MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 3139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Virulence Mechanisms of Bacillus anthracis Using a Galleria mellonella Infection Model: Differential Host Response Profiles Elicited by AtxA and PlcR

by Pengyao Wang, Dongshu Wang, Xiaojing Wang, Yufei Lyu, Sicheng Shen, Ruilin Hu, Li Zhu, Xiankai Liu and Hengliang Wang

Microorganisms 2026, 14(2), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14020505 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

A thorough understanding of the functions of virulence regulators in Bacillus anthracis evolution and host adaptation, particularly the systematic host responses they trigger, requires an efficient infection model capable of resolving subtle mechanisms. This study constructed a high-resolution host immune response decoder based [...] Read more.

A thorough understanding of the functions of virulence regulators in Bacillus anthracis evolution and host adaptation, particularly the systematic host responses they trigger, requires an efficient infection model capable of resolving subtle mechanisms. This study constructed a high-resolution host immune response decoder based on Galleria mellonella to analyze the specific response profiles elicited by different virulence regulators in a capsule-deficient background. By integrating transcriptomic, histopathological, and bacterial colonization analyses, the research delineated distinct host immune stress profiles regulated by AtxA and PlcR. The results showed that the AtxA-deficient strain failed to elicit significant host responses; wild-type infection activated broad systemic immune recognition pathways, while the PlcR-activated strain induced a unique response profile characterized by perturbations in oxidative stress pathways. Its enhanced virulence was associated with the expression of downstream hydrolases and occurred without strong systemic immune activation. This work successfully advanced the G. mellonella model from a phenotypic screener to a mechanistic resolver, providing a new methodological framework for distinguishing B. anthracis virulence regulatory mechanisms at the host response level. This approach not only deciphers pathogen-specific immune signatures but also offers a practical platform for rapid anti-virulence compound screening and guides the design of targeted validation in mammalian systems, thereby accelerating therapeutic strategy development against anthrax. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agricultural Resilience Under Threat: Assessing Technical Efficiency Across Conflict Contexts in the Sahara–Sahelian Region

by Youssouf Traore and Zhongfeng Qin

Agriculture 2026, 16(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040480 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Agriculture serves as a critical foundation for livelihoods, food security, and sustainable development across the Sahara–Sahelian region. However, this vital sector faces mounting pressures from recurrent armed conflicts that systematically undermine its resilience and long-term sustainability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of [...] Read more.

Agriculture serves as a critical foundation for livelihoods, food security, and sustainable development across the Sahara–Sahelian region. However, this vital sector faces mounting pressures from recurrent armed conflicts that systematically undermine its resilience and long-term sustainability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of agricultural technical efficiency across 23 African countries in the Sahara–Sahelian region from 2009 to 2021, employing a robust bias-corrected bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis approach. The findings reveal a concerning regional deterioration, with technical efficiency declining at an average annual rate of 1.7% throughout the study period. Conflict-affected countries demonstrated distinctive vulnerability patterns, exhibiting both higher average efficiency levels (0.875) and greater volatility, with annual declines of 1.8%. Sub-regional analysis highlights the Sahel’s particular fragility, where efficiency decreased by 2.2% yearly, nearly double the decline rate observed in North Africa. The most severe efficiency losses were recorded in countries experiencing intense and protracted conflict, notably Burkina Faso (4.0%) and Mali (3.5%), underscoring the severe association between conflict exposure and the erosion of agricultural productive capacity. These findings underscore the importance of developing integrated strategies that simultaneously address security challenges, climate adaptation, and institutional reform for effective resilience-building. Policy recommendations highlight the importance of enhanced regional connectivity, knowledge transfer, and targeted investments in agricultural capacity building—all aligned with both Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 objectives for achieving sustainable agricultural transformation in conflict-affected regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Systems and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Antitumor Activity and Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death in NUT Carcinoma Cells by Combining Oncolytic Viruses with the Dual Inhibitor NEO2734

by Fiona D. Nitschke, Julia Beil, Irina Smirnow, Andrea Schenk, Mary E. Carter, Ulrich M. Lauer and Linus D. Kloker

Viruses 2026, 18(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18020267 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

NUT carcinoma (NC) is a rare exceptionally aggressive malignancy, defined by NUTM1 gene translocations, most commonly generating a BRD4::NUTM1 fusion that results in a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for NC, and [...] Read more.

NUT carcinoma (NC) is a rare exceptionally aggressive malignancy, defined by NUTM1 gene translocations, most commonly generating a BRD4::NUTM1 fusion that results in a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for NC, and the dual bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) and p300/CBP inhibitor NEO2734 has demonstrated potent antiproliferative activity. To investigate multimodal therapeutic approaches that combine epigenetic modulation with immunogenic and cytotoxic effects of oncolytic viruses (OVs), we evaluated two recombinant OVs, including the herpes simplex virus talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and a measles vaccine virus (MeV-GFP), in combination with NEO2734 in four distinct NC cell lines. Viability assays revealed enhanced tumor cell reduction with all combinations, including synergistic effects with T-VEC combinations. Cell cycle analysis showed G1 arrest with NEO2734 alone, whereas its combination with T-VEC resulted in S-phase broadening and reduced G2-phase populations, consistent with replicative stress and increased cytotoxicity. Evaluation of immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers displayed elevated ATP and HMGB1 levels and increased surface calreticulin with T-VEC and NEO2734 combinations. Overall, these findings indicate that combining OVs with BET/p300 inhibitors elicits potent antitumor responses, supports synergistic interactions and immunogenicity, and warrants further investigation in multimodal therapeutic strategies for NC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Prospects in Oncolytic Virotherapy 2025–2026)

13 pages, 2259 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into Genome-Wide Associations of Growth Trajectories Using a Hierarchical Non-Linear Mixed Model

by Ying Zhang, Li’ang Yang, Weiguo Cui and Runqing Yang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040361 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

In applying a hierarchical mixed model to genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of longitudinal data, dimensionality reduction through modeling repeated measurements improves both computational efficiency and statistical power. Legendre polynomials can flexibly fit population growth trajectories, but higher orders substantially increase computational complexity. Instead [...] Read more.

