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32 pages, 10174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation and Model Validation of Conventional Solar Still in Harsh Summer Climate: Case Study of Basrah, Iraq

by Mohammed Oudah Khalaf, Mehmed Rafet Özdemir and Hussein Sadiq Sultan

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010479 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Freshwater scarcity is a critical global challenge, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like southern Iraq. This study evaluates the thermal and distillate performance of a conventional single-slope solar still under extreme summer conditions in Basrah, Iraq. The objective is to analyze and [...] Read more.

Freshwater scarcity is a critical global challenge, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like southern Iraq. This study evaluates the thermal and distillate performance of a conventional single-slope solar still under extreme summer conditions in Basrah, Iraq. The objective is to analyze and validate a coupled theoretical–experimental model for predicting temperature fields and freshwater productivity. The model incorporates transient energy and mass balance equations with temperature- and salinity-dependent thermophysical properties. Experiments were conducted using brackish water from the Shatt al-Arab River (salinity: 5.2 g/kg), and measured temperatures and productivity were compared against simulations over a 24-h period. Strong agreement was achieved between experimental and theoretical results, with

R^{2} > 0.90

for temperature predictions and

R^{2} = 0.985

for hourly productivity. Maximum hourly yield reached

0.46 L / m^{2}

, with a total daily productivity of

3.5 L / m^{2}

, The daily thermal efficiency was found to be 26.90% experimentally and 28.20% theoretically. A positive linear relation between the thermal gradient

(T_{w} - T_{g})

and hourly productivity was also established. The findings confirm the reliability of the developed model and highlight the potential of solar distillation as a sustainable freshwater source for high-temperature regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Solutions for Improving Sustainability in Water Resource Management)

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12 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Alleviates Headache Symptoms in Migraine Model Mice by the Locus Coeruleus/Noradrenergic System: An Experimental Study in a Mouse Model of Migraine

by Xingke Song, Zijie Chen, Haohan Zhu, Peijing Rong, Jinling Zhang, Xue Pu and Junying Wang

Biomedicines 2026, 14(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14010096 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Migraine is a complex neurological headache disorder, and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) can effectively relieve headache symptoms, but its mechanism of effect is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effects of taVNS on the locus coeruleus [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Migraine is a complex neurological headache disorder, and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) can effectively relieve headache symptoms, but its mechanism of effect is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effects of taVNS on the locus coeruleus (LC) and the norepinephrine (NE) system in migraine mice. Methods: C57/BL6 mice were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: the control group, model group, taVNS group, and sham taVNS group. A migraine model was established by administration of nitroglycerin. Headache behaviors were assessed using the orofacial stimulation test (OST) and the mouse grimace scale (MGS). Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to evaluate the expression of NE neurons in the LC, while Western blotting was used to determine the expression levels of α-2A adrenergic receptors in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C). Additionally, fiber-optic recording was employed to monitor the real-time dynamics of NE release in Sp5C. Results: After taVNS intervention, the drinking time of OST in the model mice was significantly prolonged(p < 0.05), and facial expression scores were reduced (p < 0.05). TaVNS increased the number of NE neurons in the LC (p < 0.05), promoted the release of NE in Sp5C (p < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of α-2A adrenergic receptors in Sp5C (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The analgesic effects of taVNS are related to the activation of the LC-NE system and the inhibition of the decrease in Sp5C in migraine mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience)

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20 pages, 4952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Star Lightweight Convolution and NDT-RRT: An Integrated Path Planning Method for Walnut Harvesting Robots

by Xiangdong Liu, Xuan Li, Bangbang Chen, Jijing Lin, Kejia Zhuang and Baojian Ma

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010305 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address issues such as slow response speed and low detection accuracy in fallen walnut picking robots in complex orchard environments, this paper proposes a detection and path planning method that integrates star-shaped lightweight convolution with NDT-RRT. The method includes the improved lightweight [...] Read more.

To address issues such as slow response speed and low detection accuracy in fallen walnut picking robots in complex orchard environments, this paper proposes a detection and path planning method that integrates star-shaped lightweight convolution with NDT-RRT. The method includes the improved lightweight detection model YOLO-FW and an efficient path planning algorithm NDT-RRT. YOLO-FW enhances feature extraction by integrating star-shaped convolution (Star Blocks) and the C3K2 module in the backbone network, while the introduction of a multi-level scale pyramid structure (CA_HSFPN) in the neck network improves multi-scale feature fusion. Additionally, the loss function is replaced with the PIoU loss, which incorporates the concept of Inner-IoU, thus improving regression accuracy while maintaining the model’s lightweight nature. The NDT-RRT path planning algorithm builds upon the RRT algorithm by employing node rejection strategies, dynamic step-size adjustment, and target-bias sampling, which reduces planning time while maintaining path quality. Experiments show that, compared to the baseline model, the YOLO-FW model achieves precision, recall, and mAP@0.5 of 90.6%, 90.4%, and 95.7%, respectively, with a volume of only 3.62 MB and a 30.65% reduction in the number of parameters. The NDT-RRT algorithm reduces search time by 87.71% under conditions of relatively optimal paths. Furthermore, a detection and planning system was developed based on the PySide6 framework on an NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX embedded device. On-site testing demonstrated that the system exhibits good robustness, high precision, and real-time performance in real orchard environments, providing an effective technological reference for the intelligent operation of fallen walnut picking robots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robotic Systems for Future Farming)

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15 pages, 2855 KB

Open AccessArticle

ATP13A2-Mediated Spermine Export Modulates Lipid Catabolism in the Endolysosomal System of SH-SY5Y Cells

by Alejandra L. Marcos, Mariela M. Gironacci and Felicitas de Tezanos Pinto

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010484 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dysfunction of the membrane transporter P5B-ATPase 13A2 (ATP13A2) has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, while its overexpression has been associated with colorectal cancer. ATP13A2 localizes to lysosomes and late endosomes, where it exports polyamines such as spermine into the cytosol. We previously showed [...] Read more.

