalence of low BMD at the femoral neck in HIV-infected men on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was significantly higher compared to healthy individuals (32.1% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.05). Low BMD prevalence at the lumbar spine was higher in the HIV group (8.9% vs. 3.6%; p = 0.463) but was not statistically significant. Older age and low body mass index (BMI) were found to be significantly associated with reduced BMD in HIV patients. Chronic kidney disease stage 2 and 3a was linked with low femoral neck BMD. HIV-related factors (duration of illness, duration of ART exposure, and CD4+ counts) showed no significant associations to low BMD. The 10-year risk of major osteoporotic and hip fractures estimated by the FRAX tool was low in both groups, and no participant exceeded the recommended intervention threshold. Conclusions: Men with HIV on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have a higher prevalence of low BMD, particularly at the femoral neck. Traditional risk factors were more closely associated with low BMD compared to HIV-related factors and specific markers, supporting the need for routine bone health screening and preventive strategies in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing and Antiretroviral Therapy)

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11 pages, 655 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Methods for Rodent Control to Prevent Zoonotic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Studies from Africa

by Mwajabu Selemani, Abdul S. Katakweba, Shabani Kiyabo Motto and Rhodes H. Makundi

Zoonotic Dis. 2026, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis6010004 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Africa is a continent with diverse climates, landscapes, rainfall patterns, and vegetation types, all of which significantly influence its mammalian fauna, particularly small mammals. Rodents, which are highly diverse across the continent, serve as reservoirs for various zoonotic pathogens. Frequent human–rodent interactions [...] Read more.

Background: Africa is a continent with diverse climates, landscapes, rainfall patterns, and vegetation types, all of which significantly influence its mammalian fauna, particularly small mammals. Rodents, which are highly diverse across the continent, serve as reservoirs for various zoonotic pathogens. Frequent human–rodent interactions heighten the risk of zoonotic disease transmission, posing a serious public health concern. Methods: This study conducted a comprehensive review of rodent control methods and their effectiveness in mitigating zoonotic diseases in Africa. Literature searches were performed using PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Additionally, one study was manually identified from the reference lists of the retrieved papers. Results: Thirteen relevant studies were identified, including seven field-based studies, five model evaluations, and one review. The distribution of studies varied by country, with the highest numbers conducted in Guinea (n = 3) and Nigeria (n = 3), followed by Sierra Leone (n = 2), Uganda (n = 2), Morocco (n = 1), Tanzania (n = 1), and Madagascar (n = 1). Two primary rodent control methods, kill traps and rodenticides, were used, targeting multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis) and black/roof rats (Rattus rattus), the species most frequently encountered in human settings. Conclusion: Most studies examined short-term rodent management strategies, which proved insufficient in significantly reducing zoonotic disease prevalence. These findings highlight the need for Africa to adopt more sustainable, ecologically based rodent control approaches to effectively curb zoonotic risks in the long term. Full article

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16 pages, 2111 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Scattered Radiation Sources and Evaluation of Radiation Protection Measures in Cardiac Angiography

by Natsumi Kamochi, Toshioh Fujibuchi, Donghee Han and Hitoshi Miyazaki

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031405 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Physicians performing cardiac angiography are exposed to scattered radiation originating from the patient, and visualizing scattered radiation sources could help optimize radiation protection strategies. In this study, an existing scattered radiation source visualization system comprising a high-sensitivity CMOS camera, thallium-activated cesium iodide scintillator, [...] Read more.

Physicians performing cardiac angiography are exposed to scattered radiation originating from the patient, and visualizing scattered radiation sources could help optimize radiation protection strategies. In this study, an existing scattered radiation source visualization system comprising a high-sensitivity CMOS camera, thallium-activated cesium iodide scintillator, and pinhole collimator was extended to incorporate a depth camera and employed to visualize scattered radiation sources in three dimensions under conditions simulating clinical cardiac angiography. Scattered radiation source images were captured using a patient phantom under multiple irradiation directions of a biplane angiography system, and changes in the images and dose rate reaching the system were evaluated with and without radiation protection equipment and for various ceiling-mounted radiation shielding positions. The scattered radiation source was visualized on the patient phantom surface for a 5-s exposure in three-dimensional images and was observed around the X-ray tube in one direction. Radiation protection equipment reduced both the scattered radiation source intensity and dose rate. The greatest reduction occurred when the ceiling-mounted radiation shielding was positioned near the physician. Irradiation at caudal angles caused the highest increase in scattered radiation source intensity and dose rate. These findings suggest that this system can support the optimization of radiation protection practices and education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Environmental Monitoring and Radiation Protection)

20 pages, 5005 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Prediction on the Impact Resistance of UHMWPE Flexible Film Against Hypervelocity Particles

by Hao Liu, Zhirui Rao, Chen Liu, Hao Wang, Jiangfan Zhang, Yifan Wang and Vladimir Simonov

