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11 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Year Changes in Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function Among Brazilian Older Adults Attending Primary Care

by Fernanda Maria Silva Rivoli, Antonio Pedro Gabriel Monteiro Galhardo, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lízia Abreu Esper, Yan Lyncon Ribeiro, Gerson de Souza Santos, Helena José, Luís Sousa, Gail Low and Luciano Magalhães Vitorino

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070807 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Aging is a global phenomenon closely associated with changes in cognitive function and mental health. These conditions substantially burden public health systems and adversely affect the quality of life of older adults. This study aimed to examine changes in depressive symptoms [...] Read more.

Background: Aging is a global phenomenon closely associated with changes in cognitive function and mental health. These conditions substantially burden public health systems and adversely affect the quality of life of older adults. This study aimed to examine changes in depressive symptoms and cognitive function over a 12-month follow-up period in a cohort of Brazilian older adults attending primary care. Methods: This observational longitudinal study included a randomized sample of individuals aged ≥60 years residing in São Paulo, Brazil, and registered at a Primary Healthcare Unit (PHU). Data collection involved administering a sociodemographic and health questionnaire along with two validated instruments: the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Linear regression models were used for the analyses. Results: A total of 368 older adults were included, with 63% being men and a mean age of 74.65 years. After one year, depressive symptoms showed a notable increase, with the mean GDS-15 score rising from 5.97 to 7.48 (Cohen-d = 0.542). Likewise, there was a decrease in the mean MMSE score ranging from 19.11 to 18.88 (Cohen-d = 0.216). Adjusted regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms at baseline (B = 0.696; p = 0.048; R² = 0.19) and cognitive function at baseline (B = 0.444; p < 0.001; R² = 0.26) were predictive of their respective deteriorations over the follow-up period. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline place a significant burden on public health systems in aging societies. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring and early intervention strategies to mitigate their impact and enhance the quality of life for older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fall Prevention and Geriatric Nursing)

17 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Genomic Regions Associated with Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat and Development and Validation of Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Markers

by Pengbo Song, Yueyue Li, Xin Wang, Xiaoxiao Wang, Aoyan Zhang, Zitan Wang, Wensha Zhao, Haoyang Li, Huiling Zhao, Kefeng Song, Yuanhang Xing, Xiaoran Guo, Xin Zhang, Shengjie Sun, Yi Feng and Daojie Sun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073339 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a globally significant disease that severely impacts the yield and quality of wheat. Breeding resistant wheat varieties using resistance genes is the most cost-effective strategy for managing FHB, but few markers are available [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a globally significant disease that severely impacts the yield and quality of wheat. Breeding resistant wheat varieties using resistance genes is the most cost-effective strategy for managing FHB, but few markers are available for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of resistance. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population to FHB through single-floret inoculation in four field environments over two years. Combined with quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection through high-density genetic mapping based on wheat 50 K SNP arrays, we identified a total of 21 QTLs influencing FHB resistance. It is worth noting that QFhba-5D.2-1 was detected in two field environments as well as in the multi-environment trial (MET) analysis, explaining phenotypic variation ranging from 1.98% to 18.55%. We also pinpointed thirteen resistance genes within the QTL intervals on chromosomes 4A, 5D, 6B, and 7A associated with FHB defense mechanisms. Furthermore, we developed two Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers for the QFhba-5D.2-1 and QFhba-7A regions to validate their specificity within the RIL population. Subsequently, we validated the polymorphism of these two markers in 305 wheat germplasms and analyzed their effect on thousand kernel weight (TKW) and spike length (SL). These markers will accelerate the development of FHB-resistant wheat varieties through MAS, significantly reducing yield losses and strengthening food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

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13 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mode of Delivery in Greece: A Study of Obstetricians’ Personal Preferences Regarding Delivery of Their Offspring

by Panagiotis Christopoulos, Ermioni Tsarna, Anna Eleftheriades, Ilias Korompokis, Grigorios Karampas and Nikos F. Vlachos

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072444 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: In Greece, the cesarean section (CS) rate reached 62.15% in 2023. This study aims to document Greek obstetricians’ preferences and choices regarding the delivery mode of their own children. Methods: A questionnaire was emailed to Greek obstetricians, capturing demographics, preferred [...] Read more.

Background: In Greece, the cesarean section (CS) rate reached 62.15% in 2023. This study aims to document Greek obstetricians’ preferences and choices regarding the delivery mode of their own children. Methods: A questionnaire was emailed to Greek obstetricians, capturing demographics, preferred and actual delivery modes, regrets about delivery choices, and opinions on factors contributing to the high CS rate. Results: Of the 337 respondents, 78.8% preferred normal labor, but only 55.8% reported a vaginal delivery for their first child. Only 31% would opt for vaginal birth after CS. Male and married obstetricians were more likely to prefer vaginal birth, while those with more children or children born earlier were more likely to have delivered vaginally their first child. Partner preference influenced both the obstetrician’s choice and the actual delivery mode. According to Greek obstetricians, the primary reasons for the high CS rate are hostile medico-legal conditions (56.3%), advanced maternal age and in vitro fertilization (42.6%), and lack of training in instrumental deliveries (37.2%). Maternal request was cited by 25% of respondents. Conclusions: Although four in five Greek obstetricians favor normal labor for their own children, the CS rate among them mirrors that of the general population. Convenience scheduling does not appear to drive Greece’s high CS rate. Obstetricians suggest that legislative reforms, improved training, and public health strategies to reduce maternal CS requests are essential for lowering the CS rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathologies: From Birth to Menopause (Second Edition))