Dysfunction of the membrane transporter P5B-ATPase 13A2 (ATP13A2) has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, while its overexpression has been associated with colorectal cancer. ATP13A2 localizes to lysosomes and late endosomes, where it exports polyamines such as spermine into the cytosol. We previously showed that ATP13A2 expression alters lipid homeostasis and reduces the levels of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), an anionic phospholipid essential for lipid digestion in acidic compartments, suggesting that ATP13A2-mediated spermine export may affect lysosomal lipid catabolism. α/β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6), the enzyme responsible for BMP catabolism, was detected by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing human ATP13A2 and treated with spermine. The activities of the lipid-degrading hydrolases acid ceramidase (ACase) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) were measured using specific fluorogenic substrates. ATP13A2-expressing cells showed higher ABHD6 expression, and spermine treatment promoted its translocation to the cytoplasm. Spermine induced a transient increase in ACase activity, followed by a stronger inhibition in ATP13A2-expressing cells. Moreover, GCase activity was elevated in these cells but also showed greater spermine-induced inhibition. Altogether, these results suggest that ATP13A2-mediated spermine export modulates the lipid digestion capacity of the endolysosomal system and support a functional interplay between polyamine and lipid metabolism in these organelles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Governing Lipid Metabolism in Health and Disease)

14 pages, 3102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Resectability of Peritoneal Disease in Ovarian Cancer Patients Using the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) and Fagotti Score on MRI

by Marianna Konidari, Sofia Gourtsoyianni, Nikolaos Thomakos, Georgia Lymperopoulou, Chara Tzavara, Vasilios Pergialiotis, Alexandros Rodolakis, Lia Angela Moulopoulos and Charis Bourgioti

Cancers 2026, 18(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010165 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cytoreduction status is a critical prognostic factor in ovarian cancer, yet preoperative selection of patients suitable for primary debulking surgery and accurate prediction of surgical outcome remain challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of MRI-based Fagotti score and Peritoneal [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cytoreduction status is a critical prognostic factor in ovarian cancer, yet preoperative selection of patients suitable for primary debulking surgery and accurate prediction of surgical outcome remain challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of MRI-based Fagotti score and Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) for predicting resectability of peritoneal disease in ovarian cancer patients. Methods: This was a prospective single-center observational study. Patients with suspected primary ovarian cancer who underwent preoperative MRI of the abdomen and pelvis with a dedicated protocol were considered. MRI-based Fagotti score and PCI were determined by two readers independently, using a combination of T2W, Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI), and contrast-enhanced T1W sequences. In cases of discordance, a third radiologist reviewed the scans and consensus was reached. ROC analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate prognostic performance. The reference standard to predict resectability was optimal cytoreduction defined as residual disease ≤1 cm. Results: Forty-six women with epithelial ovarian cancer (mean age 56.3 ± 2.6 years) who underwent preoperative MRI, followed by laparoscopy and/or laparotomy, were included in the study. Both MRI-based Fagotti score and PCI showed high predictive value for predicting resectability (AUC 0.92 and 0.94, respectively). Optimal cut-offs were ≤6 for Fagotti score and ≤20 for PCI. Patients with scores below these thresholds had >60-fold (Fagotti) and >100-fold (PCI) increased odds for successful primary cytoreduction (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MRI-based Fagotti score and PCI may serve as powerful noninvasive predictors of surgical outcome in ovarian cancer. MRI may reliably guide treatment decisions, reducing unnecessary laparotomies and optimizing patient selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Imaging of Common Urogenital Neoplasms 2nd Edition)

33 pages, 3211 KB

Open AccessReview

The Multifaceted Importance of Amphibians: Ecological, Biomedical, and Socio-Economic Perspectives

by Buddhika Wickramasingha, Josh West, Bellanthudawage Kushan Aravinda Bellanthudawa, Michael P. Graziano and Thilina D. Sursinghe

Biology 2026, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010098 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, with over 40% of species at risk of extinction. However, a gap remains in understanding how to effectively develop and implement amphibian conservation strategies at local and global scales to minimize extinction risk. This [...] Read more.

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, with over 40% of species at risk of extinction. However, a gap remains in understanding how to effectively develop and implement amphibian conservation strategies at local and global scales to minimize extinction risk. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence to frame amphibian conservation as a priority not only for species preservation but for safeguarding ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Drawing on ecological, physiological, biomedical, and technological literature, we highlight the foundational roles amphibians play in various biomes: regulating invertebrate populations, mediating nutrient and energy flows, modifying physical habitats, and supporting biodiversity through trophic interactions. Their dual aquatic–terrestrial life cycles and highly permeable skin make them highly sensitive to environmental change, positioning them as bioindicators for ecosystem health. We further explore emerging tools and concepts such as environmental metabolomics, remote sensing, and citizen science for monitoring population trends and environmental stressors. Additionally, we discuss conservation challenges in relation to land-use change, climate disruption, invasive species, emerging diseases, and institutional underinvestment. We argue for the recognition of amphibians as ecological allies and the increased integration of amphibian conservation into broader frameworks such as ecosystem service valuation, climate resilience planning, and public health policy improvement. Finally, we identify key research gaps and suggest future directions to remedy these oversights, including the incorporation of traditional knowledge, socio-cultural engagement, and technological innovations for sustainable amphibian conservation. Realizing this vision will require globally coordinated, locally grounded strategies that fuse scientific insight, inclusive governance, and long-term investment—ensuring that amphibian conservation advances ecosystem stability and benefits both nature and society. Full article

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33 pages, 1076 KB

Open AccessReview

Mitochondrial Health Through Nicotinamide Riboside and Berberine: Shared Pathways and Therapeutic Potential

by Federico Visalli, Matteo Capobianco, Francesco Cappellani, Lorenzo Rapisarda, Alfonso Spinello, Alessandro Avitabile, Ludovica Cannizzaro, Caterina Gagliano and Marco Zeppieri