Polymers 2026, 18(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030369 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) thin films are considered promising shielding materials against hypervelocity microparticle impacts in space environments. In this study, a finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) adaptive coupling simulation method was developed to reveal the damage mechanisms of UHMWPE films impacted by alumina [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) thin films are considered promising shielding materials against hypervelocity microparticle impacts in space environments. In this study, a finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) adaptive coupling simulation method was developed to reveal the damage mechanisms of UHMWPE films impacted by alumina (Al₂O₃) particles with a diameter of 10 μm. A 100 μm thick single-layer UHMWPE film was subjected to normal impacts at velocities ranging from 1 to 30 km/s. The morphology and characteristics of craters formed on the film surface were analyzed, revealing the velocity-dependent transition from plastic deformation to complete perforation. At 10 km/s, additional oblique impact simulations at 30°, 45°, 60° and 75° were performed to assess the effect of impact angle on damage morphology. Furthermore, the damage evolution in double-layer UHMWPE films was examined under impact velocities of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 km/s, showing enhanced protective performance compared to single-layer films. Finally, the critical influence parameters for UHMWPE failure were discussed, providing criteria for evaluating the shielding limits. This work offers computational methods and predictive tools for assessing hypervelocity microparticle impact and contributes to the structural protection design of spacecraft operating in the harsh space environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Composite Materials and Structures, 2nd Edition)

11 pages, 2258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of NDUFS6-Related Disease: From Neonatal Mitochondrial Encephalopathy to Childhood-Onset Axonal Neuropathy

by Savas Baris, Rojan Ipek, Saniye Tugba Baris and Ibrahim Baris

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031375 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Biallelic variants in NDUFS6, encoding an accessory subunit of mitochondrial complex I, were initially associated with lethal neonatal mitochondrial encephalopathy and Leigh syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that NDUFS6 variants can also cause childhood- or adolescent-onset axonal neuropathy and Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT)-like phenotypes, [...] Read more.

Biallelic variants in NDUFS6, encoding an accessory subunit of mitochondrial complex I, were initially associated with lethal neonatal mitochondrial encephalopathy and Leigh syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that NDUFS6 variants can also cause childhood- or adolescent-onset axonal neuropathy and Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT)-like phenotypes, indicating marked clinical heterogeneity. Here, we report a patient with a novel homozygous truncating NDUFS6 variant presenting with a neuropathy-predominant phenotype accompanied by epilepsy, in the absence of neonatal metabolic decompensation. The patient presented with childhood-onset progressive gait abnormality, pes cavus deformity, distal weakness requiring Achilles tendon-release surgery, pyramidal signs, urinary incontinence, and focal epileptiform EEG findings. Brain MRI showed bilateral lenticular nucleus abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous NDUFS6 nonsense variant (c.130C>T, p.Gln44*). While neuropathy has previously been reported primarily in association with the recurrent splice-site variant c.309+5G>A, our findings demonstrate that truncating NDUFS6 mutations can also underlie a neuropathy-predominant phenotype. Together with previously published cases, our findings support a phenotypic heterogeneity ranging from lethal encephalopathy to neuropathy and reinforce the role of NDUFS6 as a disease-causing gene for inherited peripheral neuropathy. These data support inclusion of NDUFS6 among established neuropathy and Charcot–Marie–Tooth genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 1181 KB

Open AccessEntry

Auxology in Transition: From Anthropometric Growth Assessment to Algorithmic Evaluation of Skeletal Maturation in Contemporary Clinical Practice

by Isidro Miguel Martín Pérez, Sebastián Eustaquio Martín Pérez and Sofia Bourhim

Encyclopedia 2026, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia6020031 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Definition

Auxology is the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of human growth and development, with particular emphasis on the patterns, timing, and biological regulation of physical growth from infancy through adolescence. It integrates medical, biological, anthropological, and clinical perspectives to examine both normal [...] Read more.

Auxology is the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of human growth and development, with particular emphasis on the patterns, timing, and biological regulation of physical growth from infancy through adolescence. It integrates medical, biological, anthropological, and clinical perspectives to examine both normal and pathological growth processes, including somatic development, skeletal maturation, and pubertal progression. Historically, Auxology evolved from early anthropometric observations and the emergence of statistical reasoning, which established growth as a measurable and variable biological phenomenon. The discovery of X-rays in the late nineteenth century represented a major methodological advance, enabling direct assessment of skeletal maturation and leading to the development of standardized bone age methods, such as the Greulich and Pyle atlas and the Tanner–Whitehouse system. In recent decades, digital imaging and computational approaches, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, have further enhanced the accuracy and reproducibility of growth assessment. Today, auxology constitutes a fundamental scientific framework in pediatric medicine, epidemiology, and public health for understanding human growth as a dynamic, multifactorial, and context-dependent process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicine & Pharmacology)

16 pages, 3177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards the Development of Large-Scale, Technically Viable and Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Multicriteria Assessment for Technological Readiness

by Jorge Omar Gil Posada, Juan Carlos Quintero-Díaz and Andrés A. Amell

Energies 2026, 19(3), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030729 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

In addressing the increasing global energy demand, this manuscript compares four distinct processes for hydrogen production from natural gas (NG): steam methane reforming (SMR), dry methane reforming (DMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and catalytic methane decomposition (CMD). The comparison emphasizes their respective efficiencies and [...] Read more.