22 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Sustainable Animal Feed: Incorporation of Olive Oil By-Products into the Diet of Bísaro Breed Pigs

by Jessica Paié-Ribeiro, Victor Pinheiro, Cristina Guedes, Maria José Gomes, José Teixeira, Alfredo Teixeira and Divanildo Outor-Monteiro

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073174 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The olive oil agro-industry generates large quantities of by-products, such as olive cake (OC), whose sustainable valorisation in animal feed can contribute to the principles of circular economy, waste reduction, and resource efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating OC into the [...] Read more.

The olive oil agro-industry generates large quantities of by-products, such as olive cake (OC), whose sustainable valorisation in animal feed can contribute to the principles of circular economy, waste reduction, and resource efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of incorporating OC into the diets of growing Bísaro pigs, focusing on productive parameters and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Two trials were carried out. In the first trial, 25 pigs were fed five diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% exhausted OC (EOC) for 15 days. The results showed a linear decrease in ATTD with increasing EOC levels (p < 0.001), but the increased feed intake compensated for the reduced digestibility, and growth performance was maintained. The initial and final live weight (LW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected (p > 0.05). In the second trial, 40 pigs were fed five diets for 82 days: a control diet and four diets incorporating 10% crude OC, 10% two-phase OC, 10% EOC, and 10% EOC with 1% olive oil. No significant differences were observed in final weight, ADG, ADFI, FCR, or the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF, and NDF. The results suggest incorporating moderate levels of OC into Bísaro pig diets could be a viable strategy for valorising by-products, reducing agro-industrial waste and increasing sustainability in animal production. In addition, the inclusion of OC had no negative impact on animal performance, highlighting the potential of OC as a sustainable ingredient for animal feed, which aligns with the objectives of the circular economy and sustainable livestock farming practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Management to Increase the Resources Sustainability)

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18 pages, 16933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functions of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) in Seed Germination and Low-Temperature Stress Response

by Yidan Zhang, Jiahui Zhao, Jingyuan Li, Yanting Li, Libo Jiang and Na Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073338 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major vegetable crops worldwide. Research on the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) signaling pathway in tomatoes and other plant systems is extremely limited. In this study, the roles of STAT, a [...] Read more.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the major vegetable crops worldwide. Research on the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK–STAT) signaling pathway in tomatoes and other plant systems is extremely limited. In this study, the roles of STAT, a crucial element of the JAK–STAT signaling pathway in tomato seed germination and low-temperature stress responses are examined, employing gene family analysis and genetic transformation. The results indicate that the S. lycopersicum genome contains only one member of the STAT gene family, SlSTAT. Subcellular localization experiments reveal that SlSTAT is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting its potential involvement in biological functions within these cellular compartments. Among the 26 different tomato tissue/organs tested, SlSTAT exhibited higher expression levels in hypocotyl (8 days past germination; 8 DPG), and low expression of SlSTAT significantly reduced the germination rate and impacted biomass at 8 DPG. In addition, the SlSTAT gene was significantly downregulated during low-temperature treatment. Compared with the wild-type (WT) tomatoes, the SlSTAT-overexpressing plants showed more resistance to low-temperature conditions, whereas the downexpressing tomatoes exhibited increased sensitivity. The expressions of low-temperature marker genes (SlCBF1-3) and N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A)-modification-related genes (m⁶A writer, reader, and eraser genes) were detected to explore possible molecular mechanisms by which SlSTAT causes changes in tomato low-temperature stress resistance. The expression changes of SlCBF1-3 in transgenic plants do not merely follow a straightforward linear relationship with the changes in SlSTAT expression, suggesting a more complex molecular mechanism and a non-direct interaction between SlSTAT and the promoters of SlCBFs. On the other hand, SlSTAT also changes the expression levels of RNA m⁶A-modification-related genes, especially SlFIP37 (writer gene), SlYTP8/9 (reader genes), and SlALKBH8 (eraser gene), ultimately leading to changes in the levels of m⁶A modification. These research findings lay the groundwork for exploring functions of JAK–STAT pathway in tomato development and stress responses, expanding the scope of JAK–STAT signaling studies in plant systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

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23 pages, 6918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Sericin-Derived Oligopeptides (SDOs) from Yellow Silk Cocoons on Blood Pressure Lowering in L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats

by Chainarong Tocharus and Manote Sutheerawattananonda

Foods 2025, 14(7), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071256 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Our previous research has shown that SDOs derived from yellow silk cocoons have hypotensive effects on rats in chronic toxicity testing. This study investigated the potential preventative and therapeutic benefits of SDOs on hypertensive rats induced by L-NAME. The experiment involved nine rat [...] Read more.