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010485 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a central hallmark of aging and a broad spectrum of chronic diseases, ranging from metabolic to neurodegenerative and ocular disorders. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a vitamin B₃ derivative and efficient precursor of NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and berberine (BBR), [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a central hallmark of aging and a broad spectrum of chronic diseases, ranging from metabolic to neurodegenerative and ocular disorders. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a vitamin B₃ derivative and efficient precursor of NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid widely investigated in metabolic regulation, have independently emerged as promising mitochondrial modulators. NR enhances cellular NAD⁺ pools, thereby activating sirtuin-dependent pathways, stimulating PGC-1α–mediated mitochondrial biogenesis, and triggering the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR^mt). BBR, by contrast, primarily activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and interacts with respiratory complex I, improving bioenergetics, reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and promoting mitophagy and organelle quality control. Importantly, despite distinct upstream mechanisms, NR and BBR converge on shared signaling pathways that support mitochondrial health, including redox balance, metabolic flexibility, and immunometabolic regulation. Unlike previous reviews addressing these compounds separately, this article integrates current preclinical and clinical findings to provide a unified perspective on their converging actions. We critically discuss translational opportunities as well as limitations, including heterogeneous clinical outcomes and the need for robust biomarkers of mitochondrial function. By outlining overlapping and complementary mechanisms, we highlight NR and BBR as rational combinatorial strategies to restore mitochondrial resilience. This integrative perspective may guide the design of next-generation clinical trials and advance precision approaches in mitochondrial medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

24 pages, 591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Innovation and Energy Efficiency: Quantile MMQR Insights from the G20 Economies

by Mohammed Moosa Ageli

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010478 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study examines the determinants of energy efficiency in G20 economies over the period of 2000–2024 using the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) to analyze the variation in the impacts of green innovation, green investment, green finance, the strength of energy policy, [...] Read more.

This study examines the determinants of energy efficiency in G20 economies over the period of 2000–2024 using the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) to analyze the variation in the impacts of green innovation, green investment, green finance, the strength of energy policy, and trade openness across different levels of energy intensity. The results reveal that these variables do not affect all countries equally; their effects vary with the maturity of institutional and technological structures. Economies with strong regulations benefit more from green innovation and expanded environmental financial instruments, whereas countries with limited ready-made institutions struggle to turn these variables into tangible gains. This study also showed that energy policy was the most stable factor across all levels, while innovation, finance, and investment became more impactful in countries that had made significant progress in energy intensity. This study proposes a differential policy that responds to various institutional readiness levels. Low-intensity energy economies should prioritize strengthening regulatory frameworks and improving energy governance, medium-performing countries should expand green finance opportunities and direct investments toward clean technology, and developed countries should focus on deepening innovation and broadening the base of technology transfer to promote long-term sustainability. Overall, the results confirm that the green shift in the G20 economies requires specialized strategies rather than uniform policies that overlook economic structural differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

27 pages, 800 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Bellwether: How Do Government Environmental Concerns Influence Corporate Environmental Information Disclosure?

by Wenxiao Zhou, Jinhua Cheng, Haixia Yang, Ruisi Zhang and Henglang Xie

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010477 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

In the face of increasingly severe global environmental challenges, corporate environmental information disclosure (CEID) has become a critical link connecting national ecological governance goals with firms’ green development practices. From the perspective of green signaling, this study examines whether government environmental concerns (GEC) [...] Read more.

In the face of increasingly severe global environmental challenges, corporate environmental information disclosure (CEID) has become a critical link connecting national ecological governance goals with firms’ green development practices. From the perspective of green signaling, this study examines whether government environmental concerns (GEC) in China incentivize CEID and the mechanisms underlying this effect. We theoretically elaborate the transmission pathways and moderating effects of GEC, and measure GEC and CEID indicators using text analysis of local government work reports and corporate annual reports. Based on a series of empirical tests on Chinese A-share listed firms from 2008 to 2023, we find that: (1) GEC can significantly enhance CEID by attracting green investors and fostering greater media scrutiny. (2) Green technological innovation exhibits a masking effect, which reveals a counterintuitive mechanism whereby stringent environmental regulation may divert innovation resources toward pollution control investments. (3) The impact of GEC is positively moderated by external volatility such as climate policy and market uncertainty and internal capabilities such as firms’ digital transformation. (4) Further heterogeneity analysis shows that GEC has a more significant impact on non-state-owned enterprises, enterprises in heavily polluting industries, and those in the mature or declining stage. This study provides a new theoretical lens for understanding the dynamic interplay between institutional pressure and corporate behavioral responses, and offers empirical insights for calibrating the intensity of GEC to maximize incentives for firms to engage in sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corporate Environmental Performance and Disclosure: Implications for Sustainability—Second Edition)

22 pages, 31354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heritage Conservation and Management of Traditional Anhui Dwellings Using 3D Digitization: A Case Study of the Architectural Heritage Clusters in Huangshan City

by Jianfu Chen, Jie Zhong, Qingqian Ning, Zhengjia Xu and Hiroatsu Fukuda

Buildings 2026, 16(1), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010211 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Traditional villages stand as irreplaceable treasures of global cultural heritage, embodying profound historical, cultural, and esthetic values. However, the accelerating pace of urbanization has exposed them to unprecedented threats, including structural degradation, loss of intangible cultural practices, and the homogenization of rural landscapes. [...] Read more.

Traditional villages stand as irreplaceable treasures of global cultural heritage, embodying profound historical, cultural, and esthetic values. However, the accelerating pace of urbanization has exposed them to unprecedented threats, including structural degradation, loss of intangible cultural practices, and the homogenization of rural landscapes. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other advanced geospatial technologies have been increasingly applied in the conservation and restoration of architectural heritage. The digital documentation of traditional dwellings not only ensures the accuracy and efficiency of conservation efforts but also minimizes physical intervention, thereby safeguarding the authenticity and integrity of heritage sites. This study examines the architectural characteristics and conservation challenges of traditional Huizhou dwellings in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, by integrating oblique photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and 3D modeling. Close-range photogrammetry, combined with image matching algorithms and computer vision techniques, was used to produce highly detailed 3D models of historical structures. UAV-based data acquisition was further employed to generate Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) from point cloud datasets, which were subsequently pre-processed and denoised for restoration simulations. In addition, HBIM was utilized to conduct quantitative analyses of architectural components, providing critical support for heritage management and decision-making in conservation planning. The findings demonstrate that 3D digitization offers a sustainable and replicable model for the protection, revitalization, and adaptive reuse of traditional villages, contributing to the long-term preservation of their cultural and architectural legacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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35 pages, 9559 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Anomaly Detection and Evaluation of Rotating Machinery Based on Data-Accumulation-Aware Generative Adversarial Networks and Similarity Estimation

by Lei Hu, Lingjie Tan, Xiangyan Meng, Jiyu Zeng, Peng Luo and Yi Yang

Machines 2026, 14(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14010061 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Rotating machinery plays a critical role in industrial systems, and effective anomaly detection and assessment are indispensable for ensuring operational safety and reliability. However, the performance of existing methods is often constrained by the difficulty in acquiring fault samples—such samples are typically scarce [...] Read more.