In addressing the increasing global energy demand, this manuscript compares four distinct processes for hydrogen production from natural gas (NG): steam methane reforming (SMR), dry methane reforming (DMR), autothermal reforming (ATR), and catalytic methane decomposition (CMD). The comparison emphasizes their respective efficiencies and environmental impacts. Simulations were conducted using the Peng–Robinson model, implemented in the DWSIM 8.8.3 software package, considering commercially available Colombian natural gas. Technical and environmental impacts were taken into account for the evaluation of the most practical hydrogen production plant by employing, for the first time, the TOPSIS method of comparison. Reaching 0.36 kg H₂ per kg of NG, ATR stands out as the top TOPSIS solution. However, SMR is not far behind, producing more hydrogen than any of its competing alternatives (0.56 kg H₂ per kg of NG) but at a significantly larger environmental cost. DMR demonstrates promising potential for utilizing CO₂. Finally, CMD proves to be advantageous in terms of cleanliness and reduced CO emissions but is limited by the high temperature requirements and the constant need for catalyst regeneration. This paper aims to raise awareness about Colombia’s abundant natural resources and its potential to play a significant role in the future hydrogen economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)

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15 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Level Ensemble Model-Based Method for Power Quality Disturbance Identification

by Hao Bai, Ruotian Yao, Chang Liu, Tong Liu, Shiqi Jiang, Yuchen Huang and Yiyong Lei

Energies 2026, 19(3), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030730 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy and power electronic devices, power quality disturbances exhibit strong nonlinearity and complex dynamic behavior. Traditional methods are limited by insufficient feature extraction and cumbersome classification, often failing to meet practical accuracy and robustness requirements. To address [...] Read more.

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy and power electronic devices, power quality disturbances exhibit strong nonlinearity and complex dynamic behavior. Traditional methods are limited by insufficient feature extraction and cumbersome classification, often failing to meet practical accuracy and robustness requirements. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-level ensemble method for power quality disturbance identification. A time–frequency dual-branch feature extraction module was designed, combining residual networks and bidirectional temporal convolutional networks to capture both local discriminative features and long-range temporal dependencies in the time and frequency domains. A cross-attention mechanism was further employed to fuse the time–frequency features, enabling adaptive focus on the most critical information for disturbance classification. The fused features were fed into fully connected layers and a Softmax classifier for multi-class identification. Experimental results demonstrated superior accuracy, robustness, and generalization capability compared with existing methods, validating the effectiveness of the proposed model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning Applications in Stability Analysis and Optimal Operation of Power Systems)

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10 pages, 347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Commercially Available Serological and Molecular Tests for Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in South Korea: A Single-Center Prospective Study

by Seulki Kim, Myoung Gyu Kim, Juho Jang, Jinkwan Lee, Namheon Kim, Yeji Yu, A Reum Kim, Seungjin Lim, Yong Shin and Moonsuk Bae

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031085 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Scrub typhus is commonly misdiagnosed because of nonspecific clinical features and limited data on the performance of diagnostic tests. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of commercially available serological and molecular assays for diagnosing scrub typhus. Methods: Adult patients [...] Read more.

Background: Scrub typhus is commonly misdiagnosed because of nonspecific clinical features and limited data on the performance of diagnostic tests. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of commercially available serological and molecular assays for diagnosing scrub typhus. Methods: Adult patients with suspected scrub typhus who visited a tertiary-care hospital in South Korea from July 2022 to December 2024 were prospectively enrolled. Scrub typhus was confirmed by either a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for Orientia tsutsugamushi or a ≥ four-fold increase in the O. tsutsugamushi-specific total immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody titer on an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The diagnostic performances of the serial IFA, an immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic test (ICT), and multiplex real-time PCR targeting the groEL and 47-kDa genes were compared. Results: Among 159 patients, 81 had scrub typhus and 78 did not. The sensitivity and specificity were 64% and 100% for the serial IFA, 75% and 91% for the ICT, and 95% and 100% for multiplex PCR, respectively. The area under the curve was significantly higher for the ICT (0.819) than for the acute-phase IFA (0.743, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Multiplex real-time PCR provided rapid and highly accurate confirmation of scrub typhus, and an acute-phase ICT may be an alternative to a single acute-phase IFA for early clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)

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15 pages, 1610 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Investigation of an Innovative Cone-Beam CT Configuration for Quantitative Imaging

by Antonio Sarno, Ivan Veronese, Paolo Mauriello, Immacolata Vanore, Antonio Minopoli, Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, Silvio Pardi, Gianfranco Paternò, Mariagabriella Pugliese, Riccardo de Asmundis and Paolo Cardarelli

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031404 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Quantitative evaluations in 3D images acquired via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are limited by the scatter abundance and cone-beam artifacts. This work investigates benefits in using an innovative scanning geometry in CBCT (eCT), which replaces each projection of the conventional scanning protocol with [...] Read more.

Quantitative evaluations in 3D images acquired via Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) are limited by the scatter abundance and cone-beam artifacts. This work investigates benefits in using an innovative scanning geometry in CBCT (eCT), which replaces each projection of the conventional scanning protocol with a series of collimated projections (Np) acquired over an oscillating trajectory, realized either with an oscillating source or a multi-spot array. In silico tests employed a cylindrical water phantom embodying inserts of four biological materials. 1 mm-thick bone slabs were sandwiched between 9 mm water slabs to evaluate the image conspicuity. eCT improved the Hounsfield Unit (HU) accuracy, with a direct relation with Np. eCT with Np = 10 reduced the bias of the estimated HU more than two times when compared to CBCT. Increasing the Np presented a large impact on the image conspicuity for portions of the FOV distant from the central axial plane, with the signal-to-noise ratio between water and bone slabs increasing by a factor of 18 for Np = 10 compared to CBCT. The proposed eCT configuration is expected to be adopted in applications without strict demand for scanning time and projection number, such as dentomaxillofacial and intrasurgical imaging, imaging of the extremities, and image-guided radiotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma and X-Ray Technologies for Medical Research: Image Analysis, Disease Discovered and Detection Techniques)

