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6 pages, 537 KiB  
Article
Comparison of External Load across Multi-Day Tournaments in Female Youth Volleyball Athletes
by Emani Foster and Jennifer A. Bunn
Youth 2024, 4(3), 1152-1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4030071 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Several youth volleyball tournaments are played across multiple consecutive days with athletes averaging 3–4 matches/day. This study evaluated the differences in workload of female youth volleyball athletes across days and by position during multi-day tournaments. Athletes (n = 22, 16.4 ± 0.4 [...] Read more.
Several youth volleyball tournaments are played across multiple consecutive days with athletes averaging 3–4 matches/day. This study evaluated the differences in workload of female youth volleyball athletes across days and by position during multi-day tournaments. Athletes (n = 22, 16.4 ± 0.4 years) wore an accelerometer during 12 two- and three-day tournaments. Workload was measured via kinetic energy (KE, J/lb), total jumps (TJ), high jumps (HJ, >51 cm), average jump height (cm), and percentage of high stress movements (%) via VERT accelerometers. Data were analyzed across days and by position as an average per day and analyzed via repeated measures analyses of variance. Across days, workload averages ranged 484.8–558.0 J/lb for KE, 27.3–31.2 TJ/match, 37.5–37.9 cm/jump, 5.2–6.5 HJ/match, and 20.1–20.7% high stress movements/match, with no difference (p = 0.300). Setters (49.2 ± 24.3 jumps) jumped more than liberos (13.0 ± 6.8 TJ, p = 0.005), and middles (45.8 ± 4.1 cm) jumped higher than all other positions (setters: 28.8 ± 3.6 cm, outside hitters: 41.3 ± 4.2 cm, and liberos: 27.0 ± 4.1 cm, p = 0.000–0.044). Athletes appeared to perform and recover sufficiently between days of play such that their external load was not affected. The level of competition tends to become more evenly matched as the tournament progresses, thus there may have been less physical demand early in the tournaments due to unequal competition levels compared to the final day of the tournament. Full article
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27 pages, 2615 KiB  
Article
Transitioning to a Low-Carbon Lifestyle? An Exploration of Millennials’ Low-Carbon Behavior—A Case Study in China
by Yan Wu, Pim Martens and Thomas Krafft
Smart Cities 2024, 7(4), 2015-2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040080 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have set the agenda for 2030, calling for collective global efforts to deal with climate change while seeking a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Although many countries are exploring emission reduction paths, mainly from government and [...] Read more.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have set the agenda for 2030, calling for collective global efforts to deal with climate change while seeking a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Although many countries are exploring emission reduction paths, mainly from government and corporate perspectives, addressing climate change is also an individual responsibility and requires public participation in collective action. The millennial generation constitutes the current workforce and will be the leaders in climate action for the next 30 years. Therefore, our study focuses on the Chinese millennial generation, conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with 50 participants in qualitative research to explore their low-carbon lifestyles, the barriers, and enablers in switching to a wider range of low-carbon lifestyles. There are three main results: (1) Based on our study samples, there is an indication that Chinese millennials have a positive attitude towards transitioning to a low-carbon lifestyle. Women demonstrate a stronger willingness to adopt low-carbon behaviors in their daily household activities compared to men. However, their involvement in governance in the context of transitioning to a low-carbon society is limited, with most women assuming execution roles in climate action rather than decision-making positions. (2) Millennial’s low-carbon life transition is accompanied by technological innovation and progress. However, this progress brings some new forms of resource waste, and reasonable policy-making is essential. (3) Personal economic interests and the satisfaction of their consumption needs will drive millennials to reduce carbon emissions in their daily lives, but it requires the guidance of reasonable policy-making and synergies among various stakeholders. This research will help policymakers better understand the current status and potential issues related to people’s low-carbon actions, enabling the formulation of more rational guiding policies. It can also help other stakeholders learn about millennials’ demands and take more effective collective action toward carbon reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Smart Cities)
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23 pages, 4225 KiB  
Article
Vertical Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Ice, Water, and Sediment at a Cold-Arid Lake
by Zhimou Cui, Shengnan Zhao, Xiaohong Shi, Junping Lu, Yu Liu, Yinghui Liu and Yunxi Zhao
Toxics 2024, 12(8), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080540 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Mercury and arsenic are two highly toxic pollutants, and many researchers have explored the effects of the two substances on the environment. However, the research content of toxic substances in frozen periods is relatively small. To explore the spatial and vertical distribution of [...] Read more.
