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23 pages, 3425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Evaluation and Research of Energy Storage Technologies for Nuclear Power Frequency Regulation Scenarios

by Dongyuan Li, Yunbo Wu, Ge Qin, Jiaoshen Xu, Luyao Nie, Chutong Wang, Baisen Zhang and Haifeng Liang

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113616 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Under the drive of the “dual carbon” goals, the insufficient frequency regulation capability of nuclear power as a baseload source and the dynamic demand of integrating a high proportion of renewable energy into the grid have increasingly highlighted conflicts. The inherent minute-level regulation [...] Read more.

Under the drive of the “dual carbon” goals, the insufficient frequency regulation capability of nuclear power as a baseload source and the dynamic demand of integrating a high proportion of renewable energy into the grid have increasingly highlighted conflicts. The inherent minute-level regulation inertia of nuclear power units struggles to cope with second-level frequency fluctuations in the grid, leading to an increased risk of system instability. There is an urgent need for energy storage technologies to fill the millisecond-level power support gap for nuclear power frequency regulation. This paper, focusing on nuclear power frequency regulation scenarios, constructs a “Technology–Economy–Policy” multidimensional energy storage evaluation system for the first time. Through a systematic analysis of 11 key indicators, such as response time and safety, the paper selects energy storage technologies suitable for nuclear power frequency regulation scenarios and proposes a hybrid energy storage optimization strategy. The research provides a systematic evaluation framework and empirical support for the selection of energy storage for nuclear power frequency regulation, with significant practical value in improving grid dynamic stability and promoting the construction of new power systems under the “dual carbon” goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges and Solutions to Improve Energy and Computational Efficiency in Smart Grids)

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10 pages, 1246 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Cell Technologies in Treating Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Clinical Case and Brief Review

by Dina Saginova, Meruyert Makhmetova, Yerik Raimagambetov, Bagdat Balbossynov, Assel Issabekova, Lyudmila Spichak and Vyacheslav Ogay

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7917; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227917 (registering DOI) - 8 Nov 2025

Abstract

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) present a significant clinical challenge, often leading to pain, dysfunction, and joint degeneration. Traditional treatments, including microfracture and grafting, have limitations in their ability to fully restore osteochondral integrity. Recent advances in tissue engineering have introduced heparin-conjugated [...] Read more.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) present a significant clinical challenge, often leading to pain, dysfunction, and joint degeneration. Traditional treatments, including microfracture and grafting, have limitations in their ability to fully restore osteochondral integrity. Recent advances in tissue engineering have introduced heparin-conjugated fibrin hydrogel (HCFH) as a promising scaffold for regenerative therapy. By supporting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation and controlled growth factor release, HCFH enhances cartilage and bone repair. A 21-year-old female presented with chronic right ankle pain and instability following a sports injury, with MRI revealing an osteochondral lesion in the lateral dome of the talus and an anterior talofibular ligament injury. Treatment included autologous MSC isolation, HCFH synthesis, arthroscopic debridement, microfracture, and implantation of MSC-loaded HCFH, while postoperative rehabilitation involved four weeks of restricted weight-bearing- and physiotherapy. At 12 months, her visual analog scale (VAS) score decreased from 60 to 40, indicating clinical improvement, and her American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score increased from 69 to 77. Serial MRI scans showed progressive cartilage regeneration with near-complete defect filling. This case highlights the potential of MSC-loaded HCFH in treating OLTs. The observed improvements in pain relief, function, and cartilage regeneration suggest that this technique may overcome the limitations of conventional treatments. Further studies with larger cohorts and long-term follow-up are necessary to confirm its clinical efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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17 pages, 4283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Mapping and Transcriptomic Analysis of Sepal-Derived Seed Shape in Spinach

by Mahpara Fatima, Xiaokai Ma, Ehsan Khalid and Ray Ming

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10838; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210838 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Spinach is a beloved vegetable crop and widely cultivated worldwide. It is dioecious with male and female plants, although monoecious mutations exist. Female spinach exhibits two distinct sepal morphologies—thorn-shaped and round-shaped determine seed shape and strongly influence seed handling, mechanized sowing, and cultivar [...] Read more.

Spinach is a beloved vegetable crop and widely cultivated worldwide. It is dioecious with male and female plants, although monoecious mutations exist. Female spinach exhibits two distinct sepal morphologies—thorn-shaped and round-shaped determine seed shape and strongly influence seed handling, mechanized sowing, and cultivar classification. To dissect the genetic basis of this trait, we developed an F₂ population from contrasting parental lines and constructed a high-density linkage map with ~1615 bin markers spanning ~994.04 cm. A major 4.31 Mb genomic interval on chromosome 4, flanked by tightly linked markers, was consistently associated with sepal morphology. Transcriptome profiling across early and mature sepal developmental stages revealed significant enrichment of cell cycle-related pathways, including DNA replication, repair, mitosis, and cytokinesis. By integrating differential expression analysis with weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified 25 DEGs within the mapped interval, 11 of which showed strong co-expression with hub genes in trait-associated modules. Structural variation analysis further uncovered promoter and coding sequence polymorphisms in a subset of candidate genes. This study highlights 11 promising candidate genes potentially regulating sepal-derived seed morphology in spinach, rather than confirming definitive causal genes, providing valuable targets for functional validation and new insights into the genetic regulation of sepal development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetable Genetics and Genomics, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 2523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activities of Multi-Halogenated Indoles Against Drug-Resistant Candida Species

by Hyeonwoo Jeong, Bharath Reddy Boya, Yong-Guy Kim, Jin-Hyung Lee and Jintae Lee

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10836; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210836 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

The emergence of drug-resistant Candida species has created an urgent need for non-toxic molecules that inhibit fungal growth, biofilm development, and hyphal formation. In this study, fifty multi-halogenated indole derivatives were screened against ten Candida species, including azole-resistant C. albicans, C. auris [...] Read more.