40 pages, 5991 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Four-Parameter Odd Generalized Rayleigh Lomax Distribution: Theory, Simulation, and Applications

by Alaa A. Khalaf, Ahmed R. El-Saeed, Mundher A. Khaleel and Ahlam H. Tolba

Symmetry 2026, 18(2), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020244 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

The fundamental problem with current Rayleigh-Lomax-based distributions lies in their limited flexibility to model both symmetry and tail weight simultaneously. Therefore, this study aims to introduce the OGRLx anomalous general distribution as an innovative mathematical framework that addresses these shortcomings by providing precise [...] Read more.

The fundamental problem with current Rayleigh-Lomax-based distributions lies in their limited flexibility to model both symmetry and tail weight simultaneously. Therefore, this study aims to introduce the OGRLx anomalous general distribution as an innovative mathematical framework that addresses these shortcomings by providing precise control over the distribution’s shape and risk ratios. We derived the basic statistical properties of the model, and used six different estimation methods that proved their efficiency through an intensive simulation study, with the Maximum Likelihood Estimator showing the best performance in terms of bias criteria and root mean square error. The practical value of the model is evident in its superior ability to fit data with high skewness and variable risks; experimental results using economic and medical data (bladder cancer) have proven the OGRLx distribution to be significantly superior to nine competing models. It achieved the lowest values for information standards Akaike Information Criteria, Consistent AIC, Bayesian Information Criteria, Hanan and Quinn Information Criteria, Anderson–Darling, Cramer–von Mises, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and the highest p-value tests, making it a more accurate statistical tool for reliability analysis and medical studies compared to traditional extensions. Finally, it should be noted that all analyses, programming, and statistical operations in this study were performed using the R statistical software. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

20 pages, 313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lived Experiences of Male Recreational Cyclists with Patellofemoral Pain in Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia

by Ameen Masoudi, Ushotanefe Useh, Nomzamo Charity Chemane, Bashir Bello and Nontembiso Magida

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020171 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a prevalent overuse injury among recreational cyclists worldwide. Despite its ubiquity, little is known about the lived experiences of people with PFP, especially in Saudi Arabia, where healthcare and cultural factors may have a specific impact on how [...] Read more.

Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a prevalent overuse injury among recreational cyclists worldwide. Despite its ubiquity, little is known about the lived experiences of people with PFP, especially in Saudi Arabia, where healthcare and cultural factors may have a specific impact on how the condition is managed. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of recreational cyclists with patellofemoral pain in Al Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Method: A qualitative, descriptive design using reflexive thematic analysis was employed. Eleven male recreational cyclists aged 28–44 years diagnosed with PFP were purposely recruited from Al Madinah Physical Therapy Centre. Female participants were excluded due to cultural constraints regarding sports participation. The participants consented to participate in the study and to be audio recorded. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide. The interview data were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed using Atlas.ti, version 24. Results: The thematic analysis revealed six themes highlighting the multidimensional impact of PFP. The participants described localised mechanical impairment with rapid onset during activity and persistent symptoms lasting up to two weeks. Pain was exacerbated by eccentric loading and cycling-specific stressors, such as uphill riding, leading to significant anxiety and avoidance behaviours. To maintain activity, these cyclists employed adaptive strategies, including bike modifications and self-management. Notably, PFP imposed substantial cultural and social burdens, hindering spiritual practices, specifically Salah (prayer) postures, professional duties, and family caregiving. While the participants demonstrated resourcefulness through a hybrid of physiotherapy and independent research, pharmacological relief was viewed as a transient solution. Conclusions: Patellofemoral pain imposes significant multidimensional burdens on recreational cyclists in Al Madinah, which are exacerbated by cultural practices. Physiotherapy offers targeted interventions for pain relief, functional restoration, and participation enhancement, necessitating the need for culturally sensitive management programmes. Full article

26 pages, 3769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Drying Methods on Redispersibility and Dissolution of Canagliflozin Nanocrystals: A Comparative Approach

by Yagmur Pirincci Tok, Burcu Demiralp, Sevgi Güngör, Ali Osman Sarikaya, Emre Erol Aldeniz, Udaya Kumar Dude and Yildiz Ozsoy

