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Recent Articles  

20 pages, 13255 KiB  
Article
UUV-Assisted Icebreaking Application in Polar Environments Using GA-SPSO
by Wei Pan, Yang Wang, Fei Song, Likun Peng and Xiaofeng Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(10), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101845 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
This paper addresses the challenges faced by icebreakers in polar environments, particularly the difficulty in sensing underwater ice formations when navigating through thick ice layers, which often results in suboptimal icebreaking effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a novel underwater robot [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the challenges faced by icebreakers in polar environments, particularly the difficulty in sensing underwater ice formations when navigating through thick ice layers, which often results in suboptimal icebreaking effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a novel underwater robot equipped with both sensing and icebreaking capabilities. We propose a path-planning method for icebreaking that leverages the synergistic capabilities of the genetic algorithm and safe particle swarm optimization (GA-SPSO). The GA-SPSO algorithm integrates the global search prowess of the particle swarm optimization with the local optimization strength of the genetic algorithm, enabling efficient and adaptive path planning in complex ice environments. The unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV)-assisted icebreaking approach developed here utilizes the UUV’s flexibility and high-precision environmental sensing to provide real-time optimization suggestions for icebreaker navigation paths. Simulation results demonstrate that the GA-SPSO algorithm not only effectively circumvents hazardous areas but also significantly reduces the energy consumption and operational time of icebreakers, thereby enhancing the safety and stability of navigation. When compared to the conventional safe particle swarm optimization (SPSO), our approach shows marked improvements in path length, convergence speed, and obstacle avoidance capabilities, significantly enhancing the success and efficiency of polar navigation missions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unmanned Marine Vehicles: Perception, Planning, Control and Swarm)
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14 pages, 2928 KiB  
Article
PEP-1–PIN1 Promotes Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Survival by Inhibiting Cellular ROS and MAPK Phosphorylation
by Jung Hwan Park, Min Jea Shin, Gi Soo Youn, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Eun Ji Yeo, Hyun Jung Kwon, Lee Re Lee, Na Yeon Kim, Su Yeon Kwon, Su Min Kim, Yong-Jun Cho, Sung Ho Lee, Hyo Young Jung, Dae Won Kim, Won Sik Eum and Soo Young Choi
Biomedicines 2024, 12(10), 2352; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12102352 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PIN1) plays a vital role in cellular processes, including intracellular signaling and apoptosis. While oxidative stress is considered one of the primary mechanisms of pathogenesis in brain ischemic injury, the precise function of PIN1 in this disease remains [...] Read more.
Background: The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PIN1) plays a vital role in cellular processes, including intracellular signaling and apoptosis. While oxidative stress is considered one of the primary mechanisms of pathogenesis in brain ischemic injury, the precise function of PIN1 in this disease remains to be elucidated. Objective: We constructed a cell-permeable PEP-1–PIN1 fusion protein and investigated PIN1’s function in HT-22 hippocampal cells as well as in a brain ischemic injury gerbil model. Methods: Transduction of PEP-1–PIN1 into HT-22 cells and signaling pathways were determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage was confirmed by DCF-DA and TUNEL staining. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Protective effects of PEP-1-PIN1 against ischemic injury were examined using immunohistochemistry. Results: PEP-1–PIN1, when transduced into HT-22 hippocampal cells, inhibited cell death in H2O2-treated cells and markedly reduced DNA fragmentation and ROS production. This fusion protein also reduced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and modulated expression levels of apoptosis-signaling proteins in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, PEP-1–PIN1 was distributed in gerbil hippocampus neuronal cells after passing through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and significantly protected against neuronal cell death and also decreased activation of microglia and astrocytes in an ischemic injury gerbil model. Conclusions: These results indicate that PEP-1–PIN1 can inhibit ischemic brain injury by reducing cellular ROS levels and regulating MAPK and apoptosis-signaling pathways, suggesting that PIN1 plays a protective role in H2O2-treated HT-22 cells and ischemic injury gerbil model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)
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26 pages, 44411 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Coherent Excavator Operations in Earthmoving Tasks Based on Reinforcement Learning
by Yongyue Liu, Yaowu Wang and Zhenzong Zhou
Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3270; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103270 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Earthwork operations are critical to construction projects, with their safety and efficiency influenced by factors such as operator skill and working hours. Pre-construction simulation of these operations is essential for optimizing outcomes, providing key training for operators and improving safety awareness and operational [...] Read more.
