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1237 KiB

Open AccessReview

Resource Recovery from Green Tide Biomass: Sustainable Cascading Biorefinery Strategies for Ulva spp.

by Gianluca Ottolina, Federica Zaccheria and Jacopo Paini

Biomass 2025, 5(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5030041 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

This review examines sustainable cascading biorefinery strategies for the green alga Ulva, which is globally prevalent in eutrophic marine waters and often forms extensive “green tides.” These blooms cause substantial environmental and economic damage to coastal communities. The primary target products within [...] Read more.

This review examines sustainable cascading biorefinery strategies for the green alga Ulva, which is globally prevalent in eutrophic marine waters and often forms extensive “green tides.” These blooms cause substantial environmental and economic damage to coastal communities. The primary target products within an Ulva biorefinery typically encompass salts, lipids, proteins, cellulose, and ulvan. Each of these components possesses unique properties and diverse applications, contributing to the economic robustness of the biorefinery. Salts can be repurposed for agricultural or even human consumption. Lipids offer high-value applications in nutraceuticals and animal feed. Proteins present significant potential as plant-based nutritional supplements. Cellulose can be transformed into various advanced materials. Finally, ulvan, a polyanionic oligosaccharide unique to Ulva, holds promise due to its distinct properties, particularly in the biomedical field. Furthermore, state-of-the-art chemical modifications of ulvan are presented with the aim of tailoring its properties and broadening its potential applications. Future research should prioritize optimizing these integrated extraction and fractionation processes. Furthermore, a multi-product biorefining approach, integrated with robust Life Cycle Assessment studies, is vital for transforming this environmental challenge into a significant opportunity for sustainable resource valorization and economic growth. Full article

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330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autograft vs. Xenograft Duraplasty Using the Onlay Technique in Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery: A Comparative Analysis

by Çağlar Türk, Umut Tan Sevgi, Sinan Bahadır, Mahmut Çamlar and Füsun Özer

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4674; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134674 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We aimed to review pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and to share our experience with the various types of dural grafts used in these patients. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study on pediatric patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We aimed to review pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and to share our experience with the various types of dural grafts used in these patients. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study on pediatric patients who received surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and underwent duraplasty using either an autograft or a xenograft from January 2018 to December 2022. Data were gathered from patients’ medical records, encompassing demographic details. Additional information included tumor locations and the extent of resection. Factors such as postoperative complications like meningitis, pseudo-meningocele, and hydrocephalus were also noted. Results: Our cohort included 50 patients, 13 of whom underwent surgeries with autografts and 37 had xenografts. The patients’ tumors were in various areas, including intraventricular or those extending into the ventricle (31) and intracerebellar (17) and extra-axial (2) cases. Subtotal resection occurred in 8 cases, near-total resection in 9, and gross-total resection in 33. Postoperatively, meningitis occurred in 12 patients, pseudo-meningocele in 13, and hydrocephalus in 10, with 9 requiring V/P placement. Conclusions: In conclusion, techniques for dural closure hold great significance in neurosurgery, particularly during pediatric posterior fossa surgeries. Although the modest size of the autograft cohort limited statistical power, our epidural onlay fascia lata autograft produced fewer postoperative complications than the bovine xenograft and achieved outcomes comparable to those reported for watertight closure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Surgery)

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737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘Hass’ Avocados Cultivated in the Canary Islands: Sensory Attributes Related to Fatty Acid Profiles

by Eva Dorta, José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban, Carlos Álvarez-Acosta and Gloria Lobo Rodrigo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070763 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Dry matter (DM) is a critical parameter for avocado quality and commercialization, particularly in the ‘Hass’ cultivar, where it is closely associated with the oil content and flavor. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of ‘Hass’ avocados with varying [...] Read more.

Dry matter (DM) is a critical parameter for avocado quality and commercialization, particularly in the ‘Hass’ cultivar, where it is closely associated with the oil content and flavor. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of ‘Hass’ avocados with varying DM levels (19%, 21%, 24%, and 27%) cultivated in the Canary Islands. Additionally, the impact of dehydration methods (oven and microwave) and sample preparation techniques on the oil content and lipid profiles were assessed. Six main fatty acids were identified, with oleic acid (38–43%) and palmitic acid (30–36%) being predominant. Higher DM levels were associated with increased concentrations of palmitoleic and linoleic acids. Drying methods did not significantly alter the fatty acid profile, supporting the crushed microwave-dried (CMW) method as a practical, low-cost approach for preserving lipid integrity. Consumer panelists showed a clear preference for avocados with higher DM contents (24–27%), associating the flavor (86.2%) and texture (59.6%) with the purchase intent. The high monounsaturated fatty acid content, particularly oleic acid, qualifies these avocados for the European nutritional claim ‘high in monounsaturated fat.’ This is the first study to characterize these parameters in ‘Hass’ avocados from the Canary Islands, contributing to both quality assessments and potential marketing strategies based on nutritional and sensory attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Properties of a Diatomic Molecule Under Effects of Small Oscillations in an Elastic Environment

by Ricardo L. L. Vitória, Carlos F. S. Pereira and Sergio Murilo da Silva Braga Martins

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071038 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we analytically investigate a diatomic molecule subject to the Morse potential under the small oscillations regime, immersed in a medium with a point defect representing impurities or vacancies in an elastic system. Initially, we apply the small oscillations method to [...] Read more.