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(2), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19020240 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Canagliflozin (CFZ) is the first sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor and is characterized by poor water solubility and permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. In this study, a CFZ nanosuspension (CFZ-NS) was converted into a solid form to improve the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Canagliflozin (CFZ) is the first sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor and is characterized by poor water solubility and permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. In this study, a CFZ nanosuspension (CFZ-NS) was converted into a solid form to improve the physical stability of CFZ nanocrystals (CFZ-NCs) and to enable formulation as a tablet dosage form. Methods: To achieve adequate redispersibility of dried CFZ-NCs, fluid bed granulation and spray-drying methods were employed, and the effects of critical process parameters were investigated. The stability of spray-dried nanocrystal tablets (NCs-SD-TAB) was evaluated over a three-month period under storage conditions of 25 ± 2 °C with 60 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) and 40 ± 2 °C with 75 ± 5% RH. Results: The highest redispersibility index (94%) was obtained using the spray-drying method. Tablets prepared with spray-dried NCs-SD-TAB exhibited a significantly higher in vitro dissolution rate under non-sink conditions compared with control tablets prepared using unprocessed CFZ with the same excipients, as well as the marketed product. NCs-SD-TAB showed an approximately three-fold increase in drug release at 15 min in 0.1 N HCl, with a pH 4.5 acetate buffer and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, which simulate gastrointestinal pH conditions, relative to the marketed product. Conclusions: Overall, these results indicate that nanocrystal technology represents a promising approach for CFZ as an improved oral drug-delivery system, primarily due to its solubility enhancement capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery)

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18 pages, 2188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Immunoprotective Efficacy of Membrane Protein Vaccine Against Scuticociliatosis

by Qingmeihui Sun, Bingchen Wu, Yaoqi Ao, Xiaoyu Meng, Xiaohang Wang and Ruijun Li

Vaccines 2026, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14020142 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objective: To develop a novel and efficient vaccine for controlling scuticociliatosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), this study targeted the parasitic ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus for membrane protein vaccine preparation. Methods: The immunoprotective efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of the vaccine were systematically [...] Read more.

Objective: To develop a novel and efficient vaccine for controlling scuticociliatosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), this study targeted the parasitic ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus for membrane protein vaccine preparation. Methods: The immunoprotective efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of the vaccine were systematically evaluated through immunization–challenge experiments, immune parameter detection, and transcriptomic analysis. Results: Results showed that the serum IgM level in turbot immunized with the membrane protein vaccine reached its peak one week after the second immunization, which was significantly higher than that in the control group and the whole-cell protein vaccine group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the activities of serum peroxidase (POD), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), acetylcholinesterase (ACH), and lysozyme (LZM) were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). At 24 h and 48 h post-challenge, the relative parasite reduction rates at the wound sites in the membrane protein vaccine group were 87.79% and 74.17%, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleen tissue of turbot immunized with the membrane protein vaccine, including 734 upregulated and 329 downregulated genes. These DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and one carbon pool by folate, which are involved in immune responses by regulating immune cell proliferation, antioxidant defense, and immune substance synthesis. Conclusions: This study successfully developed a P. persalinus membrane protein vaccine with excellent immunoprotective efficacy and elucidated its molecular mechanisms of protection. It provides a novel vaccine candidate for the green control of turbot scuticociliatosis and offers a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of fish parasite subunit vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Vaccine Designs to Enhance the Engagement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity)

19 pages, 949 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and ITS-Based Molecular Characterization of Dermatophytes from Pets and In Vitro Antifungal Evaluation of Muğla Propolis

by Yalçın Semiha, Yüksek Rumeysa, Özgen Arzu, Sorucu Ali and Cengiz Seyda

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020136 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dermatophytosis is a common zoonotic fungal infection in companion animals, most frequently caused by Microsporum canis, while the geophilic species Nannizzia gypsea may occasionally infect cats. Conventional morphological identification of dermatophytes is often challenging due to phenotypic similarities, underscoring the importance of [...] Read more.

Dermatophytosis is a common zoonotic fungal infection in companion animals, most frequently caused by Microsporum canis, while the geophilic species Nannizzia gypsea may occasionally infect cats. Conventional morphological identification of dermatophytes is often challenging due to phenotypic similarities, underscoring the importance of molecular confirmation. In this study, dermatophyte field isolates obtained from cats with suspected dermatophytosis were identified using cultural characteristics and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences showed that the isolates were highly similar to each other and clustered closely with reference strains and previously reported dermatophyte strains from different geographical regions. Subsequently, the in vitro antifungal activity of a propolis extract collected from the Muğla region (Türkiye) was evaluated using the agar dilution method at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100 mg/mL. At all tested concentrations, propolis inhibited mycelial growth in all four molecularly confirmed dermatophyte field isolates, whereas substantial growth was observed in the negative control plates. These findings indicate that Muğla propolis exhibits in vitro antifungal activity at the tested concentrations against dermatophyte field isolates and warrants further investigation as a potential natural antifungal source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

20 pages, 4764 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Load Transfer Mechanism and Simplified Design Method for Skewed T-Girder Bridges

by Jialin Lan, Fan Shi, Zheyan Dong and Yuxin Zhong

Buildings 2026, 16(3), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030578 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the vehicle load transfer mechanism and proposes a simplified design method for simply supported reinforced concrete skewed T-girder bridges. Skewed bridges are often necessary due to obstacles in route selection, yet their mechanical behavior under existing design specifications remains inadequately [...] Read more.