The emergence of drug-resistant Candida species has created an urgent need for non-toxic molecules that inhibit fungal growth, biofilm development, and hyphal formation. In this study, fifty multi-halogenated indole derivatives were screened against ten Candida species, including azole-resistant C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. Among them, 4,6-dibromoindole and 5-bromo-4-chloroindole exhibited the strongest antifungal and antibiofilm effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 10–50 µg/mL, outperforming ketoconazole and comparable to miconazole. Both di-halogenated indoles markedly inhibited cell aggregation, yeast-to-hyphae transition, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, contributing to fungicidal activity. Microscopic analyses revealed the disruption of hyphal networks and reduced biofilm biomass. They showed moderate cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells (median lethal dose, LD₅₀ = 35.5 µg/mL and 75.3 µg/mL) and low phytotoxicity in plant assays. The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model identified halogen substitution at C4, C5, and C6 positions as optimal for antifungal activity due to enhanced hydrophobic and electron-withdrawing effects. Together, these findings demonstrate that di-halogenated indoles serve as potent, low-toxicity inhibitors of Candida growth, biofilms, and morphogenesis, providing a promising scaffold for next-generation antifungal agents targeting drug-resistant Candida species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers Collection in Biochemistry)

29 pages, 24686 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of a Composite Energy Field for Inhibiting Damage in High-Silicon Aluminum Alloy During Micro-Turning

by Jiaxin Zhao, Yan Gu, Yamei Liu, Lingling Han, Bin Fu, Xiaoming Zhang, Shuai Li, Jinlong Chen and Hongxin Guo

Micromachines 2025, 16(11), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16111263 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Composite materials are widely utilized for their excellent properties; however, the mismatch in phase response during processing often induces surface and subsurface damage. While reducing the cutting depth is a common strategy to improve quality, it shifts the material removal mechanism from shear [...] Read more.

Composite materials are widely utilized for their excellent properties; however, the mismatch in phase response during processing often induces surface and subsurface damage. While reducing the cutting depth is a common strategy to improve quality, it shifts the material removal mechanism from shear to ploughing–extrusion, which can, in fact, degrade the final surface integrity. Energy field assistance is a promising approach to suppress this issue, yet its underlying mechanism remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates high-silicon aluminum alloy by combining turning experiments with molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the origin and evolution of damage under different energy fields, establishing a correlation between microscopic processes and observable defects. In conventional turning, damage propagation is driven by particle accumulation and dislocation interlocking. Ultrasonic vibration softens the material and confines plastic deformation to the near-surface region, although excessively high transient peaks can lead to process instability. Laser remelting turning disperses stress within the remelted layer, significantly inhibiting defect expansion, but its effectiveness is highly sensitive to variations in cutting depth. The hybrid approach, laser remelting ultrasonic vibration turning, leverages the dispersion buffering effect of the remelted layer and the localized plastic deformation from ultrasonication to reduce peak loads, control deformation depth, and suppress defects, while simultaneously mitigating the depth sensitivity of damage and maintaining removal efficiency. This work clarifies the mechanism by which a composite energy field controls damage in the micro-cutting of high-silicon aluminum alloy, providing practical guidance for the high-quality machining of composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Ultra-Precision Micro-Nano Machining, Second Edition)

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18 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Performance Validation of a UWB–IMU Fusion Tree Positioning Device with Dynamic Weighting for Forest Resource Surveys

by Zongxin Cui, Linhao Sun, Ao Xu, Hongwen Yao and Luming Fang

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111703 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

In forest resource plot surveys, tree relative positioning is a crucial task with profound silvicultural and ecological significance. However, traditional methods such as compasses and total stations suffer from low efficiency, high costs, or poor environmental adaptability, while single-sensor technologies (e.g., UWB or [...] Read more.

In forest resource plot surveys, tree relative positioning is a crucial task with profound silvicultural and ecological significance. However, traditional methods such as compasses and total stations suffer from low efficiency, high costs, or poor environmental adaptability, while single-sensor technologies (e.g., UWB or IMU) struggle to balance accuracy and stability in complex forest environments. To address these challenges, this study designed a multi-sensor fusion-based tree positioning device. By integrating the high-precision ranging capability of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) with the dynamic motion perception advantages of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a dynamic weight fusion algorithm was proposed, effectively mitigating UWB static errors and IMU cumulative errors. Experimental results demonstrate that the device achieves system biases of −1.54 cm (X-axis) and 1.27 cm (Y-axis), with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 21.34 cm and 23.93 cm, respectively, across eight test plots. The average linear distance error was 26.23 cm. Furthermore, in single-operator mode, the average measurement time per tree was only 20.89 s, approximately three times faster than traditional tape measurements. This study confirms that the proposed device offers high positioning accuracy and practical utility in complex forest environments, providing efficient and reliable technical support for forest resource surveys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Forest Inventory, Management and Planning: Intelligent Technologies and Their Applications)

22 pages, 4829 KB

Open AccessArticle

Material Vulnerability: Analytical Approaches to the Identification and Characterization of Alterations and Deterioration Processes in Translucent Paper

by Rosa Gutiérrez Juan, Rosario Blanc García, Rafael Lorente Fernández and Ana M. López Montes

Heritage 2025, 8(11), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8110469 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Research in the field of cultural heritage has grown due to the need to preserve cultural assets that serve as witnesses to history and culture. In conservation and restoration, research on traditional papers is extensive, but translucent papers have received less attention. These [...] Read more.

Research in the field of cultural heritage has grown due to the need to preserve cultural assets that serve as witnesses to history and culture. In conservation and restoration, research on traditional papers is extensive, but translucent papers have received less attention. These documents, of proteinaceous, cellulosic, or synthetic origin, achieve transparency through processes that modify their structure, which makes them more vulnerable to aging. Their degradation is aggravated by inadequate storage and handling, posing challenges because they do not respond well to conventional treatments. This study analyzes these issues using documents from the late nineteenth and primarily the twentieth century, sourced from the Provincial Historical Archive of Granada and the Archive of the Higher Technical School of Architecture in Granada. Through visual, photographic, and bibliographic study, a theoretical and graphic catalogue of the most significant deteriorations has been developed. Concurrently, a physicochemical analysis was applied using techniques such as colorimetry, X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). These tools make it possible to relate the material composition of the documents to their state of preservation. This work provides deeper knowledge about the degradation mechanisms of these supports and lays the foundations for the development of specific restoration strategies for this documentary typology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deterioration and Conservation of Ancient Writing Supports)

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19 pages, 1087 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Toward Safer, Sustainable Buildings: Understanding Occupational Safety Risks in Mass Timber Construction from U.S. Safety Professionals’ Perceptions

by Ziyu Jin, S M Jamil Uddin and Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9975; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229975 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Mass timber construction (MTC) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional building systems due to its low carbon footprint, high structural performance, and alignment with the principles of a circular economy. While the environmental and structural advantages of mass timber (MT) are [...] Read more.

