Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.9	6.1	2011	15 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Geosciences geosciences	2.3	4.4	2011	22.7 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Minerals minerals	2.7	4.9	2011	17 Days	CHF 2400	Submit

42 pages, 11808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms of Coal–Rock Composite Specimens Considering Variations in Weaker Components

by Ronghuan Cai, Yishan Pan and Feiyu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(12), 5939; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16125939 - 12 Jun 2026

Viewed by 263

Abstract

To clarify the influence of α (rock–coal height ratio) and λ (rock–coal strength ratio) on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal–rock composite specimens, where the weaker component varies with rock properties, four sets of coal–rock composite specimens with λ values of [...] Read more.

To clarify the influence of α (rock–coal height ratio) and λ (rock–coal strength ratio) on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of coal–rock composite specimens, where the weaker component varies with rock properties, four sets of coal–rock composite specimens with λ values of 0.26, 0.35, 0.59, and 3.81 were subjected to uniaxial compression tests under conditions of α = 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. The results show that: There are significant differences in the mechanical properties of coal–rock composite specimens compared to individual coal and rock specimens. Both α and λ have significant effects on the mechanical properties and failure modes of coal–rock composite specimens. The variation in uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and peak strain in coal–rock composite specimens with respect to α is significantly influenced by rock properties. These variation patterns are not entirely identical for different rock properties. For coal–rock composite specimens at different α values, the trends in uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and peak strain as a function of λ are identical. Both uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus exhibit a pattern of increasing rapidly at first and then more slowly with increasing λ, and both can be quantitatively described by exponential functions. Peak strain follows a pattern of rapid decrease, rapid increase, and gradual increase with increasing λ. However, for any given change in λ, the magnitude of the changes in uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and peak strain is significantly influenced by α. When λ is small or large, the weaker component in the coal–rock composite specimen is the primary source of failure. When λ falls within a certain range, both the strong and weak components undergo relatively complete failure. When λ increases beyond a critical value, only the weaker component fails, while the stronger component remains intact and does not fail. As α increases, the degree of failure in the coal–rock composite specimen gradually decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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24 pages, 3604 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Safety Simulation of the Integrated Ventilation System for “Excavation–Backfilling–Retention” of Inter-Section Coal Pillar and Gate Roads

by Bingchao Zhao, Jin Ren, Shenglin He, Yufeng Guo, Wenshuo Yuan, Liang Ren and Zhen Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(11), 5714; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115714 - 5 Jun 2026

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Traditional coal mining methods have led to prominent issues of coal resource waste and large-scale solid waste emissions. The integrated “excavation–backfilling–retention” mining technology for inter-section coal pillars and gate roads is one of the key technologies to solve these problems. However, the excavation [...] Read more.

Traditional coal mining methods have led to prominent issues of coal resource waste and large-scale solid waste emissions. The integrated “excavation–backfilling–retention” mining technology for inter-section coal pillars and gate roads is one of the key technologies to solve these problems. However, the excavation and mining process associated with this technology imposes higher requirements on the ventilation system. Aiming at addressing the ventilation challenges existing during the implementation of the “excavation–backfilling–retention” method, research on ventilation safety assurance technology for inter-section coal pillars was carried out. Using COMSOL5.5 software, a full-stage ventilation system design model was constructed, adopting a ventilation mode that combines full-air-pressure ventilation with auxiliary local ventilation. The dynamic variation characteristics of the ventilation system under the “excavation–backfilling–retention” method and its capability to prevent and control the risks of O₂ and CO gas accumulation and coal spontaneous combustion were studied. The results show that during the bypass excavation period, the air supply from the auxiliary fan is sufficient, and during the excavation period for the two gate roads, due to the increased ventilation distance, insufficient airflow occurs near the heading face, accompanied by temperature rise, O₂ concentration decrease, and local CO accumulation, posing risks of coal spontaneous combustion and toxic gas accumulation. During the inter-section coal pillar excavation period and the cyclic operation period, after the full-air-pressure ventilation system is established, the airflow becomes stable, ventilation resistance decreases, and both temperature and gas concentrations are controlled within safe limits. However, in the corner areas, auxiliary local ventilation measures are still required due to insufficient O₂ and CO accumulation. The study verifies the feasibility and safety of the integrated “excavation–backfilling–retention” ventilation system, providing a safe ventilation approach for the integrated mining method and supporting the green mining of coal mines and the synergistic development of coal-based solid waste resource utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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19 pages, 4153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Evolution of Lunar Highland Regolith Simulant LHS-1E with Moisture Content: Insights from Compressive, Shear, and Indirect Tensile Tests