This study investigates the vehicle load transfer mechanism and proposes a simplified design method for simply supported reinforced concrete skewed T-girder bridges. Skewed bridges are often necessary due to obstacles in route selection, yet their mechanical behavior under existing design specifications remains inadequately addressed. Theoretical analysis reveals that skewed bridges exhibit a pronounced bending–torsional coupling effect and a rotation trend within the plane, resulting in the maximum bending moment shifting toward the obtuse-angle side and midspan moments decreasing. A refined numerical model utilizing the grillage method is established to validate the theoretical analysis results, demonstrating that load transfer paths deviate perpendicularly from the free edge as the skew angle increases. The bearing force of the skewed bridge with a skew angle of 30° is about 1.35 times that of the straight bridge. To address the lack of practical design methods, a mixed influence line method is proposed. This approach combines the lever principal method and the rigid plate girder method, interpolating transverse distribution coefficients along the span based on the skew angle. The proposed method accounts for the lateral stiffness and skew effects of skewed bridges, and the accuracy is confirmed by field load experimental and numerical validations. It is found that the mid-span bending moment of the straight bridge can be approximately adopted when the skew angle is less than 30°. The reduction coefficient of the bending moment with skew angles of 30° to 45 ° can be safely taken as 0.85 to 0.95. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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20 pages, 5379 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Differential Tolerance of Two Triticum durum Cultivars to Short-Term Cadmium-Induced Stress

by Mohamed-Amine Hamzaoui, Ángel Barón-Sola, Michiel Huybrechts, Mohamed Banni, Ann Cuypers, Luis E. Hernández and Cristina Ortega-Villasante

Plants 2026, 15(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030418 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that impairs plant growth and induces oxidative stress. In this study, we compared the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars, Razek and Chili, to Cd stress. [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that impairs plant growth and induces oxidative stress. In this study, we compared the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars, Razek and Chili, to Cd stress. Seedlings were exposed to 0, 5, and 50 µM Cd (Cd²⁺; supplied as CdCl₂) under controlled hydroponic and Petri assay conditions. Cd reduced radicle elongation, biomass accumulation, and water uptake in both cultivars, but the relative inhibition of growth was lower in Razek than in Chili, indicating a better capacity to maintain growth under Cd stress. This was accompanied by milder oxidative stress symptoms and more stable antioxidant enzyme activity, particularly for catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Gene expression analyses revealed that Razek maintained a higher expression of antioxidant and stress-related genes under acute Cd stress, while Chili exhibited pronounced downregulation. Histochemical analyses showed increased H₂O₂ accumulation and lignin deposition in Chili roots, suggesting a stronger stress response. Notably, Chili also showed a sharp depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) under high Cd concentrations, with limited upregulation of GSH synthesis and phytochelatin-related genes. Together, these findings indicate that Razek activates more efficient detoxification, redox regulation, and hormonal signaling pathways under Cd stress, indicating its potential suitability for cultivation in slightly Cd-contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants, 2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 670 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

High-Power Laser Therapy for Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review

by Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Wojciech Niemczyk, Jacek Matys, Jakub Hadzik, Dariusz Skaba, Rafał Wiench and Marzena Dominiak

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031084 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated mucocutaneous disorder that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Conventional therapies, such as corticosteroids, are often associated with side effects, prompting the exploration of alternative treatments. High-power lasers, including CO₂ and Er:YAG lasers, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, autoimmune-mediated mucocutaneous disorder that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. Conventional therapies, such as corticosteroids, are often associated with side effects, prompting the exploration of alternative treatments. High-power lasers, including CO₂ and Er:YAG lasers, have emerged as promising options due to their precision and therapeutic potential in managing OLP. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of high-power lasers in reducing lesion size, pain, and recurrence rates in OLP patients. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane using keywords related to laser therapy and OLP. Inclusion criteria focused on randomized controlled trials and clinical studies with clear methodologies. Data from eight studies were analyzed, covering various laser types and treatment parameters. Results: The findings indicate that high-power laser therapy significantly reduces lesion size, pain levels, and recurrence rates compared to conventional treatments. CO₂ lasers demonstrated superior outcomes in lesion resolution and pain relief, while Er:YAG lasers offered precision in treating localized lesions. Most studies reported minimal side effects and faster recovery times, enhancing patient satisfaction. Conclusions: High-power lasers, particularly CO₂ and Er:YAG, represent a safe and effective alternative to conventional therapies for OLP, with advantages such as reduced side effects and improved patient outcomes. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols and conducting large-scale randomized trials to validate these findings and establish lasers as a reliable treatment modality for OLP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)

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19 pages, 1869 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stirring Optimization of Consteel EAF Based on Multi-Phase Flow Water-Model Simulation

by Jiahui Jin, Bing Ni, Fangqin Shangguan, Xiuping Li, Xiaoping Lin, Ge Zhao, Tao Li and Fangbo Shao

Processes 2026, 14(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14030482 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Optimizing stirring methods is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) production process. This study explores the mixing characteristics of a 150-ton Consteel EAF. The similarity ratio between the water model and the prototype is 1:8. The average mixing [...] Read more.