Mass timber construction (MTC) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional building systems due to its low carbon footprint, high structural performance, and alignment with the principles of a circular economy. While the environmental and structural advantages of mass timber (MT) are well-documented, its occupational safety implications remain underexplored. This study examines how construction safety professionals in the United States perceive and experience safety in MT projects, and how these perceptions compare to those in conventional concrete and steel construction. To achieve this objective, the data were collected through a national web-based survey of OSHA-authorized construction safety trainers. Analyses were conducted to explore perceptions of occupational safety in MT projects, to compare safety perceptions between MT and conventional materials, and to identify construction hazards and challenges specific to MT construction. Results show that respondents with MT experience generally perceive MT projects as safer than concrete or steel, whereas those without experience tend to be more neutral. However, even among experienced safety professionals in MT, a gap persists between observed and perceived safety hazards. High rates of near misses and non-fatal injuries further indicate operational strain during MT erection. These findings underscore the need for specialized, data-driven safety training and planning frameworks tailored to MT’s distinct workflows. Targeted safety programs can help align perception with reality, thereby improving safety outcomes in this rapidly expanding sustainable construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Building: Risk Assessment and Occupational Safety in Construction Management)

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52 pages, 3261 KB

Open AccessReview

Two Decades of Research on Marine-Derived Alternaria: Structural Diversity, Biomedical Potential, and Applications

by Diaa T. A. Youssef, Areej S. Alqarni, Lamiaa A. Shaala, Alaa A. Bagalagel, Sana A. Fadil, Abdelsattar M. Omar and Mostafa E. Rateb

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(11), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23110431 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Marine-derived species of the genus Alternaria are widely distributed across diverse aquatic habitats, functioning as pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes. These fungi are notable for their ability to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potent bioactivities. Between 2003 and 2023, a total of 67 [...] Read more.

Marine-derived species of the genus Alternaria are widely distributed across diverse aquatic habitats, functioning as pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes. These fungi are notable for their ability to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potent bioactivities. Between 2003 and 2023, a total of 67 marine-derived Alternaria species were reported and investigated, collectively yielding 319 compounds. Most of these fungal isolates were from Chinese marine territories (53 species; ~79%), followed by isolates from Korea, Japan, India, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and oceanic regions such as the Atlantic and Pacific. The fungal isolates were mainly obtained from marine plants (26 isolates) and marine animals (23 isolates), with additional sources including sediments (13) and seawater (3). Among the metabolites investigated in different screens, approximately 56% demonstrated measurable bioactivities, with anti-inflammatory (51 active compounds), antimicrobial (41 compounds), cytotoxic (39 compounds), and phytotoxic (52 compounds) activities being the most frequently reported. Additionally, compounds with antiparasitic, antidiabetic and antioxidant effects are reported. The chemical diversity of Alernaria-derived compounds spans multiple structural groups, including nitrogenous compounds, steroids, terpenoids, pyranones, quinones, and phenolics. Notably, compounds such as alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and alternariol-9-methyl ether exhibit broad pharmacological potential, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Several metabolites also modulate cytokine production (e.g., IL-10, TNF-α), underscoring their relevance as immunomodulatory agents. Taken together, marine-derived Alternaria compounds represent a prolific and underexplored source of structurally and biologically diverse secondary metabolites with potential applications in drug discovery, agriculture, and biotechnology. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the chemical and biological diversity of Alternaria metabolites reported over the past two decades, emphasizing their biomedical relevance and potential to inspire further research into their ecological functions, biosynthetic mechanisms, and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Potential of Marine Natural Products, 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 4681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of GNSS Performance and Error Bounding for SAIL III UAS Operations

by L. M. González-deSantos, J. Bruzual, Damián Socías, E. Lacarra, M. Santos, R. González, E. Gil, G. Moreno López, Stefan Hristozov, Jakub Karas, Matthias Vyshnevskyy, Jan Gebhardt, Pablo Haro and S. R. Bellingham

Drones 2025, 9(11), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9110776 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

The growing use of UASs in complex operations, including Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations and missions over populated areas, has increased the need for robust navigation integrity. Within this framework, a GNSS is often used as the primary source for positioning, [...] Read more.

The growing use of UASs in complex operations, including Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) operations and missions over populated areas, has increased the need for robust navigation integrity. Within this framework, a GNSS is often used as the primary source for positioning, but its reliability can be affected by various degradation sources, particularly in urban or constrained environments. This paper explores the implications of using GNSSs as an external service in SAIL III operations, with a focus on Operational Safety Objective (OSO) #13, defined in Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) 2.5. A review of SORA 2.5 requirements is provided, followed by experiments involving GNSS data acquisitions in different environments using both high-end and mid-range receivers. Various performance indicators available from the receivers, such as the Dilution of Precision (DOP), Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio (C/N₀), estimated accuracy, and PLs, are examined to assess their ability to detect navigation degradations in real time. The results show that Protection Levels outperform the other indicators in detecting degradations under challenging conditions, highlighting the current limitations of GNSS-based navigation monitoring for specific category UAS operations. Full article

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47 pages, 2124 KB

Open AccessReview

From Electron Imbalance to Network Collapse: Decoding the Redox Code of Ischemic Stroke for Biomarker-Guided Precision Neuroprotection

by Ionut Bogdan Diaconescu, Adrian Vasile Dumitru, Calin Petru Tataru, Corneliu Toader, Matei Șerban, Răzvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc and Lucian Eva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 10835; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262210835 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ischemic stroke remains one of the most catastrophic diseases in neurology, in which, due to a disturbance in the cerebral blood flow, the brain is acutely deprived of its oxygen and glucose oligomer, which in turn rapidly leads to energetic collapse and progressive [...] Read more.