In applying a hierarchical mixed model to genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of longitudinal data, dimensionality reduction through modeling repeated measurements improves both computational efficiency and statistical power. Legendre polynomials can flexibly fit population growth trajectories, but higher orders substantially increase computational complexity. Instead of using Legendre polynomials, we first estimated fewer individual-specific parameters using biologically meaningful non-linear models and then associated these phenotypic regressions with genetic markers using a multivariate linear mixed model (mvLMM). After performing a canonical transformation of the regressions based on the pre-estimated covariance matrices under the null genomic mvLMM, we decomposed the mvLMM into mutually independent univariate models and incorporated EMMAX to enable rapid genome-wide mixed-model associations for each transformed phenotype. Simulations for longitudinal association analysis in maize and GWAS for the growth trajectories of body weights in mice demonstrated the advantages of hierarchical non-linear mixed models in computing efficiency and statistical power for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL), compared with mvLMM for multiple growth points and the hierarchical random regression model using Legendre polynomials as sub-models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

11 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors That Increase the Risk of Ureteric Stent Migration: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

by Sarah Lorger, Paul Kim, Sean Ong, Stuart Jackson, Sithum Munasinghe, Gaeun Song, Tanya Samtani, Fatmah Alzahraa A. Y. Y. Haider and Matthew Stanowski

Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2026, 7(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj7010016 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ureteric stents are commonly used in urological procedures. However, they can cause pain; haematuria; voiding symptoms; or stent migration. When stent migration occurs, this can cause a significant impact on the patients’ therapeutic outcomes and may warrant a repeat procedure to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ureteric stents are commonly used in urological procedures. However, they can cause pain; haematuria; voiding symptoms; or stent migration. When stent migration occurs, this can cause a significant impact on the patients’ therapeutic outcomes and may warrant a repeat procedure to retrieve or replace the ureteric stent. This study aims to assess if there are any patient; stent; or operative factors that may increase the risk of stent migration. Methods: This is a single-institute, retrospective cohort study that looked at patient; stent; and operative factors for 828 ureteroscopies and or laser lithotripsy for management of ureteric or intra-renal calculi over a 2-year period. The 828 procedures comprised 655 patients, as some patients had multiple procedures. Results: From the 828 cases, there was a 2.7% incidence of stent migration; all episodes of stent migration were distal migration. Stent migration was more likely among females (odds ratio (OR) = 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.2; 7.1]) compared to males; older aged groups (over 65 years) (OR = 2.7; 95% CI [0.9; 7.8]) compared to the young aged group (16–44 years); and those who were obese (OR = 2.1; 95% CI [0.9; 5.0]), had musculocutaneous (MSK) conditions (OR = 2.7; 95% CI [0.9; 8.3]), neurological conditions (OR = 3.3; 95% CI [1.1; 10.0]), and stent dwelling time ≥ month (OR = 2.3; 95% CI [0.9; 6.0]) compared to <1 month. There was no observed association between stent and operative factors. Conclusions: Patient factors such as sex; age; comorbidities; and weight need to be considered by urologists in conjunction with modifiable stent factors to ensure that the decisions are made on an individual basis to try and reduce the risk of stent migration. Full article

27 pages, 3058 KB

Open AccessReview

Alzheimer’s Disease as a Disorder of Neuroimmune Dysregulation

by Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu, Fausto Rojas-Durán, María Elena Hernández-Aguilar, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, Luis Roberto Tlapa-Monge and Sonia Lilia Mestizo-Gutiérrez

Neurol. Int. 2026, 18(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint18020037 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is traditionally defined by Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, yet these proteinopathies alone fail to explain disease heterogeneity, progression, and cognitive decline. Emerging evidence identifies chronic neuroinflammation as a central integrator that converts molecular pathology into synaptic failure [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is traditionally defined by Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, yet these proteinopathies alone fail to explain disease heterogeneity, progression, and cognitive decline. Emerging evidence identifies chronic neuroinflammation as a central integrator that converts molecular pathology into synaptic failure and neurodegeneration. In this context, Aβ acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern that activates microglial and astrocytic immune programs through receptors such as TREM2, TLRs, and RAGE, leading to inflammasome activation, cytokine release, and oxidative stress. These responses pathologically re-engage developmental complement pathways (C1q–C3–CR3), driving excessive synaptic pruning that correlates more closely with cognitive impairment than neuronal loss. Reactive astrocytes further amplify dysfunction by impairing glutamate and potassium homeostasis, promoting excitotoxic and metabolic stress, while inflammatory glia facilitate prion-like tau propagation via extracellular vesicles. Concurrent neurovascular inflammation disrupts blood–brain barrier integrity and cerebral perfusion, reinforcing immune-metabolic failure. Importantly, neuroinflammatory biomarkers (GFAP, sTREM2, YKL-40, cytokines, complement, and TSPO-PET) provide dynamic readouts of disease activity and therapeutic response. Together, these findings position AD as a disorder of failed immune resolution and support precision immunomodulatory and pro-resolving therapies aimed at restoring neuroimmune homeostasis rather than merely removing protein aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Movement Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3947 KB

Open AccessReview

Point-of-Care Transcranial Doppler Sonography at the Intensive Care Unit—A Practical Review of the Fundamentals

by Péter Siró, Zsófia Fülesdi, Csilla Molnár, Róbert Almási, László Csiba and Béla Fülesdi

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041630 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has become an integral part of intensive and emergency care. Despite the widespread use and availability of multipurpose ultrasound devices, the regular assessment of intracranial circulatory conditions has not become a part of daily routine in multidisciplinary intensive care units. [...] Read more.

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has become an integral part of intensive and emergency care. Despite the widespread use and availability of multipurpose ultrasound devices, the regular assessment of intracranial circulatory conditions has not become a part of daily routine in multidisciplinary intensive care units. This brief narrative review aims to summarize the fundamental knowledge about the transcranial Doppler technique and the most significant clinical areas in which the method can provide valuable assistance in daily diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. The authors searched the PubMed database for reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses using the keywords “transcranial Doppler sonography; critical care; cerebral vasospasm; brain death diagnosis; non-invasive intracranial pressure monitoring”. We conclude that TCD is a simple, yet skilled, bedside method for assessing intracranial circulation. In everyday practice, it can be used to support clinical decision-making primarily in the areas of intracranial pressure monitoring, diagnosis and follow-up of cerebral vasospasm, and diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest. The study of cerebral hemodynamics should be an integral part of the increasingly widespread bedside ultrasound diagnostics in intensive care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Challenges and Innovations in Emergency Medicine: From Prehospital Care to Critical Decision-Making in the Emergency Department)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Performance Study of 3D Printed Concrete Mixture for Underground Utility Tunnels

by Peixi Guo, Hanwen Zhang, Enmu Ge, Ming Lin, Hang Jia, Yao Zhang and Xinyu Fan

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040859 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

The construction of traditional underground utility tunnels faces prominent challenges, including high costs, long construction cycles, and limited workspace. Although 3D printing technology offers an effective solution to these issues, its practical application is largely constrained by key performance factors such as the [...] Read more.