Optimizing stirring methods is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) production process. This study explores the mixing characteristics of a 150-ton Consteel EAF. The similarity ratio between the water model and the prototype is 1:8. The average mixing time (AMT) was employed as the criterion to evaluate various stirring methods, including the horizontal deflection angle of side-blowing, non-uniform bottom-blowing layouts, and their combinations. A new ice whose composition was a 35 wt% sugar solution was used to simulate the movement and bonding of scrap steel. The melting and temperature difference were compared in this way. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The side blowing lances with a certain angle of horizontal deflection are more conducive to the mixing of the molten pool. The preferred side-blowing lances’ horizontal deflection angle is 10°. (2) The preferred bottom blowing layout is EKO. The bottom blowing layout needs to pay attention to the offset between the bottom blowing nozzles. Bottom blowing nozzles cannot be too far or too close. Rational non-uniform layout of bottom blowing is better than uniform. (3) The preferred combined stirring layout is the EKN, combined with side blowing, with counterclockwise deflection of 10° in the horizontal direction. Gas injection of side blowing and bottom blowing exhibits complementary action zones, thereby achieving enhanced stirring uniformity in the molten bath. But it is necessary to consider the bottom-blowing and side-blowing positions to avoid the local kinetic energy loss caused by airflow offset. At the same time, the deflection angle of the side-blowing lances should be consistent with the direction of the circulation formed by the non-uniform bottom blowing. (4) Under the rational combined stirring method, the scrap steel moved faster, and the bonding phenomenon was significantly reduced. And the temperature difference decreased the fastest. In summary, the rational combined stirring method is the most preferred method for mixing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Ladle Metallurgy and Secondary Refining)

22 pages, 1961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Impacts of Sand Mining on River Flood Control Safety and Strategies for Sustainable Management: A Case Study from the Wengang Section of the Fu River

by Shupan Deng, Qiang Hu, Wensun You, Jinhu Yuan, Wei Xiong and Ting Wu

Water 2026, 18(3), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030342 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Global urbanization is driving a rising demand for sand and gravel, which has intensified riverbed mining. This threatens fluvial stability, flood safety, and ecological integrity. Although previous studies have documented localized geomorphic and hydrological impacts, systematic assessments that integrate long-term incision trends, embankment [...] Read more.

Global urbanization is driving a rising demand for sand and gravel, which has intensified riverbed mining. This threatens fluvial stability, flood safety, and ecological integrity. Although previous studies have documented localized geomorphic and hydrological impacts, systematic assessments that integrate long-term incision trends, embankment stability mechanisms, and resource optimization under multiple objectives remain limited. In this study, we investigate the Wengang section of the Fu River (Jiangxi, China), a sediment-deficient river reach subjected to decades of intensive mining. Through the application of hydrosediment analysis, hydrodynamic modeling, geotechnical–hydrological–mechanical (GHM) simulations, and a dynamic optimization model, the sustained impacts of mining are quantified, and science-based management strategies are proposed. The results indicate that extensive excavation has resulted in irreversible riverbed incision, with a net volume increase of 12.97 × 10⁶ m³ between 2003 and 2023, far exceeding the natural sediment deposition volume (0.853 × 10⁶ m³). Although the overall longitudinal profile remains stable, localized flow velocities in the primary mining area are increased by 0.22–0.39 m/s. A GHM analysis identifies a critical safe distance of 13–14 m between pit edge and embankment toe and demonstrates that wide-shallow pit morphology is associated with reduced stability risk compared to narrow-deep pits. Based on these constraints, an economic optimization model incorporating flood safety and market demand is developed, yielding an optimal extraction plan for 2024–2028 with a total volume of 4.4848 million tons and an estimated revenue of 50.03 million USD. This study provides an integrated framework for assessing mining impacts and offers actionable strategies to support sustainable sediment management in vulnerable river systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue NBS for Watershed Management: From Ecological Health Assessment to Ecosystem Restoration)

15 pages, 1867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Adipogenic Effect of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Tetracera loureiri on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

by Sung Ho Lim, Ju-Hyoung Park, Do-Hun Lee, Woo Young Bang, Jaeho Lee, Suon Sovann, Kry Masphal, Jae-Shin Kang, Dong-Wan Seo and Joa Sub Oh

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031374 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

A species of the genus Tetracera has been used as herbal medicine in traditional Indian Tetracera loureiri medicine. Tetracera loureiri, a plant from the Dilleniaceae family is considered one of the most valuable herbs in Thailand and is native to Southeast Asia. [...] Read more.

A species of the genus Tetracera has been used as herbal medicine in traditional Indian Tetracera loureiri medicine. Tetracera loureiri, a plant from the Dilleniaceae family is considered one of the most valuable herbs in Thailand and is native to Southeast Asia. However, the anti-obesity effects of Tetracera loureiri extract have not been reported. In this study, we screened the effect of EtOH extract on lipid accumulation in a 3T3-L1 adipocyte model at various concentrations using Oil Red O staining, and the results were visualized under a light microscope. The fractionation of the soluble CH₂Cl₂ and EtOAc fractions from the EtOH extract revealed that both fractions significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes at 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL, compared to n-hexane, n-BuOH, and aqueous extracts. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the CH₂Cl₂ and EtOAc extract led to the phytochemical investigation of 10 secondary metabolites (1–10), and the structure of these compounds was identified using various spectroscopic methods. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit adipogenesis at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10 μM compared with positive control (Orlistat 100 μg/mL); in particular, compounds 1–3, 5, and 7–8 showed 57.39 ± 6.98, 19.35 ± 4.53%, 75.81 ± 1.75%, 17.61 ± 1.62%, 19.83 ± 5.27 and 14.66 ± 3.85% reduction in fat accumulation at 10 μM in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, respectively. The activity of these compounds also inhibited the secretion of adiponectin and leptin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting their role in disrupting adipocyte function and metabolic regulation. Therefore, the results herein provide experimental evidence supporting the potential of Tetracera loureiri extracts as an anti-obesity therapeutic agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)

17 pages, 2364 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Tubby-like Proteins (TLPs) in Fragaria × ananassa Reveals Their Role in Abiotic Stress Responses

by Pedro Fernández-Roldán, M. Dolores Moreno-Recio, Facundo Spadoni-Revol, Francisco J. Molina-Hidalgo, José L. Caballero, Juan Muñoz-Blanco, Rosario Blanco-Portales and Enriqueta Moyano

Genes 2026, 17(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020158 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most valuable horticultural crops worldwide. Nevertheless, its productivity is increasingly constrained by high susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions, which are intensified by climate change. Drought represents a major limitation, often accompanied [...] Read more.