Mercury and arsenic are two highly toxic pollutants, and many researchers have explored the effects of the two substances on the environment. However, the research content of toxic substances in frozen periods is relatively small. To explore the spatial and vertical distribution of mercury and arsenic in the ice, water, and sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake under ice conditions, and to assess the harm degree of the two toxic substances to human beings. We collected the ice, water, and sediments of the lake in December 2020, and tested the contents of Hg and As. The single-factor pollution index method, the local cumulative index method, and the ecological risk coding method were used to assess the pollution status in these three environmental media, and the Monte Carlo simulation combined with the quantitative model recommended by USEPA was used to assess the population health risk. The results showed that (1) The average single-factor pollution values of Hg and As in water were 0.367 and 0.114, both pollutants were at clean levels during the frozen period. (2) The mean Igeo values of Hg and As were 0.657 and −0.948. The bioavailability of Hg in the sediments of Wuliangsuhai Lake during the frozen period was high, and its average value was 7.8%, which belonged to the low-risk grade. The bioavailability of As ranged from 0.2% to 3.7%, with an average value of 1.3%. (3) Monte Carlo simulation results indicate acceptable levels of health risks in both water and ice. This study preliminarily investigated the distribution characteristics of toxic substances and their potential effects on human health in lakes in cold and arid regions during the frozen period. It not only clarified the pollution characteristics of lakes in cold and arid regions during the frozen period, but also provided beneficial supplements for the ecological protection of lake basins. This study lays a foundation for further environmental science research in the region in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)
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16 pages, 3429 KiB  
Article
Towards Non-Destructive Quality Testing of Complex Biomedical Devices—A Generalized Closed-Loop System Approach Utilizing Real-Time In-Line Process Analytical Technology
by Bikash Guha, Sean Moore and Jacques Huyghe
NDT 2024, 2(3), 270-285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030017 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study addresses the critical issue of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as the leading cause of death globally, emphasizing the importance of stent delivery catheter manufacturing. Traditional manufacturing processes, reliant on destructive end-of-batch sampling, present significant financial and quality challenges. This research addresses this [...] Read more.
This study addresses the critical issue of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as the leading cause of death globally, emphasizing the importance of stent delivery catheter manufacturing. Traditional manufacturing processes, reliant on destructive end-of-batch sampling, present significant financial and quality challenges. This research addresses this challenge by proposing a novel approach: a closed-loop cyber-physical production system (CPPS) employing non-destructive process analytical technology (PAT). Through a mixed-method approach combining a comprehensive literature review and the development of a CPPS prototype, the study demonstrates the potential for real-time quality control, reduced production costs, and increased manufacturing efficiency. Initial findings showcase the system’s effectiveness in streamlining production, enhancing stability, and minimizing defects, translating to substantial financial savings and improved product quality. This work extends the author’s previous research by comparing the validated system’s performance to that of pre-implementation manual workflows and inspections, highlighting tangible and intangible improvements brought by the new system. This paves the way for advanced control strategies to revolutionize medical device manufacturing. Furthermore, the study proposes a generalized CPPS framework applicable across diverse regulated environments, ensuring optimal processing conditions and adherence to stringent regulatory standards. The research concludes with the successful demonstration of innovative approaches and technologies, leading to improved product quality, patient safety, and operational efficiency in the medical device industry. Full article
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15 pages, 12656 KiB  
Article
Monitoring of Wall Thickness to Predict Corrosion in Marine Environments Using Ultrasonic Transducers
by Francisca Salgueiro, Mário Ribeiro, André Carvalho, Guilherme Covas, Øystein Baltzersen and Carla Sofia Proença
NDT 2024, 2(3), 255-269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ndt2030016 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The research related to subsea inspection, and the prediction of corrosion is a challenging task, and the progress in this area is continuously generating exciting new developments that may be used in subsea inspection. Wall thickness monitoring is an important tool to control [...] Read more.
The research related to subsea inspection, and the prediction of corrosion is a challenging task, and the progress in this area is continuously generating exciting new developments that may be used in subsea inspection. Wall thickness monitoring is an important tool to control and predict corrosion, such as on platforms for the infrastructure of floating offshore wind power production. This study shows the results obtained in marine environments. For this experiment, a steel plate equipped with ultrasound transducers was placed in seawater to corrode naturally. The sensor test setup consisted of 15 ultrasound transducers and 1 temperature sensor, which were installed in the cassette. The data acquisition system was based on a standard industrial computer with software written in Python and MATLAB. The ultrasound signals were collected at regular intervals and processed to calculate the instantaneous wall thickness. The progress of corrosion was evaluated by trend plots of wall thickness versus time, and the change in shape of the ultrasonic back wall reflection waveform measured by each sensor. Full article
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33 pages, 1879 KiB  
Article
Sector Formula for Approximation of Spread Option Value & Greeks and Its Applications
by Roza Galeeva and Zi Wang
Commodities 2024, 3(3), 281-313; https://doi.org/10.3390/commodities3030017 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to derive closed-form approximation formulas for the spread option value and Greeks by using double integration and investigating the exercise boundary. We have found that the straight-line approximation suggested in previous research does not perform well for [...] Read more.
The goal of this paper is to derive closed-form approximation formulas for the spread option value and Greeks by using double integration and investigating the exercise boundary. We have found that the straight-line approximation suggested in previous research does not perform well for curved exercise boundaries. We propose a novel approach: to integrate in a sector and find a closed-form formula expressed in terms of the bivariate normal CDF. We call it the sector formula. Numerical tests show the good accuracy of our sector formula. We demonstrate applications of the formula to the market data of calendar spread options for three major commodities, WTI, Natural Gas, and Corn, listed on the CME site as of May, April, and June 2024. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Market and Energy Finance)
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14 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
First Evidence of the Possible Influence of Avoiding Daily Liquid Intake from Plastic and Glass Beverage Bottles on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
by Liesa Geppner, Sophie Grammatidis, Harald Wilfing and Maja Henjakovic
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 419-432; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030026 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and [...] Read more.
The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and alveoli, thereby entering the bloodstream. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of reduced plastic consumption on blood pressure. Eight adult and healthy participants abstained from consuming commercially produced bottled beverages and restricted their primary fluid intake to tap water. Blood pressure was measured on both sides before, after 14 days and after 28 to 30 days of this partial plastic diet. Women exhibit a significant change in systolic blood pressure on the right arm after 2 and 4 weeks, while the left arm demonstrates no significant changes in blood pressure. On the contrary, in men, systolic blood pressure values on both arms show no significant alterations, attributable to the high variability across the three participants. Moreover, no significant differences in systolic blood pressure were observed when analysing the entire cohort. Significant findings are evident only at the two-week mark for diastolic blood pressure for all participants in both arms. When considering diastolic blood pressure separately for women and men, men again show no significant changes in blood pressure on either arm. However, women exhibit a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure on the left arm after 2 weeks and a statistically significant decline in diastolic blood pressure on the right arm after both 2 and 4 weeks. The results of the study suggest, for the first time, that a reduction in plastic use could potentially lower blood pressure, probably due to the reduced volume of plastic particles in the bloodstream. To confirm this hypothesis, a larger sample of male and female participants must be examined, ideally with the monitoring of plastic concentration in the blood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)
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17 pages, 762 KiB  
Review
Functional Activities and Mechanisms of Aronia melanocarpa in Our Health
by Min Young Go, Jinsick Kim, Chae Young Jeon and Dong Wook Shin
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8071-8087; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080477 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Aronia melanocarpa, known as black chokeberry, is rich in polyphenols, comprising flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonols, and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid. These polyphenols endow Aronia melanocarpa with preventive and therapeutic properties against various human diseases. Aronia melanocarpa has [...] Read more.
Aronia melanocarpa, known as black chokeberry, is rich in polyphenols, comprising flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, and flavonols, and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid. These polyphenols endow Aronia melanocarpa with preventive and therapeutic properties against various human diseases. Aronia melanocarpa has beneficial effects against diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and hypertension. Considering the diverse functional components of Aronia melanocarpa, its efficacy in disease prevention and treatment can operate through multiple pathways, offering a more robust approach to disease control. This review covers the latest research results on the functional components of Aronia melanocarpa and their effects on human diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Food-Derived Natural Products and Their Biological Activities)
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18 pages, 2647 KiB  
Review
Advances in Microflow Cytometry-Based Molecular Detection Methods for Improved Future MDS Cancer Diagnosis
by Marc Gonsalves, Andres Escobar, Ahmad Diaa Altarabishi and Chang-Qing Xu
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8053-8070; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080476 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a rare form of early-stage blood cancer that typically leads to leukemia and other deadly complications. The typical diagnosis for MDS involves a mixture of blood tests, a bone marrow biopsy, and genetic analysis. Flow cytometry has commonly been [...] Read more.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a rare form of early-stage blood cancer that typically leads to leukemia and other deadly complications. The typical diagnosis for MDS involves a mixture of blood tests, a bone marrow biopsy, and genetic analysis. Flow cytometry has commonly been used to analyze these types of samples, yet there still seems to be room for advancement in several areas, such as the limit of detection, turnaround time, and cost. This paper explores recent advancements in microflow cytometry technology and how it may be used to supplement conventional methods of diagnosing blood cancers, such as MDS and leukemia, through flow cytometry. Microflow cytometry, a more recent adaptation of the well-researched and conventional flow cytometry techniques, integrated with microfluidics, demonstrates significant potential in addressing many of the shortcomings flow cytometry faces when diagnosing a blood-related disease such as MDS. The benefits that this platform brings, such as portability, processing speed, and operating cost, exemplify the importance of exploring microflow cytometry as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device for MDS and other forms of blood cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Contribution and Application of Molecular Biology in the Applied Biosciences — Focusing on Medicine, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Fields)
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22 pages, 2085 KiB  
Review
Neuraminidase-1 (NEU1): Biological Roles and Therapeutic Relevance in Human Disease
by Jingxia Du, Hanqi Shui, Rongjun Chen, Yibo Dong, Chengyao Xiao, Yue Hu and Nai-Kei Wong
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8031-8052; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080475 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Neuraminidases catalyze the desialylation of cell-surface glycoconjugates and play crucial roles in the development and function of tissues and organs. In both physiological and pathophysiological contexts, neuraminidases mediate diverse biological activities via the catalytic hydrolysis of terminal neuraminic, or sialic acid residues in [...] Read more.
Neuraminidases catalyze the desialylation of cell-surface glycoconjugates and play crucial roles in the development and function of tissues and organs. In both physiological and pathophysiological contexts, neuraminidases mediate diverse biological activities via the catalytic hydrolysis of terminal neuraminic, or sialic acid residues in glycolipid and glycoprotein substrates. The selective modulation of neuraminidase activity constitutes a promising strategy for treating a broad spectrum of human pathologies, including sialidosis and galactosialidosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and pulmonary disorders. Structurally distinct as a large family of mammalian proteins, neuraminidases (NEU1 through NEU4) possess dissimilar yet overlapping profiles of tissue expression, cellular/subcellular localization, and substrate specificity. NEU1 is well characterized for its lysosomal catabolic functions, with ubiquitous and abundant expression across such tissues as the kidney, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, lungs, placenta, and brain. NEU1 also exhibits a broad substrate range on the cell surface, where it plays hitherto underappreciated roles in modulating the structure and function of cellular receptors, providing a basis for it to be a potential drug target in various human diseases. This review seeks to summarize the recent progress in the research on NEU1-associated diseases and highlight the mechanistic implications of NEU1 in disease pathogenesis. An improved understanding of NEU1-associated diseases should help accelerate translational initiatives to develop novel or better therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1164 KiB  
Article
Impact of COVID-19 on Dental Students’ Mental Health Status and Perception of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
by Man Hung, Nicole Hablitzel, Sharon Su, Samantha Melnitsky and Amir Mohajeri
COVID 2024, 4(8), 1128-1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4080078 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted dental education significantly, forcing adaptations in both didactic and clinical curricula. This study evaluates the impact of COVID-19 on dental students’ mental health and perceptions of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. An anonymous online survey was administered to dental students at [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted dental education significantly, forcing adaptations in both didactic and clinical curricula. This study evaluates the impact of COVID-19 on dental students’ mental health and perceptions of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. An anonymous online survey was administered to dental students at Roseman University of Health Sciences, focusing on health experiences and vaccination perceptions. Results showed 56.8% of students were concerned about their emotional health, 82.1% felt stressed, and 60.6% felt depressed. About 81.9% received the vaccine, with 75.5% believing it effective, though only 55.3% supported mandatory vaccination. The pandemic negatively impacted students’ emotional health, indicating a need for institutional mental health support. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and findings relate specifically to that period. Further research can focus on investigation of reasonings behind the sentiments. Full article
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14 pages, 2065 KiB  
Article
Real-World Healthcare Resource Use Associated with Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer Patients Care in Portugal—TRACE Study
by Maria Margarida Teixeira, João Dias, Teresa André, Ana Joaquim, Ricardo Fernandes, Joana Magalhães, Laura Marreiros, Leonor Pinto, Leonor Ribeiro, Mafalda Nogueira and Catarina Morais
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(8), 4270-4283; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31080318 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) is a challenging disease, requiring personalized management by a multidisciplinary team. The aim of this retrospective multicentric study was to characterize real-world healthcare resource use and patient care for R/M HNSCC in [...] Read more.
Recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) is a challenging disease, requiring personalized management by a multidisciplinary team. The aim of this retrospective multicentric study was to characterize real-world healthcare resource use and patient care for R/M HNSCC in Portugal during the first year after diagnosis. A total of 377 patients ineligible for curative treatment were included, mostly male (92.8%), aged 50–69 years (74.5%), with heavy alcohol (72.7%) or smoking habits (89.3%). Oropharynx (33.2%) and oral cavity (28.7%) were primary tumor locations, with lung metastases being the most common (61.4%). Eligible patients for systemic treatment with palliative intent (80.6%) received up to four treatment lines, with varied regimens. Platinum-based combination chemotherapy dominated first-line treatment (>70%), while single-agent chemotherapy and anti-PD1 immunotherapy were prevalent in later lines. Treatment approaches were uniform across disease stages and primary tumor locations but varied geographically. Treated patients received more multidisciplinary support than those who were ineligible. This study provides the first Portuguese real-world description of R/M HNSCC patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and supportive care during the year after diagnosis, highlighting population heterogeneity and aiming to improve patient management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Head and Neck Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Treatment, and Quality of Life)
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10 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Are Unitary Accounts of Quantum Measurements in Relativistic Wigner’s Friend Setups Compatible in Different Reference Frames?
by Jawad Allam and Alex Matzkin
Metrology 2024, 4(3), 364-373; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology4030022 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Wigner’s friend scenarios—in which external agents describe a closed laboratory containing a friend making a measurement—highlight the difficulties of quantum theory when accounting for measurements. The problem is to accommodate for unitary evolution from the point of view of the external agent with [...] Read more.
Wigner’s friend scenarios—in which external agents describe a closed laboratory containing a friend making a measurement—highlight the difficulties of quantum theory when accounting for measurements. The problem is to accommodate for unitary evolution from the point of view of the external agent with the measurements or other operations carried out by the friend. Here, we show in the context of a relativistic thought experiment that an operation that may be accounted for unitarily in a given reference frame cannot be described unitarily in a different reference frame. This result, based on the frame dependence of the state update in relativistic contexts, could point to some fundamental inadequacy when attempting to model actions taken by a complex agent as unitary operations. Full article
18 pages, 2110 KiB  
Systematic Review
Survival and Marginal Bone Loss in Immediate Post-Extraction Implants versus Delayed Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Alba Portal-Solera and Beatriz Pardal-Peláez
Oral 2024, 4(3), 325-342; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral4030027 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
There are a series of protocols regarding the placement of dental implants after tooth extraction. The advantages and disadvantages that determine the procedure and timing of each dental implant placement process are key to achieving success. The main objective of this study was [...] Read more.
There are a series of protocols regarding the placement of dental implants after tooth extraction. The advantages and disadvantages that determine the procedure and timing of each dental implant placement process are key to achieving success. The main objective of this study was to elucidate/establish/determine whether there are differences in the survival and marginal bone loss between implants placed immediately after placement and those placed following a delayed protocol. A search was conducted in Pubmed, BVS, and Cochrane. Eleven randomized clinical trials that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected, and a meta-analysis was carried out to compare the implant failures and marginal bone loss between study groups. The analysis showed that delayed implant placement had fewer failures (odds ratio, fixed effects: 3.47 [CI: 95% (1.17, 10.48)]). As regards marginal bone loss, there was a tendency towards less tissue loss in the delayed placement group (mean difference, random effects: 0.11 [CI: 95% (−0.10, 0.33)]); however, further research is needed to evaluate this variable. Full article
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21 pages, 2310 KiB  
Article
Investigating Seismic Events along the Eurasian Plate between Greece and Turkey: 10 Years of Seismological Analysis and Implications
by Alexandra Moshou
Earth 2024, 5(3), 311-331; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth5030017 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The North Aegean Sea region in Greece is located at the convergence of the Eurasian, African, and Anatolian tectonic plates. The region experiences frequent seismicity ranging from moderate to large-magnitude earthquakes. Tectonic interactions and seismic events in this area have far-reaching implications for [...] Read more.
The North Aegean Sea region in Greece is located at the convergence of the Eurasian, African, and Anatolian tectonic plates. The region experiences frequent seismicity ranging from moderate to large-magnitude earthquakes. Tectonic interactions and seismic events in this area have far-reaching implications for understanding the broader geological processes in the eastern Mediterranean region. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the seismic activity of the North Aegean Sea region by employing advanced seismological techniques and data analyses. Data from onshore seismological networks were collected and analyzed to assess the characteristics of the earthquakes in the region. Seismicity patterns, focal mechanisms, and seismic moment calculations were performed to assess current seismic activity. The present study combined spatiotemporal analysis with the analysis of genesis mechanisms, and this resulted in more results than those of previous studies. Detailed analysis of the seismic data showed patterns in the occurrence of earthquakes over time, with periodic episodes of increased seismic activity compared to activities followed by quieter periods. Finally, this study proves that recent earthquakes in the study area (2017, 2020) highlight the complexity of seismicity as well as the consequences of strong earthquakes on people and buildings. Overall, these findings suggest that the North Aegean Sea is becoming increasingly seismically active and is a potential risk zone for adjacent regions. Full article
13 pages, 682 KiB  
Article
Inside the Hospitalization Voyage of Schizophrenia Care: A Single-Center Journey
by Răzvan Pop, Cătălina Angela Crișan, Ioana Valentina Micluția, Emilia Pop, Mihaela Iancu and Sorana D. Bolboacă
Medicina 2024, 60(8), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081214 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Schizophrenia poses significant challenges for individuals and caregivers, often leading to recurrent hospitalizations. Limited information on patients with schizophrenia and multiple hospitalizations in Romania is available in the scientific literature. Our study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of patients with schizophrenia with multiple [...] Read more.
