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Open AccessReview

Unequal Gains? A Literature Review on the Affordable Care Act’s Effects on Healthcare Utilization Across Racial and Ethnic Groups

by Ahmad Reshad Osmani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(7), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071059 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), implemented in 2010, aimed to expand healthcare access, reduce costs, and address long-standing disparities in the U.S. healthcare system, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. This paper reviews the ACA’s impact on healthcare utilization for these populations, with [...] Read more.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), implemented in 2010, aimed to expand healthcare access, reduce costs, and address long-standing disparities in the U.S. healthcare system, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. This paper reviews the ACA’s impact on healthcare utilization for these populations, with a focus on insurance coverage, preventive services, and health outcomes. While Medicaid expansion significantly reduced uninsured rates and increased access to care in states that adopted the expansion, millions of low-income individuals, many of whom are racial and ethnic minorities, remain uninsured in non-expansion states. The elimination of cost-sharing for preventive services under the ACA contributed to increased utilization of cancer screenings, vaccinations, and other preventive measures among minority groups. However, challenges persist, including affordability barriers, geographic disparities, and cultural and linguistic obstacles. This review also highlights the ongoing need for policy interventions, such as nationwide Medicaid expansion, and future research on the long-term effects of the ACA on health outcomes for minority populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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Open AccessArticle

Bone Stability After Immediate Implants and Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A 15-Year Retrospective Clinical Study

by Nicola De Angelis, Paolo Pesce, Catherine Yumang, Domenico Baldi and Maria Menini

Dent. J. 2025, 13(7), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13070299 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: In modern dentistry, alveolar socket preservation after tooth extraction plays a critical role in maintaining the alveolar ridge for future dental implants. This retrospective clinical study evaluated bone-level changes 15 years after immediate implant placement, coupled with alveolar ridge preservation. Methods: Fifty [...] Read more.

Background: In modern dentistry, alveolar socket preservation after tooth extraction plays a critical role in maintaining the alveolar ridge for future dental implants. This retrospective clinical study evaluated bone-level changes 15 years after immediate implant placement, coupled with alveolar ridge preservation. Methods: Fifty non-smoking patients aged 25 to 75 (30 males and 20 females) who underwent single-implant rehabilitation in both anterior and posterior regions of the upper and lower jaws were included. The study examined bone levels and implant survival over time, using standardized intraoral radiographs at 1, 5, and 15 years post-loading. Implants were placed immediately after atraumatic extraction, and the residual gap was grafted with bovine hydroxyapatite and covered with a collagen membrane. The primary outcome was bone-level stability, while secondary outcomes included implant failure. No temporary crowns or removable dentures were provided during healing. Radiographs were digitized for detailed analysis. Results: The results for 50 patients with immediate implant placement showed that bone-resorption levels were significantly higher in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw. Conclusions: Posterior implants exhibited greater bone loss than anterior implants, particularly at 1 year and 15 years, while no implant failures occurred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oral Health Management and Disease Treatment)

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Open AccessArticle

Galactic Cosmic Ray Interaction with the Perseus Giant Molecular Cloud Using Geant4 Monte Carlo Simulation

by Luan Torres and Luiz Augusto Stuani Pereira

Universe 2025, 11(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11070218 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), composed of protons and atomic nuclei, are accelerated in sources such as supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae, reaching energies up to the PeV range. As they propagate through the interstellar medium, their interactions with dense regions like molecular [...] Read more.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), composed of protons and atomic nuclei, are accelerated in sources such as supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae, reaching energies up to the PeV range. As they propagate through the interstellar medium, their interactions with dense regions like molecular clouds produce secondary particles, including gamma-rays and neutrinos. In this study, we use the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit to simulate secondary particle production from GCR interactions within the Perseus molecular cloud, a nearby star-forming region. Our model incorporates realistic cloud composition, a wide range of incidence angles, and both hadronic and electromagnetic processes across a broad energy spectrum. The results highlight molecular clouds as significant sites of multi-messenger emissions and contribute to understanding the propagation of GCRs and the origin of diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino backgrounds in the Galaxy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays: Past, Present and Future)

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Open AccessArticle

De Novo Heterozygous GATA3 Missense Variant Causes an Unexpected Phenotype of Non-Syndromic Hearing Impairment with Apparently Recessive Inheritance

by María Domínguez-Ruiz, Gema Garrido, Paz Martínez-Beneyto, Francisco J. del Castillo, Manuela Villamar, Elena Gómez-Rosas, Miguel A. Moreno-Pelayo and Ignacio del Castillo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136363 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hearing impairments (HIs) are clinically and genetically very heterogeneous. Finding the causative mutations in patients is frequently a challenge. We investigated two brothers affected by a sensorineural, moderate non-syndromic HI. Exome sequencing revealed that they carried the heterozygous c.812C>T (p.Ser271Leu) variant in GATA3 [...] Read more.

