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7 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection of Bartonella spp. in a Pipistrellus Pipistrellus Bat from Portugal

by Gonçalo Barros, Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Luísa Rodrigues, Carlos Carrapato, Gabriela Fernandes Silva, Irina Amorim and João Rodrigo Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050405 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, zoonotic pathogens have become increasingly more relevant in scientific research due to their implications on public health. Understanding their pathogenic potential, the pathways they use to infect and their reservoirs enables better care for both human and animal patients, and [...] Read more.

In recent years, zoonotic pathogens have become increasingly more relevant in scientific research due to their implications on public health. Understanding their pathogenic potential, the pathways they use to infect and their reservoirs enables better care for both human and animal patients, and possible infection outbreaks can be more easily contained. Bartonella belongs to a vast list of zoonotic pathogens that can infect mammals, including humans, but also companion animals and wildlife, and is capable of causing disease. Bats are a possible source and reservoir of this bacterial genus, and Bartonella spp. has already been identified in these animals in several countries. Using these premises, skin samples of the pinna and wing of 71 bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) collected from southern Portugal were tested through PCR for the presence of Bartonella spp., and positive results were found in 1.41% (1/71). The sequence obtained shared genetic proximity with an already known pathogenic Bartonella strain that affects both humans and animals. From the public health perspective, these findings suggest that bats may play a role in the transmission of this pathogen and provides new insights into the presence of this agent in Portugal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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26 pages, 2947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes During the Shelf Life of Wiener Sausages, as an Effect of Fermented Parsley Root Juice and Hawthorn Berry Phenolics

by Georgeta Ștefan, Gheorghe Valentin Goran, Corina Nicoleta Predescu, Maria Rodica Gurău and Stelian Bărăităreanu

Foods 2025, 14(9), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091513 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The behavior of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) throughout the shelf life of ready-to-eat foodstuffs represents a major concern in relation to human diet and human health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of L. monocytogenes in Wiener [...] Read more.

The behavior of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) throughout the shelf life of ready-to-eat foodstuffs represents a major concern in relation to human diet and human health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the behavior of L. monocytogenes in Wiener sausage, as an RTE meat product, throughout 15 days of storage (0–7 °C) under the action of fermented juice from parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum) roots and common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) berry phenolics, compared with the effect of the food additives sodium nitrite and sodium ascorbate used in the standard formulation. For this purpose, one experimental formulation (F1) and one standard formulation (F2) of Wiener sausages were designed using the following preservatives and antioxidants: 50 ppm fermented parsley root juice (as a nitrite source) and 50 ppm hawthorn berry phenolics were used in F1, and 50 ppm sodium nitrite (as food additive E 250) and 50 ppm sodium ascorbate (as food additive E 301) were used in F2. The ability to support L. monocytogenes growth was assessed by a challenge test throughout the 15 days of storage. Based on the results of the assessment, the natural ingredients fermented parsley root juice and hawthorn berry phenolics could act as preservatives that ensure microbiological safety during the shelf life of the product. The nitrite and phenolic compounds of these natural ingredients showed antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, including L. monocytogenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)

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36 pages, 2932 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis, Investigation, Biological Evaluation, and Application of Coordination Compounds with Schiff Base—A Review

by Petya Emilova Marinova and Kristina Dimova Tamahkyarova

Compounds 2025, 5(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5020014 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coordination compounds, characterized by the coordination of metal ions with ligands, represent a pivotal area of research in chemistry due to their diverse structures and versatile applications. This review delves into the synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation, and practical applications of these compounds. A [...] Read more.

Coordination compounds, characterized by the coordination of metal ions with ligands, represent a pivotal area of research in chemistry due to their diverse structures and versatile applications. This review delves into the synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation, and practical applications of these compounds. A variety of synthetic methodologies (traditional solution-based techniques) are discussed to highlight advancements in the field. Investigations into the structural, electronic, and spectral properties of coordination compounds are emphasized to provide insights into their functional attributes. The biological evaluation section focuses on their roles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and enzyme-inhibitory activities, underscoring their potential in therapeutic development. Attention is paid to nanoparticles, which are increasingly used for the treatment of oncological diseases. The metal complexes have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. Additionally, the review explores their applications across domains such as catalysis, illustrating their multifaceted utility. By synthesizing recent findings and trends, this article aims to bridge the gap between fundamental chemistry and applied sciences, paving the way for innovative uses of coordination compounds in both biological and industrial contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Compounds (2024))

14 pages, 4449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Total Soluble Solids on Electrical Conductivity of Passion Fruit Juice During Ohmic Heating

by Rittichai Assawarachan and Samerkhwan Tantikul

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051324 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study models the electrical conductivity (EC) of passion fruit juice during ohmic heating under voltage gradients of 10, 20, and 30 V/cm, considering temperature (25–85 °C) and total soluble solids (TSS: 11.5, 15.5, and 19.5 °Brix). EC was measured using a laboratory-scale [...] Read more.