Earthwork operations are critical to construction projects, with their safety and efficiency influenced by factors such as operator skill and working hours. Pre-construction simulation of these operations is essential for optimizing outcomes, providing key training for operators and improving safety awareness and operational efficiency. This study introduces a hierarchical cumulative reward mechanism that decomposes complex operational behaviors into simple, fundamental actions. The mechanism prioritizes reward function design elements, including order, size, and form, thus simplifying excavator operation simulation using reinforcement learning (RL) and enhancing policy network reusability. A 3D model of a hydraulic excavator was constructed with six degrees of freedom—comprising the boom, arm, bucket, base, and left/right tracks. The Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm was applied to train four basic behaviors: scraping, digging, throwing, and turning back. Motion simulation was successfully achieved using diggable terrain resources. Results demonstrate that the simulated excavator, powered by RL neural networks, can perform coordinated actions and maintain smooth operational performance. This research offers practical implications by rapidly illustrating the full operational process before construction, delivering immersive movies, and enhancing worker safety and operational efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering and Mining Sciences in Construction)
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32 pages, 5459 KiB  
Article
Toward the Adoption of Explainable Pre-Trained Large Language Models for Classifying Human-Written and AI-Generated Sentences
by Luca Petrillo, Fabio Martinelli, Antonella Santone and Francesco Mercaldo
Electronics 2024, 13(20), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13204057 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Pre-trained large language models have demonstrated impressive text generation capabilities, including understanding, writing, and performing many tasks in natural language. Moreover, with time and improvements in training and text generation techniques, these models are proving efficient at generating increasingly human-like content. However, they [...] Read more.
Pre-trained large language models have demonstrated impressive text generation capabilities, including understanding, writing, and performing many tasks in natural language. Moreover, with time and improvements in training and text generation techniques, these models are proving efficient at generating increasingly human-like content. However, they can also be modified to generate persuasive, contextual content weaponized for malicious purposes, including disinformation and novel social engineering attacks. In this paper, we present a study on identifying human- and AI-generated content using different models. Precisely, we fine-tune different models belonging to the BERT family, an open-source version of the GPT model, ELECTRA, and XLNet, and then perform a text classification task using two different labeled datasets—the first one consisting of 25,000 sentences generated by both AI and humans and the second comprising 22,929 abstracts that are ChatGPT-generated and written by humans. Furthermore, we perform an additional phase where we submit 20 sentences generated by ChatGPT and 20 sentences randomly extracted from Wikipedia to our fine-tuned models to verify the efficiency and robustness of the latter. In order to understand the prediction of the models, we performed an explainability phase using two sentences: one generated by the AI and one written by a human. We leveraged the integrated gradients and token importance techniques, analyzing the words and subwords of the two sentences. As a result of the first experiment, we achieved an average accuracy of 99%, precision of 98%, recall of 99%, and F1-score of 99%. For the second experiment, we reached an average accuracy of 51%, precision of 50%, recall of 52%, and F1-score of 51%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Large Language Model Empowered Machine Learning: Design and Application)
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15 pages, 781 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Generation Z’s Online Fashion Purchase Intention
by Carmen Ruiz-Viñals, Marilé Pretel-Jiménez, José Luis Del Olmo Arriaga and Albert Miró Pérez
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2024, 19(4), 2813-2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040136 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
The advance of digitalization has generated an ever-increasing number of options in the digital sphere. This phenomenon has transformed multiple sectors, including e-commerce and, in particular, the fashion industry. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that is redefining the online [...] Read more.
The advance of digitalization has generated an ever-increasing number of options in the digital sphere. This phenomenon has transformed multiple sectors, including e-commerce and, in particular, the fashion industry. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool that is redefining the online shopping experience. However, there is little research on how AI influences this purchasing process, limiting its full exploitation. This study provides new insight into how artificial intelligence influences online purchase intention in this sector by examining Generation Z consumers’ attitude and purchase intention using the Echo Look AI device. This study involved 210 university students aged between 18 and 25 years old who were surveyed in the cities of Madrid and Barcelona. The results indicate that perceived quality, attitude towards AI and perceived usefulness have a positive influence on purchase intention. Based on these results, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Full article
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19 pages, 4843 KiB  
Article
Conventional and Nano-Zinc Foliar Spray Strategies to Improve the Physico-Chemical Properties and Nutritional and Antioxidant Compounds of Timor Mango Fruits under Abiotic Stress
by Mahmoud Abdel-Sattar, Essa Makhasha and Rashid S. Al-Obeed
Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101096 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Zinc deficiency is common under heat stress, and further research is needed to determine how to enhance the fruit quality of mango trees through the use of three forms of zinc, namely Zn-NPs, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), and chelated zinc (Zn-chelated), as [...] Read more.