Hearing impairments (HIs) are clinically and genetically very heterogeneous. Finding the causative mutations in patients is frequently a challenge. We investigated two brothers affected by a sensorineural, moderate non-syndromic HI. Exome sequencing revealed that they carried the heterozygous c.812C>T (p.Ser271Leu) variant in GATA3. This gene encodes a transcription factor involved in embryonic development, its mutations causing the autosomal dominant HDR (hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal disease) syndrome. The variant affects a conserved residue within the proximal zinc-finger motif of GATA3. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of the variant in the two brothers, but it showed that surprisingly it was not carried by any of the parents. Segregation studies on 20 fully informative microsatellite markers in the family confirmed that the variant arose de novo. A benign SNP in the mother, close to the position of the variant, allowed us to determine that this was inherited from the father. Gene reporter functional assays supported the pathogenicity of the variant. Clinical reassessment of the two brothers did not disclose any additional abnormality. We conclude that mosaicism for this de novo mutation in the father’s germ line explains the pattern of inheritance in this family and that p.Ser271Leu is causing this unexpected phenotype of non-syndromic HI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Loss: Molecular Biological Insights)

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Open AccessArticle

Training Set Optimization for Machine Learning in Day Trading: A New Financial Indicator

by Angelo Darcy Molin Brun and Adriano César Machado Pereira

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030121 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Predicting and trading assets in the global financial market represents a complex challenge driven by the dynamic and volatile nature of the sector. This study proposes a day trading strategy that optimizes asset purchase and sale parameters using differential evolution. To this end, [...] Read more.

Predicting and trading assets in the global financial market represents a complex challenge driven by the dynamic and volatile nature of the sector. This study proposes a day trading strategy that optimizes asset purchase and sale parameters using differential evolution. To this end, an innovative financial indicator was developed, and machine learning models were employed to improve returns. The work highlights the importance of optimizing training sets for machine learning algorithms based on probable asset behaviors (scenarios), which allows the development of a robust model for day trading. The empirical results demonstrate that the LSTM algorithm excelled, achieving approximately 98% higher returns and an 82% reduction in DrawDown compared to asset variation. The proposed indicator tracks asset fluctuation with comparable gains and exhibits lower variability in returns, offering a significant advantage in risk management. The strategy proves to be adaptable to periods of turbulence and economic changes, which is crucial in emerging and volatile markets. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Resource Recovery from Green Tide Biomass: Sustainable Cascading Biorefinery Strategies for Ulva spp.

by Gianluca Ottolina, Federica Zaccheria and Jacopo Paini

Biomass 2025, 5(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5030041 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

This review examines sustainable cascading biorefinery strategies for the green alga Ulva, which is globally prevalent in eutrophic marine waters and often forms extensive “green tides.” These blooms cause substantial environmental and economic damage to coastal communities. The primary target products within [...] Read more.

This review examines sustainable cascading biorefinery strategies for the green alga Ulva, which is globally prevalent in eutrophic marine waters and often forms extensive “green tides.” These blooms cause substantial environmental and economic damage to coastal communities. The primary target products within an Ulva biorefinery typically encompass salts, lipids, proteins, cellulose, and ulvan. Each of these components possesses unique properties and diverse applications, contributing to the economic robustness of the biorefinery. Salts can be repurposed for agricultural or even human consumption. Lipids offer high-value applications in nutraceuticals and animal feed. Proteins present significant potential as plant-based nutritional supplements. Cellulose can be transformed into various advanced materials. Finally, ulvan, a polyanionic oligosaccharide unique to Ulva, holds promise due to its distinct properties, particularly in the biomedical field. Furthermore, state-of-the-art chemical modifications of ulvan are presented with the aim of tailoring its properties and broadening its potential applications. Future research should prioritize optimizing these integrated extraction and fractionation processes. Furthermore, a multi-product biorefining approach, integrated with robust Life Cycle Assessment studies, is vital for transforming this environmental challenge into a significant opportunity for sustainable resource valorization and economic growth. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Agronomic Characteristics and Nutritive Value of Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea Vent) Grown in Irrigated and Dryland Conditions in Western Canada

by Yuxi Wang, Alan Iwaasa, Tim McAllister and Surya Acharya

Grasses 2025, 4(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/grasses4030027 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Three purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) varieties, namely Common seed (CS), AC Lamour (ACL) and Bismarck (BIS), were established in plots of irrigated land (rain-fed plus irrigation, Lethbridge, AB) and dryland (rain-fed only, Swift Current, SK) to assess its agronomic characteristics [...] Read more.

Three purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) varieties, namely Common seed (CS), AC Lamour (ACL) and Bismarck (BIS), were established in plots of irrigated land (rain-fed plus irrigation, Lethbridge, AB) and dryland (rain-fed only, Swift Current, SK) to assess its agronomic characteristics and nutritive value under different ecoclimate and growing conditions in Western Canada. Each seed source was replicated in four test plots arranged as a randomized complete block design at each experimental site. Forage mass on dry matter (DM) basis, canopy height, proportions of leaf and stem and nutritive value were determined at vegetative (VEG), full flower (FF) and late flower (LF) phenological stages. The forage masses of the three PPC varieties were similar (p < 0.05) at each phenological stage with the mean values for VFG, FF and LF being 4739, 4988 and 6753 kg DM/ha under the Lethbridge irrigated conditions, and 1423, 2014 and 2297 kg DM/ha under the Swift Current dryland conditions. The forage mass was higher (p < 0.001) under Lethbridge irrigation than under Swift Current dryland conditions and increased (p < 0.05) with maturity. The three varieties had similar concentrations of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein (CP) and in vitro DM digestibility (DMD) at each phenological stage, but CP concentration and in vitro DMD decreased (p < 0.001) whilst NDF and ADF concentration increased (p < 0.001) with maturity. Purple prairie clover grown at Lethbridge irrigated land had higher (p < 0.001) DMD, OM and CP, but lower (p < 0.001) NDF, ADF and condensed tannin concentrations than that grown at Swift Current dryland conditions. These results indicate that PPC has great potential as an alternative legume forage for the cattle industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forage in Sustainable Agriculture)

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Open AccessArticle

The Interplay Between Parental Bonding and Health-Related Quality of Life in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Maria Luisa Pistorio, Concetta De Pasquale, Vittorio Lenzo, Massimiliano Veroux, Magy Martin, Don Martin, Alessia Giaquinta, Martina Giambra, Pierfrancesco Veroux and Maria Catena Ausilia Quattropani

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134673 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Few studies have investigated the impact of parental bonding on the quality of life and psychological health in kidney transplant recipients. Exploring these factors could provide valuable insights into the development of psychosocial interventions aimed at improving patients’ psychological adjustment and their [...] Read more.

Background: Few studies have investigated the impact of parental bonding on the quality of life and psychological health in kidney transplant recipients. Exploring these factors could provide valuable insights into the development of psychosocial interventions aimed at improving patients’ psychological adjustment and their overall quality of life. In this perspective, our study aimed to explore how dimensions of parental bonding, particularly maternal care and overprotection, may influence the quality of life and psychological well-being in kidney transplant recipients. By investigating these relationships, the study seeks to understand whether early maternal attachment experiences can predict psychological outcomes in adult transplant recipients. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 99 kidney transplant recipients (69.7% males, mean age = 52 ± 9.93 years) was conducted. Participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic of an Italian transplant center between May 2022 and July 2024. After an initial telephone interview, 1-2 interviews were performed in person to administer the questionnaires of the established protocol: the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to identify the type of parental bond and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey to evaluate the quality of life perceived by the patients. Results: Regression analyses revealed that higher perceived maternal care during childhood was positively associated with better psychological health during adulthood (β = 0.290; p < 0.05). Conversely, higher levels of perceived maternal overprotection were negatively associated with psychological health in this population (β = −0.286; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that maternal affection and support may serve as a protective factor, while excessive maternal protection could impair the development of emotional coping mechanisms necessary for dealing with the stresses of adult life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advancements in Kidney Transplantation)

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Open AccessArticle

Development, Characterization, and Stability of Margarine Containing Oleogels Based on Olive Oil, Coconut Oil, Starch, and Beeswax

by Bárbara Viana Barbosa Naves, Thais Lomonaco Teodoro da Silva, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, Felipe Furtini Haddad and Sabrina Carvalho Bastos

Gels 2025, 11(7), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070513 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The removal of partially hydrogenated fats, as well as the substitution of saturated fats with healthier alternatives, has become increasingly common due to their well-established association with adverse health effects. As a result, the demand for alternative formulations in the food industry has [...] Read more.

The removal of partially hydrogenated fats, as well as the substitution of saturated fats with healthier alternatives, has become increasingly common due to their well-established association with adverse health effects. As a result, the demand for alternative formulations in the food industry has driven the development of a promising emerging technology: oleogels. Oleogels are a semi-solid material made by trapping liquid oil within a three-dimensional network formed by structuring agents. Within this context, this study aimed to develop and characterize margarines prepared with oleogels formulated from extra virgin olive oil, coconut oil, starch, and beeswax at varying concentrations. The proposed oleogel-based formulations exhibited a high melting temperature range and lower enthalpy. Although lipid oxidation levels differed between the commercial and oleogel-based margarines, they remained within acceptable limits. A significant difference in color was observed, with the oleogel formulations imparting a slight greenish hue compared to the commercial margarine. In terms of microstructure, the commercial margarine presented smaller and more uniformly distributed water droplets. Oleogel-based margarines demonstrated technological feasibility. Considering consumers’ growing interest in food innovation and health-conscious products, olive oil-based oleogel margarines represent a promising alternative, particularly due to the nutritional benefits associated with olive oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Fabrication, Characterization, and Application)

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Open AccessReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Stress Memory: Roles of Non-Coding RNAs and Alternative Splicing

by Mariz Sintaha

Plants 2025, 14(13), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14132021 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The ability of plants to protect themselves from stress-related damages is termed “adaptability” and the phenomenon of showing better performance in subsequent stress is termed “stress memory”. This phenomenon has been reported in various stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, cold, and heavy [...] Read more.

The ability of plants to protect themselves from stress-related damages is termed “adaptability” and the phenomenon of showing better performance in subsequent stress is termed “stress memory”. This phenomenon has been reported in various stresses such as drought, heat, salinity, cold, and heavy metal toxicity. Histone modification leading to chromatin remodeling and accumulation of phosphorylated RNA polymerase on the promoters of memory genes is a well-known mechanism of plant stress memory. Recent studies have revealed the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and alternative splicing (AS) in memory-specific gene expression and transgenerational inheritance of stress memory. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) inhibit specific genes to enable plants to respond better in subsequent drought and heat stress, while long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play roles in epigenetic regulation of memory gene expression in cold and salt stress. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) lead to DNA methylation during the memory response of biotic, salt, and heavy metal stress. Simultaneously, stress-responsive isoforms of tolerant genes are found to be expressed as a memory response in subsequent heat stress. This review highlights the stress-type-specific roles of ncRNAs and AS in establishing, maintaining, and transmitting stress memory, offering insights into their potential for improving crop resilience through genetic and epigenetic priming strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Mechanisms of Plants to Biotic or Abiotic Stresses—2nd Edition)

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Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Metabolites Isolated from Some Marine Bacteria Associated with Callyspongia crassa Sponge of the Red Sea

by Amal N. Alahmari, Shahira A. Hassoubah, Bothaina A. Alaidaroos, Ahmed M. Al-Hejin, Noor M. Bataweel, Reem M. Farsi, Khloud M. Algothmi, Naheda M. Alshammari and Amal T. K. Ashour

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071552 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The Red Sea is rich in symbiotic microorganisms that have been identified as sources of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of marine sponge-associated bacteria as sources of antibacterial compounds, emphasizing their [...] Read more.

The Red Sea is rich in symbiotic microorganisms that have been identified as sources of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of marine sponge-associated bacteria as sources of antibacterial compounds, emphasizing their significance in combating antibiotic resistance (AMR). The crude extracts of Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones measuring 12 mm and 14 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and other infectious strains. The DPPH assay showed that the bacterial isolates AN3 and AN6 exhibited notable antioxidant activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. To characterize the chemical constituents responsible for the observed bioactivity, a GC–MS analysis was performed on ethyl acetate extracts of the potent strains. The analysis identified a range of antimicrobial compounds, including straight-chain alkanes (e.g., Tetradecane), cyclic structures (e.g., Cyclopropane derivatives), and phenolic compounds, all of which are known to disrupt microbial membranes or interfere with metabolic pathways. The bioprospecting and large-scale production of these compounds are challenging. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential for marine bacteria associated with sponges from the Red Sea to be a source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance)

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Open AccessArticle

Autograft vs. Xenograft Duraplasty Using the Onlay Technique in Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery: A Comparative Analysis

by Çağlar Türk, Umut Tan Sevgi, Sinan Bahadır, Mahmut Çamlar and Füsun Özer

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4674; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134674 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We aimed to review pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and to share our experience with the various types of dural grafts used in these patients. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study on pediatric patients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We aimed to review pediatric patients who underwent surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and to share our experience with the various types of dural grafts used in these patients. Methods: We carried out a retrospective study on pediatric patients who received surgical treatment for posterior fossa tumors and underwent duraplasty using either an autograft or a xenograft from January 2018 to December 2022. Data were gathered from patients’ medical records, encompassing demographic details. Additional information included tumor locations and the extent of resection. Factors such as postoperative complications like meningitis, pseudo-meningocele, and hydrocephalus were also noted. Results: Our cohort included 50 patients, 13 of whom underwent surgeries with autografts and 37 had xenografts. The patients’ tumors were in various areas, including intraventricular or those extending into the ventricle (31) and intracerebellar (17) and extra-axial (2) cases. Subtotal resection occurred in 8 cases, near-total resection in 9, and gross-total resection in 33. Postoperatively, meningitis occurred in 12 patients, pseudo-meningocele in 13, and hydrocephalus in 10, with 9 requiring V/P placement. Conclusions: In conclusion, techniques for dural closure hold great significance in neurosurgery, particularly during pediatric posterior fossa surgeries. Although the modest size of the autograft cohort limited statistical power, our epidural onlay fascia lata autograft produced fewer postoperative complications than the bovine xenograft and achieved outcomes comparable to those reported for watertight closure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Surgery)

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Open AccessArticle

‘Hass’ Avocados Cultivated in the Canary Islands: Sensory Attributes Related to Fatty Acid Profiles

by Eva Dorta, José Ignacio Alonso-Esteban, Carlos Álvarez-Acosta and Gloria Lobo Rodrigo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070763 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Dry matter (DM) is a critical parameter for avocado quality and commercialization, particularly in the ‘Hass’ cultivar, where it is closely associated with the oil content and flavor. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of ‘Hass’ avocados with varying [...] Read more.

Dry matter (DM) is a critical parameter for avocado quality and commercialization, particularly in the ‘Hass’ cultivar, where it is closely associated with the oil content and flavor. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of ‘Hass’ avocados with varying DM levels (19%, 21%, 24%, and 27%) cultivated in the Canary Islands. Additionally, the impact of dehydration methods (oven and microwave) and sample preparation techniques on the oil content and lipid profiles were assessed. Six main fatty acids were identified, with oleic acid (38–43%) and palmitic acid (30–36%) being predominant. Higher DM levels were associated with increased concentrations of palmitoleic and linoleic acids. Drying methods did not significantly alter the fatty acid profile, supporting the crushed microwave-dried (CMW) method as a practical, low-cost approach for preserving lipid integrity. Consumer panelists showed a clear preference for avocados with higher DM contents (24–27%), associating the flavor (86.2%) and texture (59.6%) with the purchase intent. The high monounsaturated fatty acid content, particularly oleic acid, qualifies these avocados for the European nutritional claim ‘high in monounsaturated fat.’ This is the first study to characterize these parameters in ‘Hass’ avocados from the Canary Islands, contributing to both quality assessments and potential marketing strategies based on nutritional and sensory attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Properties of a Diatomic Molecule Under Effects of Small Oscillations in an Elastic Environment

by Ricardo L. L. Vitória, Carlos F. S. Pereira and Sergio Murilo da Silva Braga Martins

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071038 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we analytically investigate a diatomic molecule subject to the Morse potential under the small oscillations regime, immersed in a medium with a point defect representing impurities or vacancies in an elastic system. Initially, we apply the small oscillations method to [...] Read more.

In this paper, we analytically investigate a diatomic molecule subject to the Morse potential under the small oscillations regime, immersed in a medium with a point defect representing impurities or vacancies in an elastic system. Initially, we apply the small oscillations method to the Morse potential to obtain an analogue to the harmonic potential, and then we solve the generalized Schrödinger equation considering the geometric effects of the defect. The solutions obtained for the bound states reveal that the energy levels and the radial stability point of the molecule are modified by the presence of the defect, depending on the parameters associated with the geometry of the medium. In a second step, we analyze the thermodynamic properties of the system in contact with a thermal reservoir at finite temperature. We derive analytical expressions for the internal energy, Helmholtz free energy, entropy, and specific heat, showing that all these quantities are influenced by the presence of the point defect. The results demonstrate how structural defects alter the quantum and thermodynamic behavior of confined molecules, contributing to the understanding of systems in non-trivial elastic media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physics)

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Open AccessArticle

Effects of Operational Parameters Variation During Ultrafiltration Process on Goat Skim Milk (GSM) Concentration for Cheese Elaboration

by Amna Chahbani, Zeineb Jrad, Rihab Jarray, Emna Ammar and Halima El Hatmi

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072093 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study assessed the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) on the quality of soft white cheese made from goat skim milk (GSM) and aimed to identify the optimal UF parameters for protein concentration while minimizing energy consumption. UF was applied to pasteurized GSM by [...] Read more.

This study assessed the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) on the quality of soft white cheese made from goat skim milk (GSM) and aimed to identify the optimal UF parameters for protein concentration while minimizing energy consumption. UF was applied to pasteurized GSM by altering transmembrane pressure (TMP) and permeate flux density (J) while monitoring the volume reduction factor (VRF). The acidity, viscosity, dry extract, proteins and Ca, Na, K, Mg and Fe contents increased significantly during concentration. Post-ultrafiltration, both UF and non-UF GSMs were coagulated using modified rennet doses (150, 200 and 300 µL/L). The resulting cheeses underwent chemical analysis, yield calculation and textural property assessment. The findings highlighted that milk protein concentration was the primary limiting factor for coagulation, with rennet dose having a lesser impact. The UF-GSM produced the best results, yielding approximately 30% cheese with a soft texture and greater nutritional value (proteins, Ca, Mg and Fe). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Process Engineering)

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Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Formation of Lettuce Plant Endospheric Bacterial Communities: A Comparative Study of Hydroponic and Soil Systems

by Polina Kuryntseva, Nataliya Pronovich, Gulnaz Galieva, Polina Galitskaya and Svetlana Selivanovskaya

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070762 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant-associated microbiomes play a critical role in plant health, nutrition, growth, and adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the formation pathways of the endospheric microbiome in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) through vertical (seed) and horizontal (substrate) transmission in hydroponic and soil environments. [...] Read more.

Plant-associated microbiomes play a critical role in plant health, nutrition, growth, and adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the formation pathways of the endospheric microbiome in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) through vertical (seed) and horizontal (substrate) transmission in hydroponic and soil environments. The bacterial microbiomes from the seeds, roots, leaves, and substrates were analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The seed microbiome contained 236 OTUs dominated by Verrucomicrobia (31%) and Firmicutes (29%). Rhizospheric soil contained 1594 OTUs, while the hydroponic solution had 448 OTUs. The root endosphere from soil-grown lettuce contained 295 OTUs, compared with 177 in hydroponic conditions, and the leaf microbiome contained 43 OTUs in soil and 115 OTUs in hydroponics. In total, 30–51% of the leaf and root microbiomes originated from the seed microbiota, while 53–65% of the root microbiome originated from the substrate. Microbiome overlap was observed between the rhizospheric soil and the root microbiome. This study provides new insights into the microbiome of lettuce seeds and the pathways of formation of the endospheric microbiome in adult plants. These findings lay the groundwork for future research aimed at better understanding microbiome dynamics in leafy crops and plant protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Serum suPAR Levels in Patients with Group 1 and Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension

by Abdullah Tunçez, Muhammed Ulvi Yalçın, Hüseyin Tezcan, Bülent Behlül Altunkeser, Bahadır Öztürk, Canan Aydoğan, Aslıhan Toprak, Onur Can Polat, Nazif Aygül, Kenan Demir, Kadri Murat Gürses, Yasin Özen, Fikret Akyürek and Hatice Betül Tunçez

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(13), 4671; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134671 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder with high morbidity and mortality, partly driven by chronic inflammation. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) reflects immune activation. We evaluated whether suPAR is altered in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and its association [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder with high morbidity and mortality, partly driven by chronic inflammation. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) reflects immune activation. We evaluated whether suPAR is altered in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and its association with clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory parameters. Methods: We enrolled 44 PH patients (36 in Group 1, 8 in Group 4) and 45 healthy controls. All underwent clinical and echocardiographic assessments; right heart catheterization was performed in the PH patients. Serum suPAR was measured by ELISA. N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also assessed. Results: The suPAR plasma levels in the PH group were between 23.91 and 960.8 pg/mL (median: 73.14 p25: 62.77, p75: 167.13). suPAR was significantly higher in PH versus controls (73.14 [62.77–167.13] vs. 65.52 [53.06–80.91] pg/mL; p = 0.012). In logistic regression, systolic blood pressure, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, NT-proBNP, and suPAR independently predicted PH. suPAR correlated negatively with six-minute walk distance (r = −0.310) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = −0.295) but positively with systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.241). On multivariate analysis, six-minute walk distance was the only independent correlate of suPAR (p = 0.004). suPAR levels did not differ between Group 1 and Group 4 PH. Conclusions: suPAR is elevated in Group 1 and Group 4 PH and correlates with functional and echocardiographic indices of disease severity. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine suPAR’s role in diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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2409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Physically Activated Carbons from Vitellaria paradoxa Shells for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications

by Joshua Atta Alabi, Neda Nazari, Daniel Nframah Ampong, Frank Ofori Agyemang, Mark Adom-Asamoah, Richard Opoku, Rene Zahrhuber, Christoph Unterweger and Kwadwo Mensah-Darkwa

Inorganics 2025, 13(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13070224 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance [...] Read more.

This study investigates the processing of shea nut shells (SNSs), an abundant agricultural waste, into porous activated carbon for supercapacitor electrodes through a two-stage thermal treatment involving pyrolysis and physical activation with CO₂ and steam. The aim was to develop sustainable, high-performance electrode materials while addressing waste management. Carbonization followed by activation yielded 16.5% (CO₂) and 11.3% (steam) activation yields, with total yields of 4.3% and 2.9%, respectively. CO₂ activation produced carbon (AC_CO₂) with a specific surface area (S_BET) of 1528 m² g⁻¹ and a total pore volume of 0.72 cm³ g⁻¹, a graphitization degree (I_D/I_G = 1.0), and low charge transfer resistance (9.05 Ω), delivering a specific capacitance of 47.5 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, an energy density of 9.5 Wh kg⁻¹ at 299 W kg⁻¹, and a fast discharge time of 2.10 s, ideal for power-intensive applications. Steam activation yielded carbon (AC_H₂O) with a higher specific surface area (1842 m² g⁻¹) and pore volume (1.57 cm³ g⁻¹), achieving a superior specific capacitance of 102.2 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹ and a power density of 204 W kg⁻¹ at 9.2 Wh kg⁻¹, suited for energy storage. AC_CO₂ also exhibited exceptional cyclic stability (90% retention after 10,000 cycles). These findings demonstrate SNS-derived activated carbon as a versatile, eco-friendly material, with CO₂ activation optimizing power delivery and steam activation enhancing energy capacity, offering tailored solutions for supercapacitor applications and sustainable waste utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lumpectomy May Negatively Impact Survival in Female Dogs with Mammary Carcinomas

by Sheila Santana de Mello, Aracelle Alves de Avila Fagundes, Francisco C. D. Mota and Alessandra A. M. Ronchi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070631 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs, with mastectomy being the primary treatment. The impact of mastectomy type on survival remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of different surgical techniques on the survival of female dogs with mammary carcinomas. [...] Read more.

Mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in female dogs, with mastectomy being the primary treatment. The impact of mastectomy type on survival remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of different surgical techniques on the survival of female dogs with mammary carcinomas. A total of 307 dogs with 734 mammary tumors were analyzed. Ages ranged from 1 to 17 years, with mixed breeds comprising 48.9%. Most tumors (92.9%) were malignant, predominantly carcinoma in a mixed tumor (30.2%). Unilateral mastectomy was the most common technique (65.8%). Lumpectomy showed the shortest mean survival (179 days) and was associated with a 4.9-fold increased risk of death (p = 0.009). There was no significant association between surgical technique and overall survival or recurrence of mammary carcinoma (p = 0.2). This study relied on owner-reported data for survival and tumor recurrence. Lumpectomy appears to be associated with shorter survival times in female dogs with mammary carcinoma. Therefore, it may be advisable to reconsider this technique as a primary treatment option. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of ESG Scores and ESG Momentum on Stock Returns and Volatility: Evidence from U.S. Markets

by Luis Jacob Escobar-Saldívar, Dacio Villarreal-Samaniego and Roberto J. Santillán-Salgado

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070367 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on financial performance remains a subject of debate, as the literature reports mixed evidence regarding their effect on stock returns. This research aims to examine the relationship between ESG ratings and the change in [...] Read more.

The impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores on financial performance remains a subject of debate, as the literature reports mixed evidence regarding their effect on stock returns. This research aims to examine the relationship between ESG ratings and the change in ESG scores, or ESG Momentum, concerning both returns and risk of a large sample of stocks traded on U.S. exchanges. The study examined a sample of 3856 stocks traded on U.S. exchanges, considering 20 years of quarterly data from December 2002 to December 2022. We applied multi-factor models and tested them through pooled ordinary, fixed effects, and random effects panel regression methods. Our results show negative relationships between ESG scores and stock returns and between ESG Momentum and volatility. Contrarily, we find positive associations between ESG Momentum and returns and between ESG scores and volatility. Although high ESG scores are generally associated with lower long-term stock returns, an increase in a company’s ESG rating tends to translate into immediate positive returns and reduced risk. Accordingly, investors may benefit from strategies that focus on companies actively improving their ESG performance, while firms themselves stand to gain by signaling continuous advancement in ESG-related areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Corporate Finance and Governance)

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8947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Heritage and Lacustrine Landscape Conservation: The Case of “Procession of The Wise Men” in Cajititlán, Jalisco

by David Fabricio Alvarado-Ramírez, Pedro Lina Manjarrez, José Teodoro Silva García, Gustavo Cruz-Cárdenas and Paloma Gallegos Tejeda

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6047; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136047 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Although lagoons are sites of water accumulation and runoff where a variety of animal species and plant varieties inhabit, they have also been positioned as spaces where rituals and religious practices take place, from which the transmission of knowledge emanates, and social activities [...] Read more.

Although lagoons are sites of water accumulation and runoff where a variety of animal species and plant varieties inhabit, they have also been positioned as spaces where rituals and religious practices take place, from which the transmission of knowledge emanates, and social activities are strengthened. The Laguna de Cajititlán (Cajititlán Lagoon) in the town of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, México is a lacustrine landscape that faces a state of fragility due to incessant processes of urbanization along with basin desiccation and wastewater pollution. However, the community of Cajititlán has managed to protect its lacustrine landscape through the rescue of the religious tradition of the Procesión Los Santos Reyes (Procession of the Wise Men). Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze how this tradition, as cultural heritage, has influenced the conservation of the lacustrine landscape. We conclude that cultural heritage and the lacustrine landscape are bidirectionally correlated because fostering Indigenous traditions like the Procesión in Cajititlán, as a manifestation of devotion and faith, enhances identity, promotes tourism, and supports conservation practices and the sustainability of the lacustrine landscape. At the same time, conservation of the lacustrine landscape enables the preservation of cultural heritage, generating an interdependent relationship between these elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development)

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22 pages, 5020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upregulated Hexokinase-2 in Airway Epithelium Regulates Apoptosis and Drives Inflammation in Asthma via Peptidylprolyl Isomerase F

by Zhen Tian, Hongyan Zheng, Yan Fan, Boyu Li, Zhenli Huang, Meijia Wang, Jixian Zhang, Jianping Zhao, Shanshan Wang and Jungang Xie

Cells 2025, 14(13), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14131004 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hexokinase catalyzes the first rate-limiting step glycolysis. However, the roles of hexokinase 2 (HK2) in asthma remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate metabolic alterations in asthma, focusing on the expression, function and regulation of HK2. In this study, non-targeted metabolomics analysis [...] Read more.

Hexokinase catalyzes the first rate-limiting step glycolysis. However, the roles of hexokinase 2 (HK2) in asthma remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate metabolic alterations in asthma, focusing on the expression, function and regulation of HK2. In this study, non-targeted metabolomics analysis of 20 asthma patients and 15 healthy controls identified metabolic alterations in asthma, particularly in the glycolytic pathways. Consistently, HK2 expression was elevated in both asthma individuals and mice with allergic airway inflammation. Airway epithelium–specific HK2 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) significantly attenuated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice induced by ovalbumin/ lipopolysaccharide. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated that HK2 regulates epithelial apoptosis and inflammation via interaction with peptidylprolyl isomerase F (PPIF), independent of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). Asthma is associated with metabolic reprogramming, characterized by alterations in lipid and glucose metabolism. These findings establish HK2 plays a crucial role in asthma pathogenesis by promoting airway epithelial apoptosis and inflammation in asthma, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target. Full article

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18 pages, 10790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maps, Movement, and Meaning: Children Restorying Thresholds with Heart Maps and Walking Tours as Acts of Spatial Reclamation

by Casey M. Pennington

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070834 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This qualitative study examines how children living in a public housing neighborhood engage in multimodal, embodied meaning-making to restory their community. Focusing on two participants and in partnership with The Kids Club, this paper explores children’s spatial reclamation through embodied and spatialized literacies, [...] Read more.

This qualitative study examines how children living in a public housing neighborhood engage in multimodal, embodied meaning-making to restory their community. Focusing on two participants and in partnership with The Kids Club, this paper explores children’s spatial reclamation through embodied and spatialized literacies, complicating stories where children assert whose stories matter and why. Drawing on nexus analysis and narrative inquiry, this study conceptualizes the body as central to cognition and comprehension through texts in action. The sisters spatially reclaim neighborhood narratives via walking tours, heart maps, and photographs that function as multimodal action texts. These practices invite a rethinking of comprehension beyond traditional textual modes, illuminating how children navigate and transform literacy landscapes. This work contributes to conversations about equity in literacy environments and calls on educators and researchers to honor children’s multimodal literacy practices as vital forms of critical comprehension, storytelling, and belonging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Literacy Environments and Reading Comprehension)

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31 pages, 5327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Control for Tracked Vehicles with Hierarchical Unknown Input Observers

by Xihao Yan, Dongjie Wang, Aixiang Ma, Weixiong Zheng and Sihai Zhao

Actuators 2025, 14(7), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14070330 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper addresses the issues of sensor failures and actuator faults in mining tracked mobile vehicles (TMVs) operating in harsh environments by proposing a global fixed-time fault-tolerant control strategy based on a hierarchical unknown input observer structure. First, a kinematic and dynamic model [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the issues of sensor failures and actuator faults in mining tracked mobile vehicles (TMVs) operating in harsh environments by proposing a global fixed-time fault-tolerant control strategy based on a hierarchical unknown input observer structure. First, a kinematic and dynamic model of the TMV is established considering side slip and track slip, and its linear parameter-varying (LPV) model is constructed through parameter-dependent linearization. Then, a distributed structure consisting of four collaborating low-dimensional observers is designed, including a state observer, a disturbance observer, a position sensor fault observer, and a wheel speed sensor fault observer, and the fixed-time convergence of the closed-loop system is proven. Additionally, by equivalently treating actuator faults as power losses, an observer capable of identifying and compensating for motor efficiency losses is designed. Finally, an adaptive fault-tolerant control law is proposed by combining nominal control, disturbance compensation, and sliding mode switching terms, achieving global fixed-time stability and fault tolerance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control system maintains excellent trajectory tracking performance even in the presence of sensor faults and actuator power losses, with tracking errors less than 0.1 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fault Detection and Isolation, Fault Tolerant Control for Autonomous and Transport Vehicles)

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24 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can They Keep You Hooked? Impact of Streamers’ Social Capital on User Stickiness in E-Commerce Live Streaming

by Juan Tan, Yanling Dong, Wenjing Zhao, Qiong Tan and Rui Liu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030158 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Amid the rapid growth of social media and live streaming platforms, streamers, who serve as a crucial link between products and users, have garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. This study explores the impact of the streamer’s social capital (S) on [...] Read more.

Amid the rapid growth of social media and live streaming platforms, streamers, who serve as a crucial link between products and users, have garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. This study explores the impact of the streamer’s social capital (S) on user stickiness (R), as well as the mediating roles of perceived value and flow experience (O) in light of the Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) framework and social capital theory. A total of 322 valid samples were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The results from the SEM indicate that the structural capital, cognitive capital, and relational capital of streamers in e-commerce live streaming significantly influence users’ perceived value, while structural capital and relational capital substantially impact users’ flow experience. Furthermore, both perceived value and flow experience are found to have a significant effect on user stickiness, with chained mediating effects observed between perceived value and flow experience. The fsQCA results further identify three configurational paths influencing user stickiness: the perceived value-oriented path, the flow experience-oriented path, and a hybrid path. This study offers valuable insights and practical implications for e-commerce merchants and companies involved in live streaming activities. Full article

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25 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysing the Factors Contributing to the Decline of Auditors Globally and Avenue for Future Research: A Scoping Review

by Thameenah Abrahams and Masibulele Phesa

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070363 - 1 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aim: This article explores the contributing factors to the decline in the number of auditors globally and aims to provide the consequences and possible recommendations. Auditors play a critical role in ensuring transparency, trust, and credibility of financial statements. However, the profession is [...] Read more.

Aim: This article explores the contributing factors to the decline in the number of auditors globally and aims to provide the consequences and possible recommendations. Auditors play a critical role in ensuring transparency, trust, and credibility of financial statements. However, the profession is experiencing a decline across the globe. The decrease in the number of registered auditors has become a pressing issue, raising concerns about the future of the assurance industry’s ability to maintain the number of registered auditors and continue providing assurance services to public and private entities or companies. Methodology: A scoping-review methodology was adopted to analyse the existing literature on the global decline in the number of auditors. This approach utilises research evidence to identify trends, challenges, and opportunities within the audit profession. Relevant studies were sourced from databases such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, as well as the grey literature. Main findings: This study identifies a combination of factors driving the decline of auditors globally. Economic pressures, such as cost reduction initiatives and outsourcing, have impacted the demand for traditional auditing services. Complex regulatory requirements have increased barriers to entry, while technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence, are disrupting traditional auditing roles. Additionally, the profession suffers from negative perceptions regarding workload, remuneration, and work–life balance, discouraging new entrants. Practical implications: The findings emphasise the urgent need for the auditing profession to adapt to evolving challenges. Stakeholders, including regulatory bodies and professional organisations, must address issues such as technological integration, career development pathways, and regulatory simplification. Enhanced public awareness campaigns and training initiatives are critical to attracting and retaining professional talent. Contribution: This study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on the global decline of auditors by creating a broad spectrum of evidence. It highlights actionable strategies to address the profession’s challenges and provides a foundation for future research on sustaining the relevance of auditors in a dynamic global economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Management)

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