MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 4739 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

LLM Fine-Tuning: Concepts, Opportunities, and Challenges

by Xiao-Kun Wu, Min Chen, Wanyi Li, Rui Wang, Limeng Lu, Jia Liu, Kai Hwang, Yixue Hao, Yanru Pan, Qingguo Meng, Kaibin Huang, Long Hu, Mohsen Guizani, Naipeng Chao, Giancarlo Fortino, Fei Lin, Yonglin Tian, Dusit Niyato and Fei-Yue Wang

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040087 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with [...] Read more.

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with a focus on the essential cognitive conditions that underpin this process. Drawing on Gadamer’s concepts of Vorverständnis, Distanciation, and the Hermeneutic Circle, the paper explores how LLM fine-tuning evolves from initial learning to deeper comprehension, ultimately advancing toward self-awareness. It examines the core principles, development, and applications of fine-tuning techniques, emphasizing its growing significance across diverse field and industries. The paper introduces a new term, “Tutorial Fine-Tuning (TFT)”, which annotates a process of intensive tuition given by a “tutor” to a small number of “students”, to define the latest round of LLM fine-tuning advancements. By addressing key challenges associated with fine-tuning, including ensuring adaptability, precision, credibility and reliability, this paper explores potential future directions for the co-evolution of humans and AI. By bridging theoretical perspectives with practical implications, this work provides valuable insights into the ongoing development of LLMs, emphasizing their potential to achieve higher levels of cognitive and operational intelligence. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Mode on Lung Function, Exercise Tolerance, Vital Signs, and Dyspnea After Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Emilia Raposo Nascimento, Paloma Lopes Francisco Parazzi, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, Maria Ângela Gonçalves Oliveira Ribeiro, Carla Cristina Sousa Gomez, Patrícia Blau Margosian Conti, Bianca Aparecida Siqueira, Edvane Aparecida Braz Araújo Silva and José Dirceu Ribeiro

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040073 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of pulmonary involvement. In this context, this study aimed to compare vital signs, the sensation of dyspnea (Borg scale), lung function, and exercise tolerance before and after the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in adults of both sexes after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: A cross-sectional analytical clinical study was performed with the inclusion of individuals who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 at least three months before data collection. Individuals were evaluated for vital signs (heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation), Borg scale, spirometry, and submaximal exercise protocol of two minutes of the step test before and after receiving NIV in ventilation mode by continuous positive airway pressure of 6 cm H₂O for 30 min. Results: A total of 50 participants were enrolled and grouped as a mild (N = 25) or severe (N = 25) clinical phenotype during SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. In our data, the forced vital capacity (p < 0.001), the ratio between the forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity and the forced vital capacity (p = 0.020), and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p = 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the severe clinical phenotype group after NIV. In addition, forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity (p = 0.032) and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p < 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the mild clinical phenotype group after NIV. No changes were described for vital signs and the Borg scale. Conclusions: This study allowed us to identify that NIV is a tool that promotes better exercise capacity by increasing the number of steps achieved in both clinical phenotype groups and improving lung function observed in the spirometry markers. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Triethylammonium Tetrafluoroborate Electrolyte for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance over a Wide Temperature Range

by Ezgi Yurttas, Yavuz Gokce, Nazife Isik Semerci, Emine Yagmur and Zeki Aktas

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041057 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) [...] Read more.

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) is tested as a new IL to operate supercapacitors in a wide temperature range (−40 °C, 25 °C, and 80 °C) in the presence of commercial activated carbon. The performance of Et₃NHBF₄ is compared to two different commercial ILs. This study also investigates the application of heat treatment to determine suitable activated carbon surface characteristics for ILs. The results indicate that heat treatment enhances the electrode–electrolyte interaction, and the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors prepared from the heat-treated activated carbon are significantly higher than the original commercial activated carbon. Electrochemical tests show that the synthesised Et₃NHBF₄ (with propylene carbonate) can be used over a wide temperature range and has a better energy storage performance, especially at −40 °C (specific capacitance of 42.12 F/g at 2 A/g), compared to the other two commercial ionic liquids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Conductor Materials for Energy Storage and Electrocaloric Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stimulator of InterferoN Genes (STING)-Associated Vasculopathy with Onset in Infancy Syndrome (SAVI) Associated with Disseminated Molluscum Contagiosum Under Baricitinib Treatment