The construction of traditional underground utility tunnels faces prominent challenges, including high costs, long construction cycles, and limited workspace. Although 3D printing technology offers an effective solution to these issues, its practical application is largely constrained by key performance factors such as the printability, early strength, and interlayer bonding of concrete materials. This study aims to develop a 3D-printable concrete material specifically suited for the construction of underground utility tunnels. Through collaborative optimization of parameters such as the water–binder ratio, additives, and fiber content using single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal mix proportion was determined: a water–binder ratio of 0.30, a 10% dosage of rapid-hardening sulphoaluminate cement (R·SAC), a sand-to-binder ratio of 1.0, 20% mineral admixtures (15% fly ash + 5% silica fume), and a 1.0% volume fraction of polypropylene fibers. The results indicate that the fresh paste achieved a flowability of 192 mm, demonstrating excellent printability. Specimens printed using a sawtooth toolpath reached a 3-day compressive strength of 37.8 MPa, with 28-day compressive and flexural strengths increasing to 56.3 MPa and 7.8 MPa, respectively, and an interlayer bond strength of 3.5 MPa. Crucially, the compressive and flexural anisotropy coefficients were as low as 0.023 and 0.066, respectively, showing a preliminary exploratory trend superior to levels reported in some literature and suggesting the potential of printed components to improve structural performance consistency. This material system not only meets the requirements of 3D printing for early strength and workability but also, by introducing R·SAC to form a low-alkalinity binder system, provides a potential pathway for enhancing long-term durability in corrosive environments. This study offers a reliable theoretical and experimental basis for the application of 3D printing technology in underground engineering. Long-term durability will remain a primary focus of subsequent research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the 3D Printing of Concrete)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 8839 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immuno-Instructive 3D Tendon Biomimetic Scaffolds Functionalized with Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cell Secretome for Controlled Inflammation and Targeted Macrophage Polarization

by Mohammad El Khatib, Annunziata Mauro, Giuseppe Prencipe, Oriana Di Giacinto, Valeria Giovanna Festinese, Carola Agostinone, Maura Turriani, Paolo Berardinelli, Barbara Barboni and Valentina Russo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27042029 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Tendon healing is often hindered by unresolved inflammation and dysregulated immune responses, highlighting the need for innovative regenerative strategies. This study developed an immune-informed platform by functionalizing validated 3D tendon-mimetic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds with immunomodulatory conditioned media (CM), referred to as CMI_NF [...] Read more.

Tendon healing is often hindered by unresolved inflammation and dysregulated immune responses, highlighting the need for innovative regenerative strategies. This study developed an immune-informed platform by functionalizing validated 3D tendon-mimetic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds with immunomodulatory conditioned media (CM), referred to as CMI_NF to emphasize its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, derived from ovine amniotic epithelial stem cells (AECs), offering a potential cell-free therapeutic solution. Three functionalization methods were compared: physical adsorption, and hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pre-treatments. FT-IR spectroscopy and protein adsorption analyses identified NaOH as the most effective method, enhancing retention and release of Amphiregulin (AREG), an AEC key immunomodulatory protein. Kinetic studies revealed a sustained, controlled release of AREG over 7 days (d) from CM_INF-functionalized scaffolds (3D-CM_INF), preserving bioactivity. Functionally, 3D-CM_INF scaffolds significantly suppressed T-cell activation and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. The released CM from 3D-CM_INF (CM_R) exhibited time-dependent immunomodulatory effects: early T-cell inhibition (6–72 h) and delayed suppression of PBMC proliferation (48 h–7 d). Macrophage polarization analysis revealed a shift towards the pro-regenerative M2 phenotype, with increased expression of M2 over M1 markers in 3D-CM_INF-adherent cells. Flow cytometry confirmed a preferential induction of regulatory M2b macrophages alongside reductions in pro-inflammatory M1 and pro-fibrotic M2a subsets. These results demonstrate that 3D-CM_INF scaffolds can finely modulate immune responses, balancing inflammatory and reparative cues relevant to early tendon healing processes. This platform, integrating structural and immunomodulatory elements, presents a promising, cell-free, and translational immunoengineering strategy to control inflammation and support tendon repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Stem Cell-Mediated Tendon Regeneration: From Signaling Pathways to Therapeutic Applications)

17 pages, 721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Evaluation of ESBL Risk Factors and Appropriateness of Empirical Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Community-Onset Pyelonephritis

by Gülşah Gelişigüzel, Şerife Altun Demircan, Murat Aysin, Esra Kaya Kılıç, Serap Yağcı, Sami Kınıklı and Rukiye Berkem

Antibiotics 2026, 15(2), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15020229 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The rising prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens has emerged as a significant challenge in the treatment of pyelonephritis. This study aims to determine the frequency of ESBL-producing agents in hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis, identify associated risk factors, and assess the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The rising prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens has emerged as a significant challenge in the treatment of pyelonephritis. This study aims to determine the frequency of ESBL-producing agents in hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis, identify associated risk factors, and assess the appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Methods: This prospective study included patients hospitalized with pyelonephritis in the Infectious Diseases Clinic of Ankara Training and Research Hospital between 1 October 2022 and 29 February 2024. Demographic features, comorbidities, urinary system pathologies, history of urinary tract interventions, hospitalization more than one month prior, antibiotic use within the previous three months, and prior urinary tract infections were compared between patients infected with ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing organisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and the appropriateness of empirical treatments were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0, with p< 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Escherichia coli (n = 142) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 43) were isolated in 180 of 204 patients. ESBL positivity was detected in 95 patients (52.7%). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, male sex (p = 0.038) and hospitalization more than one month prior (p = 0.016) were identified as independent risk factors for ESBL positivity, while prior antibiotic use in the last three months showed a borderline association (p = 0.055) and did not reach statistical significance. ESBL production was not associated with prolonged hospitalization; however, bacteremia significantly increased length of stay (p< 0.001). Antimicrobial susceptibility rates were markedly lower in the ESBL-positive group. The appropriateness of empirical therapy was also significantly reduced, with piperacillin–tazobactam being the most frequently inappropriate agent due to high resistance rates and unnecessary broad-spectrum use. Conclusions: ESBL-producing pathogens were highly prevalent among hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis. The low appropriateness of empirical therapy in ESBL-positive cases underscores the need for careful evaluation of ESBL risk factors prior to treatment initiation, as ESBL rates may approach 50%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Intervention, 2nd Edition)