Background: Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most valuable horticultural crops worldwide. Nevertheless, its productivity is increasingly constrained by high susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions, which are intensified by climate change. Drought represents a major limitation, often accompanied by water deficiency and elevated soil salinity. Plants counteract such abiotic stresses through complex molecular defense mechanisms involving transcription factors that regulate stress-responsive gene expression. Methods: In this study, we conducted a systematic bioinformatic analysis of the Tubby-like protein (TLP) transcription factor family in Fragaria × ananassa. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of FaTLP genes under different conditions to elucidate their potential roles in stress adaptation. Results: Eight FaTLP genes were identified in each of the four subgenomes, most of which retained the characteristic TUBBY and F-box domains. Gene expression profiling revealed that several FaTLP genes were differentially expressed in leaves under drought and salt stress, with FaTLP2 and FaTLP7 exhibiting strong induction. In addition, the expression of FaTLP2 and FaTLP7 under various oxidative and signaling-related treatments, as well as in different tissues of strawberry plants were analyzed. Promoter analysis identified multiple cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormone signaling and abiotic stress responses, such as ABRE, MYB, and MYC motifs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FaTLP2 and FaTLP7 share high sequence similarity with orthologous TLPs from other plant species known for enhanced stress tolerance, suggesting that these proteins may play conserved roles in the molecular mechanisms underlying drought and salinity resilience. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the potential roles of FaTLPs in regulating environmental signal transduction and transcriptional control, contributing to abiotic stress tolerance in Fragaria × ananassa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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39 pages, 12206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fusing Dynamic Bayesian Network for Explainable Decision with Optimal Control for Occupancy Guidance in Autonomous Air Combat

by Mingzhe Zhou, Guanglei Meng, Biao Wang and Tiankuo Meng

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10020044 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

In this paper, an explainable decision-making and guidance integration method is developed based on dynamic Bayesian network and the optimized control method. The proposed method can be applied for the autonomous decision-making and guidance in the game of attacking and defending of unmanned [...] Read more.

In this paper, an explainable decision-making and guidance integration method is developed based on dynamic Bayesian network and the optimized control method. The proposed method can be applied for the autonomous decision-making and guidance in the game of attacking and defending of unmanned combat aerial vehicles in close air combat. Firstly, the target maneuver recognition and target trajectory prediction are carried out according to the target information detected by the sensor. Then, a dynamic Bayesian network model for close combat decision is established by combining space occupancy situation and equipment performance information with target maneuver identification results. The decision model realizes the intelligent selection of the optimization index function of the maneuver. The optimal control constrained gradient method is adopted to realize the optimal calculation of the unmanned combat aerial vehicle occupancy guidance quantity by considering the constraint of unmanned combat aerial vehicle flight performance. The simulation results of several typical close air combat show that the proposed method can realize rationalized autonomous decision-making and space occupancy guidance of unmanned combat aerial vehicles, overcome the solidification of mobile action mode by traditional methods, and has better real-time performance and optimization performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Models and Cognitive Computing: Innovations from Algorithms to Intelligent Systems)

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26 pages, 6985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Time–Frequency Dynamic Parameters During the Instability of Falling-Type Unstable Rock Masses: An Experimental Study

by Guang Lu, Mowen Xie, Chen Chen and Yan Du

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031402 (registering DOI) - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Improving the accuracy of stable state identification and collapse early warning for unstable rock masses is an urgent challenge in slope engineering. In this study, a simplified dynamic model of falling-type unstable rock masses was established, and the dynamic response characteristics of unstable [...] Read more.

Improving the accuracy of stable state identification and collapse early warning for unstable rock masses is an urgent challenge in slope engineering. In this study, a simplified dynamic model of falling-type unstable rock masses was established, and the dynamic response characteristics of unstable rock masses under different constraint conditions were investigated by combining modal analysis. Finally, physical model tests were carried out to explore the evolution of relevant time-domain and frequency-domain dynamic characteristic parameters during the entire process of falling-type unstable rock masses on slopes, ranging from a stable state, through the propagation of dominant structural planes, to final collapse. The results show that (1) the dominant frequency of the rock mass is independent of the magnitude and direction of excitation forces; (2) the coefficient of variation and waveform factor undergo significant changes during the critical failure stage; and (3) the acceleration amplitude ratio and natural frequency can synergistically and sensitively trace the progression of fracture development within the rock mass. An identification method for the stability stages of typical falling-type unstable rock masses was proposed, which integrates four time–frequency dynamic indicators. The stability state of unstable rock masses was divided into three phases: stable, fundamentally stable, and critical instability. This work provides a valuable reference for instability monitoring of falling-type unstable rock masses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Geotechnics for Hazard Mitigation, 2nd Edition)

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