Rotating machinery plays a critical role in industrial systems, and effective anomaly detection and assessment are indispensable for ensuring operational safety and reliability. However, the performance of existing methods is often constrained by the difficulty in acquiring fault samples—such samples are typically scarce during the initial operational phase of equipment. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel anomaly detection and evaluation framework based on Data-Accumulation-Aware Generative Adversarial Networks (DAA-GANs) and similarity estimation. The core innovation of this framework lies in its adaptability across different data accumulation stages. During the early operational phase dominated by normal samples, only normal data is used to train the DAA-GAN to establish a baseline detector. As fault data gradually accumulates, the detection threshold undergoes adaptive adjustment through collaborative optimization of normal and abnormal samples, thereby enhancing the detector’s generalization capability. Upon amassing annotated fault samples of varying severity, the framework assesses anomaly severity by analyzing the similarity between test outputs of unknown samples and known fault samples. The framework is validated through two case studies: a fault simulation model for a torque-splitting transmission system and the publicly available Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset. In the simulation case, the detection accuracy reaches 100% for the gear tooth breakage levels. On the CWRU dataset, the proposed method achieves an overall average detection accuracy of 99.83% across three operating speeds (1730/1750/1772 rpm), and the similarity-based assessment provides consistent severity identification. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework can support reliable anomaly detection and severity assessments under progressive data accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Fault Diagnosis: Energy-Efficient and Eco-Friendly Machinery Maintenance)

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17 pages, 1033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychotropic Medicinal Plant Use in Oncology: A Dual-Cohort Analysis and Its Implications for Anesthesia and Perioperative Care

by Anika Wolff, Jutta Hübner, Jens Büntzel and Judith Büntzel

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010481 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Psychotropic medicinal plants are commonly used among oncology patients, yet their relevance in the perioperative setting remains insufficiently characterized. We conducted a literature-based identification of 18 neuroactive plants and surveyed 123 cancer patients and 109 healthcare professionals at a tertiary hospital in Northern [...] Read more.

Psychotropic medicinal plants are commonly used among oncology patients, yet their relevance in the perioperative setting remains insufficiently characterized. We conducted a literature-based identification of 18 neuroactive plants and surveyed 123 cancer patients and 109 healthcare professionals at a tertiary hospital in Northern Thuringia, Germany. Seventy-five percent of patients reported using at least one psychotropic plant. Knowledge levels were high and similar across groups (median 11 plants), while professionals reported a broader usage spectrum (p = 0.042). Frequently known and applied species included Valeriana officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, Hypericum perforatum, and Urtica. Women used more plants than men (p = 0.024), and higher usage rates were observed in breast cancer and head and neck cancer patients. Heat-map analyses showed substantial overlap in knowledge but differences for species such as Atropa, Cannabis, and Papaver somniferum. Given the potential interactions with anesthetic and analgesic medications, structured preoperative assessment of herbal use is warranted to enhance perioperative safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Their Potential Applications)

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17 pages, 3228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Investigation of Methoxy Radical-Driven Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide: A Pathway Linked to Methane Oxidation

by Bruce M. Prince, Daniel Vrinceanu, Mark C. Harvey, Michael P. Jensen, Maria Zawadowicz and Chongai Kuang

Gases 2026, 6(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/gases6010002 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Methoxy radicals (CH₃O•), formed as intermediates during methane oxidation, may play an underexplored but locally significant role in the atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a key sulfur-containing compound emitted primarily by marine phytoplankton. This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation [...] Read more.

Methoxy radicals (CH₃O•), formed as intermediates during methane oxidation, may play an underexplored but locally significant role in the atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a key sulfur-containing compound emitted primarily by marine phytoplankton. This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of DMS oxidation initiated by CH₃O•, using density functional theory B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-311++G(3df,3pd), CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3pd), and UCBS-QB3 methods. Our calculations show that DMS reacts with CH₃O• via hydrogen atom abstraction to form the methyl-thiomethylene radical (CH₃SCH₂•), with a rate constant of 3.05 × 10⁻¹⁶ cm³/molecule/s and a Gibbs free energy barrier of 14.2 kcal/mol, which is higher than the corresponding barrier for reaction with hydroxyl radicals (9.1 kcal/mol). Although less favorable kinetically, the presence of CH₃O• in localized, methane-rich environments may still allow it to contribute meaningfully to DMS oxidation under specific atmospheric conditions. While the short atmospheric lifetime of CH₃O• limits its global impact on large-scale atmospheric sulfur cycling, in marine layers where methane and DMS emissions overlap, CH₃O• may play a meaningful role in forming sulfur dioxide and downstream sulfate aerosols. These secondary organic aerosols lead to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation, subsequent changes in cloud properties, and can thereby influence local radiative forcing. The study’s findings underscore the importance of incorporating CH₃O• driven oxidation pathways into atmospheric models to enhance our understanding of regional sulfur cycling and its impacts on local air quality, cloud properties and radiative forcing. These findings provide mechanistic insights that improve data interpretation for atmospheric models and extend predictions of localized variations in sulfur oxidation, aerosol formation, and radiative forcing in methane-rich environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Gas)

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17 pages, 1852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrastructural, Osmoregulation, Physiological Metabolism, and Antioxidative Response of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Under Acute Alkaline Stress

by Endalew Alemu, Wei Ye, Jixiang Hua, Lynda Djemaoun, Siqi Lu, Mohamed Fekri Badran, Yalun Dong, Rahma Halim Mahmoud Aboueleila, Mustafa Hassan Lotfy Saleh, Jun Qiang and Yifan Tao

Fishes 2026, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes11010026 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

With increasing global demand for fishery products, saline-alkaline aquaculture has emerged as a potential solution. However, limited information exists regarding the tolerance and adaptability of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) to alkaline environments. This study evaluated the acute semi-lethal toxicity of alkaline water [...] Read more.