by Thilo Gambichler, Yusa Devrim and Laura Susok

Dermato 2025, 5(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermato5020006 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and skin ulcerations. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, including baricitinib, have shown promise in mitigating systemic and organ-specific manifestations. However, these inhibitors broadly suppress immune pathways, potentially increasing vulnerability to infections. Case presentation: This case report describes a 21-year-old woman with SAVI (due to a heterozygous TMEM173 mutation) who developed disseminated molluscum contagiosum (MC) while receiving baricitinib therapy. Laboratory results revealed lymphopenia, low CD4/CD8 ratio, and impaired immune cell activity, suggesting compromised antiviral immunity. Discussion: Despite SAVI’s association with excessive type I interferon signaling, this chronic hyperactivation may cause immune dysregulation, exhausting T cells and natural killer cells vital for viral defense. Furthermore, baricitinib suppresses interferon signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway, reducing inflammatory damage in SAVI but also impairing antiviral responses. Moreover, MC viruses evade host immune defenses by antagonizing STING and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated interferon activation, further contributing to infection risk. This report is the first to document MC in a SAVI patient and highlights the rare complication of disseminated MC due to impaired type I interferon signaling and immune suppression from baricitinib therapy. This case underscores the need for vigilance regarding viral infections in SAVI patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Your Diagnosis?—Case Report Collection)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted-Amplicon NGS for Blastocystis sp. in Shepherd Dogs of Portugal Discriminates Co-Colonization with Multiple Zoonotic Subtypes

by Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Maria João Feiteiro, Guilherme Moreira, Rita Cruz, Fernando Esteves, Helena Vala and João R. Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040325 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact [...] Read more.

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact increases the potential for shepherd dogs to act as intermediates in the transmission of Blastocystis. To clarify the role of these dogs as reservoirs for this parasite, this study investigated the presence of Blastocystis in shepherd dogs. Stool samples from Portuguese shepherd dogs were analyzed using SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR and melting curve analysis followed by targeted-amplicon NGS for mixed infections detection. Our results revealed a 60% occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in shepherd dog stools and frequent identification of zoonotic subtypes ST1–ST4 and ST14. Additionally, we observed mixed infections and subtype diversity within individual dogs, suggesting a potential role in cross-species transmission between livestock and humans. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Safety Practices in Artisanal and Semi-Automated Dairy Processors: Evidence from Fier, Albania

by Pranvera Troka, Marsela Luarasi and Ilir Kapaj

Agriculture 2025, 15(7), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070762 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Food safety and traceability in dairy processing plants are essential for public health and industry sustainability. This study provides an empirical assessment of food safety and traceability practices among artisanal and semi-automated dairy processors in Fier, Albania, which is the country’s leading milk-producing [...] Read more.

Food safety and traceability in dairy processing plants are essential for public health and industry sustainability. This study provides an empirical assessment of food safety and traceability practices among artisanal and semi-automated dairy processors in Fier, Albania, which is the country’s leading milk-producing region. Based on structured interviews with 18 dairy processors, we examined practices related to supplier management, quality control, facility conditions, staff hygiene, and equipment sanitation. The results reveal significant gaps in milk supplier inspections, biochemical testing, and traceability systems. The majority of processors lack barcode systems, regulated contracts with farmers, and formalized product tracking mechanisms, decreasing the chances of market formalization. Moreover, none of the dairies in this study have ISO certification, which restricts access to international markets. This paper also compares food safety practices between semi-automated and artisanal processors, with the former having slightly better compliance in certain key areas such as milk supply monitoring and biochemical testing. However, both groups face major challenges in complying with food safety standards due to weak regulatory enforcement, limited financial resources, and insufficient training. Implementing stricter food safety measures and modern traceability systems is not only a regulatory necessity but a strategic step toward improving public health, market access, and the long-term sustainability of Albania’s dairy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Contact Privacy Protection Bed Angle Estimation Method Based on LiDAR

by Yezhao Ju, Yuanji Li, Haiyang Zhang, Le Xin, Changming Zhao and Ziyi Xu

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072226 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurate bed angle monitoring is crucial in healthcare settings, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where improper bed positioning can lead to severe complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia. Traditional camera-based solutions, while effective, often raise significant privacy concerns. This study proposes a non-intrusive [...] Read more.