In this paper, we analytically investigate a diatomic molecule subject to the Morse potential under the small oscillations regime, immersed in a medium with a point defect representing impurities or vacancies in an elastic system. Initially, we apply the small oscillations method to the Morse potential to obtain an analogue to the harmonic potential, and then we solve the generalized Schrödinger equation considering the geometric effects of the defect. The solutions obtained for the bound states reveal that the energy levels and the radial stability point of the molecule are modified by the presence of the defect, depending on the parameters associated with the geometry of the medium. In a second step, we analyze the thermodynamic properties of the system in contact with a thermal reservoir at finite temperature. We derive analytical expressions for the internal energy, Helmholtz free energy, entropy, and specific heat, showing that all these quantities are influenced by the presence of the point defect. The results demonstrate how structural defects alter the quantum and thermodynamic behavior of confined molecules, contributing to the understanding of systems in non-trivial elastic media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Operational Parameters Variation During Ultrafiltration Process on Goat Skim Milk (GSM) Concentration for Cheese Elaboration

by Amna Chahbani, Zeineb Jrad, Rihab Jarray, Emna Ammar and Halima El Hatmi

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072093 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study assessed the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) on the quality of soft white cheese made from goat skim milk (GSM) and aimed to identify the optimal UF parameters for protein concentration while minimizing energy consumption. UF was applied to pasteurized GSM by [...] Read more.

This study assessed the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) on the quality of soft white cheese made from goat skim milk (GSM) and aimed to identify the optimal UF parameters for protein concentration while minimizing energy consumption. UF was applied to pasteurized GSM by altering transmembrane pressure (TMP) and permeate flux density (J) while monitoring the volume reduction factor (VRF). The acidity, viscosity, dry extract, proteins and Ca, Na, K, Mg and Fe contents increased significantly during concentration. Post-ultrafiltration, both UF and non-UF GSMs were coagulated using modified rennet doses (150, 200 and 300 µL/L). The resulting cheeses underwent chemical analysis, yield calculation and textural property assessment. The findings highlighted that milk protein concentration was the primary limiting factor for coagulation, with rennet dose having a lesser impact. The UF-GSM produced the best results, yielding approximately 30% cheese with a soft texture and greater nutritional value (proteins, Ca, Mg and Fe). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)

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4093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Formation of Lettuce Plant Endospheric Bacterial Communities: A Comparative Study of Hydroponic and Soil Systems

by Polina Kuryntseva, Nataliya Pronovich, Gulnaz Galieva, Polina Galitskaya and Svetlana Selivanovskaya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070762 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant-associated microbiomes play a critical role in plant health, nutrition, growth, and adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the formation pathways of the endospheric microbiome in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) through vertical (seed) and horizontal (substrate) transmission in hydroponic and soil environments. [...] Read more.

Plant-associated microbiomes play a critical role in plant health, nutrition, growth, and adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the formation pathways of the endospheric microbiome in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) through vertical (seed) and horizontal (substrate) transmission in hydroponic and soil environments. The bacterial microbiomes from the seeds, roots, leaves, and substrates were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The seed microbiome contained 236 OTUs dominated by Verrucomicrobia (31%) and Firmicutes (29%). Rhizospheric soil contained 1594 OTUs, while the hydroponic solution had 448 OTUs. The root endosphere from soil-grown lettuce contained 295 OTUs, compared with 177 in hydroponic conditions, and the leaf microbiome contained 43 OTUs in soil and 115 OTUs in hydroponics. In total, 30–51% of the leaf and root microbiomes originated from the seed microbiota, while 53–65% of the root microbiome originated from the substrate. Microbiome overlap was observed between the rhizospheric soil and the root microbiome. This study provides new insights into the microbiome of lettuce seeds and the pathways of formation of the endospheric microbiome in adult plants. These findings lay the groundwork for future research aimed at better understanding microbiome dynamics in leafy crops and plant protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Serum suPAR Levels in Patients with Group 1 and Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension

by Abdullah Tunçez, Muhammed Ulvi Yalçın, Hüseyin Tezcan, Bülent Behlül Altunkeser, Bahadır Öztürk, Canan Aydoğan, Aslıhan Toprak, Onur Can Polat, Nazif Aygül, Kenan Demir, Kadri Murat Gürses, Yasin Özen, Fikret Akyürek and Hatice Betül Tunçez

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4671; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134671 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder with high morbidity and mortality, partly driven by chronic inflammation. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) reflects immune activation. We evaluated whether suPAR is altered in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and its association [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder with high morbidity and mortality, partly driven by chronic inflammation. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) reflects immune activation. We evaluated whether suPAR is altered in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and its association with clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory parameters. Methods: We enrolled 44 PH patients (36 in Group 1, 8 in Group 4) and 45 healthy controls. All underwent clinical and echocardiographic assessments; right heart catheterization was performed in the PH patients. Serum suPAR was measured by ELISA. N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also assessed. Results: The suPAR plasma levels in the PH group were between 23.91 and 960.8 pg/mL (median: 73.14 p25: 62.77, p75: 167.13). suPAR was significantly higher in PH versus controls (73.14 [62.77–167.13] vs. 65.52 [53.06–80.91] pg/mL; p = 0.012). In logistic regression, systolic blood pressure, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, NT-proBNP, and suPAR independently predicted PH. suPAR correlated negatively with six-minute walk distance (r = −0.310) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = −0.295) but positively with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.241). On multivariate analysis, six-minute walk distance was the only independent correlate of suPAR (p = 0.004). suPAR levels did not differ between Group 1 and Group 4 PH. Conclusions: suPAR is elevated in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and correlates with functional and echocardiographic indices of disease severity. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine suPAR’s role in diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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2409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Physically Activated Carbons from Vitellaria paradoxa Shells for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications

by Joshua Atta Alabi, Neda Nazari, Daniel Nframah Ampong, Frank Ofori Agyemang, Mark Adom-Asamoah, Richard Opoku, Rene Zahrhuber, Christoph Unterweger and Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070224 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance [...] Read more.

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance electrode materials while addressing waste management. Carbonization followed by activation yielded 16.5% (CO₂) and 11.3% (steam) activation yields, with total yields of 4.3% and 2.9%, respectively. CO₂ activation produced carbon (AC_CO₂) with a specific surface area (S_BET) of 1528 m² g⁻¹ and a total pore volume of 0.72 cm³ g⁻¹, a graphitization degree (I_D/I_G = 1.0), and low charge transfer resistance (9.05 Ω), delivering a specific capacitance of 47.5 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, an energy density of 9.5 Wh kg⁻¹ at 299 W kg⁻¹, and a fast discharge time of 2.10 s, ideal for power-intensive applications. Steam activation yielded carbon (AC_H₂O) with a higher specific surface area (1842 m² g⁻¹) and pore volume (1.57 cm³ g⁻¹), achieving a superior specific capacitance of 102.2 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ and a power density of 204 W kg⁻¹ at 9.2 Wh kg⁻¹, suited for energy storage. AC_CO₂ also exhibited exceptional cyclic stability (90% retention after 10,000 cycles). These findings demonstrate SNS-derived activated carbon as a versatile, eco-friendly material, with CO₂ activation optimizing power delivery and steam activation enhancing energy capacity, offering tailored solutions for supercapacitor applications and sustainable waste utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lumpectomy May Negatively Impact Survival in Female Dogs with Mammary Carcinomas

by Sheila Santana de Mello, Aracelle Alves de Avila Fagundes, Francisco C. D. Mota and Alessandra A. M. Ronchi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070631 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs, with mastectomy being the primary treatment. The impact of mastectomy type on survival remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of different surgical techniques on the survival of female dogs with mammary carcinomas. [...] Read more.

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs, with mastectomy being the primary treatment. The impact of mastectomy type on survival remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of different surgical techniques on the survival of female dogs with mammary carcinomas. A total of 307 dogs with 734 mammary tumors were analyzed. Ages ranged from 1 to 17 years, with mixed breeds comprising 48.9%. Most tumors (92.9%) were malignant, predominantly carcinoma in a mixed tumor (30.2%). Unilateral mastectomy was the most common technique (65.8%). Lumpectomy showed the shortest mean survival (179 days) and was associated with a 4.9-fold increased risk of death (p = 0.009). There was no significant association between surgical technique and overall survival or recurrence of mammary carcinoma (p = 0.2). This study relied on owner-reported data for survival and tumor recurrence. Lumpectomy appears to be associated with shorter survival times in female dogs with mammary carcinoma. Therefore, it may be advisable to reconsider this technique as a primary treatment option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of ESG Scores and ESG Momentum on Stock Returns and Volatility: Evidence from U.S. Markets

by Luis Jacob Escobar-Saldívar, Dacio Villarreal-Samaniego and Roberto J. Santillán-Salgado

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070367 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on financial performance remains a subject of debate, as the literature reports mixed evidence regarding their effect on stock returns. This research aims to examine the relationship between ESG ratings and the change in [...] Read more.

The impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on financial performance remains a subject of debate, as the literature reports mixed evidence regarding their effect on stock returns. This research aims to examine the relationship between ESG ratings and the change in ESG scores, or ESG Momentum, concerning both returns and risk of a large sample of stocks traded on U.S. exchanges. The study examined a sample of 3856 stocks traded on U.S. exchanges, considering 20 years of quarterly data from December 2002 to December 2022. We applied multi-factor models and tested them through pooled ordinary, fixed effects, and random effects panel regression methods. Our results show negative relationships between ESG scores and stock returns and between ESG Momentum and volatility. Contrarily, we find positive associations between ESG Momentum and returns and between ESG scores and volatility. Although high ESG scores are generally associated with lower long-term stock returns, an increase in a company’s ESG rating tends to translate into immediate positive returns and reduced risk. Accordingly, investors may benefit from strategies that focus on companies actively improving their ESG performance, while firms themselves stand to gain by signaling continuous advancement in ESG-related areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Corporate Finance and Governance)

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8947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Heritage and Lacustrine Landscape Conservation: The Case of “Procession of The Wise Men” in Cajititlán, Jalisco

by David Fabricio Alvarado-Ramírez, Pedro Lina Manjarrez, José Teodoro Silva García, Gustavo Cruz-Cárdenas and Paloma Gallegos Tejeda

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6047; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136047 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Although lagoons are sites of water accumulation and runoff where a variety of animal species and plant varieties inhabit, they have also been positioned as spaces where rituals and religious practices take place, from which the transmission of knowledge emanates, and social activities [...] Read more.

Although lagoons are sites of water accumulation and runoff where a variety of animal species and plant varieties inhabit, they have also been positioned as spaces where rituals and religious practices take place, from which the transmission of knowledge emanates, and social activities are strengthened. The Laguna de Cajititlán (Cajititlán Lagoon) in the town of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, México is a lacustrine landscape that faces a state of fragility due to incessant processes of urbanization along with basin desiccation and wastewater pollution. However, the community of Cajititlán has managed to protect its lacustrine landscape through the rescue of the religious tradition of the Procesión Los Santos Reyes (Procession of the Wise Men). Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze how this tradition, as cultural heritage, has influenced the conservation of the lacustrine landscape. We conclude that cultural heritage and the lacustrine landscape are bidirectionally correlated because fostering Indigenous traditions like the Procesión in Cajititlán, as a manifestation of devotion and faith, enhances identity, promotes tourism, and supports conservation practices and the sustainability of the lacustrine landscape. At the same time, conservation of the lacustrine landscape enables the preservation of cultural heritage, generating an interdependent relationship between these elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development)

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24 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can They Keep You Hooked? Impact of Streamers’ Social Capital on User Stickiness in E-Commerce Live Streaming

by Juan Tan, Yanling Dong, Wenjing Zhao, Qiong Tan and Rui Liu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030158 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Amid the rapid growth of social media and live streaming platforms, streamers, who serve as a crucial link between products and users, have garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. This study explores the impact of the streamer’s social capital (S) on [...] Read more.

Amid the rapid growth of social media and live streaming platforms, streamers, who serve as a crucial link between products and users, have garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. This study explores the impact of the streamer’s social capital (S) on user stickiness (R), as well as the mediating roles of perceived value and flow experience (O) in light of the Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) framework and social capital theory. A total of 322 valid samples were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The results from the SEM indicate that the structural capital, cognitive capital, and relational capital of streamers in e-commerce live streaming significantly influence users’ perceived value, while structural capital and relational capital substantially impact users’ flow experience. Furthermore, both perceived value and flow experience are found to have a significant effect on user stickiness, with chained mediating effects observed between perceived value and flow experience. The fsQCA results further identify three configurational paths influencing user stickiness: the perceived value-oriented path, the flow experience-oriented path, and a hybrid path. This study offers valuable insights and practical implications for e-commerce merchants and companies involved in live streaming activities. Full article

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25 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysing the Factors Contributing to the Decline of Auditors Globally and Avenue for Future Research: A Scoping Review

by Thameenah Abrahams and Masibulele Phesa

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070363 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aim: This article explores the contributing factors to the decline in the number of auditors globally and aims to provide the consequences and possible recommendations. Auditors play a critical role in ensuring transparency, trust, and credibility of financial statements. However, the profession is [...] Read more.

Aim: This article explores the contributing factors to the decline in the number of auditors globally and aims to provide the consequences and possible recommendations. Auditors play a critical role in ensuring transparency, trust, and credibility of financial statements. However, the profession is experiencing a decline across the globe. The decrease in the number of registered auditors has become a pressing issue, raising concerns about the future of the assurance industry’s ability to maintain the number of registered auditors and continue providing assurance services to public and private entities or companies. Methodology: A scoping-review methodology was adopted to analyse the existing literature on the global decline in the number of auditors. This approach utilises research evidence to identify trends, challenges, and opportunities within the audit profession. Relevant studies were sourced from databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, as well as the grey literature. Main findings: This study identifies a combination of factors driving the decline of auditors globally. Economic pressures, such as cost reduction initiatives and outsourcing, have impacted the demand for traditional auditing services. Complex regulatory requirements have increased barriers to entry, while technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence, are disrupting traditional auditing roles. Additionally, the profession suffers from negative perceptions regarding workload, remuneration, and work–life balance, discouraging new entrants. Practical implications: The findings emphasise the urgent need for the auditing profession to adapt to evolving challenges. Stakeholders, including regulatory bodies and professional organisations, must address issues such as technological integration, career development pathways, and regulatory simplification. Enhanced public awareness campaigns and training initiatives are critical to attracting and retaining professional talent. Contribution: This study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on the global decline of auditors by creating a broad spectrum of evidence. It highlights actionable strategies to address the profession’s challenges and provides a foundation for future research on sustaining the relevance of auditors in a dynamic global economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Management)

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15 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Thriving of Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa in Mining Areas: Their Adaptation and Tolerance Under Extreme Levels of Cu and Mn

by Alfonso Álvarez-Villa, Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea, Kadiya Calderón, Katiushka Arévalo-Niño, Guadalupe López-Avilés and Francisco Javier Almendariz-Tapia

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070140 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Understanding microbial adaptation and tolerance based on the cellular concentration and biosorption capacity provides critical insights for evaluating microbial performance under heavy metal stress, which is essential for selecting efficient strains or consortia for bioremediation applications. In this study, the adaptation and tolerance [...] Read more.