Ischemic stroke remains one of the most catastrophic diseases in neurology, in which, due to a disturbance in the cerebral blood flow, the brain is acutely deprived of its oxygen and glucose oligomer, which in turn rapidly leads to energetic collapse and progressive cellular death. There is now increasing evidence that this type of stroke is not simply a type of ‘oxidative stress’ but rather a programmable loss-of-redox homeostasis, within which electron flow and the balance of oxidants/reductants are cumulatively displaced at the level of the single molecule and at the level of the cellular area. The advances being made in cryo-electron microscopy, lipidomics, and spatial omics are coupled with the introduction of a redox code produced by the interaction of the couples NADH/NAD⁺, NADPH/NADP⁺, GSH/GSSG, BH₄/BH₂, and NO/SNO, which determine the end results of the fates of the neurons, glia, endothelium, and pericytes. Within the mitochondria, pathophysiological events, including reverse electron transport, succinate overflow, and permeability transition, are found to be the first events after reperfusion, while signals intercommunicating via ER–mitochondria contact, peroxisomes, and nanotunnels control injury propagation. At the level of the tissue, events such as the constriction of the pericytes, the degradation of the glycocalyx, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps underlie microvascular failure (at least), despite the effective recanalization of the vessels. Systemic influences such as microbiome products, oxidized lipids, and free mitochondrial DNA in cells determine the redox imbalance, but this generally occurs outside the brain. We aim to synthesize how the progressive stages of ischemic injury evolve from the cessation of flow to the collapse of the cell structure. Within seconds of injury, there is reverse electron transport (RET) through mitochondrial complex I, with bursts of superoxide (O₂•⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) being produced, which depletes the stores of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Accumulated succinate and iron-induced lipid peroxidation trigger ferroptosis, while xanthine oxidase and NOX2/NOX4, as well as uncoupled eNOS/nNOS, lead to oxidative and nitrosative stress. These cascades compromise the function of neuronal mitochondria, the glial antioxidant capacity, and endothelial–pericyte integrity, leading to the degradation of the glycocalyx with microvascular constriction. Stroke, therefore, represents a continuum of redox disequilibrium, a coordinated biochemical failure linking the mitochondrial metabolism with membrane integrity and vascular homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Redox Physiology Research)

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34 pages, 2300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Smart Outdoor Furniture in Tourism-Oriented Rural Villages: Pathways Towards Becoming Inclusive and Sustainable

by Xinyu Duan, Jizhou Chen, Xiaobin Li, Kexin Wei and Rong Zhu

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 9972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17229972 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

As the development of “smart villages” and “sustainable rural tourism” increasingly becomes a focal point on the global policy agenda, tourism-oriented villages are experiencing a growing demand for digital infrastructure transformation. Against this backdrop, smart outdoor furniture emerges as a noteworthy intervention. However, [...] Read more.

As the development of “smart villages” and “sustainable rural tourism” increasingly becomes a focal point on the global policy agenda, tourism-oriented villages are experiencing a growing demand for digital infrastructure transformation. Against this backdrop, smart outdoor furniture emerges as a noteworthy intervention. However, existing designs for smart outdoor furniture predominantly originate from urban contexts, often failing to align with the distinct preferences, behavioural patterns, and cultural identity of rural users. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining Q-methodology with an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), to explore rural users’ technology acceptance pathways. Through Q-sorting, four typical attitude structures were identified: Pragmatic Function-Oriented, Cultural Concern-Oriented, Smart Enhancement-Oriented, and Technology Anxiety-Oriented. These qualitative insights were integrated into an extended TAM framework and validated through a structured survey (n = 319) using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings confirm that Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use remain the strongest predictors of user attitude and behavioural intention. Among contextual factors, Function Configuration exerts significant positive influence on both PU and PEOU; Cultural Adaptation significantly enhances PU; Social Influence primarily affects PEOU; Smart Features moderately influence both dimensions; and Perceived Cost Structure affects only PU. This research extends the applicability of the TAM model within rural socio-technical contexts. It provides empirical reference for inclusive and sustainable digital infrastructure design in tourism-oriented villages, while offering practical insights and dissemination pathways for smart design strategies in public spaces within similar socio-cultural environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Urban and Rural Tourism)

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31 pages, 5237 KB

Open AccessReview

Marine Natural Products in Preclinical Cancer Studies: Ten Years of Advanced Total Synthesis

by Ester Colarusso, Assunta Giordano, Maria Giovanna Chini, Giuseppe Bifulco and Gianluigi Lauro

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(11), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23110430 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Marine ecosystems represent an exceptional reservoir of structurally diverse metabolites with remarkable pharmacological potential. Over the past decades, the exploration of marine organisms has led to the discovery of an ever-expanding number of bioactive compounds. Many of these metabolites display highly original chemical [...] Read more.

Marine ecosystems represent an exceptional reservoir of structurally diverse metabolites with remarkable pharmacological potential. Over the past decades, the exploration of marine organisms has led to the discovery of an ever-expanding number of bioactive compounds. Many of these metabolites display highly original chemical scaffolds that are not typically found in terrestrial organisms, offering new opportunities for drug discovery. Among the most promising applications is their development as anticancer agents, given their ability to interfere with key cellular processes. This review highlights marine natural products currently under investigation in preclinical studies as potential anticancer lead compounds. The molecules are classified into major structural families: aromatic and heterocyclic alkaloids, terpenes and their derivatives, macrolide frameworks, and diverse peptide-based scaffolds, alongside other complex classes (polyketides, thiazole lipids, alkylamino alcohols, and pyrrolocarbazole derivatives). A particular emphasis has been placed on the role of total synthesis over the last decade. Advances in synthetic methodology have not only enabled the production of these complex metabolites in sufficient quantities but have also facilitated the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents. To overcome the challenges of limited natural availability, the advanced synthetic approaches are crucial for harnessing the full therapeutic potential of marine-derived compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic Studies of Marine Bioactive Natural Products and Analogs to Develop Novel Drug Leads)

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3 pages, 146 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Topoisomerases as Targets for Novel Drug Discovery

by Andrej Perdih

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(11), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18111693 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

DNA topoisomerases (topo) are essential enzymes that maintain the integrity of the genome by regulating the topological state of DNA during replication, transcription, recombination and repair [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topoisomerases as Targets for Novel Drug Discovery)

22 pages, 1144 KB

Open AccessArticle

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) Leaf Extract from Phytochemical Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation to Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NFκB Pathways

by Maria Lúcia de Azevedo Oliveira, Rubiamara Mauricio de Sousa, Eder Alves Barbosa, Ony Araújo Galdino, Duanny Lorena Aires Dantas, Ingrid Reale Alves, Raphaelle Sousa Borges, Nayara Costa de Melo Castelo Branco, Artemis Socorro do Nascimento Rodrigues, Gisele Custódio de Souza, Saulo Victor e Silva, Gabriel Araujo-Silva, Jefferson Romáryo Duarte da Luz and Maria das Graças Almeida

Molecules 2025, 30(22), 4335; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224335 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) has been widely recognized for its pharmacological potential, although studies on its leaves remain scarce. In this study, the hydroethanolic leaf extract (MCHLE) was chemically characterized by LC–MS/MS, revealing the presence of octopamine, ferulate, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, and other bioactive phenolics. [...] Read more.