With increasing global demand for fishery products, saline-alkaline aquaculture has emerged as a potential solution. However, limited information exists regarding the tolerance and adaptability of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) to alkaline environments. This study evaluated the acute semi-lethal toxicity of alkaline water and its physiological effects on juvenile red tilapia (44.80 ± 1.09 g; 12.84 ± 1.02 cm). Fish were exposed to NaHCO₃ for 96 h at five alkalinity levels (50, 55, 60, 65, and 70 mmol/L). Survival declined significantly with increasing alkalinity, and the 96 h LC₅₀ was 60.66 mmol/L, indicating relatively high alkaline tolerance. Gill tissue and serum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h under 50 mmol/L NaHCO₃ and freshwater (control). Under prolonged alkaline exposure, gill structure exhibited marked alterations, with SLL and ILCMT progressively decreasing over time. Serum antioxidant responses were impaired, showing a sustained decline in SOD activity and a rise in MDA content, indicating the onset of oxidative stress. TAOC, CAT, and GSH-Px displayed a biphasic response, rising initially before declining with continued stress. TP and GLU levels remained largely stable throughout. Energy metabolism indices also shifted dynamically: TC showed a transient increase followed by a decrease, whereas TG and LDH initially declined before rising later in the exposure period. Stress-related markers, including cortisol, T3, ALP, and ACP, were notably elevated during the exposure. Additionally, serum ion concentrations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻) increased gradually over the 96 h period, reflecting progressive osmoregulatory disturbance under alkaline stress. Overall, this study shows that juvenile red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) have high alkaline tolerance (96 h LC₅₀ = 60.66 mmol/L NaHCO₃), but exposure to alkaline water causes significant physiological stress, affecting gill structure, antioxidant defense, metabolism, and ion balance. These results offer valuable insights into their adaptability to saline-alkaline aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tilapia Aquaculture: State-of-the-Art)

13 pages, 1914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simvastatin Improves the High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorder in Juvenile Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) Through Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Enhancing Mitochondrial Function

by Yuheng Wang, Jun Chen, Yanzou Dong, Jie Du, Sisi Ma, Huicong Wang, Yaoyue Wang and Xiangfei Li

Animals 2026, 16(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010134 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

In order to deeply understand the potential mechanisms underlying the metabolic disorders of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), a total of two feeding trials were conducted in the present study. For experiment I, the diets containing five graded levels of lipids [...] Read more.

In order to deeply understand the potential mechanisms underlying the metabolic disorders of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), a total of two feeding trials were conducted in the present study. For experiment I, the diets containing five graded levels of lipids at 32.8, 58.7, 87.9, 122.4, and 149.2 g/kg were formulated, respectively, and fed to juvenile A. davidianus for 90 days. The quadratic regression analysis based on growth performance results indicated that the optimal dietary lipid level is 95.16–101.02 g/kg. Meanwhile, a dietary lipid level of 149.2 g/kg was found to reduce the growth performance of A. davidianus. Based on this, in experiment II, a normal-fat diet (86.8 g/kg crude lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 148.4 g/kg crude lipid), and an HFD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg simvastatin were prepared, respectively, and fed to the juveniles for 90 days. The results indicated that HFD feeding resulted in hyperlipidemia, hepatic damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while simvastatin administration alleviated these symptoms. In conclusion, simvastatin could alleviate the HFD-induced metabolic disorders in A. davidianus, as may be achieved by inhibiting ER stress and enhancing mitochondrial function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Lipid Metabolism in Aquatic Animals)

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20 pages, 618 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Long-Term Kidney Outcomes After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Aged 0–12 Years: A Systematic Review

by Saad Alhumaid, Abdullah Abdulrahman Alkhamees, Nourah Al Dossary, Anwar A Almuslim, Rabab Abbas Majzoub, Qasem M. Alalwan, Mohammed Jassim Alsaeed, Fahad Mohammed Aljowaisem, Manahi Ayadh Alqahtani, Abdulmohsen Ibrahim Alamer, Muath Ibrahim ALDuhailan, Dawood Adnan Al Nasser, Mohammed S Almuhanna, Mustafa A Al-Kamees, Hassan Ali Alhadab, Ali Ahmed Alsultan, Ali N Bukhamseen, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alabdullah, Kawther S. Alhaddad, Murtadha A. Alhumaid, Hassan M. Almusabeh, Yasin S. Almubarak, Rugayah Ahmed AlShayeb, Dalal Ahmed Alnami, Yaqoub Yousef Alatiyyah, Zainab Al Alawi and Muneera Alabdulqader Show full author list Hide full author list

Children 2026, 13(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13010075 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognised in children with acute COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), yet the long-term renal consequences in younger paediatric populations remain unclear. Most studies focus on acute illness or mixed-age cohorts, with limited data [...] Read more.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly recognised in children with acute COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), yet the long-term renal consequences in younger paediatric populations remain unclear. Most studies focus on acute illness or mixed-age cohorts, with limited data specific to children aged 0–12 years. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically identify, evaluate, and synthesise evidence on post-acute (≥30 days) and long-term (≥90 days) kidney outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection or MIS-C in children aged 0–12 years, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), eGFR decline, proteinuria, haematuria, hypertension, and need for kidney replacement therapy. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PubMed (December 2019–30 November 2025), following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol (CRD420251241949). Observational studies reporting kidney outcomes ≥30 days post-infection in children aged 0–12 years were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale or ROBINS-I. Owing to heterogeneity and absence of ≥3 comparable datasets, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria (five MIS-C cohorts, two acute COVID-19 cohorts). Only a subset provided extractable data specific to children aged 0–12 years. Follow-up ranged from 30 days to 12 months; four studies reported outcomes ≥180 days. Across all studies, no incident CKD, sustained eGFR decline, or kidney replacement therapy were reported among children completing long-term follow-up; however, most long-term outcome data were derived from MIS-C cohorts with median ages around 8–11 years that included some adolescents, rather than exclusively children aged 0–12 years. One MIS-C study reported long-term hypertension in 14% of children. A cross-sectional Italian cohort of mild COVID-19 demonstrated hyperfiltration, proteinuria, and microhaematuria at ~3 months, though chronicity could not be assessed due to absence of baseline values. A large US EHR-based cohort identified increased CKD risk after COVID-19 in the broader <21-year population; however, 0–12-year-specific event counts were not reported, preventing quantitative synthesis for young children. Conclusions: Evidence on long-term kidney outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children aged 0–12 years remains limited, and only a small subset of studies provided extractable, age-specific data. On the other hand, MIS-C cohorts generally show favourable renal recovery, small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and short follow-up restrict confidence in these findings. Large paediatric EHR studies suggest potential long-term renal risk in broader paediatric populations, highlighting the need for age-stratified, prospective cohorts with serial eGFR, urine studies, and blood pressure assessments. Until definitive evidence emerges, structured renal follow-up may be warranted for children with AKI or MIS-C during COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases)

23 pages, 9458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Co-Combustion Characteristics of Brown Gas (HHO) and Bituminous Coal/Anthracite with Different Injection Modes in a One-Dimensional Furnace

by Kaihong Huo, Yunlong Cai, Yong He, Shiyan Liu, Chaoqun Xu, Siyu Liu, Wubin Weng, Yanqun Zhu and Zhihua Wang

Reactions 2026, 7(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions7010002 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

As the energy structure evolves, low-load operation of coal-fired boilers is becoming common, posing challenges to combustion stability. This study explored the co-combustion of brown gas (HHO) with bituminous coal and anthracite in a one-dimensional furnace. Results indicate that introducing HHO significantly elevated [...] Read more.

As the energy structure evolves, low-load operation of coal-fired boilers is becoming common, posing challenges to combustion stability. This study explored the co-combustion of brown gas (HHO) with bituminous coal and anthracite in a one-dimensional furnace. Results indicate that introducing HHO significantly elevated combustion temperatures, with maximum increases of 158 °C and 207 °C, respectively. In the premixed mode, the flame front shifted upstream, indicating advanced ignition timing. Moreover, HHO co-combustion notably enhanced the combustion stability of anthracite, as reflected in stabilized furnace temperatures. With increasing HHO flow rate, CO concentrations from both bituminous coal and anthracite were reduced by over 80%. The combustion efficiency of bituminous coal reached 98%, while the combustion efficiency of anthracite increased by 19% (premixed) and 13% (staged), confirming the premixed mode’s superiority in promoting complete combustion. HHO co-combustion increased SO₂ emissions but had a complex effect on NO_X emissions due to the competition between NO_X reduction caused by HHO and NO_X formation caused by the increased combustion temperature. HHO co-combustion changed the melting point of fly ash, increased the content of Al₂O₃, and reduced the content of Na₂O, K₂O, and MgO, influencing the slagging behavior of the boiler and the subsequent management of fly ash. Full article

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22 pages, 2606 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fire-Resistant Steel Structures: Optimization Mathematical Model with Minimum Predicted Cost of Fire Protection Means

by Marina Gravit, Anton Radaev, Nikita Shcheglov, Natalia Konstantinova and Alla Tsepova

Buildings 2026, 16(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010215 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Steel structures quickly lose stability during a fire, which is why fire protection measures are used to increase their fire resistance limits. Structural fire protection in the form of boards or covers can achieve structural stability values ranging from 30 to 240 min [...] Read more.

Steel structures quickly lose stability during a fire, which is why fire protection measures are used to increase their fire resistance limits. Structural fire protection in the form of boards or covers can achieve structural stability values ranging from 30 to 240 min under various fire conditions. Structural fire protection has certain advantages—it does not change its geometry during a fire, its behavior is predictable during testing (unlike intumescent fire protection), it has broad climatic applicability, and it can achieve high fire resistance limits. This article presents a mathematical model that calculates the minimum cost of structural fire protection while ensuring that the unexposed side of a steel column does not exceed 500 °C and achieves 180 min of standard fire resistance. Optimal values were extracted using genetic algorithms in the MS Excel environment and the “Solver” tool. The model was tested on a sample of 39 structural materials, such as cement boards, covers, and enclosures. The calculated coefficient of determination (R²) for the predictive model of the main component was 0.948. The predicted material cost was 6.83 $/m². This study’s results can be used for preliminary cost estimation of fire protection treatments for steel structures in large design and operating companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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28 pages, 8447 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Urban Distance Operates: A Nonlinear Perspective on Talent Mobility Intention in the Yangtze River Delta

by Xing Yan and Jizu Li

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010476 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Based on micro-level job seeker data from 41 cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta, this study employs threshold regression to examine how inter-city distance influences talent mobility. The results reveal that distance exerts a negative impact on mobility intention and moderates the relationship [...] Read more.

Based on micro-level job seeker data from 41 cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta, this study employs threshold regression to examine how inter-city distance influences talent mobility. The results reveal that distance exerts a negative impact on mobility intention and moderates the relationship between a destination’s economic level and mobility. Notably, significant threshold effects are identified at 164.1 km and 271.5 km, delineating three spatial regimes. Short-distance flows (<164.1 km) show the highest intensity, driven by strong economic incentives and high mobility. In contrast, medium-distance flows (164.1–271.5 km) prove least attractive due to offsetting effects, while long-distance flows (>271.5 km) rebound slightly as talent selectively targets major economic hubs, with distance exhibiting only weak inhibition. Crucially, these nonlinear patterns remain robust after addressing endogeneity concerns via the 2SLS method, substituting spatial distance with temporal distance, and controlling for housing prices and cultural factors. Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that individuals with bachelor’s degrees, those above age 30, and talent in labor-intensive industries exhibit greater sensitivity to distance. Conversely, knowledge-intensive sectors and top-tier economic cities demonstrate broader spatial tolerance and stronger cross-regional attraction capabilities. These findings provide a quantitative basis for developing differentiated regional talent policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainable Cities and Urban Regions Development: New Challenges and Prospects)

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19 pages, 812 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycled Apple Pomace as an Innovative Ingredient in High-Moisture Meat Analogs: Sustainable Valorization for Food Production

by Hojin Jung, Bon-Jae Gu and Da-Eun Jung

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010475 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of apple pomace (AP) incorporation on the physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of high-moisture meat analogs from a sustainability perspective. AP, an abundant agro-industrial by-product rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols, was upcycled at inclusion levels of 0–20%. [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of apple pomace (AP) incorporation on the physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of high-moisture meat analogs from a sustainability perspective. AP, an abundant agro-industrial by-product rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols, was upcycled at inclusion levels of 0–20%. By transforming this food waste into a value-added ingredient, the study aligns with circular bioeconomy principles to reduce environmental footprints. Increasing AP content led to reductions in textural attributes such as hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness. Integrity index and cutting strength also declined, particularly beyond 15%, due to the disruption of the protein-starch matrix by dietary fibers. In contrast, antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS) improved significantly with higher AP levels, reflecting polyphenol release during extrusion. These findings highlight a trade-off between enhanced nutritional functionality and reduced structural integrity. Moderate inclusion below 10–15% may therefore offer a balance between antioxidant benefits and acceptable texture. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of sustainable AP valorization in developing senior-friendly and plant-based meat analog products. The outcomes not only provide practical formulation guidance but also contribute to resource efficiency, waste reduction, responsible consumption, and sustainable food production systems, and the advancement of a circular bioeconomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Ingredients and Sustainable Practices for Food Production)

16 pages, 2898 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Communication Between C-Peptide and Insulin Within the Proinsulin Molecule

by Rubing Shao, Maroof Alam, Leena Haataja and Peter Arvan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010483 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Despite years of study, the biological role of the human proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, the C-peptide exhibits subdomains including conserved residues that are thought to have co-evolved with the insulin moiety of proinsulin. Genome-wide association studies in humans suggest [...] Read more.

Despite years of study, the biological role of the human proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide) remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, the C-peptide exhibits subdomains including conserved residues that are thought to have co-evolved with the insulin moiety of proinsulin. Genome-wide association studies in humans suggest that alterations of glycemic control may exhibit a possible linkage with the presence of certain C-peptide variants other than frame-shifts, stop codons, alternative splice variants, or the addition of an extra unpaired Cys residue. Although the C-peptide is ultimately excised from insulin, here, we have bioengineered missense mutations in the amino-terminal portion of the C-peptide (especially involving or near preproinsulin residues Q62,V63) that we find impair proinsulin folding and trafficking efficiency and, in this way, impair insulin biogenesis. We show that proinsulin bearing a C-peptide missense variant can also physically interact with co-expressed wildtype proinsulin, affecting the trafficking behavior of both proinsulin proteins in a manner that is directly related to the relative expression ratio of the variant and wildtype gene products. We conclude that in addition to other possible functions, the amino-terminal portion of the C-peptide influences proinsulin folding and trafficking and, in this way, affects human insulin production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Studies and Deep Phenotyping in Monogenic Forms of Diabetes, Severe Insulin Resistance and Hypoglycemia)

21 pages, 3688 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Distribution and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in the Reproductive Tract of Farm Ruminants

by Charinya So-In, Natchaporn Piamalung, Aomsab Kongkaew, Phiyakorn Sriarun, Benyapa Kammungkun, Sawarod Phongchaiwasin, Bongkodkanok Somwaeng, Wichayada Haputon, Thanchanok Wadmuang, Surasak Khankhum and Nuchsupha Sunthamala

Animals 2026, 16(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010133 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes [...] Read more.

Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes (n = 25), and goats (n = 33) in Northeastern Thailand. Samples collected from the vulva, urethral opening, and vagina were analyzed using bacterial culture, PCR, and a microtiter biofilm assay. Ten bacterial species were identified. H. trogontum and B. ovis were most common in water buffaloes and goats, while cows showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and L. acidophilus. Biofilm testing showed mostly weak or non-adherent biofilms, with mean absorbance values remaining low across species. Weak biofilms were especially common in goats, whereas cows showed predominantly non-adherent patterns. Biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, opp3AB) were more frequently detected in cows and buffaloes and were moderately correlated with weak biofilm formation. Overall, the results show that each ruminant species has a distinct microbial profile and biofilm behavior within its reproductive tract. These differences may influence susceptibility to reproductive infections and can guide future strategies for improving reproductive health and disease prevention in farm animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Diseases in Ruminants)

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14 pages, 296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an Intracranial Stereotactic Radiotherapy Service for Brain Metastasis in a North Queensland Regional Cancer Centre

by Qichen Zhang, Lan Gao, Neha Das, Timothy Squire, Daniel Stoker, Reshma Shakya, Deepti Patel, Abhishek Joshi and Tao Xing

Cancers 2026, 18(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010163 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a specialised radiotherapy technique that plays an essential role in achieving local control of brain metastases and therefore optimising quality of life for many cancer patients. It also confers a survival benefit in selected patients. Rural and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a specialised radiotherapy technique that plays an essential role in achieving local control of brain metastases and therefore optimising quality of life for many cancer patients. It also confers a survival benefit in selected patients. Rural and regional Australians may face significant challenges in accessing this treatment, as it is predominantly delivered at metropolitan institutions. We sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of a brain SRS service implemented using local resources at a North Queensland regional hospital from a societal perspective. Methods: We prospectively collected treatment costs and clinical outcomes for a consecutive cohort of patients who received SRS for intracranial metastatic lesions at a regional cancer centre since the implementation of the brain SRS program in September 2022. We compared the healthcare and non-healthcare costs (e.g., travel and informal care) with the costs that would have otherwise been incurred if patients were referred to metropolitan centres in the state capital. Clinical outcomes incorporated overall survival, intracranial disease control rates, and incidence of radiation necrosis. Clinical outcome data of the metropolitan centres were derived from the published literature. Results: A total of 34 patients received treatment during the study period. Their median age was 65 years (range: 49–78 years). Around 47% received adjuvant SRS following surgical resection, and the remaining 53% were treated for intact brain metastases. The predominant primary malignancy was non-small cell lung cancer. The mean total cost per course of brain SRS at a regional hospital was AUD 6690, including AUD 5754 for healthcare and AUD 1682 for non-healthcare costs, across 34 patients recruited between September 2022 and August 2024. This was AUD 760 less than that of a course of treatment delivered at a metropolitan hospital. Median survival among the cohort was 15.7 months, and eight patients (24%) developed radionecrosis; these were comparable to published data reported by Australian urban and international institutions. Conclusion: The implementation of a brain SRS service at regional cancer centres utilising existing infrastructure and local expertise has the potential to offer cost-effective treatment to rural and regional cancer patients. This approach improves access for patients who might otherwise face logistics barriers and competing life priorities when seeking treatment in metropolitan centres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases)