Our previous research has shown that SDOs derived from yellow silk cocoons have hypotensive effects on rats in chronic toxicity testing. This study investigated the potential preventative and therapeutic benefits of SDOs on hypertensive rats induced by L-NAME. The experiment involved nine rat groups: (1) normal control, (2) normal + 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SDOs, (3) hypertensive (HT) control, (4) HT + 50

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SDOs, (5) HT + 100

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SDOs, (6) HT + 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SDOs, (7) HT + enalapril (Ena), (8) HT + soy protein isolate (SPI), and (9) HT + bovine serum albumin (BSA). In the preventative approach, rats received 40

m g {k g}^{- 1}

of L-NAME with the studied substances during the four-week investigation. SDOs given at doses of 100 and 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW demonstrated a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) without affecting heart rate (HR). In therapeutic studies, 40

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW of L-NAME increased SBP in the experimental groups over the first four weeks, resulting in mean SBP values above 150 mmHg. Administering 100 and 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SDOs and 100

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW SPI significantly reduced SBP. However, SDOs at 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW exhibited SBP closer to the enalapril group. In functional vascular tests, rats given SDOs at a dose of 200

m g {k g}^{- 1}

BW had the highest relaxation and lowest contraction percentages, like the normal control groups. The research found that SDOs may inhibit and manage hypertension in both healthy and hypertensive rats by safeguarding endothelial cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioactive Peptides: Innovations in Food Processing, Functional Foods, and Health)

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17 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the Exacerbation of Lipid Metabolism by Malassezia and Its Impact on the Skin Barrier Function

by Yating Cheng, Jianhang Cong, Jiahui Xu, Lifeng Tang, Ziyan Zhou, Xiaobin Yang, Yunfeng Hu, Yifang Li, Rongrong He and Qi Xiang

Cosmetics 2025, 12(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12020067 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The study of the fungal communities of the skin constitutes a pivotal component of skin microbiome research. Within these communities, the genus Malassezia stands out as a major constituent, representing 50% to 80% of the total fungal colonization on the skin of healthy [...] Read more.

The study of the fungal communities of the skin constitutes a pivotal component of skin microbiome research. Within these communities, the genus Malassezia stands out as a major constituent, representing 50% to 80% of the total fungal colonization on the skin of healthy individuals. The excessive growth or metabolic irregularities of this genus are intimately connected with the onset of various skin disorders that are intrinsically linked to its lipid-dependent nature. Cutaneous lipid metabolism is indispensable for maintaining the skin barrier function and skin health. Malassezia possesses the ability to encode multiple lipase genes, and the secretion of these lipases plays a pivotal role in the survival strategies of the fungi. This review explores recent advances in the ecological niche of Malassezia in skin microecological homeostasis, its mechanism of disrupting skin lipids through catabolic metabolites, and the relationship between this disruption of the skin lipid barrier and skin diseases. This review offers a reference for future research on the mechanisms by which Malassezia affects lipid metabolism and provides a theoretical foundation for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for dermatological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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24 pages, 4767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Electric Propulsion Design and Analysis Based on Regional Aircraft Mission

by Wenjuan Shan, Shengze Bao, Shixuan Lin and Le Kang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040212 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hybrid propulsion systems have become a focal point of low-carbon aviation research due to their advantages in energy savings, emissions reduction, and noise abatement. This study develops an integrated design methodology for hybrid propulsion systems for aircraft, incorporating multidisciplinary algorithms to establish an [...] Read more.

Hybrid propulsion systems have become a focal point of low-carbon aviation research due to their advantages in energy savings, emissions reduction, and noise abatement. This study develops an integrated design methodology for hybrid propulsion systems for aircraft, incorporating multidisciplinary algorithms to establish an overall performance model. Building on this model, a comprehensive aircraft design platform was constructed, and its simulation capabilities were validated. Focusing on the mission requirements of a 180-seat narrow-body airliner, this study analyzed and compared the characteristics of three hybrid propulsion architectures, optimized their design schemes, and evaluated the key technologies for each architecture. A sensitivity analysis was conducted for critical technologies within the turboelectric architecture. The results indicate that, based on current data and future projections, a turboelectric system featuring batteries with a specific energy of 500 Wh/kg and installed motor power of 3 MW demonstrates superior performance, reduced fuel consumption, and no additional energy storage burden, making it the preferred propulsion solution. Furthermore, enhancing the utilization of aft-mounted fans and increasing the power blending coefficient can improve system performance. However, the maximum power blending coefficient is constrained to 27.25% by the specific motor power capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric and Hybrid Electric Aircraft Propulsion Systems)

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16 pages, 8425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Acid Etching and SLA Surface Modification for Titanium Implants

by Gabriel M. Vieira, Tatiane C. S. Almeida, Fernanda P. Oliveira, Patrícia C. Azzi, Caio F. Rodrigues, Rafael L. Souza, Samyra Maria S. N. Lacerda, Frederico S. Lages and Maximiliano D. Martins

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071632 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The dust generated during the sandblasting process of the sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) method, commonly used to treat the surface of Ti dental implants, poses significant challenges in maintaining a clean manufacturing environment and ensuring safe working conditions. Nevertheless, surface modification remains crucial [...] Read more.

The dust generated during the sandblasting process of the sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) method, commonly used to treat the surface of Ti dental implants, poses significant challenges in maintaining a clean manufacturing environment and ensuring safe working conditions. Nevertheless, surface modification remains crucial for improved performance of Ti dental implants. To address this problem and propose a clean and simple surface modification process to potentially replace SLA modification, this study aimed to characterize the surfaces of commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti) samples treated by acid etching and compare them with SLA-treated samples in terms of surface roughness (R_q), wettability (assessed through contact angle measurements), mineralized matrix deposition (evaluated through simulated body fluid [SBF] soaking), cell viability, cell differentiation (assessed based on alkaline phosphatase activity), and mineralization (assessed using MTT assay). Acid-etched surfaces exhibited nano- and micro-roughness and higher hydrophilicity than SLA surfaces, which is conducive to forming a highly bioactive TiO₂ surface. Moreover, acid-etched samples exhibited earlier hydroxyapatite deposition after SBF soaking than SLA samples. Furthermore, the acid-etched surfaces were nontoxic and displayed significantly higher cell viability and differentiation after seven days than SLA surfaces. These findings suggest that acid etching is a viable alternative to the SLA method, likely offering superior surface bioactivity and biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification of Materials for Multifunctional Applications)

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21 pages, 3138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evolutionary Strategy Based on the Generalized Mallows Model Applied to the Mixed No-Idle Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

by Elvi M. Sánchez Márquez, Ricardo Pérez-Rodríguez, Manuel Ornelas-Rodriguez and Héctor J. Puga-Soberanes

Math. Comput. Appl. 2025, 30(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca30020039 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Mixed No-Idle Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem (MNPFSSP) represents a specific case within regular flow scheduling problems. In this problem, some machines allow idle times between consecutive jobs or operations while other machines do not. Traditionally, the MNPFSSP has been addressed using [...] Read more.

The Mixed No-Idle Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problem (MNPFSSP) represents a specific case within regular flow scheduling problems. In this problem, some machines allow idle times between consecutive jobs or operations while other machines do not. Traditionally, the MNPFSSP has been addressed using the metaheuristics and exact methods. This work proposes an Evolutionary Strategy Based on the Generalized Mallows Model (ES-GMM) to solve the issue. Additionally, its advanced version, ES-GMMc, is developed, incorporating operating conditions to improve execution times without compromising solution quality. The proposed approaches are compared with algorithms previously used for the problem under study. Statistical tests of the experimental results show that the ES-GMMc achieved reductions in execution time, especially standing out in large instances, where the shortest computing times were obtained in 23 of 30 instances, without affecting the quality of the solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization 2024)

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8 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Preserving Fossilized Soft Tissues: Advancing Proteomics and Unveiling the Evolutionary History of Cancer in Dinosaurs

by Pramodh Chitral Chandrasinghe, Biancastella Cereser, Sergio Bertazzo, Zoltán Csiki-Sava and Justin Stebbing

Biology 2025, 14(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14040370 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Understanding how life-history strategies influence cancer susceptibility in dinosaurs requires a molecular-level analysis of preserved soft tissues. While previous research has largely focused on skeletal remains, the discovery of soft tissue structures in fossils, such as Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, highlights the need for [...] Read more.

Understanding how life-history strategies influence cancer susceptibility in dinosaurs requires a molecular-level analysis of preserved soft tissues. While previous research has largely focused on skeletal remains, the discovery of soft tissue structures in fossils, such as Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus, highlights the need for a new approach. Paleoproteomics offers a transformative opportunity to analyze ancient proteins, revealing the evolutionary trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and cancer suppression. This study argues that prioritizing fossil collection and soft tissue preservation is crucial, as future advances in molecular techniques will allow deeper insights into disease evolution. By integrating life-history theory with paleopathology, we can better understand the selective pressures that shaped cancer susceptibility in extinct species and identify potential mechanisms of tumor resistance. This commentary highlights the necessity of long-term fossil conservation efforts to support future breakthroughs in evolutionary biology and comparative oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Biology)

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14 pages, 2044 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Entry Efficiency, Protease Dependence, and Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Sublineages KP.3.1.1 and XEC

by Prerna Arora, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Sebastian R. Schulz, Hans-Martin Jäck, Markus Hoffmann and Stefan Pöhlmann

Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040385 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3.1.1 and XEC currently dominate the COVID-19 epidemic. However, their cell tropism, proteolytic processing, and susceptibility to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies remain incompletely characterized. Methods: We employed pseudotyped viruses to assess the entry efficiency of KP.3.1.1 and XEC in [...] Read more.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 variants KP.3.1.1 and XEC currently dominate the COVID-19 epidemic. However, their cell tropism, proteolytic processing, and susceptibility to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies remain incompletely characterized. Methods: We employed pseudotyped viruses to assess the entry efficiency of KP.3.1.1 and XEC in various cell lines, their dependence on TMPRSS2 for lung cell entry, and their ability to use ACE2 for infection. Additionally, we evaluated their susceptibility to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies BD55-4637 and BD55-5514. Results: KP.3.1.1 and XEC entered cell lines with similar efficiency as the parental JN.1 lineage and utilized TMPRSS2 for Calu-3 lung cell entry. Unlike JN.1, KP.3.1.1 and XEC failed to efficiently use murine ACE2 for cell entry. Both variants were effectively neutralized by the monoclonal antibodies BD55-4637 and BD55-5514, suggesting therapeutic potential. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that JN.1, KP.3.1.1, and XEC, like their predecessor BA.2.86, rely on TMPRSS2 for lung cell entry and remain sensitive to certain neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. However, these variants differ in their ability to utilize ACE2 species orthologs for cell entry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Immune Responses)

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19 pages, 6330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Slag/Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement on Printability and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Concrete

by Kuo-Chang Tseng, Maochieh Chi, Weichung Yeih and Ran Huang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3933; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073933 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technique that has received significant attention in the construction industry. This study presents an investigation into the printing and hardened properties of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC). Both fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technique that has received significant attention in the construction industry. This study presents an investigation into the printing and hardened properties of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC). Both fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used to replace cement in different ratios (0%, 25%, and 50%) to produce 3DPC. Extrudability and buildability tests were performed to evaluate the effects of FA and GGBFS in various proportions on the printing properties of 3DPC. Additionally, the hardened properties of 3DPC were determined. Test results show that all mix designs meet the printing requirements of 3DPC. The specimens with a higher proportion of GGBFS exhibited higher unit weight and compressive and flexural strength, but lower water absorption and drying shrinkage. The compressive and flexural strength of 3DPC in the printing direction were the highest, outperforming those of the cast specimens at the age of 28 days. Our results indicate that FA and GGBFS can be used to replace 50% of the cement in 3DPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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4 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Integrating Body Schema and Body Image in Neurorehabilitation: Where Do We Stand and What’s Next?

by Rocco Salvatore Calabrò

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(4), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040373 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Given the widespread debate surrounding the definitions and functional roles of “Body Schema” and “Body Image”, these constructs have become central to understanding motor control and rehabilitation, particularly for individuals with neurological impairments [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

15 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Role of Cognitive Abilities and Math Anxiety in Adolescent Math Achievement

by Lorenzo Esposito, Irene Tonizzi, Maria Carmen Usai and David Giofrè

J. Intell. 2025, 13(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13040044 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

A consistent amount of research has tried to study the contributions of cognitive and emotional factors involved in math achievement. Despite this, research examining their joint role in children is scarce. In this paper, we examined the joint role of cognitive and math [...] Read more.

A consistent amount of research has tried to study the contributions of cognitive and emotional factors involved in math achievement. Despite this, research examining their joint role in children is scarce. In this paper, we examined the joint role of cognitive and math anxiety on math achievement in a sample of 135 seventh-grade children (54% male, M_age = 12.79, SD = 0.47). Math achievement was measured using a validated paper-and-pencil test, while higher-order cognitive abilities were assessed with a PMAs test. Working memory was evaluated through two verbal and two visuo-spatial experimental span tasks. Inhibitory control was measured using three computerized tasks adapted from the classic Stroop, Flanker, and Simon tasks. Math anxiety was assessed with an AMAS questionnaire. A series of correlation analyses and path models were conducted to understand the complex relationships among the factors. The correlations showed a positive relationship among our cognitive abilities and a negative correlation with math anxiety. The results from the path analysis showed a strong effect of higher-order cognitive abilities on math achievement (β = 0.44, p < .001) and highlighted the mediating role of working memory between math anxiety and math performance (β = −0.04, 95%CI [−0.11; −0.00]). Conversely, inhibitory control did not seem to play a crucial role in this relationship (β = −0.03, 95%CI [−0.08; 0.00]). These findings are discussed in relation to current theoretical frameworks. Interventions aimed at reducing math anxiety could help improve math achievement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Studies on Cognitive Processes)

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20 pages, 8734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Method for Single Tree Trunk Extraction Based on LiDAR Data

by Jisheng Xia, Sunjie Ma, Guize Luan, Pinliang Dong, Rong Geng, Fuyan Zou, Junzhou Yin and Zhifang Zhao

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071271 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Scanning forests with LiDAR is an efficient method for conducting forest resource surveys, including estimating tree diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy height, and segmenting individual trees. This study uses three-dimensional (3D) forest test data and point cloud data simulated by the Helios++ [...] Read more.

Scanning forests with LiDAR is an efficient method for conducting forest resource surveys, including estimating tree diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy height, and segmenting individual trees. This study uses three-dimensional (3D) forest test data and point cloud data simulated by the Helios++ V1.3.0 software, and proposes a voxelized trunk extraction algorithm to determine the trunk location and the vertical structure of single tree trunks in forest areas. Firstly, the voxel-based shape recognition algorithm is used to extract the trunk structure of tree point clouds, then the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm is used to solve the vertical structure connectivity problem of tree trunks generated by the above method, and the Alpha Shapes algorithm is selected among various point cloud surface reconstruction algorithms to reconstruct the surface of tree point clouds. Then, building on the tree surface model, a light projection scene is introduced to locate the tree trunk coordinates at different heights. Finally, the convex hull of the trunk bottom is solved by the Graham scanning method. Accuracy assessments show that the proposed single-tree extraction algorithm and the forest vertical structure recognition algorithm, when applied within the light projection scene, effectively delineate the regions where the vertical structure distribution of single tree trunks is inconsistent. Full article

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17 pages, 5566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elemental Interactions and Local Structures in Liquid Sb-As and Sb-Al-As Alloys: Insights from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Studies on As Aggregation and Diffusion Behaviors

by Zongbo Li, Yan Feng, Qiyue Wu, Yufeng Wen, Xiang Peng and Richu Wang

Materials 2025, 18(7), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071633 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The local structure, element interactions, and electronic structure properties in Sb-As and Sb-Al-As melts were studied using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Sb-0.1wt%Al alloy was prepared using vacuum melting, and both pure Sb and Sb-0.1wt%Al alloys were subjected to zone refining experiments [...] Read more.

The local structure, element interactions, and electronic structure properties in Sb-As and Sb-Al-As melts were studied using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Sb-0.1wt%Al alloy was prepared using vacuum melting, and both pure Sb and Sb-0.1wt%Al alloys were subjected to zone refining experiments to investigate the effect of Al addition on the removal efficiency of impurity As. The results show that in the Sb-Al-As ternary melt, the interaction between Al and As atoms is stronger than the interactions between other solvent atoms. The introduction of Al disrupts the Sb-As and As-As bonds, promoting the formation of Al-As bonds, which alters the state of As atoms in the melt and subsequently affects their diffusion properties. The study elucidates the kinetic process of Al-As bond formation in the melt. The bond-angle distribution function and the coordination polyhedron sequence indicate that with the addition of Al atoms, the geometric configuration around As atoms in the Sb melt and the types and numbers of clusters undergo significant changes. A strong hybridization occurs between the 4p orbitals of As atoms and the 3p orbitals of Al atoms. Moreover, the noticeable charge accumulation between Al and As atoms suggests a strong interaction between them. The addition of aluminum increased the removal rate of arsenic impurities in antimony from 67.27% to 83.24%, significantly enhancing the efficiency of arsenic removal. Full article

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22 pages, 2583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Winemaking Techniques on the Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Touriga Nacional Wines

by Zélia Branco, Filipa Baptista, Jessica Paié-Ribeiro, Irene Gouvinhas and Ana Novo Barros

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071601 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Touriga Nacional grape variety is renowned in Portuguese red wines for its intense color and aromatic complexity, largely attributed to its rich phenolic composition. Several factors influence the phenolic profile of wines, including edapho-climatic conditions, grape variety, and winemaking techniques such as [...] Read more.

The Touriga Nacional grape variety is renowned in Portuguese red wines for its intense color and aromatic complexity, largely attributed to its rich phenolic composition. Several factors influence the phenolic profile of wines, including edapho-climatic conditions, grape variety, and winemaking techniques such as fermentation, maceration, barrel aging, and maturation. In this study, the technique for winemaking was the only controlled variable, allowing for a specific evaluation of its impact on phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity. Ten single-varietal Touriga Nacional wine samples from the 2019 vintage, produced in the Cima Corgo sub-region of the Douro by different wineries, were analyzed. The phenolic composition was determined using colorimetric methods to quantify total phenols, ortho-diphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Since all wines shared the same grape variety, region, and harvest year, the fermentation technique was the main differentiating factor, enabling a direct comparison of its influence on phenolic extraction and antioxidant properties. Additionally, Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection coupled with Mass Spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. This study highlights the key role of winemaking techniques in modulating the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of Touriga Nacional wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Properties, Sensory Profile and Bioactive Components of Food, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 5162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Dynamic Temperature at Outlet of Centrally Staged Combustor Based on TDLAS Technology

by Hui Kuang, Xianpu Zhong, Junhao Wei, Fei Xing and Zhenyin Hai

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072256 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

High-frequency oscillations occur in the centrally staged combustor during operation. To effectively suppress them, real-time monitoring of the combustor exit temperature is critical. However, traditional contact temperature measurement methods are inadequate for accurately capturing temperature variations in the turbulent flow field. Tunable Diode [...] Read more.

High-frequency oscillations occur in the centrally staged combustor during operation. To effectively suppress them, real-time monitoring of the combustor exit temperature is critical. However, traditional contact temperature measurement methods are inadequate for accurately capturing temperature variations in the turbulent flow field. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) with a high acquisition frequency is employed to measure the temperature of the centrally staged combustor, utilizing a non-contact sensing method. The influence of various combustion parameters on the uniformity of combustion within the chamber and the capability of TDLAS to capture temperature data of the combustion chamber under different acquisition frequencies are studied. The results indicate that the staging ratio causes irregular oscillations in the combustion chamber outlet temperature. At an acquisition frequency of 1 kHz, an increase in the staging ratio raises the average temperature at the outlet and slows down the temperature oscillation when other parameters remain constant. At an acquisition frequency of 10 kHz, more small, high-frequency variations in the centrally staged combustor outlet temperature are observed. When the TDLAS system operates at 10 kHz, it can capture more details of the combustion chamber outlet temperature oscillation under the same working conditions and exhibits stronger noise immunity. However, compared with the acquisition frequency of 1 kHz, it cannot sustain long-term measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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21 pages, 8305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Mapping of Soil pH and Driving Factor Analysis Based on Environmental Variable Screening

by He Huang, Yaolin Liu, Yanfang Liu, Zhaomin Tong, Zhouqiao Ren and Yifan Xie

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073173 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study comprehensively considers soil formation factors such as land use types, soil types, depths, and geographical conditions in Lanxi City, China. Using multi-source public data, three environmental variable screening methods, the Boruta algorithm, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively considers soil formation factors such as land use types, soil types, depths, and geographical conditions in Lanxi City, China. Using multi-source public data, three environmental variable screening methods, the Boruta algorithm, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were used to optimize and combine 47 environmental variables for the modeling of soil pH based on the data collected from farmland in the study area in 2022, and their effects were evaluated. A Random Forest (RF) model was used to predict soil pH in the study area. At the same time, Pearson correlation analysis, an environmental variable importance assessment based on the RF model, and SHAP explanatory model were used to explore the main controlling factors of soil pH and reveal its spatial differentiation mechanism. The results showed that in the presence of a large number of environmental variables, the model with covariates selected by PSO before the application of the Random Forest algorithm had higher prediction accuracy than that of Boruta–RF, RFE–RF, and all variable prediction RF models (MAE = 0.496, RMSE = 0.641, R² = 0.413, LCCC = 0.508). This indicates that PSO, as a covariate selection method, effectively optimized the input variables for the RF model, enhancing its performance. In addition, the results of the Pearson correlation analysis, RF-model-based environmental variable importance assessment, and SHAP explanatory model consistently indicate that Channel Network Base Level (CNBL), Elevation (DEM), Temperature mean (T_m), Evaporation (E_m), Land surface temperature mean (LST_m), and Humidity mean (H_m) are key factors affecting the spatial differentiation of soil pH. In summary, the approach of using PSO for covariate selection before applying the RF model exhibits high prediction accuracy and can serve as an effective method for predicting the spatial distribution of soil pH, providing important references for accurately simulating the spatial mapping of soil attributes in hilly and basin areas. Full article

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22 pages, 2998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fattening by Dietary Replacement with Fly Maggot Larvae (Musca domestica) Enhances the Edible Yield, Antioxidant Capability, Nutritional and Taste Quality of Adult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis

by Xiao Liang, Changle Qi, Jinyu Tang, Ting Ye, Bao Lou and Fuyong Huang

Foods 2025, 14(7), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071250 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Housefly maggot larvae (HML) have been identified as a potential alternative animal diet for the fattening process of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). However, the feasibility and potential impacts of HML supplementation require further investigation. The present study evaluated the [...] Read more.

Housefly maggot larvae (HML) have been identified as a potential alternative animal diet for the fattening process of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). However, the feasibility and potential impacts of HML supplementation require further investigation. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary HML on the growth indices, nutrient compositions, antioxidant activity, and texture profiles of edible tissues of E. sinensis. The results showed that dietary HML supplementation effectively improved the hepatic steatosis index of both genders and sweet amino acid content of edible tissues (except for male gonad) (p < 0.05). Additionally, dietary HML significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity in the gonad and female muscle (p < 0.05). For the textural properties, HML feeding significantly improved the adhesiveness in the male muscle, and the cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience in the female muscle (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HML feeding significantly decreased the levels of the equivalent umami concentration of the male gonad, male muscle, and hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). Conversely, HML feeding significantly increased the sweetness value in the muscle, hepatopancreas, and female gonad (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that HML could serve as a viable alternative feed for fattening to improve the edible yield and change the flavor characteristics in E. sinensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feeding and Processing Affect Meat Quality and Sensory Evaluation)

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13 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Stress-Preventive Management Competencies

by Glauco Cioffi, Cristian Balducci and Stefano Toderi

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5020046 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Definition

Work-related stress is a critical issue that demands prevention strategy and continuous monitoring due to its widespread influence on workers, businesses, and the global economy. The primary drivers of employees’ work-related stress are psychosocial risks, which arise when key work characteristics—such as job [...] Read more.

Work-related stress is a critical issue that demands prevention strategy and continuous monitoring due to its widespread influence on workers, businesses, and the global economy. The primary drivers of employees’ work-related stress are psychosocial risks, which arise when key work characteristics—such as job demands, autonomy, or role clarity—are mismanaged, leading to harmful consequences. Conversely, effectively managing these factors can promotes well-being and performance. Supervisors play a central role in this dynamic process of either mitigating or exacerbating psychosocial working conditions. As such, stress-preventive management competencies (SPMCs) are essential for promoting employee and organisational health. SPMCs refer to a set of supervisory behaviours—including planning, organising, setting objectives, and creating and monitoring systems—that contribute to a positive perception of the psychosocial work environment among employees. This entry, by approaching the existing literature on work stress models, psychosocial perspectives, and related management competencies frameworks, aims to provide a comprehensive overview of SPMCs, identifying key insights and proposing directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)

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14 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlates of Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Korean Adults

by Inmyung Song

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070806 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Loneliness is a public health concern. Despite the increasing attention paid to loneliness globally, knowledge regarding the condition in Korea is scarce. This study aims to examine the correlates of loneliness and social isolation among Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Background: Loneliness is a public health concern. Despite the increasing attention paid to loneliness globally, knowledge regarding the condition in Korea is scarce. This study aims to examine the correlates of loneliness and social isolation among Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a nationally representative sample of adults aged 30 years and older from the 2021 National Mental Health Survey of Korea (N = 4696). The survey used the six-item loneliness and social isolation scale (LSIS-6) to assess loneliness and social isolation between June and August, 2021. Two ordinary least squares regression models were conducted. Model 1 included socio-demographic variables as correlates of loneliness and social isolation. Model 2 added a range of mental health conditions, such as depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, alcohol-use disorder, nicotine-use disorders, and physical inactivity. Mental health was measured in relation to whether the participant had experienced each disorder in his/her lifetime. Results: A total of 34.4% of participants reported that they felt lonely at least occasionally. After all adjustments, the experience of mental health conditions was associated with an increase in the LSIS-6 score (B = 2.32 for depressive disorder, B = 0.59 for anxiety disorder, B = 0.36 for both alcohol-use disorder and nicotine-use disorder; p < 0.01). In addition, greater loneliness and social isolation were associated with male gender, older age, a lower educational level, non-married status, a lower household income, having a smaller number of children, having a greater number of chronic conditions, and taking less frequent walks per week. Conclusions: In conclusion, loneliness is prevalent among Korean adults. Loneliness and social isolation correlated significantly with socio-demographic characteristics and the experience of mental health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Community Care)

20 pages, 2819 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Nanotechnology-Driven Enzyme Biosensors for Electrochemical Detection of Biological Pollution and Food Contaminants

by Liang Qu, Xue Zhang, Yanhong Chu, Yuyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Lin, Fanzhuo Kong, Xing Ni, Yani Zhao, Qiongya Lu and Bin Zou

Foods 2025, 14(7), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071254 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensors have attracted widespread attention from researchers due to their simple and rapid operation. Recent advancements in nanobiotechnology have further enhanced their performance, with nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles being widely used as carriers for immobilizing enzymes, cells, and [...] Read more.

Electrochemical biosensors have attracted widespread attention from researchers due to their simple and rapid operation. Recent advancements in nanobiotechnology have further enhanced their performance, with nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles being widely used as carriers for immobilizing enzymes, cells, and DNA molecules. These materials improve stability, sensitivity, and selectivity, making biosensors more effective. This article reviews the introduction, principles, and classification of enzyme-based electrode sensors, as well as their research and application progress in the detection of food risk factors (including foodborne pathogens, biotoxins, drug residues, food additives, allergens, etc.). It also explores future prospects, including advancements in nanotechnology and enzyme immobilization techniques, highlighting their potential in food safety and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Grade Immobilisation Systems for Enzymes)

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17 pages, 5013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Protein Demonstrating Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Purified from Bacillus velezensis CB6

by Nan Jiang, Tajin Wang, Yue Fang, Xiaoyu Liu, Nan Dai, Hongling Ruan, Huining Dai, Lili Guan, Chengguang He, Lingcong Kong, Weixue Meng, Hongxia Ma and Haipeng Zhang

Foods 2025, 14(7), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14071255 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become increasingly serious, causing serious harm to the livestock and poultry breeding industries and posing severe challenges to its clinical prevention and treatment; therefore, the development of new antibacterial agents is urgently needed. We [...] Read more.

In recent years, multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become increasingly serious, causing serious harm to the livestock and poultry breeding industries and posing severe challenges to its clinical prevention and treatment; therefore, the development of new antibacterial agents is urgently needed. We previously isolated Bacillus velezensis CB6, which exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, from Changbaishan in China. In this study, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli B2(MDR E. coli B2) was used as an indicator bacterium. Ammonium sulfate precipitation, dextran gel chromatography, and Diethylaminoethyl Bestarose High Performance was used to isolate antibacterial protein with strong activity against MDR E. coli B2. SDS–PAGE combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to obtain the antibacterial protein CB6-E, which has a molecular weight of 54.537 kDa. Our study found that CB6-E has a strong inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Z1, Salmonella H9812, and Shigella castellani Z1; among them, the minimum inhibitory concentration for MDR E. coli B2 was 32 µg/mL. In addition, CB6-E is stable under various conditions including exposure to various temperatures, organic reagents, pH values, and proteolytic enzymes. The hemolytic activity test and cytotoxicity test also showed that CB6-E is safe. Research on antibacterial mechanisms showed that CB6-E destroys cell membranes in a dose-dependent manner and can inhibit the growth of MDR E. coli B2 by targeting lipopolysaccharides on the cell membrane, showing good therapeutic effects in model animals. In summary, CB6-E is a newly discovered antibacterial protein with a high therapeutic index that is safe, nontoxic, and stabile, and is expected to be an effective antibacterial agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Risk Management for Foodborne Pathogens, Antimicrobial Resistance and Contaminants along the Food Chain)

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