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) has been widely recognized for its pharmacological potential, although studies on its leaves remain scarce. In this study, the hydroethanolic leaf extract (MCHLE) was chemically characterized by LC–MS/MS, revealing the presence of octopamine, ferulate, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, and other bioactive phenolics. Toxicological evaluation in Wistar rats demonstrated that both acute (2000 mg/kg) and repeated oral administration (up to 400 mg/kg for 28 days) caused no clinical or behavioral signs of toxicity. Notably, treatment significantly reduced glucose and cholesterol levels, in addition to attenuating lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant defenses. In vivo, MCHLE inhibited leukocyte and neutrophil infiltration in the LPS-induced peritonitis model, with efficacy comparable to dexamethasone. It also reduced TNF-α secretion and nitric oxide generation in peritoneal fluids. In vitro assays with LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages confirmed these effects, showing dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO production. Gene expression analysis further demonstrated downregulation of TNF-α and MAPK, with marked suppression of NF-κB transcripts. Collectively, these results suggest that MCHLE exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting both mediator release and upstream signaling pathways, while maintaining a favorable safety profile, supporting its potential for further investigation as a promising source of bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds for Disease and Health, 3rd Edition)

44 pages, 2587 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the Efficacy and Mechanism of Acupuncture in Treating Chronic Gastritis

by Jing He, Hongye Wang, Cong Che, Anjie Wang, Ru Nie, Jinghong Tan, Jialin Jia, Zijian Liu, Tie Li and Guojuan Dong

Diseases 2025, 13(11), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13110363 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Chronic gastritis (CG) is a prevalent digestive disorder. It progresses through multiple stages, has an insidious onset, and can lead to severe complications if untreated. Modern treatments primarily aim to eradicate Helicobacter pylori and relieve symptoms. However, drug resistance and adverse effects often [...] Read more.

Chronic gastritis (CG) is a prevalent digestive disorder. It progresses through multiple stages, has an insidious onset, and can lead to severe complications if untreated. Modern treatments primarily aim to eradicate Helicobacter pylori and relieve symptoms. However, drug resistance and adverse effects often limit their effectiveness. As a primary traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy, acupuncture treats CG through multi-target mechanisms. This review systematically outlines the classification and pathology of CG. It also comprehensively analyzes animal and clinical studies on acupuncture for CG from the past decade. The study summarizes the mechanisms of acupuncture and related therapies for CG, covering gastric mucosal function, metabolism, intestinal flora, gastrointestinal hormones, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. It further explores the relationships among diseases, interventions, acupoints, and molecular pathways. Additionally, it compares the therapeutic profiles of different external therapies. The review also examines the current state of clinical research, including the selection of acupoints, treatment duration, and outcome assessment. The results demonstrate that external therapies effectively alleviate common CG symptoms such as abdominal distension, acid reflux, and stomach pain. These treatments also improve gastric mucosal health and modulate serum levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress markers, and gastrointestinal hormones. In vivo experiments using chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) models confirm these benefits, showing changes in key biomarkers and elucidating potential mechanisms. Nevertheless, future high-quality, large-sample clinical trials are still needed to firmly establish efficacy. Further mechanistic studies are also needed to validate the interconnections among relevant signaling pathways. Full article

15 pages, 1765 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Circulating Surfactant Protein-D for Risk Stratification in Paediatric Acute Lung Infections: A Systematic Review

by Ramona Chelcea, Ioana Mihaiela Ciuca, Naresh Reddy Mudireddy, Felix Bratosin, Livia Stanga and Gabriel Veniamin Cozma

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222830 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) enters the circulation when the alveolo-capillary barrier is injured. We synthesised evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic performance of circulating SP-D in children with acute infectious lung disease. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus (inception–1 June [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Surfactant protein-D (SP-D) enters the circulation when the alveolo-capillary barrier is injured. We synthesised evidence on the diagnostic and prognostic performance of circulating SP-D in children with acute infectious lung disease. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus (inception–1 June 2025) for human studies reporting serum/plasma SP-D in patients <18 years with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), viral pneumonitis or paediatric ARDS (PARDS). Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data and assessed risk of bias (ROBINS-I). Primary outcomes were discrimination of severe versus non-severe disease and prediction of hard outcomes (mechanical ventilation, PARDS and mortality). Heterogeneity in assays and outcome definitions precluded meta-analysis; a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Results: Five studies (n = 723) from emergency and PICU settings met inclusion criteria. Admission SP-D was consistently higher in severe versus mild CAP; reported AUCs ranged 0.699–0.802. Thresholds of 110–180 ng/mL yielded sensitivities of 67–85% and specificities of 45–70%. In influenza-associated respiratory failure, SP-D correlated with ventilator days (r ≈ 0.45) and ICU length of stay (r ≈ 0.44). In multicentre PARDS cohorts, each 10 ng/mL increase in SP-D was associated with higher odds of severe PARDS and death (adjusted OR 1.02 per 10 ng/mL). Overall risk of bias across studies was low-to-moderate, with one study rated serious due to sampling and adjustment limitations. Conclusions: Across pathogens and care settings, elevated circulating SP-D correlates with radiographic consolidation, evolving PARDS and worse short-term outcomes. Although assay standardisation and external validation are needed, current evidence supports incorporating SP-D into multiparametric, age-aware risk-stratification algorithms for childhood pneumonia and viral lung injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease)

30 pages, 3154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in the Correlation of Rock Mass–Structural Plane–Structural Block Shear Strength Parameters Between Sandstones and Mudstones in Continuous Strata

by Congyan Ran, Jin Liao, Jinshan Hu, Xiaodong Wang, Tao Xu, Enze Bao, Zhen Liu and Cuiying Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211885 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

In continuous strata engineering, such as foundations and underground caverns, the differences in shear strength between sandstone and mudstone rock mass–structural plane–structural block systems critically affect design and safety. However, the underlying mechanisms and controlling factors of these shear strength parameters remain poorly [...] Read more.