Schizophrenia poses significant challenges for individuals and caregivers, often leading to recurrent hospitalizations. Limited information on patients with schizophrenia and multiple hospitalizations in Romania is available in the scientific literature. Our study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of patients with schizophrenia with multiple hospitalizations in a single center in Cluj-Napoca, analyzing if specific patterns exist between patients with two or more hospitalizations or between men and women. We conducted a retrospective study on patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10), hospitalized at the County Emergency Hospital of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, between 2018 and 2022. Data on demographics, somatic comorbidities, symptom severity using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) or the brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS), antipsychotic medication, and adverse effects were collected. We evaluated 62 patients, aged from 23 to 57 years, with 157 hospitalizations (ranging from two to seven per patient). No familial history of schizophrenia (56.5%) or bipolar disorder (71%) was reported by most patients. Forty-eight patients were male, and 45 had two hospitalizations. Age, sex, living place and conditions, season of birth, and marital status were similar in patients with two or more than two hospitalizations (p-values > 0.10). Significant differences were observed between patients with two or more than two hospitalizations regarding smoking (63.3% vs. 79.1%, p-value = 0.0029) and symptoms of fear at admission (40.0% vs. 65.7%, p-value = 0.0015). We observed lower scores in the overall PANSS and BPRS scores at discharge compared to admission (p-values < 0.001), regardless of the group (two or more than two hospitalizations, men vs. women). Men and women showed differences in hospitalization stays (median 17.25 vs. 15 days, p-value < 0.001) and BPRS scores at admission (p-value = 0.012) and discharge (p-value = 0.016). Fewer First-Generation Antipsychotics were prescribed for those with two admissions, and nearly half reported adverse effects, notably tachycardia (29%), with similar occurrence within groups. Our results showed that the candidate for multiple hospitalizations is a male, with a mean age of 37 years, unmarried, and living with someone in urban settings, more likely a smoker who exhibits fear symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Therapeutic Landscapes and Patient Management in Psychiatry and Mental Health)
25 pages, 2452 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Function Novel Crop Seeder for the Management of Residues and Mechanized Sowing of Wheat in a Single Path
by Muhammad Usama Yaseen, Shahzad Ahmad, Maqsood Ahmad, John M. Long, Hafiz Ali Raza, Hassan Iftekhar, Sikander Ameer and Dabira Ogunbiyi
AgriEngineering 2024, 6(3), 2445-2469; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030143 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The handling of the remnants of rice crops in the field is not an easy operation, and farmers prefer burning, which causes air pollution, smog, and disease. This research reports the development of a novel precision crop seeder by handling the remnants of [...] Read more.
The handling of the remnants of rice crops in the field is not an easy operation, and farmers prefer burning, which causes air pollution, smog, and disease. This research reports the development of a novel precision crop seeder by handling the remnants of previous crops through mechanization. The precision seeder performed multiple operations in a single path, viz, chop residues, incorporate into soil, make mini trenches, and sow wheat with fertilizer application. The precision seeder has a 2040 mm working width, and specially designed C-type blades are used to shred the crop residue. A multiple-speed gearbox with a gear ratio of 1:0.52 is installed, with a further set of spur gears with 16, 18, and 20 teeth that provide 225, 250, 310, and 350 RPMs to the main rotor. In the middle of the seeder, after the main rotor shaft, 11 V-shaped trencher plates are fixed on the trencher roller for the making of trenches. The trencher roller is powered by star wheels, which showed good results. A zero-tillage-type sharp tip edge novel seeder unit was developed for the precise placement of seed and fertilizer. Seed and fertilizer were placed into the mini trenches through 11 seeder units through a ground wheel calibration system. The field capacity of the precision seeder was 0.408 ha/h and the operational cost was calculated 40.68 USD/ha. The seeder showed good results, with the production of 5028 kg/ha compared to conventional methods. The precision seeder provides a mechanized solution for wheat sowing with minimal operational costs by enhancing organic matter in soil with 13% more yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Agricultural Machinery Testing)
16 pages, 3339 KiB  
Article
Localized Crop Classification by NDVI Time Series Analysis of Remote Sensing Satellite Data; Applications for Mechanization Strategy and Integrated Resource Management
by Hafiz Md-Tahir, Hafiz Sultan Mahmood, Muzammil Husain, Ayesha Khalil, Muhammad Shoaib, Mahmood Ali, Muhammad Mohsin Ali, Muhammad Tasawar, Yasir Ali Khan, Usman Khalid Awan and Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
AgriEngineering 2024, 6(3), 2429-2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030142 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
In data-scarce regions, prudent planning and precise decision-making for sustainable development, especially in agriculture, remain challenging due to the lack of correct information. Remotely sensed satellite images provide a powerful source for assessing land use and land cover (LULC) classes and crop identification. [...] Read more.