This study models the electrical conductivity (EC) of passion fruit juice during ohmic heating under voltage gradients of 10, 20, and 30 V/cm, considering temperature (25–85 °C) and total soluble solids (TSS: 11.5, 15.5, and 19.5 °Brix). EC was measured using a laboratory-scale ohmic heating system, and three empirical models were developed using non-linear regression with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The second-order polynomial model showed the highest accuracy (R² = 0.9974; RMSE = 0.0191; χ² = 0.0112). EC increased with temperature, which enhanced ion mobility and decreased viscosity, while its relationship with TSS was non-linear: EC rose at low to moderate TSS but declined at higher concentrations, attributed to reduced free water and ion solute interactions. The validated model offers a reliable tool for real-time process control in industrial scale pasteurization and evaporation of tropical fruit juices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Thermal and Non-Thermal Technologies for Food Preservation and Sustainable Food Processing)

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16 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactic Acid Fermentation of Chlorella vulgaris to Improve the Aroma of New Microalgae-Based Foods: Impact of Composition and Bacterial Growth on the Volatile Fraction

by Caterina Nicolotti, Martina Cirlini, Lorenzo Del Vecchio, Jasmine Hadj Saadoun, Valentina Bernini, Monica Gatti, Benedetta Bottari and Francesco Martelli

Foods 2025, 14(9), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091511 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The consumption of microalgae-based foods is growing due to their exceptional nutritional benefits and sustainable cultivation. However, their strong off-flavors and odors hinder their incorporation into food products. Lactic acid fermentation, a traditional method known for modifying bioactive and aromatic compounds, may address [...] Read more.

The consumption of microalgae-based foods is growing due to their exceptional nutritional benefits and sustainable cultivation. However, their strong off-flavors and odors hinder their incorporation into food products. Lactic acid fermentation, a traditional method known for modifying bioactive and aromatic compounds, may address these challenges. This study aims to evaluate the impact of lactic acid fermentation on the aromatic profiles of four distinct Chlorella vulgaris biomasses, each varying in protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and pigment content. Six lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lcb. paracasei, Lcb. rhamnosus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and Leuconostoc citreum, were used for fermentation. All biomasses supported LAB growth, and their volatile profiles were analyzed via HS-SPME-GC-MS, revealing significant variability. Fermentation notably reduced concentrations of compounds responsible for off-flavors, such as aldehydes. Specifically, hexanal, associated with a green and leafy aroma, was significantly decreased. Lcb. paracasei UPCCO 2333 showed the most effective modulation of the volatile profile in Chlorella vulgaris, significantly reducing undesirable compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones, pyrazines, and terpenes, while enhancing ester production. These results highlight lactic acid fermentation as an effective method to improve the sensory characteristics of C. vulgaris biomasses, enabling their broader use in innovative, nutritionally rich food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms and Enzymes in Fermented Products)

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21 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuropsychological and Academic Performance in Colombian Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Study with a Control Group

by Daniel Landínez-Martínez, Diana Montoya-Londoño, Lorena Aguirre-Aldana, Carmen Dussán-Lubert, Carolina Robledo-Castro and Antonio Partida-Gutierrez de Blume

Children 2025, 12(5), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050561 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of ADHD on the neuropsychological and academic performance of a sample of Colombian children in primary and secondary education compared to a control group. Method: Quasi-experimental research design involving a sample of 194 children from [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of ADHD on the neuropsychological and academic performance of a sample of Colombian children in primary and secondary education compared to a control group. Method: Quasi-experimental research design involving a sample of 194 children from Manizales, of whom 97 were diagnosed with ADHD and 97 were typically developing children. The study utilized tasks from the Child Neuropsychological Assessment (ENI) protocol to assess academic and neuropsychological performance. Results: Children with ADHD exhibited lower cognitive, linguistic, and attentional performance with greater variability than their neurotypical peers. They showed deficits in IQ, metalinguistic skills, reading, writing, memory, attention, and executive function, with increased errors and heterogeneity across tasks. Conclusions: For future research, it is necessary to address ADHD through mixed-methods studies that enrich quantitative findings with the lived experiences of children and families affected by ADHD. Additionally, further exploration is needed regarding functional impairment assessment in the Colombian and broader Ibero-American context, including its correlation with later academic performance in higher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents)

28 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Predictor for Unstable Delayed Systems

by Rocio Jasmin Vazquez-Guerra, Basilio del Muro-Cuéllar, Juan Francisco Márquez-Rubio and Alejandro Urquiza-Castro

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051323 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Delays are known to complicate closed-loop stability analysis and controller design. In the present work, the problem of the stabilization and control of a particular class of linear systems with several real/complex conjugate stable poles and one unstable pole with delay in the [...] Read more.

Delays are known to complicate closed-loop stability analysis and controller design. In the present work, the problem of the stabilization and control of a particular class of linear systems with several real/complex conjugate stable poles and one unstable pole with delay in the direct path is considered. In this work, a methodology is proposed to design a hybrid predictor that consists of continuous and discrete signals to address systems with delay. The proposed hybrid predictor provides a continuous estimation of variables of interest, which is an important consideration, in contrast to the control strategies based on a discrete domain approach. The key point of this proposal is to guarantee the existence of the hybrid predictor, without any restriction on the delay size, when the delay is not divisible by an integer for an appropriate implementation of the sampling period, as in the traditional discrete approach. Furthermore, the proposed methodology is not restricted by the order of the plant, its instability or the size of the delay. The effectiveness of the results is illustrated by numerical simulations performed on academic examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability and Optimal Control of Linear Systems)

20 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessReview

Distribution Characteristics and Driving Mechanisms of Organic Matter in Sediment of Lakes in China: A Review

by Chun Zhao, Fuyuan Ran, Sihong Liu, Liujiang Wang and Chunzhen Fan

Water 2025, 17(9), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091294 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sediment is a core part of lake ecosystems, and its organic matter (OM) content is a key indicator of lake ecological health and regional carbon cycling. OM provides nutrients for phytoplankton and algae in water, thereby influencing the degree of lake eutrophication. However, [...] Read more.

Sediment is a core part of lake ecosystems, and its organic matter (OM) content is a key indicator of lake ecological health and regional carbon cycling. OM provides nutrients for phytoplankton and algae in water, thereby influencing the degree of lake eutrophication. However, excessively high OM content may trigger water eutrophication, alter sediment’s physical and chemical properties, and ultimately threaten the stability and health of ecosystems. This study innovatively selected Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake, Qinghai Lake, and Hulun Lake from China’s four major geographical regions to systematically investigate sediments’ OM content, sources, and distribution characteristics at different times. The results showed that the organic matter content of sediments in lakes from different regions varied significantly and was influenced by multiple factors, such as watershed characteristics, eutrophication levels, human activities, and climate change. Poyang Lake and Taihu Lake, characterized by high levels of agricultural activities and urbanization within their basins, exhibit significant fluctuations in organic matter content, with total organic carbon (TOC) levels ranging from 0.35% to 2.9% and 0.7% to 2.4%, respectively. In contrast, Qinghai Lake and Hulun Lake, influenced by natural conditions and ecological policies, show relatively stable TOC levels, ranging from 1.3% to 2.75% and 1.25% to 3.58%, respectively. By analyzing sediments’ OM content and combining methods such as organic carbon, nitrogen isotopes, and organic C/N ratios, it is possible to effectively assess the ecological health of lakes, provide critical data support for pollution control, and play a significant role in carbon cycle management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment Systems: Green Infrastructure and Bioremediation)

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18 pages, 3089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Estimation of Organic Pollution in Inland Water Using Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager

by Jiayi Li, Ruru Deng, Yu Guo, Cong Lei, Zhenqun Hua and Junying Yang

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092737 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Organic pollution poses a significant threat to water security, making the monitoring of organic pollutants in water environments essential for the protection of water resources. Remote sensing technology, with its wide coverage, continuous monitoring capability, and cost-efficiency, overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, [...] Read more.

Organic pollution poses a significant threat to water security, making the monitoring of organic pollutants in water environments essential for the protection of water resources. Remote sensing technology, with its wide coverage, continuous monitoring capability, and cost-efficiency, overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, which are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and spatially restricted. As a result, it has become an effective tool for monitoring organic pollution in water environments. In this study, we propose a physically constrained remote sensing algorithm for the quantitative estimation of organic pollution in inland waters based on radiative transfer theory. The algorithm was applied to the Feilaixia Basin using Sentinel-2 data. Accuracy assessment results demonstrate good performance in the quantitative assessment of organic pollution, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.79, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 13.03%, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.39 mg/L. Additionally, a seasonal variation map of organic pollutant concentrations in the Feilaixia Basin was generated, providing valuable scientific support for regional water quality monitoring and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sensing)

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26 pages, 2256 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Rumor-Spreading Model with Three Identical Time Delays

by Chunlong Fu, Guofang Liu, Xiaofan Yang, Yang Qin and Luxing Yang

Mathematics 2025, 13(9), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091421 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Understanding the effect of time delays on rumor spreading is of special importance to curbing the spread of rumors. This article proposes a rumor-spreading model with three identical time delays: a delay associated with the negative influence of a spreader on an exposed [...] Read more.

Understanding the effect of time delays on rumor spreading is of special importance to curbing the spread of rumors. This article proposes a rumor-spreading model with three identical time delays: a delay associated with the negative influence of a spreader on an exposed ignorant individual, a delay associated with the natural change from a spreader to a stifler, and a delay associated with the positive influence of a stifler on an exposed spreader. The basic reproduction number for the model is determined. A criterion for the existence of rumor-endemic equilibrium is provided. Interestingly, the model undergoes a conditional forward bifurcation. A collection of criteria for the asymptotic stability of the rumor-free equilibrium is derived. In the absence of a time delay, a criterion for the asymptotic stability of the rumor-endemic equilibrium is presented. By developing a novel technique for dealing with small time delays, a criterion for the asymptotic stability of the rumor-endemic equilibrium is established. Finally, the effect of some factors on the existence of rumor-endemic equilibrium is investigated. In particular, the effect of the time delay on rumor spreading is revealed. This work facilitates a deep understanding of the dynamics of rumor-spreading models with time delays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Dynamical Systems and Differential Equations)

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14 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Utero Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Impairs the Ability of Mice to Clear a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Adulthood

by Victoria R. Stephens, Julia K. Bohannon, Kaylon L. Bruner-Tran, Xenia D. Davis, Mary A. Oliver, Margaret A. McBride, Sharareh Ameli, Jelonia T. Rumph, Jennifer A. Gaddy, Edward R. Sherwood and Kevin G. Osteen

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(5), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16050091 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been linked to several pathologies in human health, especially those involving the immune system. The vast majority of studies have focused on cells and functions of the adaptive immune system with little investigation of the impact of [...] Read more.

Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been linked to several pathologies in human health, especially those involving the immune system. The vast majority of studies have focused on cells and functions of the adaptive immune system with little investigation of the impact of EDCs on innate immunity. While EDC exposure remains a threat throughout the lifetime of an individual, the most detrimental effects on human health occur during critical stages of development, such as in utero. Fetal development is not only associated with growth and tissue remodeling but also with the establishment of key processes, including those of the immune system. Unfortunately, due to fetal plasticity, developmental exposure to certain EDCs, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), can affect mammalian health well into adulthood by altering fetal programming. Herein, we hypothesize that in utero exposure to TCDD induces developmental reprogramming of the innate immune system that subsequently impacts the adult response to infection. To interrogate our hypothesis, we challenged adult mice with and without a history of in utero TCDD exposure with 1 × 10⁸ CFU Pseudomonas aeruginosa via intraperitoneal injection. Results revealed a significant decrease in the number of innate leukocytes at the site of infection six hours after inoculation in toxicant-exposed mice compared to unexposed mice. The reduction in the number of phagocytes correlated with a reduction in bacterial clearance in toxicant-exposed mice. We also noted a decreased ability of peritoneal immune cells from toxicant-exposed mice to produce chemokines necessary for immune cell recruitment. Taken together, our results indicate that in utero EDC exposure impairs the innate immune response to a bacterial infection in adult offspring, particularly in males. Full article

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13 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence and Shifting Endemicities of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Two Contrasting Geographical Areas in Indonesia

by Dwi Prasetyo, Yudith Setiati Ermaya, Gustavo Hernandez-Suarez, Adriana Guzman-Holst and Cissy B. Kartasasmita

Medicina 2025, 61(5), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050806 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis A is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is transmitted via the fecal–oral route, either through the consumption of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infected individual. The incidence of [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Hepatitis A is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is transmitted via the fecal–oral route, either through the consumption of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infected individual. The incidence of HAV is closely associated with socioeconomic factors, access to clean drinking water, sanitation safety, and hygiene. This study aimed to determine HAV seroprevalence and shifting endemicities of hepatitis A virus infection. The seroprevalence and endemicity status were assessed based on the age at the midpoint of population immunity (AMPI). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in two contrasting areas (urban vs. rural) in Bandung, Indonesia. All participants underwent serological testing for anti-HAV IgG using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) and participated in questionnaire interviews. Socioeconomic status was assessed using the Water/sanitation, Assets, Maternal education, and Income (WAMI) index. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18, with a p-value of <0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 1280 participants were tested (640 living in urban areas; 640 living in rural areas). The total prevalence of HAV seropositivity was 50.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 47.7–53.3%), with prevalences of 46.1% (95% CI: 42.5–54.4%) across urban sites and 54.7% (95% CI: 50.7–58.6%) across rural sites. The AMPI was within the 20–24-year age group, with an age point of 22 years, classified as an intermediate HAV endemicity status. Conclusions: the study found a shift in HAV endemicity status from low to intermediate, supporting the need for large-scale national hepatitis A vaccination in Indonesia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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7 pages, 17136 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Novel KIF11 Mutation Associated with Microcephaly, Chorioretinopathy and Impaired Intellectual Development: 20 Years of Follow-Up

by Ashley H. Yaskanich, Ami Patel and Monique Leys

Children 2025, 12(5), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050560 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: KIF11 mutations are responsible for a large portion of microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema or impaired intellectual development (MCLMR). Methods: This report describes longitudinal ophthalmological management of an 8-year-old male pediatric patient presenting with MCLMR diagnosed in infancy and [...] Read more.

Background: KIF11 mutations are responsible for a large portion of microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema or impaired intellectual development (MCLMR). Methods: This report describes longitudinal ophthalmological management of an 8-year-old male pediatric patient presenting with MCLMR diagnosed in infancy and associated with a novel, de novo KIF11 mutation. Results: The patient presented with ophthalmological features of low visual acuity and chorioretinal atrophy and later developed bilateral retinal detachments. Syndromic features included microcephaly and developmental delay. Scleral buckling and vitrectomy were ultimately performed in both eyes, with a period of conservative management in the interim. Postoperative visual acuity was preserved in the right eye, although poor in the left eye. The patient received low-vision rehabilitation services and was able to participate in school and extracurricular activities. Conclusions: Early recognition and close monitoring of ocular and systemic manifestations of KIF11 mutations are important to optimize visual rehabilitation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Disabilities in Children: Intervention Programmes)

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22 pages, 3729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Tolerance Mechanisms of Xanthium strumarium L. Under Lead Stress and Its Application in Phytoremediation

by Shilin Xu, Xiaofang Wang, Zichen Meng, Pingyao Cheng, Wei Li, You Zhou and Yongsheng Li

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091307 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated Xanthium strumarium L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb²⁺, 1–11 d exposure) [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution poses a global environmental challenge, with lead (Pb) being particularly concerning due to its persistence and toxicity. This study investigated Xanthium strumarium L. from China’s Yellow River Sanmenxia section through hydroponic experiments (0–600 mg/L Pb²⁺, 1–11 d exposure) to elucidate its Pb²⁺ response mechanisms. Integrated analyses (EDX, FTIR, thermogravimetry, hyperspectral imaging) revealed a three-phase sequestration strategy: the roots immobilized 88.55% of Pb through pectin carboxyl de-esterification and lignin–Pb complexation, while the stems and leaves retained <11.14% and <0.31%, respectively. A critical threshold (300 mg/L) triggered nonlinear Pb accumulation escalation. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced cell wall stability under Pb stress (66.7% residual carbon increase at 600 mg/L). Hyperspectral features (1670 nm band intensity) effectively tracked physiological stress dynamics. The findings establish X. strumarium’s superior suitability for root-based immobilization rather than phytoextraction in Pb-contaminated sites, with its low translocation efficiency minimizing ecological risks. The identified concentration threshold and spectral biomarkers provide multi-scale insights for optimizing in situ phytostabilization strategies, advancing both theoretical understandings and practical applications in heavy metal remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 2641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evidence of Nitrate-Reducing Activity in Levilactobacillus brevis CD2: A Potential Tool for Oral and Systemic Health Applications

by Serena Altamura, Francesca Rosaria Augello, Francesca Lombardi, Paola Palumbo, Benedetta Cinque, Davide Pietropaoli and Claudio De Simone

Foods 2025, 14(9), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091512 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Growing evidence supports the use of nitrate-reducing bacterial strains as probiotics to enhance the benefits of nitrate metabolism for both oral and systemic health. This study aimed to test the nitrate reductase activity of Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 (DSM-27961/CNCM I-5566), a strain widely used [...] Read more.

Growing evidence supports the use of nitrate-reducing bacterial strains as probiotics to enhance the benefits of nitrate metabolism for both oral and systemic health. This study aimed to test the nitrate reductase activity of Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 (DSM-27961/CNCM I-5566), a strain widely used as a starter culture in fermented foods and recognized for its multifaceted health-promoting probiotic properties. We also sought to determine whether the probiotic lysate enhances nitrate reduction ex vivo using six salivary samples from healthy subjects while evaluating its potential influence on pH and buffering capacity. Considering the established link between lactate metabolism and nitrite production, we assessed the salivary levels of D-lactate after a 3-hour incubation with or without Lv. brevis. The results indicate that Lv. brevis CD2 exhibits significant intrinsic and concentration-dependent nitrate reductase activity. Additionally, treatment with Lv. brevis for 3 h significantly increased nitrite generation across all saliva samples, with further enhancement observed after the addition of exogenous nitrates. Lv. brevis also significantly improved salivary pH and buffering capacity, particularly when combined with nitrate. Furthermore, the probiotic treatment resulted in reduced levels of salivary D-lactate. To further support and validate our in vitro and ex vivo findings, we evaluated the oral nitrate-reducing activity in saliva samples from healthy individuals treated for four weeks with Lv. brevis CD2 lozenges. Of note, the results indicated that the probiotic group showed a significant increase in oral nitrate-reducing capacity compared to baseline and placebo after four weeks of treatment. Overall, our study suggests that Lv. brevis CD2 acts as a nitrate-reducing probiotic, providing new insights into its health benefits and complementing findings from previous studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Functional Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Functional Foods)

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14 pages, 12791 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

MRCS-Net: Multi-Radar Clustering Segmentation Networks for Full-Pulse Sequences

by Tao Chen, Yu Lei, Limin Guo and Boyi Yang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(9), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091538 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

To facilitate the full-pulse sequence received by a radar reconnaissance receiver, this study proposed a clustering segmentation method for radar signals. Owing to the influence of the complex electromagnetic environment, the probability of the occurrence of time–frequency overlapping of signals increases, and the [...] Read more.

To facilitate the full-pulse sequence received by a radar reconnaissance receiver, this study proposed a clustering segmentation method for radar signals. Owing to the influence of the complex electromagnetic environment, the probability of the occurrence of time–frequency overlapping of signals increases, and the demand for signal localization and classification becomes higher. However, most existing studies have only classified and identified individual pulse signals and lack the ability to analyze signals for full pulses. This study proposed a multi-radar cluster-based segmentation network (MRCS-Net) for large time-length full-pulse signals. The network innovatively addresses the processing challenges of prolonged full-pulse signals and effectively achieves the classification and recognition of different pulses under time–frequency overlapping conditions. The proposed algorithm filters the signal with SincNet and then sequentially feeds the sequence into a long short-term memory network. Consequently, the outputs are clustered and segmented using multilayer perceptrons and classifiers. Experiments were conducted on six different types of radar signals. The results demonstrated that the proposed method exhibited lower segmentation error rate metric compared to other similar methods. Moreover, it outperformed other methods in terms of recognition performance. Full article

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19 pages, 5675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges and Opportunities in ILR Selection for Photovoltaic System: Evaluation in Brazilian Cities

by Alex Vilarindo Menezes, José de Arimatéia Alves Vieira Filho and Wilson Negrão Macedo

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092203 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The sizing of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been a concern since the 1990s, particularly with the trend of inverter undersizing as PV module prices decrease. While many studies have assessed the behavior of AC energy and economic parameters with varying Inverter Load Ratios [...] Read more.

The sizing of photovoltaic (PV) systems has been a concern since the 1990s, particularly with the trend of inverter undersizing as PV module prices decrease. While many studies have assessed the behavior of AC energy and economic parameters with varying Inverter Load Ratios (ILRs), they often neglect the impact of degradation on system lifetime or fail to analyze how it influences ILR selection in depth. This study examines the relationship between DC loss curves and ILRs, their evolution over time, and their effects on efficiency and Final Yield. Simulating solar resources in 27 Brazilian cities, it evaluates clipping losses and optimal ILR values ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 for 28 recent inverters. The research aims to identify the ILR that minimizes the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) while maximizing Final Yield, revealing variations in optimal ILR ranges across different inverter–city combinations. The optimal ILR was between 1.1 and 1.3 for modern medium- and high-power inverters, while low-power inverters had a range of up to 1.8. The findings highlight that practical ILR considerations can overlook real-world challenges, leaving the system’s full potential untapped. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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17 pages, 2352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Recovery Ventilation and Thermal Insulation: Economic Decision-Making in Central European Households

by Tomasz Schabek and Barbara Król

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3908; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093908 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Energy conservation has become a critical issue, especially in the context of global environmental challenges and rising energy costs. This article emphasizes the growing importance of sustainability by integrating technical evaluations of heat recovery ventilation (HRV) systems and energy demand reduction with an [...] Read more.

Energy conservation has become a critical issue, especially in the context of global environmental challenges and rising energy costs. This article emphasizes the growing importance of sustainability by integrating technical evaluations of heat recovery ventilation (HRV) systems and energy demand reduction with an economic analysis of new detached buildings in Poland. We studied the economic efficiency of the application of HRV in the context of different insulation thicknesses and quantities of air exchanged. Through over 2500 building energy performance simulations, the study explores the economic and environmental interplay between investments in HRV and insulation technologies. The findings demonstrated that households can achieve significant energy savings, around 2600 kWh annually, by installing an HRV system. These savings are contingent upon various factors, including air exchange rates, insulation thickness, and the thermal properties of windows. The economic analysis revealed that economic benefits due to optimal insulation are in the range of EUR 1000–8600 and from EUR 500 up to 5900 regarding investment in HRV, depending on the energy price and intensity of ventilation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Beetroot Waste via Subcritical Water Extraction for Developing Active Food Packaging Materials

by Márcia Correa de Carvalho, Pedro A. V. Freitas, Rosa J. Jagus, María V. Agüero and Amparo Chiralt

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091928 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Obtaining active extracts from beet root leaves and stems (BLS) is an alternative for the valorization of this agricultural waste. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 150 °C and 170 °C has been used to obtain these extracts, which were incorporated (6% wt.) into [...] Read more.

Obtaining active extracts from beet root leaves and stems (BLS) is an alternative for the valorization of this agricultural waste. Subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 150 °C and 170 °C has been used to obtain these extracts, which were incorporated (6% wt.) into polymer matrices to produce antioxidant films of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) for the preservation of sunflower oil. A high extraction yield (67–60% solubilized solids) was achieved, and the extracts contained high levels of total phenols (51–73 mg GAE·g⁻¹ extract) and betalains and great radical scavenging capacity (EC₅₀: 30–22 mg mg⁻¹ DPPH). The highest temperature promoted the extract’s phenolic richness and antioxidant capacity. The TPS and PLA films containing extracts exhibited color and UV-light blocking effects. The extracts reduced the oxygen permeability (OP) and water vapor permeability of PLA films while promoting those of the TPS films. The capacity of the films to preserve sunflower oil from oxidation was mainly controlled by the OP values of the films, which were very high in TPS films with low OP values. However, in the PLA films (which were more permeable to oxygen), the antioxidant extracts provided significant protection against sunflower oil oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste and By-Products from Agricultural Production for Innovative Health Applications, Second Edition)

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16 pages, 5514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crop-Free-Ridge Navigation Line Recognition Based on the Lightweight Structure Improvement of YOLOv8

by Runyi Lv, Jianping Hu, Tengfei Zhang, Xinxin Chen and Wei Liu

Agriculture 2025, 15(9), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15090942 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study is situated against the background of shortages in the agricultural labor force and shortages of cultivated land. In order to improve the intelligence level and operational efficiency of agricultural machinery and solve the problems of difficulties in recognizing navigation lines and [...] Read more.

This study is situated against the background of shortages in the agricultural labor force and shortages of cultivated land. In order to improve the intelligence level and operational efficiency of agricultural machinery and solve the problems of difficulties in recognizing navigation lines and a lack of real-time performance of transplanters in the crop-free ridge environment, we propose a crop-free-ridge navigation line recognition method based on an improved YOLOv8 segmentation algorithm. First, this method reduces the parameters and computational complexity of the model by replacing the YOLOv8 backbone network with MobileNetV4 and the feature extraction module C2f with ShuffleNetV2, thereby improving the real-time segmentation of crop-free ridges. Second, we use the least-squares method to fit the obtained point set to accurately obtain navigation lines. Finally, the method is applied to testing and analyzing the field experimental ridges. The results showed that the average precision of the improved neural network model using this method was 90.4%, with a Params of 1.8 M, a FLOPs of 8.8 G, and an FPS of 49.5. The results indicate that the model maintains high accuracy while significantly outperforming Mask-RCNN, YOLACT++, YOLOv8, and YOLO11 in terms of computational speed. The detection frame rate increased significantly, improving the real-time performance of detection. This method uses the least-squares method to fit the 55% ridge contour feature points under the picture, and the fitting navigation line shows no large deviation compared with the image ridge centerline; the result is better than that of the RANSAC fitting method. The research results indicate that this method significantly reduces the size of the model parameters and improves the recognition speed, providing a more efficient solution for the autonomous navigation of intelligent carrier aircraft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

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22 pages, 4133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Toxicity of Achillea millefolium L. Essential Oil Against Acrobasis advenella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

by Edyta Górska-Drabik, Katarzyna Golan, Cezary Sempruch, Grzegorz Chrzanowski, Michał P. Dybowski and Monika Poniewozik

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091927 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The solutions of essential oil (0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.0% w/v) derived from Achillea millefoilum (EOAM) were evaluated for their repellent and insecticidal activity toward Acrobasis advenella, as well as their effects on the activity of selected larval tissue enzymes. [...] Read more.

The solutions of essential oil (0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.0% w/v) derived from Achillea millefoilum (EOAM) were evaluated for their repellent and insecticidal activity toward Acrobasis advenella, as well as their effects on the activity of selected larval tissue enzymes. The chemical composition of the EOAM analyzed by GC-MS showed that the main compounds included β-pinene, chamazulene, eucalyptol, and β-caryophyllene. Selection tests showed that larvae avoided inflorescences treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EOAM concentrations. The mortality of larvae increased with concentration and time of exposure to the EO, and the highest mortality rate was observed after 72 h. In addition, the impact of EO was examined on the activity of catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), α- and β-glucosidases, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), i.e., important antioxidants, detoxification, digestive, and nervous system enzymes. A significant increase in CAT activity was found in larvae treated with 0.8% and 1.0% EOAM after both 24 and 48 h. Initially, treating larvae with 0.5% EO decreased β-glucosidase activity while increasing α-glucosidase activity. Moreover, 0.8% EOAM inhibited the activity of POX. These findings suggest that EOAM can affect important biochemical processes within the tissues of A. advenella larvae, making it a promising agent for the protection of black chokeberry crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Products in Crop Pest Management)

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11 pages, 5016 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

B-Mode Ultrasonography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography in Evaluation of Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs

by Ana Paula Luiz De Oliveira, Bruna Bressianini Lima, Denise Jaques Ramos, Gabriela Castro Lopes Evangelista, Igor Cezar Kniphoff Da Cruz, Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi and Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091223 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to [...] Read more.

Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to evaluate its diagnostic capacity. Seven dogs with urothelial carcinoma and nine healthy dogs were evaluated, comparing shear wave velocity (SWV) and bladder wall thickness between the groups. The results showed that SWV was significantly higher in dogs with urothelial carcinoma (median of 2.53 m/s) compared with healthy dogs (median of 1.41 m/s) (p = 0.0045). Bladder wall thickness was also greater in dogs with carcinoma (0.28 ± 0.05 cm) compared to healthy dogs (0.14 ± 0.26 cm) (p = 0.0003). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) for SWV in differentiating healthy and neoplastic tissues. These findings suggest that ARFI elastography is a promising tool for diagnosing urothelial carcinoma in dogs, offering a noninvasive and quantitative approach that can complement traditional diagnostic methods. ARFI elastography may aid in early diagnosis and clinical management, improving the prognosis of patients with bladder neoplasia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Students’ Learning for Action Through Inquiry-Based Science Education on a Local Environmental Problem

by Mónica Baptista, Ana Sofia Pinho and Ana Rita Alves

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3907; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093907 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examines students’ learning for action towards sustainability when addressing a local environmental problem related to mining through an Inquiry-Based Science Education (IBSE) approach. A total of 54 eighth-grade students (ages 13–15) from a rural middle school participated in this study. Data [...] Read more.

This study examines students’ learning for action towards sustainability when addressing a local environmental problem related to mining through an Inquiry-Based Science Education (IBSE) approach. A total of 54 eighth-grade students (ages 13–15) from a rural middle school participated in this study. Data collection included written group productions and group interviews, which were analysed using inductive and deductive processes. The results revealed three levels of the students’ learning for action: “What” (problem identification), “Why” (reasons for action), and “How” (local action). All groups successfully identified the environmental problem, and 64% demonstrated understanding of the reasons for action, showing concern for future generations and environmental preservation. At the “How” level, 50% of the groups recognised the importance of local action, 34% actively planned and implemented actions, and 29% developed specific competences for action, including systemic thinking, argumentation, and communication skills. This research demonstrates that using the IBSE approach to address relevant local problems facilitates the development of action competences for sustainability. Digital technologies emerged as important tools for the students’ actions. The study also provides a framework for understanding and analysing students’ learning for action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Futures: Innovations in Education)

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15 pages, 2625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Probiotic-Fermented Chinese Herb on Immune Response and Growth Performance in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Wenzheng Zou, Xuanxuan Huang, Fang Han and Zhongqin Li

Fishes 2025, 10(5), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050196 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of fermented Chinese herb (FCH) on the growth indices, leukocyte activity, and biochemical indices of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Astragalus membranaceus (AM), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) as feed additives enhance immune [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of fermented Chinese herb (FCH) on the growth indices, leukocyte activity, and biochemical indices of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Astragalus membranaceus (AM), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) as feed additives enhance immune function, promote growth, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of co-fermented blends of these three herbs on growth performance and related parameters in common carp. By adding 2%, 5%, and 10% of the FCH to co-incubate with carp leukocytes, the results show that all three experimental treatments could enhance the respiratory burst activity and phagocytic activity of carp leukocytes. After 28 days of feeding with basal feed supplemented with 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) of the FCH, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of carp were significantly higher than those of the control treatment without additives (ANOVA, p < 0.05), with the 5% treatment showing the highest. The activities of intestinal digestive enzymes were significantly increased (ANOVA, p < 0.05). On the 21st day, the activities of amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), and chymotrypsin were increased compared to the control treatment. The 5% and 10% treatments showed significantly higher intestinal digestive enzyme activities compared to the 2% treatment. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in both the control and experimental treatments initially increased and then decreased, with all three experimental treatments having higher levels than the control treatment. The activities of liver glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the experimental treatments showed no significant changes compared to the control treatment (ANOVA, p > 0.05). However, the serum GPT activity in the 5% treatment was significantly lower than that of the control treatment (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the other treatments. The results indicate that adding 2~10% of FCH to carp feed can improve intestinal digestion, enhance phagocytic activity and the body’s antioxidant defense capabilities, and effectively promote the growth of carp. It can significantly improve farming efficiency and economic benefits, reduce dependence on chemical drugs, and lower environmental pollution, showing good application prospects in production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Health of Aquatic Organisms)

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25 pages, 15269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetry Alignment–Feature Interaction Network for Human Ear Similarity Detection and Authentication

by Li Yuan, He-Bin Zhou, Jiang-Yun Li, Li Liu, Xiao-Chai Gu and Ya-Nan Zhao

Symmetry 2025, 17(5), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050654 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the context of ear-based biometric identity authentication, symmetry between the left and right ears emerges as a pivotal factor, particularly when registration involves one ear and authentication utilizes its contralateral counterpart. The extent to which bilateral ear symmetry supports consistent identity verification [...] Read more.

In the context of ear-based biometric identity authentication, symmetry between the left and right ears emerges as a pivotal factor, particularly when registration involves one ear and authentication utilizes its contralateral counterpart. The extent to which bilateral ear symmetry supports consistent identity verification warrants significant investigation. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a novel framework, the Symmetry Alignment–Feature Interaction Network, designed to enhance authentication robustness. The proposed network incorporates a Symmetry Alignment Module, leveraging differentiable geometric alignment and a dual-attention mechanism to achieve precise feature correspondence between the left and right ears, thereby mitigating the robustness deficiencies of conventional methods under pose variations. Additionally, a Feature Interaction Network is introduced to amplify nonlinear interdependencies between binaural features, employing a difference–product dual-path architecture to enhance feature discriminability through Dual-Path Feature Interaction and Similarity Fusion. Experimental validation on a dataset from the University of Science and Technology of Beijing demonstrates that the proposed method achieves a similarity detection accuracy of 99.03% (a 9.11% improvement over the baseline ResNet18) and an F1 score of 0.9252 in identity authentication tasks. Ablation experiments further confirm the efficacy of the Symmetry Alignment Module, reducing the false positive rate by 3.05%, in combination with the Feature Interaction Network, shrinking the standard deviation of similarity distributions between the positive and negative samples by 67%. A multi-task loss function, governed by a dynamic weighting mechanism, effectively balances feature learning objectives. This work establishes a new paradigm for the authentication of biometric features with symmetry, integrating symmetry modeling with Dual-Path Feature Interaction and Similarity Fusion to advance the precision of ear authentication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Applied in Biometrics Technology)

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