In continuous strata engineering, such as foundations and underground caverns, the differences in shear strength between sandstone and mudstone rock mass–structural plane–structural block systems critically affect design and safety. However, the underlying mechanisms and controlling factors of these shear strength parameters remain poorly understood, leading to challenges in optimizing engineering strategies. This study investigates the differences in shear strength parameter correlations between sandstone and mudstone and develops an intelligent model for predicting rock mass displacement. We constructed multi-parameter correlation models using laboratory and field shear test data combined with a random forest algorithm. The results show that the model achieved high prediction accuracy (R² = 0.997–0.998, RMSE = 1.649–3.898, MAE = 1.110–2.991). For instance, the peak shear strength of sandstone structural planes was approximately 54% higher than that of mudstone. Sensitivity analysis revealed that for sandstone, structural plane shear stress (27.80%) and structural block stress (25.50%) are the most sensitive factors, while for mudstone, structural plane shear displacement (35.20%) and structural block strain (34.20%) dominate. These correlations are model-predicted based on empirical data from shear tests. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of plastic instability in sandstone and slip-strain-induced fissure extension in mudstone, and they can guide shear strength prediction and stability assessment in mixed sandstone–mudstone strata. The study contributes to the field by offering a quantitative basis for stratified adaptive design in continuous strata engineering, enhancing the efficiency and safety of foundation treatment and cavern support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2nd Edition)

12 pages, 714 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Real-Life Use of Posaconazole in Clinical Practice for Onco-Hematological Children: A National Survey by AIEOP Infectious Diseases Working Group

by Lorenzo Chiusaroli, Manuela Spadea, Cecilia Liberati, Maria Grazia Petris, Antonio Grasso, Francesco Baccelli, Maria Vittoria Micheletti, Pietro Gasperini, Maria Rosaria D’Amico, Katia Perruccio, Angelica Barone, Daniela Onofrillo, Paola Muggeo, Maura Faraci, Simona Rinieri, Ilaria Liguoro, Antonella Colombini, Francesca Trevisan, Nagua Giurici, Gianluca Boscarol, Letizia Pomponia Brescia, Alessia Pancaldi, Francesca Compagno, Alessandra Biffi, Daniele Donà and Simone Cesaro Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110797 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Posaconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat invasive fungal infections (IFI) in pediatric onco-hematological patients. Its approval for pediatric use was recent, and limitations still apply. Despite limited data, the safety and efficacy profile appear generally favorable in children. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Posaconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat invasive fungal infections (IFI) in pediatric onco-hematological patients. Its approval for pediatric use was recent, and limitations still apply. Despite limited data, the safety and efficacy profile appear generally favorable in children. This study describes how posaconazole is used across centers affiliated with the Associazione Italiana Ematologia e Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP). Methods: A national survey was conducted among physicians within the AIEOP network to evaluate current use of posaconazole in pediatric cancer patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A 25-item web questionnaire was developed and distributed in June 2024. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics. Results: Twenty-one of thirty-one centers (68%) responded, reporting availability of various posaconazole formulations: oral suspension (76%), delayed-release tablets (95%), and intravenous solution (14%). Posaconazole was primarily used for prophylaxis in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, 38%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 38%), and aplastic anemia (19%). It was also used as secondary prophylaxis against previous possible or probable IFI or as salvage therapy for probable or confirmed aspergillosis or mucormycosis, often combined with other treatments. Drug plasma level monitoring was common but varied in scheduling across centers. Most centers (74%) discontinued posaconazole if adverse events suspected drug–drug interactions, such as with vincristine. Conclusions: Posaconazole is widely used in AIEOP centers, though application varies significantly. This variability emphasizes the need for prospective studies to better define indications, dosing, and monitoring protocols for pediatric use of this antifungal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Mycology: Antifungal Resistance, Diagnosis, and Infection Control)

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25 pages, 5160 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer Enhancement and Entropy Minimization Through Corrugation and Base Inclination Control in MHD-Assisted Cu–H₂O Nanofluid Convection

by Sree Pradip Kumer Sarker and Md. Mahmud Alam

AppliedMath 2025, 5(4), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath5040160 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Efficient management of heat transfer and entropy generation in nanofluid enclosures is essential for the development of high-performance thermal systems. This study employs the finite element method (FEM) to numerically analyze the effects of wall corrugation and base inclination on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-assisted natural [...] Read more.

Efficient management of heat transfer and entropy generation in nanofluid enclosures is essential for the development of high-performance thermal systems. This study employs the finite element method (FEM) to numerically analyze the effects of wall corrugation and base inclination on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-assisted natural convection of Cu–H₂O nanofluid in a trapezoidal cavity containing internal heat-generating obstacles. The governing equations for fluid flow, heat transfer, and entropy generation are solved for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers (10³–10⁶), Hartmann numbers (0–50), and geometric configurations. Results show that for square obstacles, the Nusselt number increases from 0.8417 to 0.8457 as the corrugation amplitude rises (a = 0.025 L–0.065 L) at Ra = 10³, while the maximum heat transfer (Nu = 6.46) occurs at Ra = 10⁶. Entropy generation slightly increases with amplitude (15.46–15.53) but decreases under stronger magnetic fields due to Lorentz damping. Higher corrugation frequencies (f = 9.5) further enhance convection, producing Nu ≈ 6.44–6.47 for square and triangular obstacles. Base inclination significantly influences performance: γ = 10° yields maximum heat transfer (Nu ≈ 6.76), while γ = 20° minimizes entropy (St ≈ 0.00139). These findings confirm that optimized corrugation and inclination, particularly with square obstacles, can effectively enhance convective transport while minimizing irreversibility, providing practical insights for the design of energy-efficient MHD-assisted heat exchangers and cooling systems. Full article

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21 pages, 413 KB

Open AccessReview

Obesity and Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: A Scoping Review of Recent Scientific Evidence

by María Morales-Suárez-Varela, Esther López-García, Isabel Peraita-Costa, José Manuel Pérez Puente, Agustín Llopis-Morales, Agustín Llopis-Gonzalez and Pilar Guallar-Castillón

Children 2025, 12(11), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12111512 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Child and adolescent obesity represent an increasing public health concern due to their physical consequences and impact on mental health. Recent studies have shown a significant association between obesity and depressive disorders during childhood and adolescence. The primary aim of this review [...] Read more.

Background: Child and adolescent obesity represent an increasing public health concern due to their physical consequences and impact on mental health. Recent studies have shown a significant association between obesity and depressive disorders during childhood and adolescence. The primary aim of this review was to analyze scientific evidence on the relationship between obesity and mental health in children and adolescents, with a particular focus on depressive symptoms and the use of anthropometric indicators. Secondary objectives included identifying the most common assessment tools, describing treatment approaches, and exploring mediating factors. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted. The PubMed, Cochrane, and SciELO databases were searched for records published between 2015 and 2025 that met the inclusion criteria. Results: The 24 studies identified revealed a significant association between obesity and depressive symptoms, although considerable methodological heterogeneity was noted. Some studies reported a direct relationship with BMI, whereas others emphasized mediating factors such as body image perception and self-esteem. Cognitive–behavioral interventions and integrated programs showed both physical and psychological benefits. Conclusions: The relationship between child and adolescent obesity and mental health is complex and multifactorial. Findings support the development of multidisciplinary interventions that simultaneously address nutritional and psychological aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Depression in Adolescents: Risk, Outcomes, and Intervention)

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23 pages, 2099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Energy in Shipping: Perceptions Among Egyptian Seafarers

by Adham Torky, Alessandro Farina, Daniele Conte and Kareem Tonbol

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040169 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates Egyptian seafarers’ perceptions, barriers, and adoption intentions towards renewable and low-carbon energy technologies. Recognizing the maritime sector’s significant contribution to global emissions and Egypt’s strategic role via the Suez Canal, the authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 120 seafarers covering [...] Read more.

This study investigates Egyptian seafarers’ perceptions, barriers, and adoption intentions towards renewable and low-carbon energy technologies. Recognizing the maritime sector’s significant contribution to global emissions and Egypt’s strategic role via the Suez Canal, the authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 120 seafarers covering masters, engineers, and cadets. A questionnaire gauged familiarity with renewable energy, perceived relevance to maritime work, preferred energy sources, and factors influencing choice and perceived enablers, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact tests. Respondents showed moderate–high awareness of renewable energy. Climate change was primarily associated with sea level rise, rising temperatures, and flooding. Most participants considered renewable energy highly relevant to maritime operations, with stronger endorsement from masters and second mates than from first mates. Solar, wind, and hydrogen were viewed as having the greatest future potential, while availability and cost effectiveness were critical selection factors. Advanced technology and better training were the most valued enablers, whereas high investment costs, limited infrastructure, safety concerns, and training gaps were key barriers. The findings suggest that, although Egyptian seafarers recognize the importance of renewable energy, the main barriers consist of establishment cost, needed infrastructure, safety, and necessity for training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Transport Systems: Integrating Urban Logistics, Environmental Impact, and Climate Resilience)

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38 pages, 36156 KB

Open AccessReview

Spontaneous Pneumothorax: A Review of Underlying Etiologies and Diagnostic Imaging Modalities

by Rupali Jain, Vinay Kandula, Drew A. Torigian and Achala Donuru

Tomography 2025, 11(11), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography11110125 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

This review focuses on the diverse etiologies of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) and the crucial role of imaging in their diagnosis. Unlike primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), which is typically due to ruptured blebs, SSP results from a wide array of underlying pulmonary conditions [...] Read more.

This review focuses on the diverse etiologies of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) and the crucial role of imaging in their diagnosis. Unlike primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), which is typically due to ruptured blebs, SSP results from a wide array of underlying pulmonary conditions that can pose significant diagnostic challenges. These include infections like tuberculosis, airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignancies (primary and metastatic), interstitial lung diseases like sarcoidosis, cystic lung diseases such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and connective tissue disorders. In women, catamenial pneumothorax secondary to endometriosis should be considered. The role of radiologists is crucial in uncovering these underlying conditions. While chest radiography is the initial imaging modality, computed tomography (CT) provides superior sensitivity for detecting subtle parenchymal abnormalities. Advanced techniques like photon-counting detector CT offer further benefits, including enhanced spatial resolution, reduced noise, and lower radiation dose, potentially revealing underlying causes that might be missed with conventional CT. This enhanced visualization of subtle parenchymal changes, small airways, and vascular structures can be the key to diagnosing the underlying cause of pneumothorax. Recognizing the diverse etiologies of SSP and utilizing advanced imaging techniques is paramount for accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and improved patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Imaging)

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24 pages, 2363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotype-First Diagnostic Framework for Tracking Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli

by Eman Marzouk and Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222831 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) undermines empiric therapy and often coincides with multidrug resistance (MDR). Because sequencing is not routinely available in many laboratories, we evaluated a phenotype-first, sequencing-independent diagnostic framework deployable on standard platforms. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) undermines empiric therapy and often coincides with multidrug resistance (MDR). Because sequencing is not routinely available in many laboratories, we evaluated a phenotype-first, sequencing-independent diagnostic framework deployable on standard platforms. Methods: We profiled 45 archived E. coli isolates for susceptibility (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI]-guided), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase (AmpC) phenotypes, MDR, and multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices. Ten founders (five FQ-susceptible [FQ-S], five low-level resistant [LLR]) seeded 20 parallel lineages exposed to stepwise ciprofloxacin. We tracked minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), collateral resistance, growth kinetics, and biofilm biomass using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identification, automated and reference antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), growth-curve analysis, and crystal violet microtiter assays. The intended use is a sequencing-independent workflow for routine laboratories—especially where whole-genome sequencing is not readily available—working with archived or prospective clinical E. coli. This workflow is best applied when local FQ nonsusceptibility threatens empiric reliability; inputs include standard ID/AST with simple growth and biofilm assays. Primary outputs include: (i) MIC trajectories with time to high-level resistance (HLR), (ii) ΔMAR-summarized collateral resistance with class-level susceptible-to-resistant conversions, and (iii) concise fitness/biofilm summaries to guide empiric-policy refresh and early de-escalation. Results: At baseline, ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility was 40.0%; ESBL and AmpC phenotypes were confirmed in 28.9% and 15.6%, respectively; 46.7% met the MDR definition; and the median MAR index was 0.29. During evolution, 70% of lineages reached HLR (MIC ≥ 4 μg/mL), with earlier conversion from LLR versus FQ-S founders (median 7 vs. 11 passages). Collateral resistance emerged most often to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and tetracyclines, while carbapenem activity was preserved. MAR increased in parallel with rising MICs. Resistance acquisition imposed modest fitness costs (slightly reduced growth rates and longer lag phases) that were partly offset under subinhibitory ciprofloxacin, whereas biofilm biomass changed little. Conclusions: this phenotype-first, routine-laboratory workflow rapidly maps FQ resistance and clinically relevant co-selection in E. coli. In high-resistance settings, empiric FQ use is difficult to justify, and MAR trends provide practical co-selection signals for stewardship. This reproducible framework complements genomic surveillance and is directly applicable where sequencing is unavailable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance: Diagnosis and Management)

24 pages, 3112 KB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Transvalvular Gradient in Aortic Stenosis: A Multifaceted Perspective

by Giovanni La Canna, Sara Habjan and Iside Scarfò

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(22), 7916; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14227916 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Growing age-related epidemiology, together with an increasing burden of cardiac co-pathology and comorbidities, has progressively subverted the clinical paradigm of Aortic Stenosis (AS) towards a multifaceted scenario. Timely surgical or transcatheter valve replacement is paramount to reduce morbidity and mortality in AS patients [...] Read more.

Growing age-related epidemiology, together with an increasing burden of cardiac co-pathology and comorbidities, has progressively subverted the clinical paradigm of Aortic Stenosis (AS) towards a multifaceted scenario. Timely surgical or transcatheter valve replacement is paramount to reduce morbidity and mortality in AS patients provided that the obstruction is hemodynamically important and responsible for the symptoms across a variety of clinical contexts. Despite its recognized role in AS assessment severity, transvalvular gradient (TVG) reflects complex interplay among anatomical, mechanical and fluid-dynamic factors, challenging the ultimate recognition of significant aortic valve obstruction. Careful phenotyping of TVG by assessing its underlying variables may enhance diagnostic work-up, risk stratification and management of AS. Emerging imaging modalities, such as three-dimensional echocardiography, automatic flow and myocardial function assessment, and advanced fluid dynamics analysis are promising for refining multifaceted TVG phenotypes. A deeper understanding of the substrate underlying TVG may add new insight into the trajectory of valve obstruction and its interaction with left ventricular function, thereby supporting the tailoring of TVG-guided clinical strategies of the evolving scenario of AS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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20 pages, 4657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Rice Photosynthetic Carboxylation Capacity to Drought–Flood Abrupt Alternation: Implications for Yield and Water Use Efficiency

by Yong Liu, Yan Zhou, Sheng Liu, Yongxin Liao, Tiesong Hu and Wei Yin

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112573 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Investigating how drought and flooding stresses interact during drought–flood abrupt alternation events and their impact on rice photosynthetic carboxylation capacity (

V_{c m a x}

) is critical for improving crop growth and yield models under environmental stress conditions. However, there is [...] Read more.

Investigating how drought and flooding stresses interact during drought–flood abrupt alternation events and their impact on rice photosynthetic carboxylation capacity (

V_{c m a x}

) is critical for improving crop growth and yield models under environmental stress conditions. However, there is limited research on the specific role of these combined stresses on

V_{c m a x}

in rice. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of drought and flooding on rice

V_{c m a x}

. Using data from drought–flood experiments conducted in 2017 and 2018, we calculated

V_{c m a x}

by combining observed gas exchange parameters with photosynthetic biochemical models. The results revealed that

V_{c m a x}

damage caused by drought and flooding stresses was eventually repaired. Notably,

V_{c m a x}

recovered more quickly when mild drought preceded flooding stress. In contrast, severe and moderate drought treatments showed synergistic effects, where the preceding drought and subsequent flooding exacerbated the damage to

V_{c m a x}

. However, the pre-mild drought stress antagonistically mitigated the damage to

V_{c m a x}

of rice induced by flooding stress, showing an antagonistic effect. Additionally, rice increased intrinsic water use efficiency (

{W U E}_{i}

;

A_{n} / g_{s}

) by increasing investment in

V_{c m a x}

after drought and flooding stress, but rice yield was not improved. The preceding drought is probably beneficial for yield of rice experiencing subsequent flooding stress at relatively low

V_{c m a x}

, while subsequent flooding stress exacerbated the reduction in yield of rice experiencing preceding drought stress. This research enhances our understanding of how the interaction between drought and flooding affects rice’s photosynthetic capacity and emphasizes that appropriate drought and flooding management may have potential optimizing effects on rice yield and water use, and provides an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for paddy water management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses and Ensuring Food Safety in Changing Climates)

19 pages, 8773 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Control Technology for Surrounding Rock in Soft Rock Roadways of Deep Kilometer-Scale Mining Wells

by Li Jiang, Haipeng Li, Lei Ma, Weiming Guan, Haosen Wang, Haochen Feng, Bei Zhang and Rui Wang

Symmetry 2025, 17(11), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17111911 (registering DOI) - 7 Nov 2025

Abstract

Deep soft rock roadways at about 1 km depth experience significant deformation due to concentrated stress ahead of the working face and dynamic loads from the hard roof layer. We propose an integrated control method that couples directional roof cutting, which interrupts stress [...] Read more.

Deep soft rock roadways at about 1 km depth experience significant deformation due to concentrated stress ahead of the working face and dynamic loads from the hard roof layer. We propose an integrated control method that couples directional roof cutting, which interrupts stress transfer with constant resistance, and large deformation cable reinforcement to accommodate residual movement. The calibrated FLAC3D model indicates a lower front of face stress and a diminished cyclic build up of elastic strain energy in the roof, which reduces roadway convergence. Field data from Face 13403 corroborate the method’s effectiveness: the average hydraulic support load on the roof cutting side was 20.3 MPa, which is 30.1% lower than on the non-cutting side; deformation stabilized about 320 m behind the face; the final roof to floor and rib to rib closures were 1.10 m and 1.47 m; and the entry remained fit for the next panel. These results indicate that coupling roof cutting with constant resistance cable reinforcement reduces mining-induced loads while increasing deformation tolerance, providing a practical solution for stabilizing kilometer-deep soft rock roadways. Full article

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