Zinc deficiency is common under heat stress, and further research is needed to determine how to enhance the fruit quality of mango trees through the use of three forms of zinc, namely Zn-NPs, zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), and chelated zinc (Zn-chelated), as a foliar spray. This research was carried out using ten treatments to investigate the effect of zinc forms on the fruit quality of Timor mango trees. With a few notable exceptions, every fruit quality measurement (physical characteristics, chemical properties, mineral contents, and antioxidant compounds) responded to every treatment looked into; however, the extent of the reaction differed depending on the fruiting measurement. Furthermore, the Zn-NPs created a larger difference in the fruiting measurements than the ZnSO4 and Zn-chelated forms. ZnO NPs at 100 ppm ranked first, followed by ZnO NPs in the first spray and zinc EDTA in the second spray, followed by ZnO NPs in the first spray and ZnSO4 in the second, for all mineral content and antioxidant compound measurements and most of the fruit physico-chemical characteristics. In contrast, the lowest levels of minerals and antioxidant compounds and most of the fruit physico-chemical characteristics were found in the controls. The outcomes of the other treatments after the three treatments lay somewhere between these two extremes, and this pattern was detected throughout two seasons. Spraying Timor mango trees with nano, chelated, and sulfate zinc can be considered a safe and environmentally friendly natural method for improving fruit quality in abiotic stress regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
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14 pages, 5641 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Lower Limb Joint Angles Using sEMG Signals and RGB-D Camera
by Guoming Du, Zhen Ding, Hao Guo, Meichao Song and Feng Jiang
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11101026 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Estimating human joint angles is a crucial task in motion analysis, gesture recognition, and motion intention prediction. This paper presents a novel model-based approach for generating reliable and accurate human joint angle estimation using a dual-branch network. The proposed network leverages combined features [...] Read more.
Estimating human joint angles is a crucial task in motion analysis, gesture recognition, and motion intention prediction. This paper presents a novel model-based approach for generating reliable and accurate human joint angle estimation using a dual-branch network. The proposed network leverages combined features derived from encoded sEMG signals and RGB-D image data. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the estimation algorithm, the proposed network employs a convolutional autoencoder to generate a high-level compression of sEMG features aimed at motion prediction. Considering the variability in the distribution of sEMG signals, the proposed network introduces a vision-based joint regression network to maintain the stability of combined features. Taking into account latency, occlusion, and shading issues with vision data acquisition, the feature fusion network utilizes high-frequency sEMG features as weights for specific features extracted from image data. The proposed method achieves effective human body joint angle estimation for motion analysis and motion intention prediction by mitigating the effects of non-stationary sEMG signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineering of the Motor System)
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20 pages, 2440 KiB  
Article
Green Sourcing: Supplier Assessment and Selection Practices across Industries
by Emmanuel D. Adamides and Yannis Mouzakitis
Logistics 2024, 8(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8040105 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Over the last years, the assessment and selection of suppliers, based on the environmental performance of their products/services and their operations, has reached paramount importance and attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners. Based on the prevailing perspective of supplier [...] Read more.
Background: Over the last years, the assessment and selection of suppliers, based on the environmental performance of their products/services and their operations, has reached paramount importance and attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners. Based on the prevailing perspective of supplier selection as a purely decision-making problem, this interest has been channeled towards the development of decision-support methods and tools. Other broader issues, such as whether there are converging or diverging green supplier evaluation and selection organizational processes across industries has not been addressed. Methods: Here, for the first time, we address this question by adopting a systems perspective and by considering green supplier evaluation and selection as an organizational sub-process of the broader sourcing process. We use activity theory to represent green supplier evaluation and selection as two interconnected activities, each comprising a set of organizational practices. Based on this representation, we developed a research instrument to carry out empirical research in a sample of 80 companies from five industries (pharmaceuticals, food processing, aquaculture, construction materials, waste management and recycling) in Greece. Results: The results of the survey suggest that green supplier evaluation and selection practices do not fully converge, but there are differences across industries. Conclusions: The cultural and historical context of industries influences the adoption of specific environmental supplier evaluation and selection practices. Full article
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19 pages, 29170 KiB  
Article
Influence of Printing Parameters on the Morphological Characteristics of Plasma Directed Energy-Deposited Stainless Steel
by Luis Segovia-Guerrero, Antonio José Gil-Mena, Nuria Baladés, David L. Sales, Carlota Fonollá, María de la Mata and María de Nicolás-Morillas
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(5), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050233 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of printing parameters and strategies on the morphological characteristics of austenitic stainless steel beads deposited on carbon steel substrates, using plasma directed energy deposition (DED). The experimental setup varied the welding current, wire feed speed, and torch travel [...] Read more.
This study investigated the influence of printing parameters and strategies on the morphological characteristics of austenitic stainless steel beads deposited on carbon steel substrates, using plasma directed energy deposition (DED). The experimental setup varied the welding current, wire feed speed, and torch travel speed, and we analyzed three printing strategies: simple-linear, overlapping, and oscillating. Moreover, advanced 3D scanning and computational analysis were used to assess the key morphological features, including bead width and height. The results showed that the computational model developed by using parabolic assumptions accurately predicted the geometric outcomes of the overlapping beads. The oscillating printing strategy was the one that showed improved morphological uniformity and bead substrate wettability, so these features were used for multi-layer component manufacturing. The use of equivalent wavelength–amplitude values resulted in maximum combinations of bead height and width. Moreover, cost-effective carbon steel substrates were feasibly used in microstructural and elemental analyses, with the latter ones confirming the alignment of the bead composition with the wire-fed material. Overall, this study provides practical insights for optimizing plasma DED processes, thus enhancing the efficiency and quality of metal component manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Optimization of Additive Manufacturing Processes)
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39 pages, 3828 KiB  
Review
A Recent Advance in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Development for Human Schistosomiasis
by Tanushri Chatterji, Namrata Khanna, Saad Alghamdi, Tanya Bhagat, Nishant Gupta, Mohammad Othman Alkurbi, Manodeep Sen, Saeed Mardy Alghamdi, Ghazi A. Bamagous, Dipak Kumar Sahoo, Ashish Patel, Pankaj Kumar and Virendra Kumar Yadav
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(10), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9100243 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, which affects a large number of people worldwide, is among the most overlooked parasitic diseases. The disease is mainly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asian countries, and South America due to the lack of adequate sanitation. The disease is mainly associated with [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis, which affects a large number of people worldwide, is among the most overlooked parasitic diseases. The disease is mainly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asian countries, and South America due to the lack of adequate sanitation. The disease is mainly associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and contaminated water, so it is also known as a disease of poverty. Three Schistosoma species (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium) cause significant human infections. Co-infections with Schistosoma and other parasites are widely common. All these parasites may cause intestinal or urogenital schistosomiasis, where the disease may be categorized into the acute, sensitized, and chronic phases. The disease is more prevalent among school children, which may cause anemia and reduce development. Chronic infections frequently cause significant liver, intestinal, and bladder damage. Women exposed to contaminated water while performing normal duties like washing clothes might acquire urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), which can cause tissue damage and raise the risk of blood-borne disease transmission, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the World Health Organization (WHO)-prescribed treatment for individuals who are known to be infected, but it does not prevent further re-infections with larval worms. Vaccine development and new molecular-based diagnosis techniques have promised to be a reliable approach to the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. The current review emphasizes the recent advancement in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis by molecular techniques and the treatment of schistosomiasis by combined and alternative regimes of drugs. Moreover, this review has also focused on the recent outbreak of schistosomiasis, the development of vaccines, and their clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
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20 pages, 762 KiB  
Review
Cannabis Use during Pregnancy: An Update
by Angeliki Gerede, Sofoklis Stavros, Christos Chatzakis, Eleftherios Vavoulidis, Panagiota Papasozomenou, Ekaterini Domali, Konstantinos Nikolettos, Efthymios Oikonomou, Anastasios Potiris, Panagiotis Tsikouras and Nikolaos Nikolettos
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1691; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101691 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
The use of cannabis during pregnancy has emerged as a mounting cause for concern due to its potential adverse consequences on both the mother and her offspring. This review will focus on the dangers associated with prenatal exposure to cannabis, particularly those related [...] Read more.
The use of cannabis during pregnancy has emerged as a mounting cause for concern due to its potential adverse consequences on both the mother and her offspring. This review will focus on the dangers associated with prenatal exposure to cannabis, particularly those related to neurodevelopment. It will also discuss the features of maternal and placental functioning that are likely to have long-term effects on the offspring’s development. The most pertinent and up-to-date materials can be found through a literature search. The literature emphasizes the substantial hazards associated with prenatal exposure to cannabis. These include impairments in cognitive function and difficulties in behavior in this particular instance. Structural and functional alterations in the brain can be noticed in offspring. The use of cannabis has been associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing pregnancy-related complications, such as giving birth prematurely and having a baby with a low birth weight. Additionally, it has been connected to potential negative effects on mental and emotional well-being. Studies have shown that when a pregnant woman is exposed to cannabis, it can negatively impact the functioning of the placenta and the growth of the fetus. This might potentially contribute to the development of placental insufficiency and restricted growth in the womb. Longitudinal studies reveal that children who were exposed to cannabis in the womb experience additional long-term developmental challenges, such as decreased cognitive abilities, reduced academic performance, and behavioral issues. In order to address the problem of cannabis usage during pregnancy, it is essential to adopt a comprehensive and coordinated strategy. This method should integrate and synchronize public health policy, education, and research initiatives. By implementing these targeted strategies, it is possible to mitigate potential health and welfare concerns for both present and future generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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17 pages, 731 KiB  
Review
Targeted Drug Delivery in Periorbital Non-Melanocytic Skin Malignancies
by Benedetta Tirone, Anna Scarabosio, Pier Luigi Surico, Pier Camillo Parodi, Fabiana D’Esposito, Alessandro Avitabile, Caterina Foti, Caterina Gagliano and Marco Zeppieri
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11101029 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of periorbital skin malignancies, offering the potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of targeted therapies in the context of [...] Read more.
Targeted drug delivery has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of periorbital skin malignancies, offering the potential for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of targeted therapies in the context of periorbital malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. It explores the mechanisms of action for various targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies, and their applications in treating these malignancies. Additionally, this review addresses the management of ocular and periocular side effects associated with these therapies, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to minimize impact and ensure patient adherence. By integrating current findings and discussing emerging trends, this review aims to highlight the advancements in targeted drug delivery and its potential to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients with periorbital skin malignancies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Trends in Ophthalmic Diseases Treatment)
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17 pages, 1036 KiB  
Review
Avascular Necrosis of the Talus: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Modern Reconstructive Options
by Michał Jan Kubisa, Marta Gabriela Kubisa, Karol Pałka, Jakub Sobczyk, Filip Bubieńczyk and Paweł Łęgosz
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101692 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Talar avascular necrosis (AVN) is a devastating condition that frequently follows type III and IV talar neck fractures. As 60% of the talus is covered by hyaline cartilage, its vascular supply is limited and prone to trauma, which may eventually lead to AVN [...] Read more.
Talar avascular necrosis (AVN) is a devastating condition that frequently follows type III and IV talar neck fractures. As 60% of the talus is covered by hyaline cartilage, its vascular supply is limited and prone to trauma, which may eventually lead to AVN development. Early detection of AVN (Hawkins sign, MRI) is crucial, as it may prevent the development of the irreversible stages III and IV of AVN. Alertness is advised regarding non-obvious conditions that may cause this complication (sub chondroplasty, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus). Although, in stages I–II, AVN may be treated with non-surgical procedures (ESWT therapy, non-weight bearing) or joint-sparing techniques (core drilling, bone marrow aspirate injections), stages III–IV require more advanced procedures, such as joint-sacrificing procedures (hindfoot arthrodesis/ankle arthrodesis), or replacement surgery, including total talar replacement (TTR) or combined total ankle replacement (TAR). The advancement of 3D-printing technology and increased access to implant manufacturing are contributing to a rise in the production rates of third-generation total talar prostheses. As a result, there is a growing frequency of alloplasty procedures and combined total ankle replacement (TAR) surgeries. By performing TTR as opposed to deses, the operator avoids (i) delayed union, (ii) a shortening of the limb, (iii) a lack of mobility, and (iv) the stiffening of adjacent joints, which are the main disadvantages of joint-sacrificing procedures. Simultaneously, TTR and combined TAR offer (i) a brief period of weight-bearing restriction, (ii) quick pain relief, and (iii) preservation of the length of the limb. Here, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge regarding AVN diagnosis and treatment, with a special focus on the role of TTR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery)
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19 pages, 4422 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Class 800 Complex Phase Steel before and after the Laser Welding Process
by Antonio dos Reis de Faria Neto, Erica Ximenes Dias, Cristina Sayuri Fukugauchi, Marcelo Sampaio Martins and Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(5), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050232 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Complex phase steels, known for their high levels of conformability, energy absorption, and deformation capacity, are among the more advanced high-strength steels. The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of CPW 800-class complex phase steels, with and without laser [...] Read more.
Complex phase steels, known for their high levels of conformability, energy absorption, and deformation capacity, are among the more advanced high-strength steels. The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of CPW 800-class complex phase steels, with and without laser welding. The analysis involved determining tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and area reduction through tensile tests, in scenarios both with and without laser welding. Additionally, the number of cycles was assessed via fatigue tests, and absorbed energy was measured using impact tests. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, at a 5% significance level, revealed that tensile strength, yield strength, area reduction, and absorbed energy were statistically similar regardless of laser welding. However, elongation and the number of cycles showed significant differences. The fractured surface from axial fatigue tests exhibited ductile characteristics, with the additional presence of dimples or alveoli. Full article
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10 pages, 1724 KiB  
Article
Associations between Systemic and Dental Diseases in Elderly Korean Population
by Se Hoon Kahm and SungEun Yang
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101693 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Modernization and population aging have increased the prevalence of systemic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, which are often accompanied by various dental diseases. Our aim was to investigate associations between common dental conditions and major systemic diseases in an [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Modernization and population aging have increased the prevalence of systemic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, which are often accompanied by various dental diseases. Our aim was to investigate associations between common dental conditions and major systemic diseases in an elderly Korean population. Materials and Methods: Utilizing electronic medical record data from 43,525 elderly patients, we examined the prevalence of systemic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, dementia) and dental conditions (caries, periodontal disease, pulp necrosis, tooth loss). The analysis focused on the correlations between these diseases. Results: Significant associations were found between systemic diseases and an increased prevalence of dental conditions. Patients with systemic diseases, especially those with multiple conditions, had higher incidences of periodontal disease and tooth loss. The correlation was particularly strong in patients with diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, temporomandibular joint disorder was less frequent in this cohort. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of integrated dental care in managing systemic diseases in elderly populations. Enhanced dental monitoring and proactive treatment are essential due to the strong association between systemic diseases and dental conditions. Collaboration between dental and medical professionals is crucial for comprehensive care that improves health outcomes and quality of life for elderly patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boundaries between Oral and General Health)
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8 pages, 1688 KiB  
Case Report
Severe Systemic Chromobacterium violaceum Infection: A Case Study of a German Long-Term Resident in French Guyana
by Caroline Klenk, Miriam Schnieders, Melina Heinemann, Christiane Wiegard, Henning Büttner, Michael Ramharter, Sabine Jordan and Maria Sophia Mackroth
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(10), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9100242 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe proteobacterium. Its natural habitat is water and soil in tropical and subtropical regions. Human infections are characterized by rapid dissemination that can lead to high fatality rates. Here, we describe the first case of a C. [...] Read more.
Chromobacterium violaceum is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe proteobacterium. Its natural habitat is water and soil in tropical and subtropical regions. Human infections are characterized by rapid dissemination that can lead to high fatality rates. Here, we describe the first case of a C. violaceum infection reported from Germany. A German national with permanent residence in French Guyana contracted a C. violaceum infection presumably while bathing in a barrier lake in Brazil. The patient presented with a high fever and a crusty, erythematous skin lesion at an emergency department in Hamburg, Germany. Ultrasound and a CT scan of the abdomen revealed multiple liver abscesses. C. violaceum was detected in blood and from aspirates of the liver abscesses, using traditional culture methods and modern molecular assays. Prolonged treatment with meropenem and ciprofloxacin led to full recovery. Rapid pathogen detection and treatment initiation are of high importance in C. violaceum infections as mortality rates are overall declining but have still tended to reach up to 25% in recent years in systemic infections. Due to its broad natural drug resistance, antibiotic treatment is challenging. Increased travel activities may lead to more frequent presentation of patients with environmental pathogens of the tropics such as C. violaceum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
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22 pages, 18352 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Mixtures Incorporating Nanomaterials
by Preethi Shylaja and P. T. Ravichandran
Recycling 2024, 9(5), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9050100 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials are used as substitutes for new materials in asphalt pavement construction, leveraging the engineering and commercial benefits of the aged binders and aggregate matrixes in RAP. These asphalt mixtures impart significant variations in volumetric properties and asphalt mixture [...] Read more.
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) materials are used as substitutes for new materials in asphalt pavement construction, leveraging the engineering and commercial benefits of the aged binders and aggregate matrixes in RAP. These asphalt mixtures impart significant variations in volumetric properties and asphalt mixture characteristics. The current study investigates the Marshall properties, moisture susceptibility, and rutting behavior of 24 recycled asphalt mixtures developed with nanosilica and nanoclay. RAP material percent, nanomaterial content, binder grade, and extra binder were considered the factors influencing asphalt mixture performance. The above factors were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to predict the Marshall and volumetric properties. Also, this investigation covers the moisture susceptibility and rut characteristics of recycled nanomaterial-modified Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixes developed with Viscosity Grade 30 (VG-30) and Polymer-Modified Bitumen-40 (PMB-40). The chemical additive Zycotherm was used to develop WMA mixes. The test results indicate that adding RAP material at higher percentages and modifying the binder with nanomaterials affected moisture susceptibility with reduced moisture damage. Recycled nanosilica-modified HMA mixes developed with PMB-40 at higher RAP percentages reported higher tensile strength ratio (TSR) values in contrast with VG-30 mixes, indicating their greater susceptibility toward moisture-induced damage. The rutting potential of all of the recycled asphalt mixture combinations was enhanced by densely packed aggregate structures optimized with nanomaterials, total binder content, and RAP materials developed using the Marshall method. Overall, the nanosilica-modified recycled asphalt mixes developed with PMB40 at higher RAP percentages showed better performance in terms of strength and durability. Full article
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18 pages, 519 KiB  
Article
Beyond Permanent Residences: Measuring Place Attachment in Tempo-Local Housing Arrangements
by Leonie Wächter
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040173 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Current societal shifts, including increased mobility, advances in information technologies, and diverse lifestyles, are driving postmodern housing arrangements that prioritize mobility and flexibility. The traditional view of housing as fixed and stable is evolving to encompass temporary forms, including multi-locality, which are often [...] Read more.
Current societal shifts, including increased mobility, advances in information technologies, and diverse lifestyles, are driving postmodern housing arrangements that prioritize mobility and flexibility. The traditional view of housing as fixed and stable is evolving to encompass temporary forms, including multi-locality, which are often underestimated due to measurement challenges. Recognizing and integrating the potential of transient populations into urban societies is crucial to enhancing community cohesion and reducing social fragmentation. Therefore, the development of rootedness, emotional connection, and spatial identity should be analyzed in the context of temporary housing practices. Data collected through a representative survey in two major German urban regions in 2023 enable the validation of a four-dimensional place attachment scale, which includes the dimensions of place identity, place dependence, ambient bonding, and social bonding. Each dimension includes distinct elements of place-making constructions. The classification of four tempo-local housing types serves as the foundation for measuring how the temporal and spatial structure of housing arrangements influences emotional attachment to one’s place of residence. Interestingly, spatial mobility, when paired with temporal stability in each location, can cultivate deep connections, revealing an often-overlooked potential within this group. The results emphasize the significance of incorporating spatio-temporal dimensions of housing to foster inclusive, comprehensive, and diverse urban development. Full article
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10 pages, 9332 KiB  
Article
Vascularised and Non-Vascularised Adipofascial Flap Applications in Tissue Trauma with Tendon Injury, Flap Viability and Tendon Healing a Hystological and Scintigraphical Rat Model Study
by Mehmet Yucens, Ahmet Nadir Aydemir, Tarık Sengoz, Gulcin Abban Mete, Nusret Ök, Mehmet Rauf Koç and Ahmet Fahir Demirkan
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101689 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Complex wounds in the hand and distal lower extremities pose challenges in reconstructive surgery, often involving critical structures like tendons. Tendon injuries, prevalent in such wounds, necessitate optimal repair methods for functional recovery. This study investigates the impact of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Complex wounds in the hand and distal lower extremities pose challenges in reconstructive surgery, often involving critical structures like tendons. Tendon injuries, prevalent in such wounds, necessitate optimal repair methods for functional recovery. This study investigates the impact of vascularised and nonvascularised adipofascial tissue on tendon repair, focusing on early healing stages, mobilisation, and scintigraphic evaluation of flap vascularity. Materials and Methods: Wistar Albino rats were divided into groups undergoing primary tendon repair, vascularised adipofascial flap application, or nonvascularised flap application. Scintigraphic evaluation and histopathological assessment were performed to analyse healing processes. Results: Pedicle-free flaps support healing in tendon injuries without negatively affecting medium-term outcomes. Vascularised flaps exhibit faster healing. The scintigraphic analysis showed that the static measurements of the late phase were statistically significantly higher in the group with the non-vascularised adipofascial flap (p = 0.038). The mean perfusion reserve was higher in the vascularised pedicled adipofascial flap group than the non-vascularised adipofascial flap group. Scintigraphic analysis highlights the viability of pedicle-free flaps. Conclusions: Pedicle-free adipofascial flaps support the healing of the tendon without complicating the results, while vascularised flaps show accelerated healing. These findings provide valuable insights into optimising tendon repair strategies using adipofascial flaps, with implications for enhancing functional recovery in complex wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)
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8 pages, 1014 KiB  
Article
The Preparation of Future Statistically Oriented Physicians: A Single-Center Experience in Saudi Arabia
by Anwar A. Sayed
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101694 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Statistics are of paramount significance to physicians as they allow them to critically interpret the medical literature and to contribute to it. However, teaching statistics to medical students and physicians, as well as learning statistics, is nothing short of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Statistics are of paramount significance to physicians as they allow them to critically interpret the medical literature and to contribute to it. However, teaching statistics to medical students and physicians, as well as learning statistics, is nothing short of difficult and anxiety-inducing to a great extent. Materials and Methods: In this study, an example of a novel approach to teaching statistics to medical students is introduced at a single college of medicine in Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective report, a new approach that has been developed and delivered to students is described. Results: The approach, referred to as the personal experience pathway, is part of a major curriculum change to the MBBS program. The track presents statistics to students as a tool, rather than a subject, that students will need to interpret results, either present in the literature or those of the research projects they are conducting. The outcome of this process has been assessed through measuring students’ scholarly output through student self-reporting and has been followed up over four student cohorts graduating between the years 2019 and 2022. The approach has successfully equipped students with a solid foundation of statistical understanding that has allowed them to publish in peer-reviewed journals. Such scholarly output has increased significantly over the last two years. Conclusions: The current study presents a framework through which the detailed curriculum plan could be applied to other medical schools, nationally and internationally, which will better prepare future statistically oriented physicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Epidemiological and Statistical Methods for Medical Research)
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17 pages, 960 KiB  
Review
The Utility of Indocyanine Green Angiography in Breast Reconstruction to Detect Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis and Free Flap Perfusion: An Umbrella Review
by Nicholas Fadell, Flora Laurent, Sai Anusha Sanka, Esther Ochoa, Lauren Yaeger, Xiaowei Li, Matthew D. Wood, Justin M. Sacks and Saif Badran
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11101025 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Two of the greatest challenges in breast reconstruction are mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN) and autologous flap failure. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the usage of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in breast reconstruction, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides directions for future studies. [...] Read more.