Understanding microbial adaptation and tolerance based on the cellular concentration and biosorption capacity provides critical insights for evaluating microbial performance under heavy metal stress, which is essential for selecting efficient strains or consortia for bioremediation applications. In this study, the adaptation and tolerance of Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa to elevated concentrations of copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) were investigated by introducing the maximum adaptation concentration (MAC) alongside the maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A Gaussian model was fitted to the relative growth responses to estimate the MACs, MTCs, and MICs. B. megaterium exhibited MACs of 4.6 ppm Cu and 393.9 ppm Mn, while R. mucilaginosa showed MACs of 59.6 ppm Cu and 64.4 ppm Mn, corresponding to concentrations that stimulated their maximum cell density. A biosorption analysis revealed average capacities of 6.3 ± 5.3 mg Cu/g biomass and 28.6 ± 17.2 mg Mn/g biomass, positively correlated with the MTCs, indicating enhanced metal uptake under sublethal stress. The co-culture assays demonstrated dynamic microbial interactions shaped by the type and concentration of metal, including coexistence, competitive substitution, and dominance by tolerance. These findings support the use of MACs as indicators of growth stimulation and MTCs as thresholds for enhanced metal uptake, providing a dual-parameter framework for selecting metallotolerant microorganisms for metal recovery strategies. Full article

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25 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Severely Symptomatic Cucurbits in Croatia Dominantly Harbor a Complex of Potyviruses Including the Emerging Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus

by Martin Jagunić, Dorotea Grbin, Marko Marohnić, Adrijana Novak, Ana Marija Čajkulić and Dijana Škorić

Agronomy 2025, 15(7), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071613 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Potyviruses (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus), including emerging ones, pose a growing threat to cucurbit production. This study presents the first virome analysis of severely symptomatic cucurbits in continental Croatia, combining high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and RT-PCR diagnostics. Zucchini, cucumber, and butternut squash [...] Read more.

Potyviruses (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus), including emerging ones, pose a growing threat to cucurbit production. This study presents the first virome analysis of severely symptomatic cucurbits in continental Croatia, combining high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and RT-PCR diagnostics. Zucchini, cucumber, and butternut squash plants with severe virus-like symptoms sampled in 2021–2022 were found to consistently host a complex of potyviruses, including watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV)—the latter being newly reported in Croatia and representing likely its northernmost detection in Europe. Phylogenetic analysis classified WMV isolates as emerging strains of subgroup EM3 and ZYMV as subgroup A1, consistent with European lineages. Croatian MWMV isolates formed a distinct subclade within the Mediterranean group, raising questions about its diversification trajectory. The findings highlight the expanding range of MWMV and underscore the value of HTS for early detection of emerging threats. These results have critical implications for cucurbit disease management, indicating the need to re-evaluate resistance claims in commercial cultivars and implement stricter phytosanitary surveillance in Croatia. The potential role of climate change in facilitating virus spread via aphid vectors is discussed, warranting further risk assessment and international monitoring efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Plant Diseases: Emerging Threats and Advances in Plant Protection)

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25 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Assessment of Electrified Heavy-Duty Trailers Based on the Methods Developed for EU Legislation (VECTO Trailer)

by Stefan Present and Martin Rexeis

Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030077 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Since 1 January 2024, newly produced heavy-duty trailers are subject to the assessment of their performance regarding CO₂ and fuel consumption according to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362. The method is based on the already established approach for the CO₂ and energy [...] Read more.

Since 1 January 2024, newly produced heavy-duty trailers are subject to the assessment of their performance regarding CO₂ and fuel consumption according to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362. The method is based on the already established approach for the CO₂ and energy consumption evaluation of trucks and buses, i.e., applying a combination of component testing and vehicle simulation using the software VECTO (Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol). For the evaluation of trailers, generic conventional towing vehicles in combination with the specific CO₂ and fuel consumption-relevant properties of the trailer, such as mass, aerodynamics, rolling resistance etc., are simulated in the “VECTO Trailer” software. The corresponding results are used in the European HDV CO₂ standards with which manufacturers must comply to avoid penalty payments (2030: −10% for semitrailers and −7.5% for trailers compared with the baseline year 2025). Methodology and legislation are currently being extended to also cover the effects of electrified trailers (trailers with an electrified axle and/or electrically supplied auxiliaries) on CO₂, electrical energy consumption, and electric range extension (special use case in combination with a battery-electric towing vehicle). This publication gives an overview of the developed regulatory framework and methods to be implemented in a future extension of VECTO Trailer as well as a comparison of different e-trailer configurations and usage scenarios regarding their impact on CO₂, energy consumption, and electric range by applying the developed methods in a preliminary potential analysis. Results from this analysis indicate that e-trailers that use small batteries (5–50 kWh) to power electric refrigeration units achieve a CO₂ reduction of 5–10%, depending primarily on battery capacity. In contrast, e-trailers designed for propulsion support with larger batteries (50–500 kWh) and e-axle(s) (50–500 kW) demonstrate a reduction potential of up to 40%, largely determined by battery capacity and e-axle rating. Despite their reduction potential, market acceptance of e-trailers remains uncertain as the higher number of trailers compared with towing vehicles could lead to slow adoption, especially of the more expensive configurations. Full article

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16 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Destructive Detection of Current Internal Disorders and Prediction of Future Appearance in Mango Fruit Using Portable Vis-NIR Spectroscopy

by Jasciane da Silva Alves, Bruna Parente de Carvalho Pires, Luana Ferreira dos Santos, Tiffany da Silva Ribeiro, Kerry Brian Walsh, Ederson Akio Kido and Sergio Tonetto de Freitas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070759 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

A method based on Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning-based modeling for non-destructive detection of the internal disorders of black flesh, spongy tissue, jelly seed, and soft nose in mango fruit was developed using the vis-NIR spectra of intact mango fruit of three cultivars [...] Read more.

A method based on Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning-based modeling for non-destructive detection of the internal disorders of black flesh, spongy tissue, jelly seed, and soft nose in mango fruit was developed using the vis-NIR spectra of intact mango fruit of three cultivars sourced from three orchards in each of the two seasons, with spectra collected both at harvest and after storage. After spectra were acquired of the stored fruit, the fruit cheeks were cut longitudinally to allow visual assessment of the incidence of the internal disorders. Five models were evaluated: two tree-based algorithms (J48 and random forest), one neural network (multilayer perceptron, MLP), and two SVM training algorithms (sequential minimal optimization, SMO, and LibSVM). The models were evaluated using a tenfold cross-validation approach. Non-destructive discrimination of health from all disordered and healthy fruit from fruit with specific disorders was achieved with an accuracy ranging from 72.3 to 97.0% when using spectra collected at harvest and 63.7 to 96.2% when using spectra collected after ripening. No one machine learning algorithm out-performed other methods—for spectra collected at harvest, the highest discrimination accuracy was achieved with RF and MLP for black flesh, J48 for spongy tissue, and LibSVM for soft nose and jelly seed. For spectra collected of stored fruit, the highest discrimination accuracy was achieved with SMO for jelly seed and RF for soft nose. A recommendation is made for the consideration of ensemble models in future. The ability to predict the development of the disorder using spectra of at-harvest fruit offers the potential to guide postharvest practices and reduce incidence of internal disorders in mangoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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15 pages, 5288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mesoscale Particle Method for Simulation of Boundary Slip Phenomena in Fluid Systems

by Alexander E. Filippov, Mikhail Popov and Valentin L. Popov

Computation 2025, 13(7), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070155 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The present work aimed to develop a simple simulation tool to support studies of slip and other non-traditional boundary conditions in solid–fluid interactions. A mesoscale particle model (movable automata) was chosen to enable performant simulation of all relevant aspects of the system, including [...] Read more.

The present work aimed to develop a simple simulation tool to support studies of slip and other non-traditional boundary conditions in solid–fluid interactions. A mesoscale particle model (movable automata) was chosen to enable performant simulation of all relevant aspects of the system, including phase changes, plastic deformation and flow, interface phenomena, turbulence, etc. The physical system under study comprised two atomically flat surfaces composed of particles of different sizes and separated by a model fluid formed by moving particles with repulsing cores of different sizes and long-range attraction. The resulting simulation method was tested under a variety of particle densities and conditions. It was shown that the particles can enter different (solid, liquid, and gaseous) states, depending on the effective temperature (kinetic energy caused by surface motion and random noise generated by spatially distributed Langevin sources). The local order parameter and formation of solid domains was studied for systems with varying density. Heating of the region close to one of the plates could change the density of the liquid in its proximity and resulted in chaotization (turbulence); it also dramatically changed the system configuration, the direction of the average flow, and reduced the effective friction force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Engineering)

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21 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Gold Ore Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques with Textural and Chemical Data

by Fabrizzio Rodrigues Costa, Cleyton de Carvalho Carneiro and Carina Ulsen

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070248 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Specific computational methods, such as machine learning algorithms, can assist mining professionals in quickly and consistently identifying and addressing classification issues related to mineralized horizons, as well as uncovering key variables that impact predictive outcomes, many of which were previously difficult to observe. [...] Read more.

Specific computational methods, such as machine learning algorithms, can assist mining professionals in quickly and consistently identifying and addressing classification issues related to mineralized horizons, as well as uncovering key variables that impact predictive outcomes, many of which were previously difficult to observe. The integration of numerical and categorical variables, which are part of a dataset for defining ore grades, is part of the daily routine of professionals who obtain the data and manipulate the various phases of analysis in a mining project. Several supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods and applications integrate a wide variety of algorithms that aim at the efficient recognition of patterns and similarities and the ability to make accurate and assertive decisions. The objective of this study is the classification of gold ore or gangue through supervised machine learning methods using numerical variables represented by grade and categorical variables obtained through drillholes descriptions. Four groups of variables were selected with different variable configurations. The application of classification algorithms to different groups of variables aimed to observe the variables of importance and the impact of each one on the classification, in addition to testing the best algorithm in terms of accuracy and precision. The datasets were subjected to training, validation, and testing using the decision tree, random forest, Adaboost, XGBoost, and logistic regression methods. The evaluation was randomly divided into training (60%) and testing (40%) with 10-fold cross-validation. The results revealed that the XGBoost algorithm obtained the best performance, with an accuracy of 0.96 for scenario C1. In the SHAP analysis, the variable As was prominent in the predictions, mainly in scenarios C1 and C3. The arsenic class (Class_As), present mainly in scenario C4, had a significant positive weight in the classification. In the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Area Under the Curve (AUC) curves, the results showed that XGBoost/scenario C1 obtained the highest AUC of 0.985, indicating that the algorithm had the best performance in ore/gangue classification of the sample set. The logistic regression algorithm together with AdaBoost had the worst performance, also varying between scenarios. Full article

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17 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exercises Based on a Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Application for Upper Limb Rehabilitation

by Cosmin-Ilie Cotia and Silviu Dan Mandru

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070726 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) technologies have gained increasing attention in the field of physical rehabilitation due to their potential to enhance patient engagement and provide adaptive, feedback-rich environments. In this study, we report on the development and preliminary evaluation of a VR-based rehabilitation application [...] Read more.

Virtual reality (VR) technologies have gained increasing attention in the field of physical rehabilitation due to their potential to enhance patient engagement and provide adaptive, feedback-rich environments. In this study, we report on the development and preliminary evaluation of a VR-based rehabilitation application aimed at improving upper extremity function, including muscle strength, endurance, and joint mobility. The application delivers a structured set of interactive exercises designed to support recovery through engaging, gamified tasks with real-time performance feedback and scalable difficulty levels. A pilot usability study was conducted with a cohort of target users to assess the system’s practicality, therapeutic relevance, and user satisfaction. Qualitative data were collected to evaluate usability, effectiveness, and areas for further improvement. Preliminary results suggest that the VR application is usable, accessible, and well-received by users, with high levels of engagement reported throughout the intervention. Participants also provided constructive feedback, emphasizing the potential benefits of incorporating enhanced sensory feedback mechanisms to improve immersion and therapeutic impact. These initial findings support the viability of VR-based rehabilitation tools and provide a foundation for future clinical studies aimed at validating their efficacy in diverse patient populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality and Extended Reality Solutions for Biomedical Applications)

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24 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

STA-3D: Combining Spatiotemporal Attention and 3D Convolutional Networks for Robust Deepfake Detection

by Jingbo Wang, Jun Lei, Shuohao Li and Jun Zhang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071037 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Recent advancements in deep learning have driven the rapid proliferation of deepfake generation techniques, raising substantial concerns over digital security and trustworthiness. Most current detection methods primarily focus on spatial or frequency domain features but show limited effectiveness when dealing with compressed videos [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in deep learning have driven the rapid proliferation of deepfake generation techniques, raising substantial concerns over digital security and trustworthiness. Most current detection methods primarily focus on spatial or frequency domain features but show limited effectiveness when dealing with compressed videos and cross-dataset scenarios. Observing that mainstream generation methods use frame-by-frame synthesis without adequate temporal consistency constraints, we introduce the Spatiotemporal Attention 3D Network (STA-3D), a novel framework that combines a lightweight spatiotemporal attention module with a 3D convolutional architecture to improve detection robustness. The proposed attention module adopts a symmetric multi-branch architecture, where each branch follows a nearly identical processing pipeline to separately model temporal-channel, temporal-spatial, and intra-spatial correlations. Our framework additionally implements Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) layers along the temporal axis, enabling adaptive modeling regardless of input video length. Furthermore, we mitigate the inherent asymmetry in the quantity of authentic and forged samples by replacing standard cross entropy with focal loss for training. This integration facilitates the simultaneous exploitation of inter-frame temporal discontinuities and intra-frame spatial artifacts, achieving competitive performance across various benchmark datasets under different compression conditions: for the intra-dataset setting on FF++, it improves the average accuracy by 1.09 percentage points compared to existing SOTA, with a more significant gain of 1.63 percentage points under the most challenging C40 compression level (particularly for NeuralTextures, achieving an improvement of 4.05 percentage points); while for the intra-dataset setting, AUC is enhanced by 0.24 percentage points on the DFDC-P dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications Based on Symmetry and Asymmetry in Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence Methods)

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26 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Criteria of Private Equity Investment in Emerging Markets: The Case of Tunisia

by Amira Neffati, Wided Khiari, Azhaar Lajmi and Farah Mejri

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070358 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before [...] Read more.

Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before investing in a firm’s capital. This work aims to analyze the criteria of private equity investment and explore how Tunisian private equity investors make investment decisions. The methodology applied aligns with prior works studying investment criteria used by private equity investors. Results show that 100% of investors prefer to invest in firms that aim to achieve some growth and are in the development phase. In addition, under informational asymmetry between entrepreneurs and investors, the latter place greater importance on the business plan, information gathered during interviews with promoters, and information on the products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Corporate Finance and Governance)

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43 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Strategies for Nutraceutical Delivery: Advances in Bionanomedicine for Enhanced Nutritional Health

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Alvaro Bustamante-Sanchez, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera and Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco

Biomimetics 2025, 10(7), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10070426 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Biomimetic strategies have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance the delivery, stability, and functionality of nutraceuticals by emulating natural biological systems. However, the literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated technologies without integrating regulatory, predictive, or translational perspectives. Objective: This [...] Read more.

Background: Biomimetic strategies have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance the delivery, stability, and functionality of nutraceuticals by emulating natural biological systems. However, the literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated technologies without integrating regulatory, predictive, or translational perspectives. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive and multidisciplinary synthesis of biomimetic and bio-inspired nanocarrier strategies for nutraceutical delivery, while identifying critical gaps in standardization, scalability, and clinical translation. Results: We present a structured classification matrix that maps biomimetic delivery systems by material type, target site, and bioactive compound class. In addition, we analyze predictive design tools (e.g., PBPK modeling and AI-based formulation), regulatory frameworks (e.g., EFSA, FDA, and GSRS), and risk-driven strategies as underexplored levers to accelerate innovation. The review also integrates ethical and environmental considerations, and highlights emerging trends such as multifunctional hybrid systems and green synthesis routes. Conclusions: By bridging scientific, technological, and regulatory domains, this review offers a novel conceptual and translational roadmap to guide the next generation of biomimetic nutraceutical delivery systems. It addresses key bottlenecks and proposes integrative strategies to enhance design precision, safety, and scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biogenic and Biomimetic Materials: From Bionanomedicine to Environmental Applications and Beyond)

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22 pages, 4455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Engineering Behavior of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Empirical Modeling

by Ahmad B. Malkawi

Infrastructures 2025, 10(7), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10070168 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

The present work investigates the characteristics of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) in terms of compressive, splitting, and flexural strength, elasticity modulus, and stress–strain relationship. Datasets including 726 observations were collected from the sorted literature, and regression models were proposed. These models were [...] Read more.

The present work investigates the characteristics of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) in terms of compressive, splitting, and flexural strength, elasticity modulus, and stress–strain relationship. Datasets including 726 observations were collected from the sorted literature, and regression models were proposed. These models were then validated using experimental results obtained from 12 different mixtures prepared and tested in this research. Finally, the models were compared with the current models of several codes for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. The proposed models provided good accuracy with a determination coefficient greater than 60% for all models; such a value is considered large enough for big datasets. The behavior of GPC is not well-represented by OPC concrete standards, and GPC also displays a lower elastic modulus at similar strength. A constitutive model is proposed to describe GPC’s full stress–strain response, with the resulting equations providing relatively accurate predictions of its mechanical behavior. Compared to OPC concrete, GPC shows notably greater deformation, characterized by a wider range and higher average for both strain at peak stress (mean 0.00296) and ultimate strain (mean 0.01002). This work’s results may prompt further detailed research on GPC’s mechanical and, importantly, structural behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Materials and Constructions)

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24 pages, 3635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Consumer Acceptance of Metaverse Marketing for Branding Activities and the Pre-Purchase Stage

by Yuk Ming Tang, Jessie Kwan Ning Wong and G. T. S. Ho

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030159 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Metaverse is reshaping how brands approach marketing, providing alternative and innovative methods for marketers to redefine their brands and reinvent the customer experience. Different sectors are still exploring the possibilities of the metaverse and are now adopting a test-and-learning mindset. This study explores [...] Read more.

Metaverse is reshaping how brands approach marketing, providing alternative and innovative methods for marketers to redefine their brands and reinvent the customer experience. Different sectors are still exploring the possibilities of the metaverse and are now adopting a test-and-learning mindset. This study explores consumer acceptance of metaverse marketing for branding and pre-purchase activities, comparing its effectiveness with social media platforms. Using a survey of 197 participants (45% experiencing a metaverse space on Spatial.io, 55% using Instagram), we investigated factors influencing intention to use and purchase intention through a closed-ended questionnaire. The results show that perceived usefulness is the primary driver of use intention in the metaverse (β = 0.573, p < 0.001), while habit significantly influences platform preference, particularly for social media (β = 0.767, p < 0.001). These findings provide marketers with actionable insights to leverage interactive virtual environments, enhancing branding and pre-purchase experiences by prioritizing usability and familiarity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Digital Technologies and Consumer Behavior)

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13 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Air Quality on Pediatric Asthma-Related Emergency Room Visits in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

by Abdullah A. Yousef, Reem Fahad AlShammari, Sarah AlBugami, Bushra Essa AlAbbas and Fedaa Abdulkareem AlMossally

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4659; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134659 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pediatric asthma is a leading cause of emergency department visits, and air pollution is a known primary environmental trigger. Although worldwide air pollutants have been associated with asthma exacerbations, limited data have been reported in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pediatric asthma is a leading cause of emergency department visits, and air pollution is a known primary environmental trigger. Although worldwide air pollutants have been associated with asthma exacerbations, limited data have been reported in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between air pollution and pediatric asthma admissions among children aged 2 to 14 years old at King Fahd Hospital of the University Hospital (KFHU). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, over 366 days, including 1750 pediatric asthma-related ER visits and daily concentrations of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃) and meteorological factors (temperature and humidity). Various statistical models, such as Poisson regression and ARIMA, were applied to determine the association between pollutants levels and hospital ER visits. The data were visit-based in nature, and it was not possible to follow up with repeat visits or for admission status for individual patients. Results: Elevated levels of PM_2.5, NO₂, and CO were significantly associated with more pediatric asthma ER visits, mainly on the same day and with short lags. PM_2.5 displayed the strongest association, consistent with its deeper pulmonary penetration and greater toxicity. Also, PM₁₀ levels were inversely associated with ER visits, possibly due to particle size and deposition location differences. Significantly correlated with increased ER visits are lower ambient temperature and higher humidity. Conclusions: This study offers strong evidence on the relationship between air pollution and pediatric asthma events, in turn highlighting the vital importance of air quality regulation, public health policies, and clinical vigilance for environmental exposures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Otolaryngology)

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