14 pages, 903 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fasting-Induced Changes in Serum Kynurenines Do Not Always Reflect Their Urinary Excretion

by Zuzanna Margas, Andżelika Borkowska, Konrad Kowalski, Ulana Juhas, Joanna Reczkowicz, Jakub Kortas, Anna Pilis, Inga Cytrych, Ewa Ziemann and Jędrzej Antosiewicz

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040689 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The effects of fasting on serum kynurenines (KYNs) have been reported; however, no data are available on whether fasting also modifies their urinary excretion. Kidney organic anion transporters are involved in KYNs excretion, suggesting that changes in serum levels may result from [...] Read more.

Background: The effects of fasting on serum kynurenines (KYNs) have been reported; however, no data are available on whether fasting also modifies their urinary excretion. Kidney organic anion transporters are involved in KYNs excretion, suggesting that changes in serum levels may result from altered urinary elimination. Considering the important role of KYNs in regulating various physiological processes, it is crucial to understand the factors that determine their blood concentrations. The present study aimed to determine the effect of an 8-day fasting period on the concentrations of KYNs in both serum and urine. Methods: Thirteen participants underwent an 8-day fast. The exercise test was performed at baseline after an overnight fast and after 8 days of fasting. Results: Fasting increased the serum concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), anthranilic acid (AA), picolinic acid (PA), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and xanthurenic acid (XANA). Conversely, serum kynurenine (KYN) and quinolinic acid (QA) decreased, while 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) remained unchanged. In urine, KYN, 3-HK, XANA and QA increased after fasting, whereas AA and PA did not change. Conclusions: In conclusion, these findings indicate that fasting generally increases serum kynurenines (KYNs), which are associated with enhanced urinary excretion, suggesting that fasting may stimulate their synthesis. In the case of anthranilic acid (AA) and picolinic acid (PA), their increase in serum does not influence their urinary excretion. Conversely, a decrease in serum KYN and quinolinic acid (QA) may result from enhanced urinary excretion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay Between Nutrition, Fasting, and Metabolic Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1183 KB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating the Core-Based Stress Measurement in Mining Engineering—A Critical Review of the Diametrical Core Deformation Technique

by Yizhuo Li, Baokun Zhou, Hani S. Mitri and Anlin Shao

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042092 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Accurate determination of in situ stress is fundamental for the safe and efficient design of underground construction projects such as tunnels, caverns, and deep mining excavations. Conventional techniques—particularly overcoring and hydraulic fracturing—have been widely adopted for decades, but their practical use is often [...] Read more.

Accurate determination of in situ stress is fundamental for the safe and efficient design of underground construction projects such as tunnels, caverns, and deep mining excavations. Conventional techniques—particularly overcoring and hydraulic fracturing—have been widely adopted for decades, but their practical use is often constrained by high operational cost, rigorous field requirements, and logistical limitations at depth. As engineering projects advance into deeper and more complex geological environments, these constraints have prompted growing interest in laboratory-based, core-derived stress measurement approaches. Such methods utilize the stress-relief deformation that occurs when drill cores are extracted, enabling stress estimation without extensive downhole instrumentation. This paper presents a critical review of core-based stress measurement techniques based on a structured survey of peer-reviewed literature retrieved from major scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar), covering studies published from the 1960s to 2025. The review examines Anelastic Strain Recovery (ASR), Differential Strain Curve Analysis (DSCA), Deformation Rate Analysis (DRA), acoustic-emission-based Kaiser effect approaches, and the emerging Diametrical Core Deformation Technique (DCDT). Recent studies show that DCDT, which measures instantaneous elastic diametrical deformation of cores, provides a more direct and physically transparent link to differential in situ stress, with reduced sensitivity to time-dependent effects. The DCDT, based on precise measurement of instantaneous elastic deformation upon coring, offers high-resolution stress estimation with minimal disruption to field operations. Its compatibility with optical scanning, laser micrometers, and CT imaging highlights its potential as a practical alternative to conventional techniques. A comparative synthesis of assumptions, accuracy, and applicability is provided, and key limitations and future research needs of core-based stress measurement methods are identified. The findings of this review provide practical guidance for selecting stress measurement techniques and support the application of core-based methods, particularly DCDT, in deep underground engineering, where cost-effective and reliable stress characterization is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

18 pages, 3515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Factor Modified Creep Deformation Prediction of High-Performance Concrete Structures: A Case Study

by Yixue Zhang, Hao Guo, Jun Zhang, Jianghong Mao, Rufeng Fang and Weiliang Jin

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040857 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

The use of high-performance concrete is a common practice in the construction of large-span bridges, where creep deformation may exert a considerable influence. This article puts forth a practical calculation method for long-term creep deformation of concrete bridges, based on short-term laboratory creep [...] Read more.

The use of high-performance concrete is a common practice in the construction of large-span bridges, where creep deformation may exert a considerable influence. This article puts forth a practical calculation method for long-term creep deformation of concrete bridges, based on short-term laboratory creep tests and multi-factor modification methods. A case study of a large-span railway concrete cable-stayed bridge examines the prediction results in conjunction with the monitoring data derived from digital image correlation (DIC) and compares these with the existing specifications. The results demonstrate that the mid-span deflection predicted by the proposed model shows a high degree of agreement with the short-term measurements. Over a monitoring period of 247 days, the mean mid-span deflection is found to be 2.948 mm and the predicted value is 3.343 mm, giving a relative error of 11.8% relative to the measured mean, which is deemed acceptable in engineering practice. The deflection values at various long-term time nodes indicate that the existing specifications generally overestimate the effect of creep when the concrete types are not taken into account. Although the predictions of the CEB90 model are closest to the model proposed in this paper, they are still 56.8%, 75.4% and 82.2% higher in the mid-span deflection at 3, 10 and 20 years after completion, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1338 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Recovery of Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Youssef A. Alqahtani, Ayed A. Shati, Ayoub A. Alshaikh, Abdullah Saeed Mohammed Raffaa, Abdulaziz Saeed Alqahtani, Fahad Abdullah Saeed Alshahrani, Mohammed Fahad Nasser Alshahrani, Mohammed Abdulrahman Al-Sultan, Abdulaziz Saud Alotaibi, Yazeed Sultan Alshahrani and Ramy Mohamed Ghazy

Children 2026, 13(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/children13020296 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) is a common finding in critically ill patients, including children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, its prevalence, specific hormonal patterns, and recovery in the pediatric population remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESS [...] Read more.

Background: Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) is a common finding in critically ill patients, including children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, its prevalence, specific hormonal patterns, and recovery in the pediatric population remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESS in pediatric DKA, characterize its hormonal subtypes, and identify factors associated with short-term thyroid function recovery. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 182 pediatric patients (0–18 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus admitted for DKA between January 2023 and June 2025. Thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, FT3) were measured at presentations and two weeks after DKA resolution. ESS was defined using age-specific reference ranges. Results: The prevalence of ESS at DKA presentation was 61.5% (112/182). Two distinct hormonal phenotypes were identified: isolated low FT3 (n = 40, 35.7%) and combined low FT4 and FT3 (n = 72, 64.3%). Patients with the isolated low FT3 pattern were significantly younger (median 9.5 [3.50, 11.00] vs. 12.0 [8.50, 14.00] years, p = 0.004) and had milder hormonal derangement than the combined group. Normalization of FT4 was significantly lower in children with severe DKA compared with those with mild/moderate disease (50.0% vs. 84.8%, p = 0.002). FT3 normalization was also reduced in the severe group (20.0% vs. 42.4%), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.078). After 2 weeks, all ESS patients (100%) had achieved normal levels of at least one thyroid hormone, with 38.4% reaching normalization of FT3 and 36.6% achieving normalization of all measured thyroid parameters. Age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57–3.06, p < 0.001) and baseline FT4 level (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.51–3.32, p < 0.001) were positive predictors for complete recovery. Conclusion: ESS is highly prevalent in pediatric DKA, with distinct phenotypic patterns associated with age and the severity of acute illness, particularly the degree of acidosis. While transient in nature, complete biochemical recovery within two weeks is not universal. These findings underscore that thyroid function tests during acute DKA should be interpreted with caution to avoid misdiagnosis of primary thyroid disease, and they support the critical practice of follow-up testing after metabolic stabilization instead of immediate hormone replacement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 5415 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling of Pawnshop Building Distribution and Urban Spatial Structure in Macau via GIS and Space Syntax Analysis

by Qingnian Deng, Liang Zheng, Jingwei Liang, Yufei Zhu and Yile Chen

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040858 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Pawnshop buildings are places where pawn transactions are conducted. They are usually composed of a front shop and a back building, and their shape resembles a fortress. As a typical gambling city, pawnshops in Macau appeared as early as the Qing Dynasty. By [...] Read more.

Pawnshop buildings are places where pawn transactions are conducted. They are usually composed of a front shop and a back building, and their shape resembles a fortress. As a typical gambling city, pawnshops in Macau appeared as early as the Qing Dynasty. By the late Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) and early Republic of China (1912–1949), they had become a common market. They reached their peak during the Anti-Japanese War and were an important financial institution for the people to solve their urgent needs. Today, many pawnshop buildings have become architectural heritage sites and are distributed around the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site. Their location is consistent with the evolution of urban space and the development of gambling and tourism industries. However, existing research lacks systematic research based on spatial quantification technology and it has yet to be determined whether there is a spatial alignment relationship between pawnshop location and urban spatial structure. This paper takes the whole of Macau as the research area and combines DepthmapX space syntax, GIS analysis, and historical data comparison of pawnshop buildings to explore the path dependence characteristics of pawnshop building location and the service radius law in urban space. The study found that the location of pawnshop buildings in Macau has evolved through three stages: initially relying on traditional market spaces, then gathering around casino areas during a stable phase, and finally becoming closely tied to the core areas of gambling venues in the prosperous stage. It shows a path dependence that is continuously strengthened on nodes with low traffic resistance. The service radius of pawnshop buildings exhibits an unbalanced characteristic, with a dense core area and a blank peripheral area, forming a multi-level system of a 200 m core service circle, a 400 m extended service circle, and an 800 m radiation service circle. This study proposes pathways for the adaptive reuse and activation of traditional pawnbroking architectural heritage. For instance, by drawing on the operational model of the Tak Seng On Pawnshop, the integration of cultural exhibition and livelihood services can be realized, thereby providing practical references for the adaptive reuse and conservation of heritage assets. This study offers dual theoretical and practical support for the conservation of pawnbroking architectural heritage in Macau, the site selection and planning of modern pawnbroking establishments, and the optimization of the city’s urban spatial structure. Meanwhile, it enriches the research system on the spatial alignment between the peripheral financial industry and urban space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Architecture, Urbanization, and Design)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2740 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis and Characterization of Staphylococcus sp. YRA-Derived Silver Nanoparticles with Antibacterial, Antibiofilm and Low Phytotoxic Effects

by Yaleyvis Buelvas-Montes, Alfredo Montes-Robledo and Rosa Baldiris-Avila

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040275 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus sp. YRA, a strain isolated from Colombian mining sediments. Synthesis was optimized at 1 mM AgNO₃, pH 7, 40 °C and 7 μg/mL extract, producing spherical, protein-capped AgNPs with primary sizes [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using the culture supernatant of Staphylococcus sp. YRA, a strain isolated from Colombian mining sediments. Synthesis was optimized at 1 mM AgNO₃, pH 7, 40 °C and 7 μg/mL extract, producing spherical, protein-capped AgNPs with primary sizes in the tens-of-nanometers range (~35–90 nm by SEM), while DLS indicated larger hydrodynamic diameters (~250–320 nm) consistent with aggregation in suspension (ζ-potential −16.6 mV). These nanoparticles remained stable over 6 months. Characterization by UV–Vis, SEM, AFM, EDS and FTIR confirmed extracellular protein-mediated reduction and capping. The AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella bongori, Enterococcus spp.), with inhibition zones of 8–16 mm at 400–1000 μg/mL. Biofilm formation was reduced by >50% at 700 μg/mL in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. In Phaseolus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), low concentrations (5–100 μg/mL) increased growth and chlorophyll content, while 500 μg/mL caused moderate inhibition. FTIR analysis identified amide and thiol groups from bacterial enzymes as capping agents. These results suggest Staphylococcus sp. YRA as a bacterial platform for AgNPs production with antibiofilm activity against MDR pathogens and acceptable phytotoxicity profile for potential applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 849 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Breast Cancer Awareness Training on Screening Beliefs and Behaviour Among Women Living in Rural Areas of Türkiye: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Gökhan İşçi, Zeliha Yelda Özer, Burak Mete, Çağla Okyar and Hakan Demirhindi

Healthcare 2026, 14(4), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14040531 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breast cancer awareness training on screening beliefs and behaviour. Methods: This single-group pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental study included 286 women living in rural areas. The effectiveness of the educational intervention was evaluated via the Breast Cancer [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breast cancer awareness training on screening beliefs and behaviour. Methods: This single-group pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental study included 286 women living in rural areas. The effectiveness of the educational intervention was evaluated via the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Scale (BCSBS). Screening behaviours were assessed using self-reported data collected via a structured questionnaire administered before the intervention. Results: The mean age of the participants was 58.3 ± 8.3 years (range 43–69). Post-test results showed a significant increase in the total BCSBS score and all sub-dimensions, including attitudes towards health screenings, breast cancer knowledge and perceptions, and barriers to mammography screening (p < 0.001). The educational intervention had a medium effect on screening beliefs with an effect size (ES) of 0.585, small effects on attitudes towards health screenings (ES = 0.124) and barriers to mammography screening (ES = 0.286), and a large effect on breast cancer knowledge and perceptions (ES = 0.710). Following the educational intervention, the proportion of women with positive screening beliefs increased from 13% to 36% (p < 0.001), positive breast cancer knowledge and perceptions increased from 49% to 69% (p < 0.001), and positive attitudes towards health screenings decreased from 14% to 8% (p = 0.002). Each one-unit increase in breast cancer knowledge and perceptions increased the likelihood of screening by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.02, and each one-unit increase in barriers to mammography screening increased it by an OR of 1.03. Moreover, barriers to mammography screening significantly moderated the relationship between age and breast cancer screening behaviour, strengthening this association. Conclusion: The Turkish Ministry of Health’s education model for breast cancer awareness appears to positively influence beliefs about breast cancer screening. Updating and diversifying educational content to target specific age groups and rural women may enhance its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion, Health Behaviors, and Preventive Care: Multi-Level Educational Approaches)

28 pages, 842 KB

Open AccessReview

AI-Driven Virtual Power Plants: A Comprehensive Review

by Jian Li, Chenxi Wang and Yonghe Liu

Energies 2026, 19(4), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19041084 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs), including photovoltaics, wind power, battery energy storage, and electric vehicles, has transformed traditional power systems into highly decentralized and data-rich environments. Virtual power plants (VPPs) have emerged as a key mechanism for aggregating these heterogeneous [...] Read more.

The rapid proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs), including photovoltaics, wind power, battery energy storage, and electric vehicles, has transformed traditional power systems into highly decentralized and data-rich environments. Virtual power plants (VPPs) have emerged as a key mechanism for aggregating these heterogeneous assets and enabling coordinated control, market participation, and grid-support functions. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have further elevated the scalability, autonomy, and responsiveness of VPP operations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of AI for VPPs, organized around a taxonomy of machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and hybrid approaches, and examines how these methods map to core VPP functions such as forecasting, scheduling, market bidding, aggregation, and ancillary services. In parallel, we analyze enabling architectural frameworks—including centralized cloud, distributed edge, hybrid cloud–edge collaboration, and emerging 5G/LEO satellite communication infrastructures—that support real-time data exchange and scalable deployment of intelligent control. By integrating methodological, functional, and architectural perspectives, this review highlights the evolution of VPPs from rule-based coordination to intelligent, autonomous energy ecosystems. Key research challenges are identified in data quality, model interpretability, multi-agent scalability, cyber-physical resilience, and the integration of AI with digital twins and edge-native computation. These findings outline promising directions for next-generation intelligent VPPs capable of delivering secure, flexible, and self-optimizing DER aggregation at scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Review Papers in Energy and Environment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 799 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Low-Intensity Steady-State Exercise on Anthropometric Outcomes and Psychophysical Well-Being: A Pilot Study

by Felice Di Domenico, Giovanni Esposito, Sara Aliberti, Rosario Ceruso and Gaetano Raiola

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2026, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11010088 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Comparative evidence for the effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Low-Intensity Steady-State (LISS) exercise derived from real-world settings using standardized anthropometric assessments and subjective perception measures remains limited. This pilot study aimed to compare the effects of 12 weeks of HIIT [...] Read more.

Background: Comparative evidence for the effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Low-Intensity Steady-State (LISS) exercise derived from real-world settings using standardized anthropometric assessments and subjective perception measures remains limited. This pilot study aimed to compare the effects of 12 weeks of HIIT and LISS on anthropometric outcomes assessed through ISAK measurements and on post-intervention subjective perceptions. Methods: Twenty-four physically active adults (n = 12 HIIT; n = 12 LISS) completed a 12-week supervised training program with three sessions per week. Exercise intensity was monitored by heart rate (HIIT: 80–95% HRmax; LISS: 60–70% HRmax). Anthropometric measurements were performed according to ISAK guidelines at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subjective perceptions were assessed post-intervention using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using parametric or non-parametric tests, as appropriate. Results: Both HIIT and LISS showed significant reductions over time in body mass, BMI, fat mass, and waist and hip circumferences (p < 0.001), with no between-group differences for the primary endpoint. Endomorphy decreased and ectomorphy increased significantly in both groups. A significant group × time interaction was observed for muscle mass (p < 0.001), favoring preservation or slight increases in HIIT. Post-intervention, psychological well-being was higher in LISS (p = 0.002), whereas perceived physical performance improvements were greater in HIIT (p = 0.002–<0.001). Conclusions: In a real-world personal training context, HIIT and LISS produced comparable improvements in body composition while eliciting different perceptual responses, supporting individualized exercise prescription. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)

29 pages, 5539 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Digital Technologies for Emergency Preparedness in Buildings

by Jiahan Wang, Don Amila Sajeevan Samarasinghe, Diocel Harold M. Aquino and Fei Ying

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040856 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Natural and human-made hazards are increasing due to global warming and human activities. Occupant evacuation in complex buildings remains challenging due to unfamiliar building layouts, communication failures, and unpredictable occupant behavior. Therefore, this study aims to explore how integrating digital technologies enhances emergency [...] Read more.

Natural and human-made hazards are increasing due to global warming and human activities. Occupant evacuation in complex buildings remains challenging due to unfamiliar building layouts, communication failures, and unpredictable occupant behavior. Therefore, this study aims to explore how integrating digital technologies enhances emergency preparedness, supports occupant decision-making during evacuation, and improves occupants’ situational awareness. We conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review across Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ProQuest Discover, analyzing 31 high-quality journal articles relevant to the research. The focus was on integrating digital technologies to support occupant situational awareness and evacuation outcomes. This review explores the integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR) /Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Digital Twins (DTs) for emergency preparedness, supporting real-world applications. This review highlights three research questions: (1) Evaluate how current digital technologies affect occupant emergency preparedness in buildings; (2) Identify the challenges that limit the effectiveness of digital technologies across key emergency preparedness stages; (3) Understand how digital technologies can support occupant emergency preparedness. The review compiles evidence and presents a conceptual framework to support the integration of digital technologies into occupant-focused emergency preparedness, providing practical guidance for the future direction of risk management research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Structural Multi-Hazard Risk and Disaster Prevention)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Fruit Maturity Stage and Seed Storage Conditions on Germination and Endogenous ABA and GA Levels in Solanum torvum

by Priscilla Yaa Asantewaa Akonnor, Mavis Owusuaa Osei-Wusu and Kwadwo Ofori

Seeds 2026, 5(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds5010013 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Solanum torvum is an important medicinal and culinary vegetable with poor seed propagation, characterized by low germination and limited seed longevity. This study examined the effects of fruit maturity stage, storage temperature, duration, and endogenous hormonal profiles on seed germination. Fruits were harvested [...] Read more.

Solanum torvum is an important medicinal and culinary vegetable with poor seed propagation, characterized by low germination and limited seed longevity. This study examined the effects of fruit maturity stage, storage temperature, duration, and endogenous hormonal profiles on seed germination. Fruits were harvested at three physiological maturity stages: matured green, ripe yellow, and overripe brown. Extracted seeds were stored in ambient (24–26 °C) and cold (3–8 °C) conditions for 24 weeks, with subsequent germination testing with 3 replicates per treatment. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) were quantified using HPLC-DAD to assess their association with germination behaviour. Seeds from ripe yellow fruits achieved the highest germination (95%), with a mean germination time of 12 days and a mean germination rate of 8%, identifying this stage as the optimal maturity stage for harvest. While total germination percentage was enhanced by an after-ripening effect during the first 16 weeks of ambient storage, other vigour parameters, including mean germination time and rate and synchronization began to decline thereafter. ABA and GA concentrations displayed treatment-dependent variation across maturity stages and storage conditions, with hormonal trends showing complex associations with dormancy release rather than consistent main effects. These findings indicate that harvesting Solanum torvum fruits at the ripe yellow stage and storing seeds under ambient conditions for up to 16 weeks, under the conditions evaluated in this study, provides a practical balance between dormancy alleviation and seed vigour, thereby improving short-term propagation efficiency. Full article

22 pages, 4147 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation Parameters for Strength, Durability, and Environmental Safety of Phosphogypsum Road Base Materials

by Peiyao Sun, Xiaodi Hu, Jiaxi He, Quantao Liu and Pan Pan

Materials 2026, 19(4), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19040817 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical properties, moisture stability, and environmental safety of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)-treated phosphogypsum (PG)-based mixtures (MPGT) for road base utilization. Optimal cementation solution concentrations and bacterial-to-cementation solution ratios were determined via unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), [...] Read more.

This study investigates the mechanical properties, moisture stability, and environmental safety of microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)-treated phosphogypsum (PG)-based mixtures (MPGT) for road base utilization. Optimal cementation solution concentrations and bacterial-to-cementation solution ratios were determined via unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and splitting tensile strength tests. Durability was compared with untreated mixtures, and enhancement mechanisms were analyzed using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. Additionally, toxicity leaching tests evaluated environmental safety. Results indicated optimal parameters of 2.0 mol/L cementation solution and a 2:1 bacterial/cementation solution ratio for maximum mechanical strength. Under these conditions, MPGT durability significantly improved compared to untreated mixtures. Mechanism analysis revealed that MICP-generated calcium carbonate coats PG particles and fills voids, enhancing strength and durability. Furthermore, F⁻ and PO₄³⁻ leaching concentrations were significantly reduced. In summary, MICP improves the mechanical performance, durability, and environmental safety of PG-based mixtures, promoting PG recycling in road engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Physics-Based Digital Twin Framework for a 3 MW Class Wind Turbine

by Changhyun Kim

Energies 2026, 19(4), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19041088 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

The increasing size and complexity of wind turbines have intensified the need for reliable real-time condition monitoring and health assessment. However, conventional numerical models often involve high computational demand, limiting their applicability for real-time digital twin implementation. This paper proposes a physics-based digital [...] Read more.

The increasing size and complexity of wind turbines have intensified the need for reliable real-time condition monitoring and health assessment. However, conventional numerical models often involve high computational demand, limiting their applicability for real-time digital twin implementation. This paper proposes a physics-based digital twin framework for the real-time health monitoring of a 3 MW class wind turbine. A physics-based numerical model was developed using Modelica 4.0.0 to simulate the electrical and mechanical behaviors of the wind turbine based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) inputs. Data preprocessing and wind speed calibration strategies were applied to reconcile nacelle-measured SCADA data with the turbine design specifications. Furthermore, reduced-order models (ROMs) were integrated with the physics-based numerical model to predict the thermal states of the generator and gearbox. Key operational parameters were selected through correlation analysis to enable accurate temperature prediction. Validation results demonstrate that the proposed digital twin accurately reproduces the dynamic behavior of the wind turbine, with the ROM-based temperature predictions showing agreement with SCADA measurements. The overall framework achieves a computation time within one second, indicating its suitability for real-time diagnostic and predictive maintenance applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

22 pages, 4604 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Rhizosphere Microbial Community Responses of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) to Antimony Stress: Implications for Phytoremediation and Seed Safety

by Juan Wan, Wenqian Li, Jingyi Guo, Mingyu Zhou, Yu Zhang, Huayi Chen, Jing Bai and Yu Zheng

Agronomy 2026, 16(4), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16040481 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Antimony (Sb) contamination in agricultural soils threatens the safety of rapeseed production, yet the mechanisms driving cultivar differences in seed Sb accumulation remain unclear. A pot experiment was conducted with two Sb-tolerant cultivars showing contrasting accumulation patterns, Nanyouza 1 (high-accumulating) and Fengyou 958 [...] Read more.

Antimony (Sb) contamination in agricultural soils threatens the safety of rapeseed production, yet the mechanisms driving cultivar differences in seed Sb accumulation remain unclear. A pot experiment was conducted with two Sb-tolerant cultivars showing contrasting accumulation patterns, Nanyouza 1 (high-accumulating) and Fengyou 958 (low-accumulating), grown under increasing Sb levels. (1) Sb stress inhibited growth and reduced photosynthetic performance in both cultivars; antioxidant enzymes showed a “low stimulation–high inhibition” response and MDA increased under high Sb, indicating aggravated oxidative damage beyond the tolerance threshold. (2) Nanyouza 1 accumulated more Sb in vegetative tissues and exhibited stronger root-to-shoot translocation than Fengyou 958, whereas seed Sb remained relatively low in both cultivars and bioconcentration/translocation efficiencies declined with increasing Sb. (3) At maturity, rhizosphere bacterial communities shifted along the Sb gradient, and taxa associated with Sb differed, with Ramlibacter and Bacillus positively correlated. These findings provide mechanistic insights supporting the integration of cultivar selection and rhizosphere regulation to achieve both safe production and phytoremediation in Sb-contaminated farmland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soil)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Sustainable Learning Environments: The Effects of Project-Based Learning Informed by Universal Design for Learning on Students’ 21st-Century Skills

by Özlem Kuuk and Murat İnce

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18042119 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Learning environments are increasingly expected to enable students to develop competencies necessary for addressing complex social, environmental, and technological challenges in sustainable societies. Within this context, instructional approaches that are inclusive, flexible, and learner-centered have gained increasing importance. This study investigates the effects [...] Read more.

Learning environments are increasingly expected to enable students to develop competencies necessary for addressing complex social, environmental, and technological challenges in sustainable societies. Within this context, instructional approaches that are inclusive, flexible, and learner-centered have gained increasing importance. This study investigates the effects of project-based learning (PBL) informed by Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles on secondary school students’ 21st-century skills. Employing a mixed-methods embedded design, the quantitative component utilized a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group model. The study was conducted with 60 eleventh-grade students enrolled in a public high school, with one group receiving UDL-informed PBL instruction and the other following the standard curriculum. Data were collected using the 21st Century Learner Skills Usage Scale and analyzed through paired-samples t-tests, independent-samples t-tests, and ANCOVA. The findings revealed statistically significant improvements in the experimental group’s overall 21st-century skills, particularly in cognitive skills and collaboration and flexibility, with medium to large effect sizes. In contrast, the control group showed no meaningful gains, and a decline was observed in innovation skills. The results indicate that project-based learning informed by UDL principles constitutes an effective pedagogical approach for fostering inclusive and sustainable learning environments that support the development of future-oriented learner competencies. These findings further suggest that integrating UDL principles into project-based instructional models may contribute to competency-oriented and inclusive secondary education systems aligned with sustainability frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

74 pages, 15071 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogeny and Systematics of Astigmata with Description of Lycoglyphidae fam. nov. and a Comprehensive Identification Key to Acaroidea

by Pavel B. Klimov, Vasiliy B. Kolesvikov and Barry M. OConnor

Taxonomy 2026, 6(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy6010018 (registering DOI) - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Astigmata is a diverse lineage of mites with significant ecological, medical, and economic importance, yet higher-level relationships within the group remain contentious due to incongruent morphological and molecular data. Here, we integrate multigene data with comparative morphology and ecological traits to reassess phylogenetic [...] Read more.

Astigmata is a diverse lineage of mites with significant ecological, medical, and economic importance, yet higher-level relationships within the group remain contentious due to incongruent morphological and molecular data. Here, we integrate multigene data with comparative morphology and ecological traits to reassess phylogenetic relationships, with a focus on the newly described family Lycoglyphidae fam. nov. associated with puffball fungi. Phylogenetic analyses recover Lycoglyphidae within a well-supported cluster—the AR cluster—comprising Acaridae sensu novo, Rhizoglyphidae sensu novo, and several additional related lineages. Within this framework, previously unrecognized lineages such as Pontoppidaniidae (intertidal seaweed habitats) and Cerophagidae (bee-associated) are supported as monophyletic, showing ecological conservatism. Our phylogeny indicates that mating position is phylogenetically structured, with retroconjugate mating prevalent in the AR cluster (except Histiostomatoidea) and many other lineages, while proconjugate mating is present only in two lineages, Hemisarcoptoidea+Glycyphagidae and Rosensteiniidae+Aeroglyphidae. Finally, to facilitate identification and future research, we provide a taxonomic description of new taxa (Lycoglyphidae with Lycoglyphus gen. nov., Obelacarus gen. nov., and Viedebanttia) and a comprehensive key to the families and genera of Acaroidea based on both adults and deutonymphs. Our results clarify some higher-level relationships within Astigmata, indicate the importance of integrating molecular, morphological, and ecological evidence, and provide a practical resource for identification and comparative studies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI