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25 pages, 16492 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Edge Scour and Undermining Process of Conical Structure Around a Monopile

by Jinming Tu, Fan Yang, Chi Yu and Fuming Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14010090 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

The scour protection performance of the conical structure under different slope angles, α, was investigated through numerical simulations. By solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, using the Renormalization Group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model and the Meyer-Peter and Müller (MPM) sediment transport formula, the [...] Read more.

The scour protection performance of the conical structure under different slope angles, α, was investigated through numerical simulations. By solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations, using the Renormalization Group (RNG) k–ε turbulence model and the Meyer-Peter and Müller (MPM) sediment transport formula, the scour protection performance, undermining process, and the flow field around the devices were fully analyzed at different slope angles. The findings indicate that the conical scour protection provides effective protection against scour damage. As the slope angle increases, greater scour depth is observed around the structure. A critical slope angle was identified between 30° and 40°, slope angle effects are obvious below the threshold; otherwise, it minimized. Undermining is the main cause of failure of such stiff scour protection, mainly driven by flow contraction and sand sliding. Upstream undermining beneath the structure is more pronounced, while the downstream undermining is largely related to the near-bed flow separation point. The critical undermining point (CUP) is proposed based on the undermining curve to distinguish the undermining state, which is critical in scour protection and structural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave–Structure–Seabed Interaction)

16 pages, 926 KB

Open AccessReview

Respiratory Physiotherapy in Preterm Neonates with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Implications

by Paula Rodríguez-Roza, Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez, Arrate Pinto-Carral and María José Álvarez-Álvarez

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010343 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth, affecting more than 13.4 million infants worldwide each year, remains one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are predominant contributors to prolonged hospitalization and respiratory support needs. As [...] Read more.

Background: Preterm birth, affecting more than 13.4 million infants worldwide each year, remains one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are predominant contributors to prolonged hospitalization and respiratory support needs. As advances in perinatal care have improved survival, attention has increasingly turned to optimizing respiratory function and reducing complications through non-pharmacological interventions. Respiratory physiotherapy has therefore gained recognition as a valuable adjunct to medical management in this population. Purpose: To provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current clinical evidence regarding respiratory physiotherapy techniques used in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Summary of Evidence: The available literature describes several physiotherapeutic modalities—including prolonged slow expiration, postural treatment, Vöjta therapy, and gentle mechanical techniques—aimed at improving ventilation, gas exchange, and secretion clearance. Across diverse studies, these interventions have been associated with better oxygenation, improved heart and respiratory rates, shorter mechanical ventilation time, and reduced hospital stay, while showing no relevant adverse effects. Although methodological heterogeneity persists, the consistency of beneficial trends supports their integration into multidisciplinary neonatal care. Conclusions: Respiratory physiotherapy represents a safe and promising therapeutic complement for preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Techniques that combine postural control and controlled expiratory maneuvers appear particularly effective in enhancing pulmonary mechanics and recovery. Future research should focus on standardizing intervention protocols, identifying optimal timing and dosing, and evaluating the long-term respiratory and developmental outcomes of these physiotherapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)

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37 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Dysprosium Recovery from Secondary Sources: A Review of Hydrometallurgical, Biohydrometallurgicaland Solvometallurgical Approaches

by Ewa Rudnik

Molecules 2026, 31(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010176 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dysprosium is one of the most critical elements for global economies due to its essential role in the green energy transition. Although it is added in small quantities as an alloying element, dysprosium plays a crucial role in NdFeB magnets used in wind [...] Read more.

Dysprosium is one of the most critical elements for global economies due to its essential role in the green energy transition. Although it is added in small quantities as an alloying element, dysprosium plays a crucial role in NdFeB magnets used in wind turbines and industrial motors. On the other hand, the limited resources and production capacity of dysprosium contribute to supply shortages and raise concerns about its long-term availability. Therefore, there is a need for efficient techniques that will enable the recovery of dysprosium from secondary materials to bridge the gap between supply and demand while addressing the risks associated with securing a stable supply. This review focuses on (bio)hydrometallurgical and solvometallurgical methods for recovering dysprosium from key secondary sources such as spent NdFeB magnets, phosphogypsum, and coal ash. Although these wastes do not always contain high concentrations of dysprosium, they can have a simpler elemental composition compared to primary sources (a few tens or hundreds of ppm Dy) and are more readily available. Spent NdFeB magnets, with a few percent Dy, show the most promise for recycling. In contrast, coal fly ashes (with several ppm Dy), although widely available, bind dysprosium in an inert phase, requiring substantial pretreatment to enhance the release of the desired element. Phosphogypsum, while not yet a significant source of dysprosium (several ppm Dy), is increasingly recognized as a potential source for other rare earth elements. Although conventional hydrometallurgical methods are commonly used, these are typically unselective for dysprosium recovery, whereas unconventional solvometallurgical approaches show preferential extraction of dysprosium over base metals. Full article

30 pages, 5834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gait Dynamics Classification with Criticality Analysis and Support Vector Machines

by Shadi Eltanani, Tjeerd V. olde Scheper, Johnny Collett, Helen Dawes and Patrick Esser

Mathematics 2026, 14(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14010177 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Classifying demographic groups of humans from gait patterns is desirable from several long-standing diagnostic and monitoring perspectives. IMU recorded gait patterns are mapped into a nonlinear dynamic representation space using criticality analysis and subsequently classified using standard Support Vector Machines. Inertial-only gait recordings [...] Read more.

Classifying demographic groups of humans from gait patterns is desirable from several long-standing diagnostic and monitoring perspectives. IMU recorded gait patterns are mapped into a nonlinear dynamic representation space using criticality analysis and subsequently classified using standard Support Vector Machines. Inertial-only gait recordings were found to readily classify in the CA representations. Accuracies across age categories for female versus male were 72.77%, 78.95%, and 80.11% for

σ = 0.1

, 1, and 10, respectively; within the female group, accuracies were 73.36%, 76.70%, and 78.90%; and within the male group, 77.65%, 81.48%, and 81.05%. These results show that dynamic biological data are easily classifiable when projected into the nonlinear space, while classifying the data without this is not nearly as effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modelling of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems)

14 pages, 1292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neighborhood Deprivation Associated with Impaired Sit-to-Stand Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis with Clinical Implications

by Kenneth Harrison, Silvia Campos-Vargas, Brandon M. Peoples, Keven G. Santamaria-Guzman, David T. Redden, Michael A. Samaan and Jaimie A. Roper

Healthcare 2026, 14(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14010111 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Socioeconomic factors significantly influence health outcomes in older adults, yet their impact on specific aspects of mobility remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and mobility health in older adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study [...] Read more.

Background: Socioeconomic factors significantly influence health outcomes in older adults, yet their impact on specific aspects of mobility remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and mobility health in older adults. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 110 community-dwelling older adults recruited and collected using voluntary response sampling at eight health fairs across rural Southeast Alabama in 2022–2024 (60 ± 16 years, 80% female). Area-level socioeconomic status was measured using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated composite measure of neighborhood disadvantage. Mobility was assessed using the Instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG) test and the Instrumented Five Times Sit-to-Stand (i5TSTS) test. Kruskal–Wallis tests and general linear models in SAS 9.4 analyzed the relationship between ADI and mobility measures. Results: Higher ADI scores were significantly associated with poorer performance on the i5TSTS test (p = 0.0004). While overall iTUG duration did not differ significantly across ADI groups, the sit-to-stand phase of the iTUG showed a significant relationship with ADI (p = 0.0026). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, weight, race, and education level. Conclusions: These findings suggest that neighborhood context plays a crucial role in mobility health, particularly in functions related to postural transitions. Clinicians should consider area-level disadvantage when screening for mobility limitations and may need to prioritize sit-to-stand interventions for patients living in high-deprivation areas. Full article

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11 pages, 689 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Revisiting the Windkessel Function: Toward Accessible Assessment of Central Arterial Health

by Jun Sugawara

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(1), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15010342 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly one-third of global mortality. Arterial stiffening, particularly in the central elastic arteries, impairs the Windkessel (cushioning and pumping) function and contributes to cardiovascular risk beyond traditional factors. Carotid–femoral pulse wave [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly one-third of global mortality. Arterial stiffening, particularly in the central elastic arteries, impairs the Windkessel (cushioning and pumping) function and contributes to cardiovascular risk beyond traditional factors. Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is established as the gold standard for assessing aortic stiffness and predicting cardiovascular and all-cause mortality; however, its technical complexity and requirement for trained personnel limit its use in routine clinical and community settings. These challenges have driven the development of simplified techniques for population screening, such as brachial–ankle PWV (baPWV). More recently, single-cuff oscillometric devices have emerged as practical alternatives. These methods are simple enough to be implemented in daily healthcare at home, thereby greatly enhancing accessibility, although their accuracy depends on model assumptions and calibration. In this perspective article, we highlight the pathophysiological significance of preserving the central arterial Windkessel function and emphasize the need for its practical assessment. Recent innovations mark a paradigm shift from complex laboratory-based measurements toward simplified, data-driven, and socially feasible screening tools for the early detection and prevention of CVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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5 pages, 195 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Molecular Insights into Hair Regeneration: Special Issue Highlights

by Jong-Hyuk Sung

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010477 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hair follicle development and regeneration depend on an intricate interplay of molecular signals, genetic factors, and environmental influences [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Hair Regeneration)

15 pages, 6409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bi₂Se₃/n-Si Schottky Junctions for Near-Infrared Photodetectors

by Matteo Salvato, Riccardo Ciciotti, Filippo Pierucci, Mattia Scagliotti, Matteo Rapisarda, Antonio Vecchione, Anita Guarino, Michele Crivellari and Paola Castrucci

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16010067 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Bi₂Se₃ thin films with different thicknesses are deposited on prepatterned n-Si substrates by the vapor–solid deposition method, demonstrating photodetector performances in the visible and near-infrared range up to the telecommunication wavelength 1550 nm and showing response times as low as [...] Read more.

Bi₂Se₃ thin films with different thicknesses are deposited on prepatterned n-Si substrates by the vapor–solid deposition method, demonstrating photodetector performances in the visible and near-infrared range up to the telecommunication wavelength 1550 nm and showing response times as low as 126 ns. The current voltage characteristics measured in the temperature range 77–300 K indicate the formation of Schottky junctions at the interface between the two materials. The nature of the junctions is discussed considering the effect of disorder at the interface induced by the Bi₂Se₃ film granularity. The temperature dependence of the ideality factors and the Schottky barrier heights is consistent with a thermionic field effect mechanism governing the electron motion through the interface, which is responsible for the fast response of the photodetectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for High-Performance Transistors and Photodetectors)

57 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessReview

Toward Circular and Sustainable Urban Wastewater Treatment: Integrating Adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes

by Despina A. Gkika, Dimitra K. Toubanaki, Anna A. Thysiadou, George Z. Kyzas and Athanasia K. Tolkou

Urban Sci. 2026, 10(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci10010025 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Wastewater treatment is fundamental to sustainable urban development, and recent European legislation now requires quaternary treatment of final effluent at wastewater treatment plants. Among the technologies evaluated for this purpose, adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have demonstrated the highest removal efficiencies, and [...] Read more.

Wastewater treatment is fundamental to sustainable urban development, and recent European legislation now requires quaternary treatment of final effluent at wastewater treatment plants. Among the technologies evaluated for this purpose, adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have demonstrated the highest removal efficiencies, and the ongoing shift toward more circular and sustainable urban wastewater management, positioning them as two of the most strategically significant technologies in the field. Quaternary treatments with ozonation and activated carbon adsorption (PAC/GAC) achieve median micropollutant removal above 80%. GAC is generally associated with the highest costs, followed by PAC and ozonation, typically in the range of approximately 0.035 to 0.3 € per cubic meter in European settings. This review presents a systematic comparison of adsorption and AOPs for the removal of urban wastewater pollutants, with emphasis on removal efficiency, energy requirements, carbon footprint, and operational limitations. It delineates the conditions under which each technology demonstrates superior performance and highlights its complementary strengths across different contaminant groups and treatment objectives. Beyond conventional performance indicators, the review frames these technologies as key enablers of circular wastewater treatment through material regeneration, resource recovery, and process integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Solutions for Urban Wastewater Management and Resource Utilization)

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34 pages, 8348 KB

Open AccessReview

High-Speed Electric Motors for Fuel Cell Compressor System Used for EV Application—Review and Perspectives

by Daniel Fodorean

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16010476 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study introduces a review on high-speed electrical motors (HSEMs) used for fuel cell (FC) compressor systems, to feed air into the FC stack. This technology is designed for electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, an evaluation of electrical machines as the main energy [...] Read more.

This study introduces a review on high-speed electrical motors (HSEMs) used for fuel cell (FC) compressor systems, to feed air into the FC stack. This technology is designed for electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, an evaluation of electrical machines as the main energy consumers of EVs is conducted to situate the current study in terms of the mechanical characteristics. Next, the main electrical motor configurations found in the scientific literature, and suitable for applications in FC compressor systems, are presented. Three case studies are depicted to identify the main challenges of this application in terms of the mechanical robustness and efficiency. Finally, a perspective on improving the energetic performance of HSEMs is presented, in terms of the materials used, the shape of the geometry, the winding type and insulation, the cooling, and the optimization techniques used to maximize the performance of HSEMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)

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16 pages, 311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Synchronization of Time-Fractional Memristive Hopfield Neural Networks

by Yuncheng You

Axioms 2026, 15(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010037 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

We introduce and study robust synchronization of time-fractional Hopfield neural networks with memristive synapses and Hebbian learning. This novel model of artificial neural networks exhibits strong memory and long-range path dependence. By scaled group estimates and analysis of fractional differencing equations, it is [...] Read more.

We introduce and study robust synchronization of time-fractional Hopfield neural networks with memristive synapses and Hebbian learning. This novel model of artificial neural networks exhibits strong memory and long-range path dependence. By scaled group estimates and analysis of fractional differencing equations, it is proved that under rather general assumptions the solution dynamics are globally dissipative and there exists a threshold condition for achieving robust synchronization of the entire neural networks if this condition is satisfied by the interneuron coupling strength. The synchronizing threshold is explicitly expressed in terms of the original parameters in the model equations and strictly decreasing for the fractional order

α \in (0, 1)

. This result makes a breakthrough in the exploration of fractional global and longtime dynamics for AI mathematical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)

20 pages, 8258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Coated Gallium Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Ga_xFe_(3−x)O₄ with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Marta Orzechowska, Urszula Klekotka, Magdalena Czerniecka, Adam Tylicki, Dmytro Soloviov, Arkadiusz Miaskowski and Katarzyna Rećko

Molecules 2026, 31(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31010177 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Nanoparticles based on gallium ferrite are explored as potential agents for magnetic fluid hyperthermia due to their magnetic performance and biocompatibility. In this study, Ga_xFe_3−xO₄ systems (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were synthesized by co-precipitation of iron chlorides, [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles based on gallium ferrite are explored as potential agents for magnetic fluid hyperthermia due to their magnetic performance and biocompatibility. In this study, Ga_xFe_3−xO₄ systems (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) were synthesized by co-precipitation of iron chlorides, with part of the series modified by a chitosan shell. Structural analysis confirmed single-phase formation across the studied range, while microscopy revealed irregular morphology, broad size distribution, and aggregation into mass-fractal-like assemblies. Chitosan was observed to coat groups of particles rather than single crystallites. Under an alternating magnetic field, all samples exhibited efficient heating, with specific absorption rate values generally increasing with gallium content. The composition Ga_0.73Fe_2.27O₄ showed the highest SAR—83.4 ± 2.2 W/g at 2.8 mg/mL, 532 kHz, 15.3 kA/m, and SAR values rose with decreasing concentration. Cytotoxicity assays without magnetic activation indicated no harmful effect, while chitosan-coated nanoparticles enhanced fibroblast viability and lowered metabolic activity of HeLa cells. Higher Ga content (x = 0.66) combined with chitosan modification was identified as optimal for hyperthermia. The results demonstrate the biomedical potential of these nanoparticles, while emphasizing the need to reduce shape heterogeneity, aggregation, and sedimentation for improved performance. Full article

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14 pages, 1675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Necrotic Cells Alter IRE1α-XBP1 Signaling and Induce Transcriptional Changes in Glioblastoma

by Jiwoo Lim, Seulgi Lee, Ye-Seon Hong, Ji Ha Choi, Ala Jo, Jihee Lee Kang, Tae-Jin Song and Youn-Hee Choi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010474 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Necrosis is a characteristic feature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and is closely associated with tumor-associated inflammation and poor clinical outcomes. However, the molecular consequences of necrotic cell death on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling in GBM cells remain unclear. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Necrosis is a characteristic feature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and is closely associated with tumor-associated inflammation and poor clinical outcomes. However, the molecular consequences of necrotic cell death on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling in GBM cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of necrotic cells on the ER stress signaling and unfolded protein response (UPR) in human glioblastoma cell lines. Exposure to necrotic cells reduced IRE1α phosphorylation and increased unspliced XBP1 (XBP1u) accumulation, without affecting PERK or ATF6 pathways. These changes were accompanied by enhanced IκBα phosphorylation and impaired autophagic degradation. Treatment with ER stress inducers failed to reverse XBP1u accumulation, and reduced phosphorylation of PKAc was observed together with decreased IRE1α activation. Transcriptomic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that necrotic cell-induced XBP1u was associated with altered expression of XBP1-related genes, while XBP1 knockdown produced similar transcriptional changes and enhanced the effects of necrotic cell treatment. These findings suggest that necrotic cells impair canonical IRE1α-XBP1 signaling and induce transcriptional reprogramming in glioblastoma cells, which may contribute to tumor progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates and Advances in the Field of Glioblastomas: Mechanisms, Microenvironment and Treatments)

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19 pages, 667 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Replacing Stumbo’s Tables with Simple and Accurate Mathematical Modelling for Food Thermal Process Calculations

by Dario Friso

Processes 2026, 14(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010155 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

The practical use of computational thermo-fluid dynamics (CFD) for food thermal process calculations still appears very premature due to both the high costs and the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of foods. Therefore, the traditional formula method with both Ball and Stumbo’s tables is still [...] Read more.

The practical use of computational thermo-fluid dynamics (CFD) for food thermal process calculations still appears very premature due to both the high costs and the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of foods. Therefore, the traditional formula method with both Ball and Stumbo’s tables is still widely used due to its accuracy and safety. In both cases, the calculations require consulting and interpolating data from the respective tables, making the procedure slow and prone to human errors. The computerization of Ball’s tables to speed up and automate the calculations with a new mathematical approach based on the substitution of the integral exponential function and the initial cooling hyperbola has already been developed. The high accuracy obtained, superior to the direct regression of the table data, suggested adopting it also in the computerization of Stumbo’s tables. However, the latter are 14 times larger than those of Ball due to the extension of the thermo-bacteriological parameter z up to over 100 °C and the variability of the cooling lag factor J_cc. Therefore, the mathematical modelling was modified using an additional function, dependent on z and J_cc. The results obtained with the mathematical modelling showed a mean relative error and the standard deviation with respect to the Stumbo’s tables equal to MRE ± SD = 0.62% ± 1.29%. Further validation was obtained by calculating the thermal process time for different lethalities and thermo-bacteriological parameters with MRE ± SD compared to the Stumbo tables equal to 1.04% ± 0.82%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies for Food Preservation and Sustainable Food Processing)

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13 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Nutrient Contents, Fermentation Profiles, Bacterial Communities and Co-Occurrence Network of Small-Bale Oat Silage Prepared with/Without Lentilactobacillus buchneri or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

by Baiyila Wu, Xue Cao, Shuo Liu, Tong Ren, Yuxin Bao, Hua Mei, Shiba Liu, Chelegeri Zhao, Longli Cong, Shiyang Jiao, Huaxin Niu, Shubo Wen, Haifeng Wang and Yang Song

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010101 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Oat is a forage with high protein value (10–14% DM) and good palatability, and is considered one of the main feed sources for ruminants. In this experiment, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lentilactobacillus buchneri were selected as silage additives to investigate the fermentation quality, nutrient [...] Read more.

Oat is a forage with high protein value (10–14% DM) and good palatability, and is considered one of the main feed sources for ruminants. In this experiment, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lentilactobacillus buchneri were selected as silage additives to investigate the fermentation quality, nutrient composition, microbial community and relationship between fermentation products and bacterial community of small-bale oat silage after ensiling. The experiment was set up with three treatment groups and three replications in each group, which were the control (C) group, L. rhamnosus (LR) group and L. buchneri (LB) group, and oat silages were subjected to 10-day and 30-day storage periods. The results show that both LR and LB additions significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, lactic acid, propionic acid and acetic acid contents, and decreased pH, butyric acid, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and ammonia nitrogen contents and yeast and enterobacteria numbers in small-bale oat silage, compared with the C group. The highest content of acetic acid and the lowest numbers of enterobacteria and yeast were found in the LB group after 30 days of fermentation. Lentilactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus were the dominant genera in the LB and LR groups, regardless of fermentation time. Lentilactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus were positively correlated with a correlation value of 0.9, but both were negatively correlated with Bacillus. Lentilactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus were positively correlated with acetic and lactic acids, while pH and butyric acid were positively correlated with Bacillus. This experiment revealed that the addition of homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the relative abundance of Lentilactobacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, reduced harmful microbes, and improved fermentation quality of small-bale oat silage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms in Silage—2nd Edition)

11 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Infection Prevention Among Nurses and Laboratory Technicians Amidst Multiple Health Emergencies in Outbreak-Prone Country, D.R. Congo

by Nlandu Roger Ngatu, Sakiko Kanbara, Christian Wansu-Mapong, Daniel Kuezina Tonduangu, Ngombe Leon-Kabamba, Berthier Nsadi-Fwene, Bertin Mindje-Kolomba, Antoine Tshimpi, Kanae Kanda, Chisako Okai, Hiromi Suzuki, Nzaji Michel-Kabamba, Georges Balenda-Matondo, Nobuyuki Miyatake, Akira Nishiyama, Tomomi Kuwahara and Akihito Harusato

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed11010014 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Millions of healthcare workers experience percutaneous exposure to bloodborne communicable infectious disease pathogens annually, with the risk of contracting occupationally acquired infections. In this study, we aimed to assess the status of occupational safety and outbreak preparedness in Congolese nurses and laboratory technicians [...] Read more.

Millions of healthcare workers experience percutaneous exposure to bloodborne communicable infectious disease pathogens annually, with the risk of contracting occupationally acquired infections. In this study, we aimed to assess the status of occupational safety and outbreak preparedness in Congolese nurses and laboratory technicians in Kongo central and the Katanga area, amidst multiple ongoing public health emergencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This was a multicenter analytical cross-sectional study conducted in five referral hospitals located in Kongo central province and the Katanga area between 2019 and 2020 amidst Ebola, Yellow fever, Cholera and Chikungunya outbreaks. Participants were adult A0 grade nurses, A1 nurses, A2 nurses and medical laboratory technicians (N = 493). They answered a structured, self-administered questionnaire related to hospital hygiene and standard precautions for occupational infection prevention. The majority of the respondents were females (53.6%), and 30.1% of them have never participated in a training session on hospital infection prevention during their career. The proportions of those who have been immunized against hepatitis B virus (HBV) was markedly low, at 16.5%. Of the respondents, 75.3% have been using safety-engineered medical devices (SEDs), whereas 93.5% consistently disinfected medical devices after use. Moreover, 78% of the respondents used gloves during medical procedures and 92.2% wore masks consistently. A large majority of the respondents, 82.9%, have been recapping the needles after use. Regarding participation in outbreak response, 24.5% and 12.2% of the respondents were Chikungunya and Cholera epidemic responders, respectively; 1.8% have served in Ebola outbreak sites. The proportion of the respondents who sustained at least one percutaneous injury by needlestick or sharp device, blood/body fluid splash or both in the previous 12-month period was high, 89.3% (41.8% for injury, 59.2% for BBF event), and most of them (73%) reported over 11 events. Compared to laboratory technicians, nurses had higher odds for sustaining percutaneous injury and BBF events [OR = 1.38 (0.16); p < 0.01], whereas respondents with longer working experience were less likely to sustain those events [OR = 0.47 (0.11); p < 0.001]. Findings from this study suggest that Congolese nurses and laboratory technicians experience a high frequency of injury and BBF events at work, and remain at high risk for occupationally acquired infection. There is a need for periodic capacity-building training for the healthcare workforce to improve infection prevention in health settings, the provision of sufficient and appropriate PPE and SEDs, post-exposure follow-up and keeping records of occupational injuries in hospitals in Congolese healthcare settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Infectious Disease—Global Challenges and Local Solutions)

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40 pages, 5718 KB

Open AccessReview

From Context to Human: A Review of VLM Contextualization in the Recognition of Human States in Visual Data

by Corneliu Florea, Constantin-Bogdan Popescu, Andrei Racovițeanu, Andreea Nițu and Laura Florea

Mathematics 2026, 14(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14010175 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a narrative review of the contextualization and contribution offered by vision–language models (VLMs) for human-centric understanding in images. Starting from the correlation between humans and their context (background) and by incorporating VLM-generated embeddings into recognition architectures, recent solutions have advanced [...] Read more.

This paper presents a narrative review of the contextualization and contribution offered by vision–language models (VLMs) for human-centric understanding in images. Starting from the correlation between humans and their context (background) and by incorporating VLM-generated embeddings into recognition architectures, recent solutions have advanced the recognition of human actions, the detection and classification of violent behavior, and inference of human emotions from body posture and facial expression. While powerful and general, VLMs may also introduce biases that can be reflected in the overall performance. Unlike prior reviews that focus on a single task or generic image captioning, this review jointly examines multiple human-centric problems in VLM-based approaches. The study begins by describing the key elements of VLMs (including architectural foundations, pre-training techniques, and cross-modal fusion strategies) and explains why they are suitable for contextualization. In addition to highlighting the improvements brought by VLMs, it critically discusses their limitations (including human-related biases) and presents a mathematical perspective and strategies for mitigating them. This review aims to consolidate the technical landscape of VLM-based contextualization for human state recognition and detection. It aims to serve as a foundational reference for researchers seeking to control the power of language-guided VLMs in recognizing human states correlated with contextual cues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Neural Networks and Visual Learning)

13 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Prognostic Nomogram in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Based on KELIM: A Retrospective Study at TuDu Hospital, Vietnam

by Hoang T. Pham, Tuan M. Vo, Le N. N. Phan and Hien T. Nguyen

Diagnostics 2026, 16(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16010151 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) constitutes the predominant form of ovarian malignancies. The primary goal of this study was to determine predictors of patient survival and construct a nomogram for survival prediction in individuals diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) constitutes the predominant form of ovarian malignancies. The primary goal of this study was to determine predictors of patient survival and construct a nomogram for survival prediction in individuals diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed, including 418 patients who received treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer at Tu Du Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019. The median follow-up time was 77.1 months (range: 5.7–121.6 months). Survival analyses were conducted using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. A nomogram was developed, incorporating KELIM and other statistically significant variables. Results: The median follow-up time was 77.1 months. The observed cumulative mortality rates were 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7–3.2), 10.4% (95% CI: 7.8–13.8), and 16.5% (95% CI: 13.2–20.6) at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Factors demonstrating a significant correlation with survival included KELIM < 1 (HR = 1.78 [95% CI: 1.16–2.72]), pre-treatment CA-125 levels ≥ 35 U/mL (HR = 2.47 [95% CI: 1.10–5.55]), FIGO stages III-IV (HR = 2.40 [95% CI: 1.36–4.21]), and the presence of residual tumor tissue following surgical intervention (HR = 3.14 [95% CI: 1.75–5.65]). Conclusions: Prognosis is significantly influenced by KELIM, pre-treatment CA-125, tumor stage, and residual tumor post-surgery. The nomogram developed here offers a tool to assist in personalized prognostic assessments of Vietnamese EOC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Progress in Gynecologic Oncology)

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15 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Intake, Dairy Consumption, Past Fractures, and Lifestyle Correlates of Forearm Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Boys with Myelomeningocele

by Joanna Cieplińska and Anna Kopiczko

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010154 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nutritional intake (energy, protein, calcium, number of meals, number of dairy products) and other factors (physical activity, past fractures, body composition) with forearm bone parameters in adolescent boys with myelomeningocele (MMC). Methods [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between nutritional intake (energy, protein, calcium, number of meals, number of dairy products) and other factors (physical activity, past fractures, body composition) with forearm bone parameters in adolescent boys with myelomeningocele (MMC). Methods: This study included 63 boys with MMC aged 11.9 ± 1.8 years, 30 active boys with MMC and 33 inactive boys with MMC. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the distal (dis) and proximal (prox) parts of the forearm were measured by densitometry. Diet was assessed using an FFQ and 24 h dietary recalls. Energy, protein, and calcium intake were calculated using the Diet 6.0 software. Data were collected on past fractures and physical activity (PA min/day). Results: The active MMC group, compared to the inactive group, had significantly higher BMD dis and prox, BMC dis, and Z-scores (Hedges’ g: medium effect). Significant relationships between BMD dis were demonstrated with the number of dairy products (n/day) (F = 6.66; η² = 0.116) and protein intake (g/day) (F = 15.27; η² = 0.230). BMC dis was affected only by PA (min/day) (F = 9.80; η² = 0.161). The parameters affecting BMD prox were the number of dairy products (n/day) (F = 9.95; η² = 0.163) and protein (g/day) (F = 12.95; η² = 0.202). BMC prox was affected only by PA (min/day) (F = 4.39; η² = 0.079). Conclusions: Overall, bone health in boys with MMC appears to be primarily influenced by nutritional factors—particularly dairy intake and protein—as well as by physical activity. These results underscore the need for early nutritional screening and further research on additional bone-related dietary components to optimize nutritional recommendations for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 2209 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Roasting Conditions on the Quality of Sesame Oil: Sensory Profiles, Volatile Components, Fatty Acids and Oxidative Stability

by Mengke Zheng, Yan Chen, Peiwen Yang, Yinan Yang, Guihong Qi, Peng Li, Wuduo Zhao, Shihao Sun and Donghao Zhang

Foods 2026, 15(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15010146 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Sesame oil is one of the most popular sesame products for consumers. Roasting is a commonly employed heat treatment method in sesame oil processing. This work aims to investigate the effects of roasting temperature and time on sensory profiles, volatile components, fatty acid [...] Read more.

Sesame oil is one of the most popular sesame products for consumers. Roasting is a commonly employed heat treatment method in sesame oil processing. This work aims to investigate the effects of roasting temperature and time on sensory profiles, volatile components, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of the oil. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis was employed to reveal changes in aroma characteristics of sesame oils from different roasting conditions. Volatile compounds of the oils were analyzed via headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), identifying 56 components, including 30 key aroma-active compounds (odor activity value, OAV ≥ 1) across 18 samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to explore the effect of roasting conditions on volatiles of sesame oils. The oxidative stability of the oils was also determined by RapidOxy reactor. The results demonstrated that the effect of roasting time on the flavor of sesame oil was greater than that of temperature. Moreover, the effect of roasting conditions (temperature/time) on the fatty acid profile of sesame oil was not significant. This provided some theoretical foundation and data support for improving the processing technology of sesame oil and controlling its flavor quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Multi-Omics Approaches to Flavour Chemistry and Food Matrix Interactions for Understanding Sensory Quality)

19 pages, 2008 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occlusion Avoidance for Harvesting Robots: A Lightweight Active Perception Model

by Tao Zhang, Jiaxi Huang, Jinxing Niu, Zhengyi Liu, Le Zhang and Huan Song

Sensors 2026, 26(1), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26010291 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Addressing the issue of fruit recognition and localization failures in harvesting robots due to severe occlusion by branches and leaves in complex orchard environments, this paper proposes an occlusion avoidance method that combines a lightweight YOLOv8n model, developed by Ultralytics in the United [...] Read more.

Addressing the issue of fruit recognition and localization failures in harvesting robots due to severe occlusion by branches and leaves in complex orchard environments, this paper proposes an occlusion avoidance method that combines a lightweight YOLOv8n model, developed by Ultralytics in the United States, with active perception. Firstly, to meet the stringent real-time requirements of the active perception system, a lightweight YOLOv8n model was developed. This model reduces computational redundancy by incorporating the C2f-FasterBlock module and enhances key feature representation by integrating the SE attention mechanism, significantly improving inference speed while maintaining high detection accuracy. Secondly, an end-to-end active perception model based on ResNet50 and multi-modal fusion was designed. This model can intelligently predict the optimal movement direction for the robotic arm based on the current observation image, actively avoiding occlusions to obtain a more complete field of view. The model was trained using a matrix dataset constructed through the robot’s dynamic exploration in real-world scenarios, achieving a direct mapping from visual perception to motion planning. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lightweight YOLOv8n model achieves a mAP of 0.885 in apple detection tasks, a frame rate of 83 FPS, a parameter count reduced to 1,983,068, and a model weight file size reduced to 4.3 MB, significantly outperforming the baseline model. In active perception experiments, the proposed method effectively guided the robotic arm to quickly find observation positions with minimal occlusion, substantially improving the success rate of target recognition and the overall operational efficiency of the system. The current research outcomes provide preliminary technical validation and a feasible exploratory pathway for developing agricultural harvesting robot systems suitable for real-world complex environments. It should be noted that the validation of this study was primarily conducted in controlled environments. Subsequent work still requires large-scale testing in diverse real-world orchard scenarios, as well as further system optimization and performance evaluation in more realistic application settings, which include natural lighting variations, complex weather conditions, and actual occlusion patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent Agriculture: Perception Technologies and Agricultural Equipment for Crop Production Processes)

17 pages, 5456 KB

Open AccessArticle

Passive Occupant Safety Solutions for Non-Conventional Seating Positions

by Laszlo Porkolab and Istvan Lakatos

Future Transp. 2026, 6(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp6010007 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

In a fully autonomous vehicle, the driver becomes a passenger, free to adopt different seating positions. This change challenges traditional passive safety systems—such as seatbelts, airbags and seat design—that are optimised for a forward-facing position. As autonomous vehicles are integrated into mixed traffic [...] Read more.

In a fully autonomous vehicle, the driver becomes a passenger, free to adopt different seating positions. This change challenges traditional passive safety systems—such as seatbelts, airbags and seat design—that are optimised for a forward-facing position. As autonomous vehicles are integrated into mixed traffic with conventional cars, solutions need to address these challenges. In this intermediate stage, fully autonomous cars will need a system that, in the event of an accident, can rotate the seats to the most ideal position tested by the manufacturer. This could be a number of positions where the seat, airbags and seatbelts are optimised, taking into account the expected direction of impact. It is important that the rotation is not too radical, as this would increase the risk of injury. In addition, the seat dimensions need to be increased to improve energy absorption in the event of a collision, thereby reducing the impact forces on the occupants and improving overall safety. To improve passive protection, airbags will continue to be used in the future, but in completely new positions, sizes and shapes. This research aims to identify potential passive occupant safety solutions for seat positions that have been rotated in fully autonomous vehicles. The finite element simulation model on which the results in this article are based was developed in an earlier phase of the research. The current research combines two previously conducted research directions, using the modified seat and the developed airbag concept. This research’s main outcome is a system that effectively protects occupants in rotated seat positions. It maintains all evaluated injury criteria below their threshold limits and ensures controlled occupant kinematics. Full article

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14 pages, 1691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intercropping with Different Companion Plants Affects the Growth and Soil Properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium

by Meng Lei, Zaibiao Zhu and Changlin Wang

Agronomy 2026, 16(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16010119 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the soil degradation and growth inhibition caused by long-term monoculture of the medicinal plant Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Hangju), we conducted a controlled experiment comparing a monoculture (control) with seven different intercropping combinations. The intercropping treatments consisted of the main crop paired [...] Read more.

To address the soil degradation and growth inhibition caused by long-term monoculture of the medicinal plant Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Hangju), we conducted a controlled experiment comparing a monoculture (control) with seven different intercropping combinations. The intercropping treatments consisted of the main crop paired with pepper, schizonepeta, edible amaranth, dandelion, maize, soya, and purple perilla. Comprehensive assessments were conducted, encompassing plant growth parameters and rhizospheric soil properties. The soil properties included physicochemical characteristics, enzyme activities, and phenolic acid content (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid). The results indicated that intercropping significantly altered the rhizosphere environment of Hangju (p < 0.05). Purple perilla and maize emerged as particularly effective companion plants. Intercropping with purple perilla enhanced the aboveground biomass accumulation of Hangju and increased the activities of rhizosphere catalase, sucrase, β-glucosidase, and neutral phosphatase, although it also elevated the contents of three autotoxic phenolic acids. In contrast, intercropping with maize improved Hangju biomass and enhanced the activities of sucrase, urease, neutral phosphatase, and protease, while concurrently reducing the concentrations of all three phenolic acids. Overall, maize demonstrated optimal performance in comprehensively improving soil health by modulating enzyme activities, whereas purple perilla showed a distinct advantage in directly promoting plant growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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14 pages, 467 KB

Open AccessArticle

15-Day Duration of Venetoclax Combined with Azacitidine in Treatment-Naive Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Prospective Multicenter Study

by Binbin Lai, Chen Mei, Xiao Yan, Lieguang Chen, Yi Wang, Lixia Sheng, Shanhao Tang, Liping Mao, Ping Zhang, Yongcheng Sun, Wanzhuo Xie, De Zhou, Wenyuan Mai, Huafeng Wang, Liya Ma, Yinjun Lou, Wenjun Wu, Huifang Jiang, Jin Zhang, Baodong Ye, Hongyan Tong and Guifang Ouyang Show full author list Hide full author list

Cancers 2026, 18(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010159 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) carry a high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia and poor overall survival. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), such as azacitidine, remain the standard of care but have limited efficacy. A 15-day venetoclax-azacitidine regimen has shown promising objective response [...] Read more.

Background: Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) carry a high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia and poor overall survival. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs), such as azacitidine, remain the standard of care but have limited efficacy. A 15-day venetoclax-azacitidine regimen has shown promising objective response rates (ORR) and potential as a bridge to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in relapsed/refractory HR-MDS. We conducted a prospective multicenter trial to evaluate its efficacy and safety in previously untreated patients. Methods: This multicenter prospective study enrolled treatment-naïve HR-MDS patients (IPSS-R > 3.5). Venetoclax was administered on days 1–15 (escalated from 100 to 400 mg), combined with azacitidine (75 mg/m²) on days 1–7 of each 28-day cycle. The primary endpoint was ORR (2006 IWG criteria); secondary endpoints included complete remission (CR), overall survival (OS), and AML progression. Results: Twenty-eight patients (median age: 63 years) were enrolled, with a median follow-up of 8.5 months. ORR was 85.7% per 2006 IWG (CR: 35.7%, marrow CR: 50.0%), and 78.6% per 2023 IWG (CR: 35.7%). Responses were consistent across molecular and IPSS-R subgroups. Median OS was not reached. High neutrophil count and high cytogenetic risk were favorable factors; TP53 mutation/deletion was an adverse prognostic marker. Grade 3–4 hematologic toxicities included neutropenia (96.4%), anemia (71.4%), and thrombocytopenia (64.3%). Serious adverse events (35.7%) were mainly infections. No dose-limiting or unexpected toxicities were observed. Conclusions: The 15-day venetoclax plus azacitidine regimen demonstrated high efficacy and manageable toxicity in treatment-naïve HR-MDS. It may be particularly beneficial for patients with high neutrophil counts, adverse cytogenetics, or those eligible for HSCT, supporting further investigation in larger trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)

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21 pages, 328 KB

Open AccessReview

Risk Scores for Stratifying Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Optimizing Surveillance Strategies

by Yu-Ping Chang, Yun-Chu Chen and Chen-Hua Liu

Cancers 2026, 18(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18010158 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health burden, with poor outcomes largely due to diagnosis at an advanced stage and the limited performance of current surveillance tools. Ultrasound with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) provides insufficient sensitivity for early-stage detection, highlighting the need [...] Read more.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health burden, with poor outcomes largely due to diagnosis at an advanced stage and the limited performance of current surveillance tools. Ultrasound with alpha fetoprotein (AFP) provides insufficient sensitivity for early-stage detection, highlighting the need to better identify the at-risk population. Focus of the review: Many HCC risk scores have been proposed; however, some depend on specialized laboratory data that are not widely available. This review summarizes risk scores that show reliable discrimination and rely on demographic, clinical, or molecular information that can be readily obtained in routine care. Conclusions: Advances in HCC risk scores support the move toward surveillance approaches based on individual risk. These tools can improve risk stratification, increase the likelihood of early detection, and potentially support better outcomes for people who belong to the at-risk population for HCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Early Detection, and Surgical Oncology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Pancreatic Cancer, and Gastrointestinal Cancer)

26 pages, 10873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Coseismic Landslides by Explainable Machine Learning Methods

by Tulasi Ram Bhattarai, Netra Prakash Bhandary and Kalpana Pandit

GeoHazards 2026, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards7010007 (registering DOI) - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

The M_JMA 7.6 (Mw 7.5) Noto Peninsula Earthquake of 1 January 2024 in Japan triggered widespread slope failures across northern Noto region, but their spatial controls and susceptibility patterns remain poorly quantified. Most previous studies have focused mainly on fault rupture, ground [...] Read more.

The M_JMA 7.6 (Mw 7.5) Noto Peninsula Earthquake of 1 January 2024 in Japan triggered widespread slope failures across northern Noto region, but their spatial controls and susceptibility patterns remain poorly quantified. Most previous studies have focused mainly on fault rupture, ground deformation, and tsunami impacts, leaving a clear gap in machine learning based assessment of earthquake-induced slope failures. This study integrates 2323 mapped landslides with eleven conditioning factors to develop the first data-driven susceptibility framework for the 2024 event. Spatial analysis shows that 75% of the landslides are smaller than 3220 m² and nearly half occurred within about 23 km of the epicenter, reflecting concentrated ground shaking beyond the rupture zone. Terrain variables such as slope (mean 31.8°), southwest-facing aspects, and elevations of 100–300 m influenced the failure patterns, along with peak ground acceleration values of 0.8–1.1 g and proximity to roads and rivers. Six supervised machine learning models were trained, with Random Forest and Gradient Boosting achieving the highest accuracies (AUC = 0.95 and 0.94, respectively). Explainable AI using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identified slope, epicentral distance, and peak ground acceleration as the dominant predictors. The resulting susceptibility maps align well with observed failures and provide an interpretable foundation for post-earthquake hazard assessment and regional risk reduction. Further work should integrate post-seismic rainfall, multi-temporal inventories, and InSAR deformation to support dynamic hazard assessment and improved early warning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Research: State of the Art and Innovations)

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