Accurate bed angle monitoring is crucial in healthcare settings, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where improper bed positioning can lead to severe complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia. Traditional camera-based solutions, while effective, often raise significant privacy concerns. This study proposes a non-intrusive bed angle detection system based on LiDAR technology, utilizing the Intel RealSense L515 sensor. By leveraging time-of-flight principles, the system enables real-time, privacy-preserving monitoring of head-of-bed elevation angles without direct visual surveillance. Our methodology integrates advanced techniques, including coordinate system transformation, plane fitting, and a deep learning framework combining YOLO-X with an enhanced A2J algorithm. Customized loss functions further improve angle estimation accuracy. Experimental results in ICU environments demonstrate the system’s effectiveness, with an average angle detection error of less than 3 degrees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radar Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nexus Between Sperm Membrane Integrity, Sperm Motility, and DNA Fragmentation

by Alfredo Góngora, Stephen Johnston, Pablo Contreras, Carmen López-Fernández and Jaime Gosálvez

Membranes 2025, 15(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040109 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and SDF (% sperm with fragmented DNA). The statistical methods included non-parametric correlation analysis and artificial intelligence (AI)-generated cluster analysis to identify patterns based on these three parameters. The results showed a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.65; p < 0.000) between sperm membrane integrity and motility, indicating that immotile sperm were more likely to exhibit membrane damage. A weak correlation (ρ = 0.21; p < 0.000) suggested that DNA damage was largely independent of the other sperm parameters. Cluster analysis identified three main clusters: Cluster 0: high levels of low membrane integrity, immotile sperm, and moderate DNA fragmentation. Cluster 1: moderate membrane integrity and motility but extremely high DNA fragmentation. Cluster 2: the lowest levels of membrane damage, immotile sperm, and DNA fragmentation, indicating overall better sperm quality. The clustering techniques demonstrated their ability to integrate multiple sperm parameters, enabling a more individualized fertility diagnosis and potentially enhancing male infertility assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Metabolic Organic Radical Contrast Agents (mORCAs) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

by Shuyang Zhang, Sabina Dhakal, Evan Curtis, Hunter Miller, Joseph T. Paletta, Connor Gee, Suchada Rajca, Forrest Kievit and Andrzej Rajca

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071581 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

We report two conjugates of gem-diethyl pyrroline nitroxide radicals with D-mannosamine as potential metabolic organic radical contrast agents, mORCAs, circumventing the need for biorthogonal reactions. In-cell EPR spectroscopy, using Jurkat cells and analogous conjugate, based on a pyrrolidine nitroxide radical, shows an [...] Read more.

We report two conjugates of gem-diethyl pyrroline nitroxide radicals with D-mannosamine as potential metabolic organic radical contrast agents, mORCAs, circumventing the need for biorthogonal reactions. In-cell EPR spectroscopy, using Jurkat cells and analogous conjugate, based on a pyrrolidine nitroxide radical, shows an efficient incorporation of highly immobilized nitroxides, with a correlation time of τ_cor = 20 ns. In vivo MRI experiments in mice show that the paramagnetic nitroxide radical shortens the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of protons in water located in the kidney and brain by only up to ~10% after 3 d. Ex vivo EPR spectroscopic analyses indicate that the contrast agents in mouse tissues are primarily localized in the kidney, lung, liver, heart, and blood, which primarily contain immobilized nitroxide radicals with τ_cor = 4–9 ns. The spin concentrations in tissues remain low (1–3 nmol g⁻¹) at 24 h after the third mORCA injection, approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of ORCAFluor and BASP-ORCA (measured at ~24 h post-injection). These low spin concentrations explain the small proton T₁ and T₂ relaxation changes observed in in vivo MRI. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 225854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LGWheatNet: A Lightweight Wheat Spike Detection Model Based on Multi-Scale Information Fusion

by Zhaomei Qiu, Fei Wang, Tingting Li, Chongjun Liu, Xin Jin, Shunhao Qing, Yi Shi, Yuntao Wu and Congbin Liu

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071098 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Wheat spike detection holds significant importance for agricultural production as it enhances the efficiency of crop management and the precision of operations. This study aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wheat spike detection, enabling efficient crop monitoring under resource-constrained conditions. To [...] Read more.

Wheat spike detection holds significant importance for agricultural production as it enhances the efficiency of crop management and the precision of operations. This study aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wheat spike detection, enabling efficient crop monitoring under resource-constrained conditions. To this end, a wheat spike dataset encompassing multiple growth stages was constructed, leveraging the advantages of MobileNet and ShuffleNet to design a novel network module, SeCUIB. Building on this foundation, a new wheat spike detection network, LGWheatNet, was proposed by integrating a lightweight downsampling module (DWDown), spatial pyramid pooling (SPPF), and a lightweight detection head (LightDetect). The experimental results demonstrate that LGWheatNet excels in key performance metrics, including Precision, Recall, and Mean Average Precision (mAP50 and mAP50-95). Specifically, the model achieved a Precision of 0.956, a Recall of 0.921, an mAP50 of 0.967, and an mAP50-95 of 0.747, surpassing several YOLO models as well as EfficientDet and RetinaNet. Furthermore, LGWheatNet demonstrated superior resource efficiency with a parameter count of only 1,698,529 and GFLOPs of 5.0, significantly lower than those of competing models. Additionally, when combined with the Slicing Aided Hyper Inference strategy, LGWheatNet further improved the detection accuracy of wheat spikes, especially for small-scale targets and edge regions, when processing large-scale high-resolution images. This strategy significantly enhanced both inference efficiency and accuracy, making it particularly suitable for image analysis from drone-captured data. In wheat spike counting experiments, LGWheatNet also delivered exceptional performance, particularly in predictions during the filling and maturity stages, outperforming other models by a substantial margin. This study not only provides an efficient and reliable solution for wheat spike detection but also introduces innovative methods for lightweight object detection tasks in resource-constrained environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Smart Agriculture with Remote Sensing as the Core and Its Applications in Crops Field)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineered Pseudomonas mirabilis-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Targeting Bone Microenvironment to Improve Osteoporosis

by Sanfu Lin, Chonggang Chen, Yuhui Zheng, Baofang Wu and Wenhua Wu

Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040847 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent condition marked by reduced bone density and a heightened risk of fractures. Current treatments often have side effects, underscoring the need for safer alternatives. Recent research highlights the significant role of gut microbiota and their metabolites [...] Read more.

Introduction: Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent condition marked by reduced bone density and a heightened risk of fractures. Current treatments often have side effects, underscoring the need for safer alternatives. Recent research highlights the significant role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in maintaining bone health. Notably, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a promising platform due to their nanoscale sizes, low toxicity, drug-loading capabilities, and excellent biocompatibility. Methods: In this study, we developed a delivery system using OMVs derived from Pseudomonas mirabilis (PM). By anchoring bone-targeting peptides to the PM-OMVs membrane, we equipped these vesicles to deliver endogenous miRNAs to the bone microenvironment effectively. Results and Discussion: The bone-targeted PM-OMVs (PM-OMVs-BT) demonstrated exceptional bone-targeting abilities and exhibited a favorable safety profile in vivo. Additionally, LGG-OMVs-BT were successfully internalized by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) without significant cytotoxicity, effectively promoting their osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. In conclusion, our study indicates that PM-OMVs-BT could offer a safe and effective treatment option for OP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology in Human Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Ordinary to Extraordinary: The Crucial Role of Common Species in Desert Plant Community Stability with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Under Increased Precipitation

by Zhanquan Ji, Qianqian Dong, Rong Yang, Wenhao Qin, Yi Peng and Yangyang Jia

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071099 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Climate change is altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia’s arid zones, destabilizing desert ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, key soil microorganisms forming symbiosis with most plants, critically maintain ecosystem stability, yet their mechanisms in regulating individual plant species to sustain community stability remain [...] Read more.

Climate change is altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia’s arid zones, destabilizing desert ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, key soil microorganisms forming symbiosis with most plants, critically maintain ecosystem stability, yet their mechanisms in regulating individual plant species to sustain community stability remain unclear. We conducted a 5-year in situ experiment in the Gurbantunggut Desert, testing how AM fungi influence desert plant community stability under increased precipitation. Using a randomized block design with three treatments—control (CK), increased precipitation (W), and precipitation with Benomyl fungicide (BW)—we monitored plant community dynamics. We discovered that both increased precipitation and AM fungi altered plant community structure without affecting diversity. Precipitation boosted aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and density, enhancing community stability via dominant species (e.g., Meniocus linifolius), supporting the mass ratio hypothesis. AM fungi further stabilized the community by increasing ANPP and enhancing the common species stability under increased precipitation, while the contribution of rare species was also non-negligible, aligning with the subordinate insurance hypothesis. Overall, our study elucidates how increased precipitation and AM fungi regulate plant community stability at the species level. Specifically, it overcomes key gaps by revealing AM fungi’s pivotal role in stabilizing communities through sustaining common species stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Cellulose Fibres from Posidonia oceanica to Obtain Chitosan Biocomposites and Poly(lactic Acid) Laminates

by Paula Camarena-Bononad, Pedro A. V. Freitas, Amparo Chiralt and Maria Vargas

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020027 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

New sustainable materials have been developed to replace conventional plastics obtained from non-renewable sources. In this study, cellulose fibres from Posidonia oceanica (PO) were obtained by applying subcritical water extraction and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite. The PO fibres were used [...] Read more.

New sustainable materials have been developed to replace conventional plastics obtained from non-renewable sources. In this study, cellulose fibres from Posidonia oceanica (PO) were obtained by applying subcritical water extraction and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite. The PO fibres were used to obtain cellulose films, chitosan–cellulose composites, and PLA–cellulose laminates. These films were characterised as to their optical properties, mechanical performance, oxygen and water vapour permeability, thermal stability, and microstructure. The cellulose films exhibited low mechanical resistance, with different colouration depending on the degree of delignification. The composites had lower mechanical strength than pure chitosan films. The PO cellulose fibres had a similar, but attenuated, effect when laminated with PLA layers. The fibres improved the oxygen barrier capacity of chitosan films, although this effect only occurred in PLA laminates for cellulose purified with sodium chlorite. In no case did cellulose improve the water vapour barrier of the films compared to pure polymers. The thermal stability was not notably altered by the blending effect, thus reflecting the absence of significant interactions between the fibres and polymer. However, there is a need to improve the functionality of cellulose fibres from PO waste for their incorporation as fillers or laminates in biodegradable food packaging materials. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Food Supplement Based on Collagen and Magnesium Combined with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Exercises in Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Pilot Clinical Trial

by Vincenzo Nobile, Roberta Villa, Mariella Micieli, Fabio Amone, Erminia D’Ambrosio, Giuseppe Pulitano, Camilla Schinzari, Eleonora Di Campi and Davide Carati

Uro 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/uro5020007 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining a food supplement containing collagen and magnesium with PFMT in women experiencing stress (SUI), urge (UUI), or mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence. Methods: A pilot clinical trial was carried out on 44 women with stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence. The improvement in urinary incontinence was assessed, before and after 6 weeks (W6) of product use, by the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) and the clinical assessment of the gynecologist. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed as a secondary endpoint. Results: At Week 6, the baseline median QUID score in the active group was significantly reduced by 64% (p < 0.001), with 76% finishing the study with a negative diagnosis for UI. In contrast, the placebo group showed a reduction in QUID score by only 10% (p < 0.001), with just 25% of participants achieving a negative diagnosis for UI. QoL statistically significantly (p < 0.001) improved by 76% in the active group, while no changes were observed in the placebo group. Conclusions: Supplementation with the (Dermoxen^®) tested product significantly improved urinary symptoms and quality of life, demonstrating a greater effect than pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) exercises alone. Dermoxen^® demonstrated efficacy across all three subtypes of UI. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Physical Activity, Systemic Inflammation, and Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

by Laura Petraglia, Paola Iacotucci, Lorenza Ferrillo, Serena Cabaro, Jolanda Somma, Francesca Lacava, Ilaria Amaranto, Silvia Crucito, Maria Perrotti, Pietro Formisano, Giuseppe Rengo, Dario Leosco and Vincenzo Carnovale

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071239 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the imbalance between protein synthesis and catabolism, with consequent loss of muscle mass and function. This study aims to assess the effects of amino acid supplements on functional status, muscle mass and strength, inflammation, and quality of life in adult CF patients. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 60 adult CF patients, aged 18 or older. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid supplementation or a placebo for 4 weeks. Physical function tests and self-assessment questionnaires on quality of life, global health, and sleep status, as well as blood samples to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, were performed at baseline and after the treatment period. Results: The amino acid supplementation group showed a significant improvement in self-perceived physical performance and health status. Interleukin-6 serum levels were significantly reduced in this group compared to those who received the placebo (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Amino acid supplementation in adult CF patients improves self-perception of health status and may reduce systemic inflammation, significantly decreasing serum levels of Interleukin-6. This suggests potential benefits for the overall well-being of CF patients and a reduction in their inflammatory status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maize Cultivation in Sun Mushroom Post-Harvest Areas: Yield, Soil Chemical Properties, and Economic Viability

by Lucas da Silva Alves, Matheus Rodrigo Iossi, Cinthia Elen Cardoso Caitano, Wagner Gonçalves Vieira Júnior, Pedro Afonso Gomes Teixeira, Reges Heinrichs, Arturo Pardo-Giménez and Diego Cunha Zied

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071097 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom [...] Read more.

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom post-harvest area, focusing on soil and leaf macronutrient composition, yield factors, and economic benefits. Four management practices were tested: a post-harvest area without mineral fertilization (SMS); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing (SMS + S); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing and topdressing (SMS + S + TD); and a control area with standard mineral fertilization. The SMS treatment maintained adequate soil pH and electrical conductivity, and in the first crop, increased soil P, Ca, and Mg levels by 5%, 140%, and 23%, respectively, without significantly affecting yield compared to the control. However, nutrient absorption faced challenges due to a nutritional imbalance of Ca/Mg. In the second crop, SMS + S + TD was crucial for higher yields (up to 6500 kg ha⁻¹) and showed similarity to the control in a Nearest Neighbor Analysis, particularly in leaf N content. Regarding the economic benefits, SMS reduced mineral fertilization in the first crop, increasing the net benefit by up to 380%, while in the second crop, topdressing became indispensable for the SMS area, with SMS + S + TD generating the greatest net benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Management Practices on Field Crop Growth, Yield, and Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Elite and Near-Elite Players

by Miaoyu Han, Jorge Arede, Miguel Ángel Gómez Ruano and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073871 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability and consistency of the impact of gaze behaviors (e.g., QE duration, FFD, FD) on basketball shooting performance. (2) Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability and consistency of the impact of gaze behaviors (e.g., QE duration, FFD, FD) on basketball shooting performance. (2) Methods: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), SPORTDiscus, and Scopus, covering all records from each database’s inception. Overall, 17 studies were included examining the relationship between the gaze behavior of basketball players and shooting performance and the studies The quality of the studies was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies. A meta-analysis was performed using R 4.4.2 software. (3) Results: Longer QE duration (r = 0.67, p = 0.04) and FFD (r = 0.55, p = 0.03) were positively correlated with SA, while FD showed no significant association (p = 0.82). Elite players exhibited significantly longer QE durations than near-elite players (p = 0.01), but no significant differences were observed in FFD (p = 0.12) or FD (p = 0.18) between competition levels. Meta-regression analysis confirmed a significant positive relationship between QE duration and SA in different competition levels (p = 0.0143). (4) Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the importance of QE duration in basketball shooting performance, with elite players showing better gaze control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Hungry Water on Sediment Dynamics: Assessment of Valley Degradation, Bed Material Changes and Flood Inundation in Pamba River During Kerala Flood, 2018

by Sreelash Krishnan Kutty, Padmalal Damodaran, Jeenu Mathai, Micky Mathew, Asha Rani, Rajat Kumar Sharma and Maya Kesavan

Hydrology 2025, 12(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12040079 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Flood frequencies, along with the associated loss of life and property, have risen significantly due to climate change and increasing human activities. While prior research has primarily focused on high-intensity rainfall events and reservoir management in flood management, the influence of sediment-starved water—termed [...] Read more.

Flood frequencies, along with the associated loss of life and property, have risen significantly due to climate change and increasing human activities. While prior research has primarily focused on high-intensity rainfall events and reservoir management in flood management, the influence of sediment-starved water—termed “hungry water”—released from dams in controlling flood dynamics has not gained much attention. The present study is aimed at exploring the potential role of sediment-starved water, or the “hungry water effect” on the valley degradation, bed material changes and flood inundation in the Pamba River during the Kerala Flood, 2018, through a detailed characterization of bed materials and their deposition in the channel bed. The release of sediment-starved water from the Kakki reservoir during the episodic precipitation event (15 to 17 August 2018) resulted in significant bed degradation and scouring of the valley slopes, leading to the deposition of large boulders and rock masses and the inundating of approximately 196 km² of floodplains. This study highlights the need for integrated sediment management strategies in reservoir operations by providing essential insights into sediment transport dynamics during extreme weather events. Understanding these processes is crucial for formulating effective flood mitigation strategies and improving the resilience of riverine ecosystems, particularly as the interaction between intense rainfall and sediment-depleted releases significantly exacerbated the flood’s severity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Humanities Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers’ Concerns in Integrating STEM Education—A Case Study of Geography Education

by Sung Ho Cheuk and Yun Fat Lam

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040446 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

STEAM education has become a global agenda to integrate humanities subjects with STEM elements. With a lack of science-related teacher training, promoting STEM education under humanities curriculums faces challenges. However, limited research has been conducted to understand the concerns of humanities teachers in [...] Read more.

STEAM education has become a global agenda to integrate humanities subjects with STEM elements. With a lack of science-related teacher training, promoting STEM education under humanities curriculums faces challenges. However, limited research has been conducted to understand the concerns of humanities teachers in applying STEM education in their classrooms. In this study, we examined the concerns of pre-service and in-service geography (GEOG) teachers (N = 49) in Hong Kong (HK) secondary schools and evaluated the effectiveness of trainer workshops in alleviating their concerns. We applied an in-depth questionnaire analysis based on a 5-point Likert scale under a “Stages of Concern” model. The ordinal regression and t-test results suggested that (1) the pre-service and in-service GEOG teachers were highly concerned in most of the stages of concerns (Mean = 4.06/5); (2) unique yet different concerns about GEOG STEM education were identified from the pre-service teachers and in-service teachers; (3) teacher training workshops that offer scientific and STEM training could be effective in addressing the concerns of in-service teachers. As such, this study supports the development of geography STEM education and promotes the education community’s ability to address teachers’ concerns in embracing STEM education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue STEM, Arts, and Special Education: Teacher Education Partnerships and Professional Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 5369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Parking Charging Strategy for Extended-Range Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on MOMSA

by Rong Yang, Jianxiang Lu, Zhiqi Sun and Wei Huang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040203 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Extended-range hybrid electric vehicles (E-RHEVs) require optimized parking charging strategies that consider both charging time and battery health. Existing research often neglects the crucial impact of ambient temperature and long-term cycling on battery degradation. This study addresses this gap by developing a novel [...] Read more.

Extended-range hybrid electric vehicles (E-RHEVs) require optimized parking charging strategies that consider both charging time and battery health. Existing research often neglects the crucial impact of ambient temperature and long-term cycling on battery degradation. This study addresses this gap by developing a novel parking charging strategy for E-RHEVs that leverages a temperature-dependent battery aging model and a Multi-Objective Mantis Search Algorithm (MOMSA)—a metaheuristic optimization algorithm designed to solve multi-objective problems by efficiently exploring trade-offs between conflicting objectives. The MOMSA optimizes a five-stage State-of-Charge-based Multi-stage Constant Current (SMCC) charging profile—a dynamic current adjustment strategy that minimizes battery capacity degradation by dividing the charging process into sequential phases. The MOMSA-based SMCC strategy achieves an optimal balance between charging time and battery capacity degradation across a range of ambient temperatures (5 °C to 35 °C). Compared to a conventional 0.5C CC-CV charging strategy, the MOMSA-based SMCC strategy demonstrably reduces battery degradation with a moderate increase in charging time. Furthermore, the MOMSA-based charging strategy outperforms a Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO)-based approach, achieving comparable degradation mitigation while significantly reducing charging time. One-week cycling simulations under realistic driving conditions further validate the MOMSA-based charging strategy’s superior long-term performance in delaying battery degradation across various temperatures. This strategy extends E-RHEV battery lifespan while maintaining operational efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Beyond Electric Cars: Comprehensive Charging Solutions and Innovations in Land, Sea, and Air Mobility)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Exploring the Efficacy of Virtual Reality Training in Obstetric Procedures and Patient Care—A Systematic Review

by Ioana Gabriela Visan, Cristian Valentin Toma, Razvan Petca, George E. D. Petrescu, Aniela-Roxana Noditi and Aida Petca

Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070784 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: As technology continues to shape society, younger generations are increasingly accustomed to its integration into daily life, making it mandatory for medical educators to adopt innovative tools like virtual reality (VR). This systematic review examines the efficacy of VR in obstetric training [...] Read more.

Background: As technology continues to shape society, younger generations are increasingly accustomed to its integration into daily life, making it mandatory for medical educators to adopt innovative tools like virtual reality (VR). This systematic review examines the efficacy of VR in obstetric training and patient care, focusing on its impact on educational engagement, procedural skill acquisition, and pain management in obstetric patients. Methods: A systematic review of the current literature was conducted using databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov analyzing randomized controlled studies on VR’s use in obstetric training and patient care. Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating VR’s role in enhancing clinical skills, and pain and anxiety management during labor and procedures. Only randomized controlled trials published in English were considered. The risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for RCTs. Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 13 studies focused on VR for pain relief and anxiety reduction, and 5 studies on medical training and skill acquisition. Most studies used immersive VR headsets, while some utilized interactive VR or serious gaming platforms. Adverse effects such as motion sickness and visual discomfort were reported in a few cases but did not significantly impact participant engagement. Conclusions: VR holds the potential to improve obstetric training and patient care by aligning with the learning preferences of younger generations and enhancing both educational and patient care experiences. However, heterogeneity in sample sizes, participants, and intervention types limits generalizability. Further large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed to validate findings and standardize VR applications in obstetrics. This review was registered in PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42024619197). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 167 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Novel Imaging Biomarkers for Brain PET Imaging

by Anne M. Landau

Biomolecules 2025, 15(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15040517 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a critical tool in the study of neurological diseases, providing non-invasive insights into the brain’s complex molecular and functional processes [...] Full article

28 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing and Implementing a Decision Support System-Integrated Framework for Evaluating Solar Park Effects on Water-Related Ecosystem Services

by Mohammad Alqadi, Szimona Zaharieva, Antonia Commichau, Markus Disse, Thomas Koellner and Gabriele Chiogna

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3121; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073121 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the 21st century, the adoption of solar energy has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increased use of ground-mounted photovoltaic (GPV) systems, recognized as solar farms, which have emerged as major players in this sector. Nevertheless, their extensive land utilization may impact [...] Read more.

In the 21st century, the adoption of solar energy has witnessed significant growth, driven by the increased use of ground-mounted photovoltaic (GPV) systems, recognized as solar farms, which have emerged as major players in this sector. Nevertheless, their extensive land utilization may impact local ecosystem services (ESSs), especially those related to water resources. In the context of the water–energy–food–ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, it becomes vital to investigate how solar park construction will impact water-related ESSs. This paper developed a framework that assesses the effect of constructing a solar park on water-related ecosystem services. We focused on solar farm construction and its interactions with various hydrological cycle components; then, we evaluated the implications for water-related ESSs. This approach encompasses a systematic literature review that identifies the hydrological factors most affected by the construction of solar farms. As a result, thirteen ESSs were selected to be included in an evaluation framework, and a definition of a scoring system of each ESS was defined based on the economic value, a predetermined indicator, or land use and land cover (LULC) properties. The allocation of weighting factors for these scores can be determined based on individual experience and stakeholders. This study presents a DSS-integrated framework to assess the impact of solar park constructions on water-related ecosystem services (ESSs) within the WEFE nexus. The framework was applied to a case study in Darstadt, Bavaria, revealing that, among the water-related ESSs in favor of ground-mounted PV systems (GPVs) compared to traditional agricultural practices, there could be soil erosion and nitrate leaching reduction. The DSS tool enables stakeholders to efficiently evaluate trade-offs between energy production and ecosystem impacts. The findings underscore the potential of integrating renewable energy projects with ecosystem management strategies to promote sustainable land-use practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Energy Utilization and Sustainable Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 36274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Machine Learning-Based Method for Unsupervised Characterisation for Coral Reef Monitoring in Earth Observation Time-Series Data

by Zayad AlZayer, Philippa Mason, Robert Platt and Cédric M. John

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071244 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents an innovative approach to automated coral reef monitoring using satellite imagery, addressing challenges in image quality assessment and correction. The method employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) coupled with clustering for efficient image selection and quality evaluation, followed by a machine [...] Read more.

This study presents an innovative approach to automated coral reef monitoring using satellite imagery, addressing challenges in image quality assessment and correction. The method employs Principal Component Analysis (PCA) coupled with clustering for efficient image selection and quality evaluation, followed by a machine learning-based cloud removal technique using an XGBoost model trained to detect land and cloudy pixels over water. The workflow incorporates depth correction using Lyzenga’s algorithm and superpixel analysis, culminating in an unsupervised classification of reef areas using KMeans. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in producing consistent, interpretable classifications of reef ecosystems across different imaging conditions. This study highlights the potential for scalable, autonomous monitoring of coral reefs, offering valuable insights for conservation efforts and climate change impact assessment in shallow marine environments. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 5069 KiB

Open AccessReview

Small-Molecule Mitotic Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: Discovery, Classification, Mechanisms of Action, and Clinical Trials

by Yazmin Salinas, Subhash C. Chauhan and Debasish Bandyopadhyay

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073279 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Despite decades of research, cancer continues to be a disease of great concern to millions of people around the world. It has been responsible for a total of 609,820 deaths in the U.S. alone in 2023. Over the years, many drugs have been [...] Read more.

Despite decades of research, cancer continues to be a disease of great concern to millions of people around the world. It has been responsible for a total of 609,820 deaths in the U.S. alone in 2023. Over the years, many drugs have been developed to remove or reduce the disease’s impact, all with varying mechanisms of action and side effects. One class of these drugs is small-molecule mitotic inhibitors. These drugs inhibit cancer cell mitosis or self-replication, impeding cell proliferation and eventually leading to cell death. In this paper, small-molecule mitotic inhibitors are discussed and classified through their discovery, underlying chemistry, and mechanism(s) of action. The binding/inhibition of microtubule-related proteins, DNA damage through the inhibition of Checkpoint Kinase 1 protein, and the inhibition of mitotic kinase proteins are discussed in terms of their anticancer activity to provide an overview of a variety of mitotic inhibitors currently commercially available or under investigation, including those in ongoing clinical trial. Clinical trials for anti-mitotic agents are discussed to track research progress, gauge current understanding, and identify possible future prospects. Additionally, antibody–drug conjugates that use mitotic inhibitors as cytotoxic payloads are discussed as possible ways of administering effective anticancer treatments with minimal toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI