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25 pages, 618 KB  
Review
From Multidimensional Management to Mechanistic Insight: A Review of Interventions for Hyperuricemia
by Quan Sun and Lijun Yin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031426 (registering DOI) - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
As a major metabolic abnormality following hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia has emerged as a significant global public health issue. The pathological mechanisms of hyperuricemia are complex; it not only directly triggers gout but is also closely associated with various chronic diseases, such [...] Read more.
As a major metabolic abnormality following hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia has emerged as a significant global public health issue. The pathological mechanisms of hyperuricemia are complex; it not only directly triggers gout but is also closely associated with various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, posing a systemic threat to individual health. This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, and related risk factors of hyperuricemia, and especially focuses on the research advances and mechanisms of comprehensive intervention strategies, including diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle modifications. Dietary interventions primarily function by regulating the activity of enzymes and transporters related to uric acid metabolism, ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis, and alleviating inflammatory responses. Exercise interventions synergistically improve uric acid homeostasis through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of purine metabolic enzyme activity and the improvements of body composition, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Pharmacotherapy, serving as a core measure for patients with moderate-to-severe conditions, directly lowers serum uric acid levels by inhibiting uric acid production or promoting excretion. Although various intervention modalities exhibit distinct effects in regulating uric acid production, promoting excretion, and improving the metabolic-inflammatory environment, challenges such as significant heterogeneity in individual response and uncertainty regarding long-term efficacy remain prevalent. Furthermore, given the increasing trend toward a younger onset of hyperuricemia, prevention and control strategies targeting children and adolescents require urgent reinforcement. Future efforts should focus on conducting multi-center, large-sample clinical studies with clear mechanisms and establishing individualized health management plans based on population characteristics, thereby promoting the precise prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)
37 pages, 11655 KB  
Article
Large-Scale Sparse Multimodal Multiobjective Optimization via Multi-Stage Search and RL-Assisted Environmental Selection
by Bozhao Chen, Yu Sun and Bei Hua
Electronics 2026, 15(3), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030616 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Multimodal multiobjective optimization problems (MMOPs) are widely encountered in real-world applications. While numerous evolutionary algorithms have been developed to locate equivalent Pareto-optimal solutions, existing Multimodal Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms (MMOEAs) often struggle to handle large-scale decision variables and sparse Pareto sets due to the [...] Read more.
Multimodal multiobjective optimization problems (MMOPs) are widely encountered in real-world applications. While numerous evolutionary algorithms have been developed to locate equivalent Pareto-optimal solutions, existing Multimodal Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms (MMOEAs) often struggle to handle large-scale decision variables and sparse Pareto sets due to the curse of dimensionality and unknown sparsity. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach named MASR-MMEA, which stands for Large-scale Sparse Multimodal Multiobjective Optimization via Multi-stage Search and Reinforcement Learning (RL)-assisted Environmental Selection. Specifically, to enhance search efficiency, a multi-stage framework is established incorporating three key innovations. First, a dual-strategy genetic operator based on improved hybrid encoding is designed, employing sparse-sensing dynamic redistribution for binary vectors and a sparse fuzzy decision framework for real vectors. Second, an affinity-based elite strategy utilizing Mahalanobis distance is introduced to pair real vectors with compatible binary vectors, increasing the probability of generating superior offspring. Finally, an adaptive sparse environmental selection strategy assisted by Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) reinforcement learning is developed. By utilizing the MLP-generated Guiding Vector (GDV) to direct the evolutionary search toward efficient regions and employing an iteration-based adaptive mechanism to regulate genetic operators, this strategy accelerates convergence. Furthermore, it dynamically quantifies population-level sparsity and adjusts selection pressure through a modified crowding distance mechanism to filter structural redundancy, thereby effectively balancing convergence and multimodal diversity. Comparative studies against six state-of-the-art methods demonstrate that MASR-MMEA significantly outperforms existing approaches in terms of both solution quality and convergence speed on large-scale sparse MMOPs. Full article
16 pages, 2780 KB  
Article
PIEZO1 Mediates Apoptosis of Endothelial Cells via Enhancing HMGA2 Expression Under Simulated Microgravity
by Yuan Wang, Ruonan Wang, Xiaodong Qin, Yikai Pan, Chengfei Li and Xiqing Sun
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031425 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity results in cardiovascular deconditioning, with endothelial cell apoptosis recognized as a pivotal initiating event. However, the mechanosensitive mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of mechanosensitive ion channel protein PIEZO1 is upregulated in human [...] Read more.
Exposure to microgravity results in cardiovascular deconditioning, with endothelial cell apoptosis recognized as a pivotal initiating event. However, the mechanosensitive mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of mechanosensitive ion channel protein PIEZO1 is upregulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under simulated microgravity. Functional studies revealed that PIEZO1 activation promotes endothelial apoptosis under simulated microgravity conditions. Proteomic analysis following PIEZO1 knockdown revealed extensive alterations in biological processes associated with apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that PIEZO1 activation triggers calcium influx, leading to elevated expression of the HMGA2. Moreover, we identify that PIEZO1 activation induces calcium influx, which subsequently elevates the expression of HMGA2. The knockdown of HMGA2 significantly mitigated microgravity-induced endothelial apoptosis, indicating its role in PIEZO1-mediated apoptosis. These findings reveal a novel PIEZO1–Ca2+–HMGA2 axis critical for microgravity-induced endothelial apoptosis, providing mechanistic insight into cardiovascular adaptation to spaceflight and potential therapeutic targets for countermeasure development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics)
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23 pages, 4605 KB  
Article
Design and Experiment of Comb-Type Header for Plot Breeding Wheat Harvester Based on EDEM
by Xu Chen, Shujiang Wu, Pengxiang Bao, Xindan Qiao, Chenhui Zhu and Wanzhang Wang
Agriculture 2026, 16(3), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030347 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
To address the problems of high unharvested rates and header loss rates in existing plot-breeding wheat harvesters, this study presents the design of a comb-type header for plot wheat harvesters. Based on the loss suppression mechanism during wheat harvesting, the key components of [...] Read more.
To address the problems of high unharvested rates and header loss rates in existing plot-breeding wheat harvesters, this study presents the design of a comb-type header for plot wheat harvesters. Based on the loss suppression mechanism during wheat harvesting, the key components of the comb-type header were designed. To address the issue in which some wheat ears escape combing during the harvesting process, a multi-stage comb-tooth structure was developed. For the problem of seed retention on the bottom plate of the screw conveyor, the telescopic tooth at the feeding port of the screw conveyor was replaced with a scraper, and a rubber plate was added. To determine the optimal combing time, wheat plant posture changes under the action of the nose (hereinafter referred to as the nose) were analyzed through theoretical analysis, simulation, and bench testing. It was determined that the optimal combing moment occurs when the plants begin to rebound to the maximum reverse bending. On this basis, a numerical simulation model of the header combing system was constructed using the discrete element method, with the header loss rate as the evaluation index to explore the influence of the nose height, the machine forward speed, and the combing drum rotation speed on the header performance. A regression model of header loss was constructed using the Box–Behnken response surface method, and the optimal working parameters were determined as follows: a nose height of 554 mm, a machine forward speed of 0.65 m/s, a combing drum rotation speed of 667 r/min, and the predicted loss rate of 8.59%. To verify the operational performance of the comb-type header, a field test of the wheat-harvesting prototype was conducted. The results showed that, under the optimal working parameters, the header loss rate was 7.24%, no wheat ears escaped combing, and no seed retention occurred in the header, which meets the requirements for plot wheat-breeding harvesting. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and development of small-sized combing harvesters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
22 pages, 3782 KB  
Article
Applying Mechanical Sludge Dewatering with Wood Chips to Foster Sustainability in Wastewater Treatment Plants
by Alaa Rabea, Ibrahim El Kersh, Dimitrios E. Alexakis, Mohamed A. Salem, Khaled A. Abd El-Rahem, Moustafa Gamal Snousy and Abeer El Shahawy
Water 2026, 18(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030360 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
The rising volume of sludge production poses significant environmental threats. Sludge has a high moisture content (MC), which increases its disposal and transport expenses. On the other hand, sludge has low dewaterability due to its high concentration of soluble organic compounds. To reduce [...] Read more.
The rising volume of sludge production poses significant environmental threats. Sludge has a high moisture content (MC), which increases its disposal and transport expenses. On the other hand, sludge has low dewaterability due to its high concentration of soluble organic compounds. To reduce sludge production, understanding and improving preconditioning and mechanical dewatering are crucial for breakthroughs in advanced sludge dewatering. The sludge samples used in this analysis were obtained from the Sarabium municipal wastewater treatment plant, with a moisture content of 97% and a specific filtration resistance (SRF) of 9.15463 × 1015 m/kg. Sludge dewatering was enhanced by treating the samples chemically with ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, Moringa olifera, and cationic polyacrylamide CPAM and physically with wood chips, slag, rice husk, and wheat straw. The experiments examined the sludge’s initial characterization (specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and time to filtrate (TTF)). To verify the structural characteristics (density), elemental composition, and the presence of various functional groups, a characterization investigation was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that chemical conditioning with ferric chloride is better than aluminum sulfate and Moringa. Wood chips also provide better results for physical conditioning than rice husk, wheat straw, and slag. The reaction occurred at the carbonyl group, where FTIR showed more activated sites during SEM analysis, as evidenced by the FTIR results. Still, when CPAM was added to conditioned sludge, there was no difference in sludge dewatering performance, and the activated sites remained unchanged. Hence, this research found that mechanical sludge dewatering was improved by conditioning with ferric chloride (pH of 6 and dose of 0.12 g/g of dry solid) and wood chips (dose of 1.5 g/g of dry solid), which reduced sludge volume after dewatering by 82.5% under low pressure, which in turn minimizes transportation, energy, and handling costs. This study supports SDG 3 and SDG 6 by improving sludge dewatering efficiency and promoting sustainable wastewater management using natural wood chips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on the Utilization of Energy Substances in Sludge from Urban Sewage Treatment Plants)
14 pages, 1138 KB  
Article
Combining Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index with Total Cholesterol to Predict Pneumonia Mortality Risks in a Cohort of General Older Adults
by Rui Yu, Tatsuma Okazaki, Yilin Du, Naoki Suzuki, Takahiro Miura, Midori Miyagi, Mana Kogure, Naoki Nakaya, Atsushi Hozawa and Satoru Ebihara
Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030465 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To examine the importance of a composite measure incorporating the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and total cholesterol (TC), termed TC-GNRI, in predicting pneumonia mortality in community-dwelling aged individuals. Methods: A longitudinal analysis of the Tsurugaya cohort in Japan, including 1124 participants [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To examine the importance of a composite measure incorporating the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and total cholesterol (TC), termed TC-GNRI, in predicting pneumonia mortality in community-dwelling aged individuals. Methods: A longitudinal analysis of the Tsurugaya cohort in Japan, including 1124 participants aged 70 years or older, was used for tracking pneumonia-related deaths for an 11-year period. Total cholesterol thresholds were set at 171 mg/dL (males) and 192 mg/dL (females), classified into higher- and lower-groups. GNRI was divided into higher (≥100.64) and lower (<100.64) groups. A combined index (TC-GNRI) was then created by integrating these indices into three levels: high (both values at or above the thresholds), intermediate (one value above and one below), and low (both below). Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for pneumonia mortality, adjusting for age, gender, smoking, the Timed Up and Go test, %FVC, and tuberculosis, using high groups as references. Results: Kaplan–Meier curves showed that lower total cholesterol and lower GNRI were associated with higher pneumonia mortality than in the respective higher groups. The intermediate- and low-TC-GNRI groups had poorer survival rates than the high group. After adjustment, lower total cholesterol (HR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.41–6.52) and lower GNRI (HR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.21–5.99) were each associated with greater pneumonia mortality than the higher groups. The intermediate- (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.18–6.70) and low-TC-GNRI (HR = 6.17, 95% CI 2.15–17.74) groups showed greater pneumonia mortality than the high group. Conclusions: TC-GNRI may provide additional value in indicating pneumonia mortality risk than total cholesterol or GNRI alone. TC-GNRI may be a valuable tool for identifying older adults at particularly high risk of pneumonia mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Health Outcomes in Older People Eligible for Rehabilitation)
13 pages, 4701 KB  
Article
Physiological and Biochemical Aspects in Physalis angulata L. Accessions Cultivated Under Water Deficit
by Robson de Jesus Santos, Marilza Neves do Nascimento, Romeu da Silva Leite, Gabriela Torres-Silva, Uasley Caldas De Oliveira, Aritana Alves da Silva, Maryelle Vanilla de Abreu Cerqueira and Gabrielly dos Santos Lima Oliveira
Horticulturae 2026, 12(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12020172 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Drought is the primary stress factor in semiarid environments. Consequently, selecting plant genetic resources capable of tolerating temporary periods of water scarcity, such as Physalis angulata, becomes essential. This study aimed to identify P. angulata accessions with potential for use under water [...] Read more.
Drought is the primary stress factor in semiarid environments. Consequently, selecting plant genetic resources capable of tolerating temporary periods of water scarcity, such as Physalis angulata, becomes essential. This study aimed to identify P. angulata accessions with potential for use under water deficit conditions by evaluating plant water status and physiological and biochemical responses. Five accessions, including two from Bahia (BA1 and BA2), Pará-PA, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, and Piauí-PI, were grown under well-watered and water deficit conditions. Relative water content, gas exchange parameters, and organic solute accumulation were assessed. All accessions exhibited changes in plant water status and reductions in CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and leaf transpiration under water deficit. The accumulation of compatible solutes varied among accessions, with notable contrasts between Bahia accession 2 and Pará accession, particularly for total soluble sugars and reducing sugars. These findings highlight the complexity of the species and the distinct mechanisms underlying its response to limited water availability. Overall, gas exchange was the trait most sensitive to water restriction, followed by alterations in biochemical attributes. Therefore, the Physalis angulata accessions from Bahia accession 2 and Pará accession show potential for use under water-deficit conditions and could provide valuable insights, particularly through transcriptome analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops against Abiotic Stresses: Adaptation Skills and Agronomic Strategies)
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31 pages, 465 KB  
Article
Weyl-Type Symmetry and Subalgebra Rigidity in von Neumann Algebras
by Saeed Hashemi Sababe and Mostafa Hassanlou
Mathematics 2026, 14(3), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14030505 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
We propose and develop a unified framework for Weyl-type symmetry in von Neumann algebras. Motivated by recent automorphism-rigidity phenomena that identify finite Weyl groups inside automorphism groups of crossed products arising from lattice actions on homogeneous spaces, we introduce the Weyl group of [...] Read more.
We propose and develop a unified framework for Weyl-type symmetry in von Neumann algebras. Motivated by recent automorphism-rigidity phenomena that identify finite Weyl groups inside automorphism groups of crossed products arising from lattice actions on homogeneous spaces, we introduce the Weyl group of an inclusion W(M;B):=AutB(M)/InnB(M), for a unital inclusion B⊂M of von Neumann algebras, and investigate its structure across several rigidity regimes. Our main results (1) prove finiteness or triviality of W(M;B) for large classes of nonamenable crossed products, including hyperbolic and product-type actions with spectral gap and malleability; (2) establish a subgroup-normalizer rigidity principle for inclusions L(Λ)⊂L(Γ) that identifies AutL(Λ)(L(Γ)) with a discrete group controlled by NΓ(Λ); (3) show that permutation-type symmetry for product/tensor decompositions is the only possible nontrivial symmetry of the underlying group subalgebras; and (4) extend the analysis to type III factors via Maharam extensions and unique-Cartan phenomena, proving that W(M;B) is discrete and often trivial, leaving only modular flows as outer symmetries. Consequences include new computations of outer automorphism groups, constraints on intermediate subalgebras, and classification consequences for crossed products and amalgamated free products. The methods combine Popa’s intertwining-by-bimodules, spectral-gap and s-malleable deformations, boundary/ucp-map rigidity, and groupoid/Cartan techniques. Full article
14 pages, 1563 KB  
Article
Transient Nonlinear Absorption and Optical Limiting Performance of Bithiophenes Derivatives in Near-Infrared Region
by Shuting Li, Yu Chen, Tianyang Dong, Wenfa Zhou, Xingzhi Wu, Li Jiang, Jidong Jia, Junyi Yang, Zhongguo Li and Yinglin Song
Photonics 2026, 13(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020136 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic materials and nonlinear optical materials share inherent commonalities in molecular characteristics—such as strong light absorption, high charge carrier mobility, and tunable energy levels. Therefore, this study selects a bithiophene-fused ring system with photovoltaic application potential as the research subject. Using TTTTB6-2CHO [...] Read more.
Organic photovoltaic materials and nonlinear optical materials share inherent commonalities in molecular characteristics—such as strong light absorption, high charge carrier mobility, and tunable energy levels. Therefore, this study selects a bithiophene-fused ring system with photovoltaic application potential as the research subject. Using TTTTB6-2CHO (TB1) and IDTTB6-2CHO (TB2) as comparative molecules, their nonlinear optical properties in the near-infrared region were systematically investigated. Transient absorption spectroscopy results demonstrate that TB1 exhibits strong and persistent excited-state absorption within the spectral range of 650–900 nm, endowing it with excellent two-photon absorption performance (a cross-section of up to 5591 GM at 650 nm) and an ultralow optical limiting threshold (0.00147 J/cm2 under 800 nm femtosecond laser irradiation). The findings of this study not only confirm the feasibility of developing nonlinear optical materials from photovoltaic candidate molecules but also highlight the effectiveness of the “thiophene-for-benzene substitution” strategy in significantly enhancing optical nonlinearity. These results provide valuable design principles for the development of multifunctional organic optoelectronic materials, particularly for application scenarios such as laser protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Photodetector Technologies)
13 pages, 571 KB  
Article
High-Risk Prostate Cancer Treated with Radiation Therapy: Favorable Outcomes in Men with PSA > 20 as the Sole High-Risk Factor
by Aoi Shimomura, Abed R. Kawakibi, Muzamil Arshad and Stanley L. Liauw
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031119 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) classifies prostate cancer with PSA > 20 ng/mL as high risk; however, outcomes within this group are heterogeneous. Emerging data suggest that men with PSA > 20 ng/mL as the sole high-risk feature may have more [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) classifies prostate cancer with PSA > 20 ng/mL as high risk; however, outcomes within this group are heterogeneous. Emerging data suggest that men with PSA > 20 ng/mL as the sole high-risk feature may have more favorable disease biology. We evaluated outcomes of men with prostate cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy (RT), focusing on the prognostic significance of individual high-risk factors. Methods: We analyzed 742 men with prostatic adenocarcinoma treated with curative-intent RT between 2005 and 2021, including 282 meeting traditional NCCN high-risk criteria. Treatment consisted of dose-escalated RT (median 78 Gy), with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) administered to 94% (median duration 28 months). Primary endpoints were freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) and distant metastasis (FFDM). Outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: At 5 years, high-risk patients demonstrated FFBF of 83% and FFDM of 89%, with significantly worse outcomes among very high-risk subgroups. Men with PSA > 20 ng/mL as their only high-risk feature (n = 49) achieved superior outcomes compared with other high-risk patients (5-year FFBF 94% vs. 74%; FFDM 97% vs. 82%; both p = 0.05), comparable to intermediate-risk disease. On multivariable analysis, Gleason score and clinical T-stage independently predicted poorer outcomes, whereas PSA >20 alone did not. Conclusions: PSA > 20 ng/mL as an isolated high-risk feature is associated with favorable outcomes following definitive RT and appears to be the weakest NCCN high-risk criterion. These findings support refined risk stratification and raise the possibility of treatment de-escalation in select patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research in Radiation Oncology: Current Status and Future Directions)
23 pages, 1607 KB  
Review
Recreational Cannabis Use During Human Pregnancy: Its Effects on the Placenta and Endocannabinoid System
by Madhavi S. Harhangi, Lisa Höfert, A. H. Jan Danser, Hilmar H. Bijma, Sinno H. P. Simons, Irwin K. M. Reiss, Sven Baumann and Michelle Broekhuizen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031398 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
The use of cannabis during pregnancy is increasing, in line with its growing societal acceptance and legalization. Cannabis use mainly concerns its active components Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While cannabis has therapeutic effects on pain, nausea, and vomiting, its impact [...] Read more.
The use of cannabis during pregnancy is increasing, in line with its growing societal acceptance and legalization. Cannabis use mainly concerns its active components Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While cannabis has therapeutic effects on pain, nausea, and vomiting, its impact on fetal development remains a significant public health concern. Given the existence of a local endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the placenta, with proven effects on placental development and blood flow, it is likely that THC and CBD exert effects via interference with the placental ECS. This review summarizes how cannabis use affects the placental ECS and describes the consequences of such use on placental function and fetal development. It starts with discussing the placental ECS, the effects of THC and CBD on placental function, and the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids during pregnancy. It then describes the effects of both paternal and maternal cannabis use and provides epidemiological data linking placental insufficiency, impaired fetal growth, and preeclampsia to cannabis use. It also raises awareness for the possibility that cannabis use, by altering DNA methylation, might result in transgenerational effects. It is concluded that current evidence supports abstaining from cannabis use during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation to optimize maternal, fetal, and intergenerational health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances on Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Research, 3rd Edition)
16 pages, 380 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Oral Bacterial Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease According to Periodontal Status: A Clinical Case Series
by Dragoș Nicolae Ciongaru, Silviu Mirel Piţuru, Stana Păunică, Marina Cristina Giurgiu, Ioana Bujdei-Tebeică and Anca-Silvia Dumitriu
Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030362 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease can influence oral health by impairing motor function and altering salivary composition, potentially affecting the oral microbiome. Materials and Methods: The objectives of this study are fourfold: (a) to compare the prevalence of bacterial species associated with periodontal disease in [...] Read more.
Introduction: Parkinson’s disease can influence oral health by impairing motor function and altering salivary composition, potentially affecting the oral microbiome. Materials and Methods: The objectives of this study are fourfold: (a) to compare the prevalence of bacterial species associated with periodontal disease in patients with and without Parkinson’s disease (PD), (b) to assess whether the coexistence of periodontal disease in PD patients contributes to an imbalance in the oral microbiome, (c) to evaluate the correlation between periodontal clinical indices (plaque index, tartar index, bleeding index, and probing depth) and the concentrations of specific periodontopathogenic bacterial species, and (d) to explore the potential implications of these evidences for clinical management and preventive strategies in Parkinson’s patients. The main objective of this study is to compare periodontal clinical indices (plaque index, tartar index, bleeding index, and probing depth) and the bacterial profile of patients with periodontal and Parknson’s disease. Two groups were included: 15 patients with periodontal disease (control group) and 16 patients with both periodontal and Parkinson’s disease (study group). Microbial samples were collected from the periodontal pockets at baseline and analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Perio-Ident 12 kit to detect major periodontal pathogens. Results: Periodontal indices showed no statistically significant differences between groups, although the study group presented lower mean tartar index (49.31% vs. 67.4%, p = 0.069), bleeding on probing (44.31% vs. 56.67%, p = 0.137), and plaque index (66% vs. 68.93%, p = 0.754). Median bacterial loads were generally higher in control group, with Tannerella forsythia, but without statistically significant difference (p = 0.072). Significant correlations between plaque index and multiple pathogens occurred only in control gorup, suggesting disrupted plaque–pathogen dynamics (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results highlight the potential value of integrating clinical and microbiological assessment when managing periodontal disease in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Public Health and Preventive Medicine)
17 pages, 5014 KB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Granite Residual Soil Reinforced by Permeable Water-Reactive Polyurethane
by Shuzhong Tan, Jinyong Li, Dingfeng Cao, Tao Xiao and Jiajia Zheng
Polymers 2026, 18(3), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18030381 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Granite residual soil (GRS) is highly susceptible to water-induced softening, posing significant risks of slope instability and collapse. Conventional impermeable grouting often exacerbates these hazards by blocking groundwater drainage. This study investigates the efficacy of a permeable water-reactive polyurethane (PWPU) in stabilizing GRS, [...] Read more.
Granite residual soil (GRS) is highly susceptible to water-induced softening, posing significant risks of slope instability and collapse. Conventional impermeable grouting often exacerbates these hazards by blocking groundwater drainage. This study investigates the efficacy of a permeable water-reactive polyurethane (PWPU) in stabilizing GRS, aiming to resolve the conflict between mechanical reinforcement and hydraulic conductivity. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with varying initial water contents (5%, 10%, and 15%) and PWPU contents (5%, 10%, and 15%). To reveal the multi-scale failure mechanism, synchronous acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and digital image correlation (DIC) were employed, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microstructural characterization. Results indicate that PWPU treatment significantly enhances soil ductility, shifting the failure mode from brittle fracturing to strain-hardening, particularly at higher moisture levels where failure strains exceeded 30%. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a flexible polymer network that acts as a micro-reinforcement system to restrict particle sliding and dissipate strain energy. An optimal PWPU content of 10% yielded a maximum compressive strength of 4.5 MPa, while failure strain increased linearly with polymer dosage. SEM analysis confirmed the formation of a porous, reticulated polymer network that effectively bonds soil particles while preserving permeability. The synchronous monitoring quantitatively bridged the gap between internal micro-crack evolution and macroscopic strain localization, with AE analysis revealing that tensile cracking accounted for 79.17% to 96.35% of the total failure events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
22 pages, 1526 KB  
Article
Facial Beauty Prediction Using a Generative Adversarial Network for Dataset Augmentation
by Junying Gan, Zhen Chen, Hantian Chen, Wenchao Xu, Zhenxin Zhuang and Junling Xiong
Electronics 2026, 15(3), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15030615 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Facial beauty prediction (FBP) is a significant research direction in the field of computer vision; however, the performance of models developed for this task is often constrained due to the scarcity of high-quality annotated data. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are efficient image generation [...] Read more.
Facial beauty prediction (FBP) is a significant research direction in the field of computer vision; however, the performance of models developed for this task is often constrained due to the scarcity of high-quality annotated data. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are efficient image generation networks that are capable of rapidly generating facial images. This study proposes an FBP method—named FBP-GAN—which aims to address this shortage of data by generating high-quality synthetic facial images. First, we construct a facial image generation network based on StyleGAN2-ADA to generate diverse and realistic facial images. Second, we combine transfer learning and data augmentation techniques to utilize the synthesized images for training set augmentation while optimizing the category distribution to enhance the generalization ability and prediction accuracy of the classification network. The experimental results demonstrate that, when using MobileViT or ResNeXt as the classification network, our proposed approach achieves prediction accuracies of 76.38% and 77.94% on the SCUT-FBP5500 dataset, respectively, representing improvements of 0.55% and 1.65% over the baseline models’ 75.83% and 76.29%. The proposed approach effectively improves the accuracy of FBP under data-scarce scenarios and opens new avenues for the application of GANs in computer vision tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computer Vision and Deep Learning and Its Applications, 2nd Edition)
10 pages, 3654 KB  
Communication
Mass Bird Deaths Following New Year’s Eve Fireworks
by Rusko Petrov, Svetoslav Asenov and Adriana Dzhamalova
Diversity 2026, 18(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020086 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Fireworks are an important element of celebrations globally, and while there are multiple reports of their negative impact on both domestic and wild animals, there is limited data directly linking them to casualties. In this article, we present a case of mass bird [...] Read more.
Fireworks are an important element of celebrations globally, and while there are multiple reports of their negative impact on both domestic and wild animals, there is limited data directly linking them to casualties. In this article, we present a case of mass bird deaths (over 1000) in a forest near a town following New Year’s Eve fireworks. The necropsies showed multiple fractures, organ lacerations, and internal hemorrhages. Rapid tests for avian influenza were negative, and there were no suspicious substances in the gastrointestinal tracts or on the X-ray images. This suggests the most likely reason for the deaths was severe traumatic collision injury induced by unexpected nocturnal disturbance from the fireworks nearby. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)
15 pages, 863 KB  
Article
Exposure Toxicity of Dust Storm Particles Based on Plasmid Scission Assay: An Example from Beijing
by Xinyu Xue, Shushen Yang, Susu Fan, Yaxin Cao, Wenhua Wang and Longyi Shao
Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020155 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
To investigate the health risks of particulate matter during spring dust storms in Beijing, this study selected atmospheric particulate samples collected during a typical dust storm event in March 2021. The DNA damage rates induced by PM2.5 and PM10 were measured [...] Read more.
To investigate the health risks of particulate matter during spring dust storms in Beijing, this study selected atmospheric particulate samples collected during a typical dust storm event in March 2021. The DNA damage rates induced by PM2.5 and PM10 were measured using the Plasmid Scission Assay (PSA) and were used as an indicator of their oxidative potential. Water-soluble heavy metal elements (WSHM) in the samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicate that due to the influence of the dust storm, the monthly average PM2.5 mass concentration in March 2021 reached as high as 83 μg/m3, which could potentially raise the difficulty of air pollution control. It was found that during the dust storm event, PM2.5 induced a higher DNA damage rate (mean 42.35% at an experimental dose of 200 μg/mL in the PSA) than PM10 (mean 40.46% under the same experimental dosage). The DNA damage rates of dust storm particles showed a positive correlation trend (r = 0.60) with total WSHM concentrations. Exposure toxicity, calculated by multiplying the DNA damage rates under certain experimental PM doses by the PM mass concentrations, showed that the exposure risk of PM2.5 during dust storms even exceeded that of PM2.5 during haze events. This study reveals the potential toxicity and health risks associated with PM during dust storms, which calls for increased attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality and Health)
22 pages, 851 KB  
Perspective
Embodied Neuroplasticity: Exploring Biological and Molecular Pathways of Inner Development for Planetary Health
by Karen B. Kirkness
Challenges 2026, 17(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe17010006 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Understanding how inner development capacities are embodied at biological levels remains an underexplored dimension of planetary health research. The aim of this viewpoint is to provide transdisciplinary integration across neuroscience, cell biology, education, and social systems toward addressing planetary health challenges. Despite growing [...] Read more.
Understanding how inner development capacities are embodied at biological levels remains an underexplored dimension of planetary health research. The aim of this viewpoint is to provide transdisciplinary integration across neuroscience, cell biology, education, and social systems toward addressing planetary health challenges. Despite growing recognition of the Inner Development Goals (IDG) framework as complementary to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the biophysical dynamics underlying personal and collective transformation remain largely unexplored. This viewpoint presents key molecular pathways that may underpin the Embodied Neuroplastic Resilience Model (ENRM) via calcium signaling and hyaluronan (the CHA axis). This viewpoint explores educational and therapeutic implications while simultaneously illuminating how socioeconomic inequalities constrain access to neuroplasticity-supporting practices. Four key conclusions emerge: (1) The CHA axis provides a compelling mechanistic framework for understanding how bodily experiences can reshape neural circuits through calcium signaling and hyaluronic acid matrix dynamics; (2) Mapping molecular mechanisms to complex human inner development capacities remains provisional, requiring further interdisciplinary investigation; (3) Socioeconomic inequality creates structural barriers to neuroplasticity and inner development, necessitating an integrated approach that connects mechanistic understanding with equitable access to transformative practices; (4) Enhanced understanding of embodied neuroplasticity must serve compassion and systemic transformation, moving beyond individual optimization toward collective well-being. By bridging neuroscience and sustainability frameworks, this viewpoint calls for a nuanced understanding of inner development that transcends individual optimization and emphasizes collective transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Sustainability and Inner Development: Towards More Integrative Worldviews, Paradigms, and Actions)
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31 pages, 3868 KB  
Article
Agro-Environmental Vulnerability and Ecosystem Sustainability in Peruvian Family Farming: Integrating Survey Data, Spatial Modeling and Remote Sensing
by Samuel Pizarro, Dennis Ccopi, Jose Otoya-Barrenechea, Juan Romero-Vasquez, María Tolentino-Soriano, Alexander Cotrina-Sanchez and Elgar Barboza
Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031407 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Subsistence family farming in Peru is increasingly constrained by ecosystem degradation, climate variability, and limited access to productive services, particularly where environmental exposure is high. This study develops an Agro-productive and Territorial Vulnerability Index (IVAPT) to evaluate environmental, ecosystem, and socioeconomic vulnerability of [...] Read more.
Subsistence family farming in Peru is increasingly constrained by ecosystem degradation, climate variability, and limited access to productive services, particularly where environmental exposure is high. This study develops an Agro-productive and Territorial Vulnerability Index (IVAPT) to evaluate environmental, ecosystem, and socioeconomic vulnerability of subsistence agriculture at the district level nationwide. The index integrates district-level agricultural survey data (ENA-2024) with multi-temporal MODIS NDVI series (2000–2024) and comprehensive climatic, topographic, land-cover, and accessibility indicators, processed through multivariate statistics. Three objective weighting schemes (ENTROPY, CRITIC, PCA) construct thematic sub-indices of Environmental Exposure (EnvExp), Ecosystem Condition (EcoCond), and Socioeconomic Capacity (SocioCap). Results show more than half of Peru’s 1552 districts fall within moderate to very high vulnerability, with highest concentration in the Amazon region (Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios), Andean-Amazonian transitions, and highland districts (Huancavelica, Apurímac, Ayacucho, Puno) where biophysical constraints, ecosystem pressure, and socioeconomic isolation converge. Dimensional spatial complementarity EnvExp peaking on coast, EcoCond in Amazon, SocioCap in Andes demonstrates effective vulnerability reduction requires dimension-specific interventions. Despite divergent weighting schemes, spatial patterns remained consistent, validating identified hotspots. IVAPT provides a reproducible framework supporting evidence-based territorial planning and targeted investments in water infrastructure, ecosystem restoration, and climate adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Sustainability, Soil Biodiversity, and Environmental Restoration)
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18 pages, 955 KB  
Article
Parameter Calculation of Coal Mine Gas Drainage Networks Based on PSO–Newton Iterative Algorithm
by Xiaolin Li, Zhiyu Cheng and Tongqiang Xia
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031443 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Comprehensive monitoring of gas extraction parameters is crucial for the safe production of coal mines. However, it is a challenge to collect the overall gas drainage network parameters with limited sensors due to technical and econoincorporating mic constraints. To address this issue, a [...] Read more.
Comprehensive monitoring of gas extraction parameters is crucial for the safe production of coal mines. However, it is a challenge to collect the overall gas drainage network parameters with limited sensors due to technical and econoincorporating mic constraints. To address this issue, a nonlinear model for gas confluence structure is construed for the conservation of mass, energy, and gas state properties. Considering exogenous variables such as frictional loss correction coefficient (α) and air leakage resistance coefficient (β), as well as the iterative structure of drainage networks, a hybrid PSO–Newton algorithm framework is designed. This framework realizes iterative solutions for multi confluence structures by combining global optimization (PSO) and local nonlinear solving (Newton’s method). A case study using historical monitoring data from the 11,306 working face of S Coal Mine was conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm at both branch and drill field scale. The results show that key parameters such as gas flow velocity, concentration, and density align with actual observation trends, with most deviations within 10%, verifying the accuracy and effectiveness of the algorithm. A deviation comparison between the standalone Newton’s method and the PSO–Newton algorithm further demonstrates the stability of the latter. By enabling the derivation of comprehensive network parameters from limited monitoring data, this study provides strong support for the intelligent management of coal mine gas extraction. Full article
20 pages, 1406 KB  
Article
Analysis of Dynamic Overturning and Rollover Characteristics of Small Forestry Crawler Tractor Using Dynamic Simulations
by Moon-Kyeong Jang, Yun-Jeong Yang and Ju-Seok Nam
Forests 2026, 17(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020187 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model is developed based on an actual small forestry crawler tractor, to analyze its overturning and rollover behaviors, and a corresponding simulation model is constructed. The accuracy of the 3D model is validated by comparing its dimensions [...] Read more.
In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) model is developed based on an actual small forestry crawler tractor, to analyze its overturning and rollover behaviors, and a corresponding simulation model is constructed. The accuracy of the 3D model is validated by comparing its dimensions and center of gravity with those of the physical tractor, and the fidelity of the simulation model is verified using static sidelong falling angle, minimum turning radius, and driving tests. The developed simulation framework was employed to investigate the dynamic behavior of the small forestry crawler tractor, focusing on roll and pitch angular velocities across different obstacle heights, slope angles, and driving speeds. Backward rollover was not observed within the tractor’s realistic operating speed range, indicating that backward rollover is not the dominant risk mode. In contrast, lateral overturning occurs under all driving scenarios, and increases in driving speed and obstacle height lead to higher roll angular velocities, increasing the risk of lateral overturning. Across all conditions, the likelihood of lateral overturning surges when the roll angular velocity enters the 80–100°/s range, with obstacle height exerting the greatest influence. In conclusion, the small forestry crawler tractor is more prone to lateral overturning than backward rollover when driving on inclined surfaces. A distinct threshold roll angular velocity is identified as the onset point of lateral overturning, which will vary according to the tractor’s specifications. This study is a quantitative study of a small forestry crawler tractor and does not correlate with a full-scale tractor. While angular velocity values vary during lateral overturning and backward rollover, this study was conducted to identify trends under various driving conditions. Further work is required to apply the proposed analysis methodology to full-scale agricultural and forestry machinery and validate it with real-world operational data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Operations and Engineering)
17 pages, 1498 KB  
Article
Enhancing Network Security with Generative AI on Jetson Orin Nano
by Jackson Diaz-Gorrin, Candido Caballero-Gil and Ljiljana Brankovic
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031442 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
This study presents an edge-based intrusion detection methodology designed to enhance cybersecurity in Internet of Things environments, which remain highly vulnerable to complex attacks. The approach employs an Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network capable of classifying network traffic in real-time while simultaneously generating [...] Read more.
This study presents an edge-based intrusion detection methodology designed to enhance cybersecurity in Internet of Things environments, which remain highly vulnerable to complex attacks. The approach employs an Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network capable of classifying network traffic in real-time while simultaneously generating high-fidelity synthetic data within a unified framework. The model is implemented in TensorFlow and deployed on the energy-efficient NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano, demonstrating the feasibility of executing advanced deep learning models at the edge. Training is conducted on network traffic collected from diverse IoT devices, with preprocessing focused on TCP-based threats. The integration of an auxiliary classifier enables the generation of labeled synthetic samples that mitigate data scarcity and improve supervised learning under imbalanced conditions. Experimental results demonstrate strong detection performance, achieving a precision of 0.89 and a recall of 0.97 using the standard 0.5 decision threshold inherent to the sigmoid-based binary classifier, indicating an effective balance between intrusion detection capability and false-positive reduction, which is critical for reliable operation in IoT scenarios. The generative component enhances data augmentation, robustness, and generalization. These results show that combining generative adversarial learning with edge computing provides a scalable and effective approach for IoT security. Future work will focus on stabilizing training procedures and refining hyperparameters to improve detection performance while maintaining high precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and AI Techniques for Intrusion Detection and Prevention)
10 pages, 301 KB  
Article
Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Profiling of SF3B1-Mutated Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) in a Real-World Practice
by Ruonan Roni Wang, Hein Than, Christopher Tham, Gee Fung How, Si Jie Khoo and Tertius T. Tuy
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031423 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
SF3B1-mutated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a distinct entity associated with a favorable prognosis. Recent data suggest that certain SF3B1 variants portend a worse prognosis. Our study aims to (1) describe SF3B1-MDS patients from a single tertiary center in Singapore and (2) [...] Read more.
SF3B1-mutated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a distinct entity associated with a favorable prognosis. Recent data suggest that certain SF3B1 variants portend a worse prognosis. Our study aims to (1) describe SF3B1-MDS patients from a single tertiary center in Singapore and (2) determine if variant type holds prognostic value. We identified MDS patients with SF3B1 variants via next-generation sequencing (NGS) performed from 1 November 2021 to 31 October 2025 at Singapore General Hospital. Extracted genomic material from marrow or blood samples was amplified. Libraries were prepared, sequenced, and analyzed, and the hematological parameters, mutation profiles, and outcomes were evaluated. Twenty-five patients had SF3B1-MDS. Ten SF3B1 variants were found, and the three most prevalent were K700E (42%), K666N (19%), and R625C (7.7%). The median variant allele frequency (VAF) was 30% (IQR: 11–36%). Twelve patients (48%) had ≥1 co-mutations. Variant type and VAF had no impact on disease progression; only the presence of ≥1 co-mutations increased the progression chances. In our study, the analysis of SF3B1 variant type was inconclusive and showed no demonstrable statistical association with disease progression. However, the number of co-mutations affected the prognosis of patients. As SF3B1-MDS is heterogenous, further studies are needed to capture its diversity and identify features required to improve risk stratification and personalized treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Molecular Research in Leukemia)
19 pages, 1145 KB  
Article
Second Salvage Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma in the Era of Novel Agents: Results of the KMM2301 Study
by Jongheon Jung, Ji Hyun Lee, Sung-Hyun Kim, Jae Hoon Lee, Kwai Han Yoo, Young Rok Do, Ho-jin Shin, Kihyun Kim, Sang Eun Yoon, Dok Hyun Yoon, Hyungwoo Cho, Hye Jin Kang, Ja Min Byun, Jae-Cheol Jo, Seung-Shin Lee, Won Sik Lee, Je-Jung Lee, Sung-Hoon Jung, Myung-Won Lee, Jun Ho Yi, Ju-Hyun Park, Chang-Ki Min, Hyeon-Seok Eom and on behalf of the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP)add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Cancers 2026, 18(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030471 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
Background: Second salvage autologous stem cell transplantation (SAT) is a therapeutic option for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who relapse after a first autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in the era of novel agents. However, the clinical context in which SAT provides benefit [...] Read more.
Background: Second salvage autologous stem cell transplantation (SAT) is a therapeutic option for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who relapse after a first autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in the era of novel agents. However, the clinical context in which SAT provides benefit relative to contemporary salvage regimens remains unclear. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 51 patients who underwent SAT after novel agent-based induction and first ASCT, and salvage re-induction, and compared outcomes with 113 patients treated with salvage carfilzomib–lenalidomide–dexamethasone (KRd) without SAT. Results: Median interval from first ASCT to relapse was 27 months. In the SAT cohort, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from initiation of salvage therapy were 30 and 99 months, respectively. A time to relapse ≥18 months after first ASCT and receipt of SAT as second-line of therapy were associated with significantly longer PFS and OS. In multivariate analysis, administration of SAT at later lines was independently associated with inferior outcomes, while a time to relapse ≥18 months after first ASCT was associated with significantly longer OS. Compared with the KRd-only cohort, SAT was associated with longer OS, whereas PFS was numerically longer without statistical significance. Among patients who had received both a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory drug as salvage induction, SAT was associated with longer PFS and OS. Conclusions: SAT may provide clinical benefit in selected patients with MM, particularly those with a durable response to first ASCT and those undergoing SAT at an earlier line of relapse in the novel agent era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Myeloma and Leukemia—Challenges and Current Treatment Options: 2nd Edition)
8 pages, 1118 KB  
Article
Conformable Fractional Newton’s Law of Cooling for Extended Time Periods
by Pablo Moreira and Othón Ortega
Symmetry 2026, 18(2), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020250 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
This article presents an improved formulation of Newton’s law of cooling using the conformable fractional derivative to model long-term thermal behavior more accurately. A key feature of our approach is the use of the fractional time variable tγ, which introduces a [...] Read more.
This article presents an improved formulation of Newton’s law of cooling using the conformable fractional derivative to model long-term thermal behavior more accurately. A key feature of our approach is the use of the fractional time variable tγ, which introduces a simple scaling symmetry: the structure of the model remains unchanged even when time is proportionally stretched or compressed. This symmetry-based property provides additional flexibility compared to the classical formulation and enables the derivation of analytical solutions under both constant and non-constant ambient temperature. In particular, we incorporate sinusoidal models for ambient temperature to capture realistic environmental fluctuations over extended periods. Experimental measurements confirm that the conformable model achieves significantly better accuracy than traditional integer-order models. These results highlight the relevance of symmetry and fractional calculus in describing physical processes and demonstrate the potential of conformable methods for improving long-term thermal predictions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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13 pages, 1640 KB  
Article
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth and Cadmium Uptake of Paspalum notatum and Lolium perenne
by Chao Wang, Peiyin Li, Ao Yuan, Zhiwei Bian, Huiping Song and Zhengjun Feng
J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020099 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation of plants with distinct mycorrhizal dependency (MD), a pot experiment was conducted using Paspalum notatum (high MD) and Lolium perenne (low MD) under two Cd [...] Read more.
To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation of plants with distinct mycorrhizal dependency (MD), a pot experiment was conducted using Paspalum notatum (high MD) and Lolium perenne (low MD) under two Cd gradients (5 mg·kg−1, 50 mg·kg−1) with AMF-inoculated/non-inoculated treatments, with 0 mg·kg−1 set as the control group. AMF significantly enhanced the dry weight and colonization rate of both plant species, and the MD of Paspalum notatum remained consistently higher. The growth-promoting effect of AMF (quantified by MD) exceeded the toxicity induced by Cd stress, thereby mitigating growth inhibition by promoting hyphal growth in the rhizosphere. AMF improved the root bioconcentration factor (BCF) and total Cd extraction capacity of the plants, which was correlated with the plants’ inherent Cd absorption capacity but not with MD. AMF exerted species-specific regulatory effects on the translocation factor (TF): the TF of Paspalum notatum increased after inoculation, while that of Lolium perenne decreased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)
12 pages, 1555 KB  
Article
Molecular Identification Reveals Hidden Distribution Patterns in Cognettia (Enchytraeidae)
by Dmitriy A. Medvedev, Elena Yu. Zvychaynaya, Polina A. Guseva, Margarita A. Danilova, Andrey S. Zaitsev, Daniil I. Korobushkin, Ruslan A. Saifutdinov, Konstantin B. Gongalsky and Maxim I. Degtyarev
Diversity 2026, 18(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18020085 - 30 Jan 2026
Abstract
The study of Palaearctic enchytraeid taxonomic richness revealed the limitations of applying morphological identification methods to certain species of the genus Cognettia. The use of molecular approaches enabled the identification of individuals belonging to C. chlorophila among immature and fragmented enchytraeids that [...] Read more.
The study of Palaearctic enchytraeid taxonomic richness revealed the limitations of applying morphological identification methods to certain species of the genus Cognettia. The use of molecular approaches enabled the identification of individuals belonging to C. chlorophila among immature and fragmented enchytraeids that had initially been identified morphologically as C. sphagnetorum s.l. These findings substantially extend the known distribution range of C. chlorophila eastward. Reliable distribution data for C. chlorophila and C. sphagnetorum s.s., obtained through genetic analysis, complement existing evidence of their coexistence in shared habitats and highlight questions concerning their biotopic preferences. It is hypothesized that the relatively low level of genetic diversity in these species is associated with potential postglacial dispersal routes of C. sphagnetorum s.l. from Scandinavian refugia and with species-specific biological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)
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