Two of the greatest challenges in breast reconstruction are mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN) and autologous flap failure. This review summarizes current evidence regarding the usage of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in breast reconstruction, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides directions for future studies. An umbrella review was conducted to identify related syntheses in Embase, Ovid Medline, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Clinical Trials databases. Data were extracted from systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) that discussed the use of ICGA in breast reconstruction. Sixteen syntheses were included (10 SRs and 6 MAs). Syntheses showed much evidence that ICGA usage typically reduces MSFN rates. However, it tends to overpredict necrosis and is best utilized in high-risk patients or those with an unclear clinical picture. ICGA is also useful in autologous breast reconstruction by reducing rates of breast fat necrosis (BFN), total flap loss, and reoperation. ICGA usage may also aid in perforator mapping and selection intraoperatively, with minimal complication risk. Most syntheses had moderate quality scores; however, they were small with significant heterogeneity in protocols and complication definitions. The use of ICGA in breast reconstruction is safe and useful in decreasing rates of MSFN, BFN, and reoperation after free flap reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Microsurgery, Breast Reconstruction & Tissue Engineering)
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3 pages, 149 KiB  
Editorial
Multiscale Thermal Technologies: Exploring Hot and Cold Potentials in Biomedical Applications
by Bangrui Yu and Haishui Huang
Bioengineering 2024, 11(10), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11101028 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Harnessing thermal technology has opened up new possibilities in biomedicine in areas such as cancer treatment, biopreservation, and assisted reproduction [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Thermal Engineering for Biomedical Applications)
6 pages, 3910 KiB  
Case Report
Ocular Manifestation of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Presenting as Serous Retinal Detachment: A Case Report
by Junwoo Lee, Jaehwan Choi, Seung-Young Yu and Kiyoung Kim
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101690 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Ocular involvement is relatively common in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA); however, choroidal involvement is rare. We present a case of serous retinal detachment resulting from choroidal involvement in GPA. Case presentation: A 55-year-old male presented to our clinic with bilateral [...] Read more.
Background: Ocular involvement is relatively common in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA); however, choroidal involvement is rare. We present a case of serous retinal detachment resulting from choroidal involvement in GPA. Case presentation: A 55-year-old male presented to our clinic with bilateral eye redness and pain. Ocular examination revealed bilateral conjunctival injection, and dilation of the episcleral and scleral vessels. Slit-lamp examination revealed anterior chamber cells. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed serous retinal detachment (SRD) in the left eye. The patient had recently been diagnosed with GPA following a lung biopsy and had received immunosuppressive therapy, including systemic steroids, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab. Five weeks after treatment, the clinical symptoms of the patient, including SRD, improved with alleviation of systemic symptoms. However, tapering systemic steroids and immunosuppressants and discontinuing rituximab led to disease reactivation. OCT demonstrated a recurrence of subretinal fluid, which had previously resolved, and slit-lamp examination showed mild bilateral engorged scleral vessels. Conclusions: Choroidal involvement can present as SRD and may indicate disease activity in patients with GPA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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25 pages, 11231 KiB  
Article
Small-Signal Stability Analysis and Voltage Control Parameter Design for DC Microgrids
by Ruosong Hou, Jiakun An, Liangdong Qin, Ziheng Zhao, Yuan Cao and Xueshen Zhao
Processes 2024, 12(10), 2247; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102247 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2024
Abstract
Small-signal instability issues will occur in the DC microgrid when the high-frequency oscillation peaks of the voltage closed-loop transfer function are not effectively suppressed. To ensure the small-signal stability of DC microgrids, the concept of a small-signal stability domain for voltage control parameters [...] Read more.
Small-signal instability issues will occur in the DC microgrid when the high-frequency oscillation peaks of the voltage closed-loop transfer function are not effectively suppressed. To ensure the small-signal stability of DC microgrids, the concept of a small-signal stability domain for voltage control parameters is proposed. Based on the voltage closed-loop transfer function, a small-signal-stability-domain-solving algorithm is proposed. With this stability domain, the impact of voltage-proportional coefficient and voltage-integral coefficient on oscillation frequency (or damping factor) is quantitatively analyzed. In addition, the influence of current control parameters on the small-signal stability boundary is also analyzed. With the introduction of this stability domain, a design method for voltage control parameters has been proposed. The voltage control parameters, which are quantitatively designed by this method, are able to maintain the small-signal stability of the system. Finally, based on the RT-BOX hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform, a switching model for a typical DC microgrid is established. Additionally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and designed control parameters is verified by multiple sets of experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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