In data-scarce regions, prudent planning and precise decision-making for sustainable development, especially in agriculture, remain challenging due to the lack of correct information. Remotely sensed satellite images provide a powerful source for assessing land use and land cover (LULC) classes and crop identification. Applying remote sensing (RS) in conjunction with the Geographical Information System (GIS) and modern tools/algorithms of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has been proven effective for strategic planning and integrated resource management. The study was conducted in the canal command area of the Lower Chenab Canal system in Punjab, Pakistan. Crop features/classes were assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) algorithm. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m and Landsat 5 TM (thematic mapper) images were deployed for NDVI time-series analysis with an unsupervised classification technique to obtain LULC classes that helped to discern cropping pattern, crop rotation, and the area of specific crops, which were then used as key inputs for agricultural mechanization planning and resource management. The accuracy of the LULC map was 78%, as assessed by the error matrix approach. Limitations of high-resolution RS data availability and the accuracy of the results are the concerns observed in this study that could be managed by the availability of good quality local sources and advanced processing techniques, that would make it more useful and applicable for regional agriculture and environmental management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Agricultural Engineering)
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19 pages, 5492 KiB  
Article
Development and Performance Assessment of Sensor-Mounted Solar Dryer for Micro-Climatic Modeling and Optimization of Dried Fish Quality in Cambodia
by Lyhour Hin, Chan Makara Mean, Meng Chhay Kim, Chhengven Chhoem, Borarin Bunthong, Lytour Lor, Taingaun Sourn and P. V. Vara Prasad
Clean Technol. 2024, 6(3), 954-972; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6030048 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Fish are one of the main sources of protein in Cambodia but they are highly perishable. This requires immediate consumption or processing for later use. In processing, fish drying is very common, but most processors practice traditional drying methods although solar dryers have [...] Read more.
Fish are one of the main sources of protein in Cambodia but they are highly perishable. This requires immediate consumption or processing for later use. In processing, fish drying is very common, but most processors practice traditional drying methods although solar dryers have been introduced, or gradually used, in Cambodia. There is a large variation in terms of drying efficiency due to large differences in solar radiation, temperature, and humidity conditions in traditional drying methods and solar dryers. However, there is limited information on the actual variation in these two systems, which should be documented in Cambodia. Using sensors to monitor micro-climatic changes inside the drying chamber will be useful to improve efficiency and performance. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to (1) design a fish dryer from locally available inputs; (2) determine changes in solar radiation over time; (3) compare relative humidity and temperatures between traditional sun-drying and the solar dryer; (4) determine the relationship among the climatic parameters; and (5) compare some physical, chemical, and biological properties of dried fish in both drying techniques with the Cambodian dried fish standards. The study was conducted in collaboration with a fish processor in the Siem Reap Province between December 2023 and January 2024 using a sensor-mounted solar dryer fabricated by the Royal University of Agriculture to dry fish and compared with traditional sun-drying. Three experiments were carried out from 8:00 to 16:00 following the common drying practices in Cambodia. In each experiment, 80–100 kg of raw giant snakehead, or 56–70 kg of prepared fish (1.04 ± 0.05 kg each fish), was prepared for drying. Data on environmental conditions were measured and analyzed. The results show that the solar dryer had higher temperatures (almost 60 °C) and lower relative humidity (about 20%) during peak hours when compared with traditional sun-drying (36.8 °C and 40%, respectively). In all cases, relative humidity decreased with rising solar radiation and temperatures. The final weight and moisture of dried fish in the solar dryer were lower than those in traditional sun-drying in eight hours. Salmonella was detected with traditional sun-drying but E. coli was not. Bacterial presence may be harmful to human health. Nevertheless, the time spent for drying in both techniques was the same, so future studies should focus on improving ventilation to remove moisture faster out of the solar dryer, which can help with faster drying and more time saving. Hybrid solar dryers should also be considered to maintain high temperatures at night, while bacteria should be counted for safety reasons. Full article
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26 pages, 7436 KiB  
Article
Use of Digital Technology in Integrated Mathematics Education
by Andrada-Livia Cirneanu and Cristian-Emil Moldoveanu
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2024, 7(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7040066 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Digital learning environments create a dynamic and engaging learning and teaching context that promotes a deeper understanding of complex concepts, eases the teaching process and fosters a passion for learning. Moreover, integrating interactive materials into pilot courses can assist teachers in better assessing [...] Read more.
Digital learning environments create a dynamic and engaging learning and teaching context that promotes a deeper understanding of complex concepts, eases the teaching process and fosters a passion for learning. Moreover, integrating interactive materials into pilot courses can assist teachers in better assessing student learning and adjusting their teaching strategies accordingly. The teachers can also receive valuable insights into students’ strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to provide targeted support and intervention when needed. For students from the defence and security fields, digital learning environments can create realistic simulations and virtual training scenarios that allow students to practise their skills in a controlled and safe environment, develop hands-on experience, and enhance their decision-making abilities without the need for real-world training exercises. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to introduce an approach for solving mathematical problems embedded in technical scenarios within the defence and security fields with the aid of digital technology using different software environments such as Python, Matlab, or SolidWorks. In this way, students can visualise abstract concepts, experiment with different scenarios, and receive instant feedback on their understanding. At the same time, the use of didactic and interactive materials can increase the interest among students and teachers for utilising mathematical models and digital technologies in the educational process. This paper also helps to reinforce key concepts and enhance problem-solving skills, sparking curiosity and creativity, and encouraging active participation and collaboration. Throughout the development of this proposal, based on survey analysis, good practices are presented, and advice for improvement is collected while having a wide range of users giving feedback, and participating in discussions and testing (pilot) short-term learning/teaching/training activities. Full article
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17 pages, 1309 KiB  
Review
Morphokinetics of In Vitro-Derived Embryos—A Lesson from Human and Bovine Studies
by Shira Yaacobi-Artzi, Dorit Kalo and Zvi Roth
Dairy 2024, 5(3), 419-435; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5030033 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Embryo transfer has become a major method to improve fertility in both humans and cattle. The current review focuses on predicting an embryo with a high developmental competence and high potential to establish pregnancy. One way to evaluate the embryo quality is to [...] Read more.
Embryo transfer has become a major method to improve fertility in both humans and cattle. The current review focuses on predicting an embryo with a high developmental competence and high potential to establish pregnancy. One way to evaluate the embryo quality is to assess its morphology. However, this approach provides only limited and inadequate information. Using a time-lapse system allows a continuous monitoring of embryonic development. Here we introduce the main morphokinetic parameters and discuss their potential to predict embryo viability, implantation, pregnancy, and live birth. Special attention is given to the association between the transcript’s profile and the embryo developmental potential; normally cleaved embryos differ in their profile from their abnormally cleaved counterpart; synchronously and asynchronously cleaved embryos, which are both defined as suitable for transfer, differ in their transcript profile. Recently, the advancements and wide use of time-lapse systems led to the development of algorithms for embryo selection. This technology is already implanted in human in vitro fertilization units, but it is not yet used for domestic animals. The authors believe that combining information from both the human and bovine morphokinetics might reveal the benefits of using a time-lapse system to select embryos with good potential for transfer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Reproduction)
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20 pages, 6242 KiB  
Article
A New Grinding Wheel Design with a 3D Internal Cooling Structure System
by Sharlane Costa, Paulina Capela, Maria S. Souza, José R. Gomes, Luís Carvalho, Mário Pereira and Delfim Soares
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8040159 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
This work discusses challenges in conventional grinding wheels: heat-induced tool wear and workpiece thermal damage. While textured abrasive wheels improve heat dissipation, the current surface-only methods, such as those based on laser and machining, have high renewal costs. The proposed manufacturing technology introduces [...] Read more.
This work discusses challenges in conventional grinding wheels: heat-induced tool wear and workpiece thermal damage. While textured abrasive wheels improve heat dissipation, the current surface-only methods, such as those based on laser and machining, have high renewal costs. The proposed manufacturing technology introduces an innovative 3D cooling channel structure throughout the wheel, enabling various channel geometries for specific abrasive wheel applications. The production steps were designed to accommodate the conventional pressing and sintering phases. During pressing, a 3D organic structure was included in the green body. A drying cycle eliminated all present fluids, and a sintering one burnt away the structure, revealing channels in the final product. Key parameters, such as binder type/content and heating rate, were optimized for reproducibility and scalability. Wear tests showed a huge efficiency increase (>100%) in performance and durability compared of this system to conventional wheels. Hexagonal channel structures decreased the wear rates by 64%, displaying superior wear resistance. Comprehensive CFD simulations evaluated the coolant flow through the cooling channels. This new design methodology for three-dimensionally structured grinding wheels innovates the operation configuration by delivering the coolant directly where it is needed. It allows for increasing the overall efficiency by optimizing cooling, reducing tool wear, and enhancing manufacturing precision. This 3D channel structure eliminates the need for reconditioning, thus lowering the operation costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industry 4.0: Manufacturing and Materials Processing)
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30 pages, 1230 KiB  
Review
On the Energy Budget of Quarks and Hadrons, Their Inconspicuous “Strong Charge”, and the Impact of Coulomb Repulsion on the Charged Ground States
by Dimitris M. Christodoulou and Demosthenes Kazanas
Particles 2024, 7(3), 653-682; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles7030038 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
We review and meta-analyze particle data and properties of hadrons with measured rest masses. The results of our study are summarized as follows. (1) The strong-force suppression of the repulsive Coulomb forces between quarks is sufficient to explain the differences between mass deficits [...] Read more.
We review and meta-analyze particle data and properties of hadrons with measured rest masses. The results of our study are summarized as follows. (1) The strong-force suppression of the repulsive Coulomb forces between quarks is sufficient to explain the differences between mass deficits in nucleons and pions (and only them), the ground states with the longest known mean lifetimes; (2) unlike mass deficits, the excitations in rest masses of all particle groups are effectively quantized, but the rules are different in baryons and mesons; (3) the strong field is aware of the extra factor of ϑe=2 in the charges (Q) of the positively charged quarks; (4) mass deficits incorporate contributions proportional to the mass of each valence quark; (5) the scaling factor of these contributions is the same for each quark in each group of particles, provided that the factor ϑe=2 is taken into account; (6) besides hypercharge (Y), the much lesser-known “strong charge” (Q′=Y−Q) is very useful in SU(3) in describing properties of particles located along the right-leaning sides and diagonals of the weight diagrams; (7) strong decays in which Q′ is conserved are differentiated from weak decays, even for the same particle; and (8) the energy diagrams of (anti)quark transitions indicate the origin of CP violation. Full article
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