18 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

FedPrIDS: Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning for Collaborative Network Intrusion Detection in IoT

by Sameer Mankotia, Daniel Conte de Leon and Bhaskar P. Rimal

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2026, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010010 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

One of the major challenges for effective intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is continuously and efficiently incorporating changes on cyber-attack tactics, techniques, and procedures in the Internet of Things (IoT). Semi-automated cross-organizational sharing of IDS data is a potential solution. However, a major barrier [...] Read more.

One of the major challenges for effective intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is continuously and efficiently incorporating changes on cyber-attack tactics, techniques, and procedures in the Internet of Things (IoT). Semi-automated cross-organizational sharing of IDS data is a potential solution. However, a major barrier to IDS data sharing is privacy. In this article, we describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of FedPrIDS: a privacy-preserving federated learning system for collaborative network intrusion detection in IoT. We performed experimental evaluation of FedPrIDS using three public network-based intrusion datasets: CIC-IDS-2017, UNSW-NB15, and Bot-IoT. Based on the labels in these datasets for attack type, we created five fictitious organizations, Financial, Technology, Healthcare, Government, and University and evaluated IDS accuracy before and after intelligence sharing. In our evaluation, FedPrIDS showed (1) a detection accuracy net gain of 8.5% to 14.4% from a comparative non-federated approach, with ranges depending on the organization type, where the organization type determines its estimated most likely attack types, privacy thresholds, and data quality measures; (2) a federated detection accuracy across attack types of 90.3% on CIC-IDS-2017, 89.7% on UNSW-NB15, and 92.1% on Bot-IoT; (3) maintained privacy of shared NIDS data via federated machine learning; and (4) reduced inter-organizational communication overhead by an average 50% and showed convergence within 20 training rounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Security Engineering & Applications)

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29 pages, 5082 KB

Open AccessArticle

Technology Readiness of Biomass Waste-to-Energy in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Municipal Organic Waste

by Nanda Asridinan Noor, Andante Hadi Pandyaswargo, Meita Rumbayan and Hiroshi Onoda

Energies 2026, 19(1), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010255 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Indonesia faces growing pressure to strengthen waste management while expanding renewable energy generation, particularly from high-moisture biomass such as palm oil mill effluent (POME) and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Anaerobic digestion technology (ADT) is technically suitable for both feedstocks; [...] Read more.

Indonesia faces growing pressure to strengthen waste management while expanding renewable energy generation, particularly from high-moisture biomass such as palm oil mill effluent (POME) and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Anaerobic digestion technology (ADT) is technically suitable for both feedstocks; however, its deployment depends on broader operational, financial, social, and institutional conditions. This study evaluates ADT readiness for biomass waste-to-energy (BWTE) development in Indonesia using a multistakeholder Japanese Technology Readiness Assessment (J-TRA) framework. The results and discussion are supported by a literature review, secondary data analysis, and interviews with government agencies, industry actors, financiers, non-governmental organizations, and researchers. The results reveal a clear divergence in readiness outcomes. POME-based ADT reaches Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of 6–8, supported by a stable and homogeneous feedstock supply, established industrial operations, and corporate incentives to mitigate methane emissions. Key remaining constraints relate to high capital costs for smaller mills, low electricity purchase tariffs, and competing export incentives for untreated POME. In contrast, OFMSW-based ADT remains at TRL 2–4, constrained by inconsistent waste segregation, insufficient operation and maintenance capacity, limited municipal budgets, residential safety concerns, and fragmented governance across waste and energy institutions. Across both cases, readiness is shaped by five interacting forces. The first three are technical: feedstock characteristics, operations and maintenance (O&M) capability, and financial certainty. The remaining two are enabling conditions: social acceptance and institutional coordination. This study concludes that Indonesia’s BWTE transition requires integrated technological, behavioral, and policy interventions, supported by further research on hybrid valorization pathways and context-specific life-cycle and cost analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Energy: Towards Resource Recovery Optimization from Waste)

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19 pages, 2176 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Mechanical Error Correction Algorithm for Laser Human Body Scanning System

by Yue Wang, Jun Ren, Yuan Xue, Kaixuan Liu, Fei Ma and Maoya Yang

Processes 2026, 14(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010158 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Human body measurement involves large-scale measurement. The acquisition of three-dimensional spatial coordinate data is a complex process. The errors which are generated in each stage of the process can potentially affect the final measurement data. Therefore, the accuracy of measurement remains one of [...] Read more.

Human body measurement involves large-scale measurement. The acquisition of three-dimensional spatial coordinate data is a complex process. The errors which are generated in each stage of the process can potentially affect the final measurement data. Therefore, the accuracy of measurement remains one of the key technical issues that influence the development of the three-dimensional human body scanner. On the basis of analyzing the parameters to be calibrated of the entire measurement system, calibration methods for the parameters of angle a and angle β were established. After analyzing errors of the laser human body scanning system, a mechanical error correction algorithm for the system was established. Then, a mechanical error correction experiment using a standard cylinder was designed, and the overall effect was analyzed. The correctness of the mechanical error correction algorithm was verified, which made the scanner more accurate. To further verify the accuracy and reliability of the measurement result when the system used human bodies as measured objects, a comparative experiment was designed. The results of the comparative experiment demonstrated that the absolute error of the system for 3D measurement of a large-sized human body is less than 2 mm, and the relative error is less than 1%, which can meet the needs of fields such as clothing design and production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revolutionizing Smart Manufacturing: Cutting-Edge Technologies in the Industry's Future)

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