by Gal-Erdene Battsengel, Noune Melkoumian, David Harvey and Rini Akmeliawati

Geosciences 2026, 16(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16060219 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 528

Abstract

The Artemis program led by NASA aims to establish a sustained human presence at the lunar south pole, increasing the need to characterise the mechanical behaviour of polar regolith, particularly within the highland terrains that dominate the lunar crust. This study investigates the [...] Read more.

The Artemis program led by NASA aims to establish a sustained human presence at the lunar south pole, increasing the need to characterise the mechanical behaviour of polar regolith, particularly within the highland terrains that dominate the lunar crust. This study investigates the compressive, shear and tensile strengths of the frozen lunar highland simulant LHS-1E under controlled moisture contents of 5–13 wt%, representing ice-bearing conditions reported in permanently shadowed regions. Freezing serves as a controlled terrestrial proxy for assessing ice-cemented behaviour, although full lunar vacuum and cryogenic conditions are not replicated. Results show systematic strengthening with increasing moisture content. Namely, the unconfined compressive strength increased from 1.09 MPa to 6.31 MPa, the Young’s modulus from 66 MPa to 238 MPa, the friction angle from 35° to 45°, and the tensile strength from 286 kPa to 463 kPa, while the cohesion remained between 6 and 8 kPa and the Poisson’s ratio decreased from 0.19 to 0.09. These findings capture and quantify the mechanical transition from friction-dominated to ice-bonded granular behaviour and provide strength bounds relevant to infrastructure development and excavation in ice-bearing lunar polar regolith. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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23 pages, 6934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Mechanical Response and Stress Environment Characteristics of Rock Mass with Through-Going Discontinuities

by Hongwei Deng, Jingbo Xu, Jun Shen, Zeru Cui and Junren Deng

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(11), 5373; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115373 - 27 May 2026

Viewed by 249

Abstract

As large-scale continuous geological weak planes widely developed in deep mines, through-going discontinuities have a significant impact on the distribution of deep rock mass stress fields and the deformation and failure modes of surrounding rock and are the core factors restricting the safe [...] Read more.

As large-scale continuous geological weak planes widely developed in deep mines, through-going discontinuities have a significant impact on the distribution of deep rock mass stress fields and the deformation and failure modes of surrounding rock and are the core factors restricting the safe and efficient extraction of deep resources. In this paper, indoor tests and numerical analysis methods were adopted to study the mechanical strength evolution characteristics and displacement changes of monitoring points of rock mass with prefabricated through-going discontinuities under horizontal and vertical pressure conditions, and the influence laws of different structural thicknesses and distances on the stress characteristics of engineering cavities were obtained. The results show that the introduction of through-going discontinuities can significantly reduce the peak strength and elastic modulus of rock specimens and change the circumferential strain. The thickness, distance, and relative position of through-going discontinuities jointly determine the strength degradation characteristics of the specimens. The larger the structural thickness (3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm), the weaker the strength degradation effect; when the through-going discontinuities are located above the cavity, the degradation effect is more significant. The relative position between the structure and the cavity determines the overall level of the stress field, while the structural thickness and distance (20 mm, 25 mm, and 30 mm) regulate the stress distribution and transfer path. When the through-going discontinuities are located above the cavity, the vertical stress of the surrounding rock decreases significantly with the increase of thickness, the horizontal stress remains basically stable, and the overall presents a high stress concentration characteristic. When the through-going discontinuities are located below the cavity, the vertical stress of the surrounding rock is generally low and changes gently; the horizontal stress increases gradually with the increase of thickness, and the overall stress level is much lower than that of the upper working condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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27 pages, 39050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Application of a New Mode of Coal Mine Solid Backfill Mining and Its Intelligent Key Technology

by Kang Yang, Qiang Zhang, Tingcheng Zong, Pengfei Cui, Zishan Jin, Hang Li, Junyu Wang, Ruiyi Zhang, Xianqi Ning, Jinhong Song and Kai Liu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(11), 5264; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115264 - 24 May 2026

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Comprehensive mechanized solid backfilling technology exhibits significant advantages in solid waste disposal, “three-under” coal mining, and dynamic disaster control. However, its large-scale application is constrained by low production efficiency, high unit production cost, and high labor intensity. Therefore, industrial upgrading through intelligent technologies [...] Read more.

Comprehensive mechanized solid backfilling technology exhibits significant advantages in solid waste disposal, “three-under” coal mining, and dynamic disaster control. However, its large-scale application is constrained by low production efficiency, high unit production cost, and high labor intensity. Therefore, industrial upgrading through intelligent technologies is urgently required. In this study, methods including literature review, theoretical analysis, and field measurements are employed to propose three backfilling modes. The configurations of the six core subsystems under each mode are systematically summarized, and the core definition of an intelligent backfilling mine is established. Furthermore, a key technology framework for intelligent backfill mining is developed, based on PLC control and PID algorithms, with a closed-loop architecture centered on “perception–decision–execution.” Engineering applications demonstrate that the surface gangue intelligent pretreatment system achieves functions including automatic vehicle washing, intelligent dust suppression spraying at discharge points, dynamic metering during conveying, and adaptive adjustment of feeding systems. The intelligent surface-to-underground coal gangue vertical feeding system enables full silo alarm and level regulation. The underground jigging intelligent separation system realizes intelligent jigging ratio adjustment, intelligent bed layer measurement and control, and intelligent air volume regulation, with the coal content in gangue discharge maintained below 4%. At the working face, the intelligent solid backfilling system doubles monthly coal output, boosts backfilling efficiency by 50%, and cuts the workforce by 8–10 workers. The intelligent backfilling effectiveness monitoring system operates stably, with a working face weighting factor of 1.12 and precise ground deformation control within Grade I limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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20 pages, 18857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Instability Mechanism and CO₂ Phase Transition in Long–Short Borehole Pressure Relief Control of Narrow Coal Pillars in a Gob-Side Roadway Under Water-Immersed Gentle-Dipping Coal Seam Conditions

by Fei Zhao, Dongdong Chen, Kai Liu, Yi Chang, Jiachen Tang, Sining Li and Jingyong Liu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 5073; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105073 - 19 May 2026

Viewed by 265

Abstract

This study addresses asymmetric large surrounding rock deformation induced by narrow coal pillar instability in a gentle-dipping coal seam gob-side coal roadway (GSCR) under water-immersed and high-humidity conditions. The corresponding instability mechanism and control technology are systematically studied via integrated laboratory, theoretical, numerical [...] Read more.

This study addresses asymmetric large surrounding rock deformation induced by narrow coal pillar instability in a gentle-dipping coal seam gob-side coal roadway (GSCR) under water-immersed and high-humidity conditions. The corresponding instability mechanism and control technology are systematically studied via integrated laboratory, theoretical, numerical and field methods. From constant temperature–humidity rock deterioration tests, SEM and XRD analysis, it is revealed that hydration of hydrophilic minerals (kaolinite, chlorite) in immediate roof mudstone intrinsically drives its macro–micro structural disintegration and mechanical degradation, and the catastrophic chain mechanism of water-induced mudstone weakening–force transmission medium failure of coal pillars and overlying strata–sliding instability of key voussoir beam blocks–linked large surrounding rock deformation is clarified. A mechanical model of the overlying voussoir beam structure for the target roadway is established considering both mudstone weakening and excavation-induced load transfer effects. The sliding criterion of key overlying blocks is derived, which quantitatively confirms that higher mudstone weakening and excavation-induced stress concentration elevate the sliding instability risk of the voussoir beam structure. Based on the findings and field conditions, a combined near-field and low-position field support scheme is proposed, including near-field reinforcement (shotcreting sealing, bolt–cable cascade reinforcement, deep grouting modification) and low-position field pressure relief via liquid CO₂ phase transition long–short boreholes roof cutting. Field application verifies that the maximum roadway deformation is controlled within 172 mm, with excellent surrounding rock control performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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27 pages, 10444 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Mechanics and Strata Pressure Responses in Underground Mining Excavations Induced by Prefabricated Cracks

by Rui Gao, Chenxi Zhang, Weichen Gao, Guorui Feng, Xiao Huang, Xueming Zhang and Hong Guan

Geosciences 2026, 16(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16050172 - 26 Apr 2026

Viewed by 529

Abstract

Rock fracture mechanics and the associated energy-release behavior play a key role in ensuring safe extraction in underground coal mining. Hydraulic fracturing generates prefabricated fracture networks in competent rock strata, thereby modifying fracture propagation patterns and reducing the failure resistance of the strata. [...] Read more.

Rock fracture mechanics and the associated energy-release behavior play a key role in ensuring safe extraction in underground coal mining. Hydraulic fracturing generates prefabricated fracture networks in competent rock strata, thereby modifying fracture propagation patterns and reducing the failure resistance of the strata. In this study, standardized three-point bending tests were conducted to investigate the fracture behavior of pre-cracked sandstone specimens with different crack morphologies, quantities, and spacings. New crack initiation occurred mainly at the midspan in specimens containing horizontal prefabricated cracks, whereas inclined prefabricated cracks promoted crack initiation from the crack tips. Although horizontal crack length did not exhibit a clear monotonic effect on load-bearing capacity, the overall capacity decreased with increasing crack density or decreasing crack spacing. Vertical cracks further reduced load-bearing performance, particularly at relatively small crack spacings. The strain response exhibited a non-monotonic relationship with horizontal crack parameters, increasing first and then decreasing with increasing crack length and spacing, while showing a positive correlation with vertical crack spacing. Dissipated energy was negatively correlated with prefabricated crack angle, accounting for 92.65%, 89.10%, and 94.03% of the total input energy. With increasing crack length, the proportion of dissipated energy first increased and then decreased, with values of 92.65%, 90.77%, 92.52%, and 96.13%. Energy dissipation decreased with increasing horizontal crack spacing but increased with vertical crack spacing. Numerical simulations further showed that both horizontal and vertical fractures generated by ground fracturing promoted timely strata failure, while vertical fractures were more effective in facilitating overburden fracture propagation and reducing the bearing capacity of the rock strata and advance coal body by more than 13%. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the control of thick and competent hard-roof strata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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30 pages, 2063 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Machine Learning in Surface Mining—A Systematic Review

by Vasco Belo Reis, João Santos Baptista and Joana Duarte

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16073246 - 27 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1229

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to map and critically synthesize empirical evidence on ML/AI applications across surface mining unit operations, and to characterize models, validation practices, and evidence gaps. Eligibility criteria: Our eligibility criteria comprised peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) applying [...] Read more.

Objective: The objective of this study was to map and critically synthesize empirical evidence on ML/AI applications across surface mining unit operations, and to characterize models, validation practices, and evidence gaps. Eligibility criteria: Our eligibility criteria comprised peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) applying ML/AI to surface mining activities, training/validating models on empirical datasets, and reporting quantitative performance metrics. Information sources: Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dimensions, and Web of Science were our information sources, last searched December 2025 and supplemented by website and citation snowballing. Risk of bias: Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted domain-based approach based on PROBAST, used to interpret findings without excluding studies. Synthesis method: Our research employed a narrative synthesis (no meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in datasets, algorithms, contexts, and metrics), grouped by application domain. Results: From 5317 records, 57 studies were included, concentrated in blasting (43), followed by load and haul (6), post-dismantling management (4), extraction (2), and overall exploitation (2). Studies predominantly reported statistical metrics (e.g., R², RMSE, and MAE), with limited operational performance indicators; validation was frequently site-specific. Dataset sizes were not reported consistently across studies. Limitations: This study’s limitations were database coverage, restricted timeframe, and incomplete reporting (e.g., software/tooling). Conclusions: ML/AI shows strong potential, especially in blasting, but scalable deployment is constrained by site specificity, inconsistent reporting, and heterogeneous validation; standardized reporting and operational indicators are priorities. Registration: The systematic review protocol was registered in OSF with DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/5UMKB. Funding: EU Erasmus+ STRIM project (1010832727). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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18 pages, 8958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Progressive Damage Characteristics of Pre-Cracked Weak Sandstone Under Uniaxial Creep

by Haotian Fu, Guodong Li, Honglin Liu, Yongqiang Wu, Hongzhi Wang and Zhiqiang Liu

Geosciences 2026, 16(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16030106 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 629

Abstract

Addressing the engineering challenge of creep instability in weakly cemented fractured sandstones within extremely soft coal-bearing formations under long-term loading in western mining areas, using weakly cemented sandstone from a coal mine in Xinjiang as the study subject. This research employs uniaxial graded [...] Read more.

Addressing the engineering challenge of creep instability in weakly cemented fractured sandstones within extremely soft coal-bearing formations under long-term loading in western mining areas, using weakly cemented sandstone from a coal mine in Xinjiang as the study subject. This research employs uniaxial graded loading creep tests combined with full-information acoustic emission technology and DIC high-speed strain field observation to investigate the creep deformation patterns (The full name of “DIC” is the three-dimensional high-speed dynamic and static stress–strain analysis system of the DIC strain field measurement and analysis system. For the convenience of expression, this system will be uniformly referred to as DIC in the following text), damage evolution characteristics, and failure mechanisms of sandstone under intact, pre-fabricated 30° fractures, and pre-fabricated 60° fractures. Results indicate: Fractures significantly weaken rock strength and long-term stability. Unfractured specimens primarily exhibit columnar splitting tensile failure, while pre-fractured specimens show pronounced shear failure. Shear cracks accounted for 83.67% of failures in 30° pre-fractured specimens and decreased to 63.44% in 60° pre-fractured specimens. Intact specimens exhibited acoustic emission ringing responses during accelerated creep stages, whereas fractured specimens showed ringing responses as early as the first loading stage. During graded loading, ringing counts in pre-fractured specimens continuously accumulated, with cumulative counts significantly exceeding those of intact specimens. Pre-fabricated cracks induced significant stress concentration effects at the ends, causing failure cracks to propagate preferentially along the crack direction and forming a non-uniform deformation field bounded by the crack. The study revealed the micro-macro evolution patterns of progressive damage during creep in extremely weak fractured rock, providing theoretical support for early warning and control technologies against creep instability in tunnel rock masses of weakly cemented strata in western regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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22 pages, 6402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drilling Sound Analysis and Its Application in Lithology Identification

by Aichuan Bai, Xiangyu Fan, Muming Xia, Xiao Zou, Changchun Zou and Panpan Fan

Geosciences 2026, 16(3), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16030103 - 2 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 802

Abstract

Real-time lithology identification while drilling is widely applied in oil and gas exploration, development drilling, geo-steering, unconventional resource extraction, well logging, and environmental monitoring, enhancing efficiency and accuracy in subsurface operations. This study investigates the frequency characteristics of rock-drilling sounds generated during drilling [...] Read more.

Real-time lithology identification while drilling is widely applied in oil and gas exploration, development drilling, geo-steering, unconventional resource extraction, well logging, and environmental monitoring, enhancing efficiency and accuracy in subsurface operations. This study investigates the frequency characteristics of rock-drilling sounds generated during drilling operations and explores their potential for real-time lithology identification. Experiments were conducted using 8 mm and 14 mm drill bits at both high and low rotational speeds on four types of rock samples: sandstone, limestone, granite, and shaly sandstone. Sound signals were recorded both within the rock and in air using high-fidelity sensors. The results reveal distinct frequency patterns for each rock type, with sandstone exhibiting dominant low-frequency energy, limestone and granite showing broader frequency bands with strong high-frequency components, and shaly sandstone displaying a mix of low- and high-frequency energy. Quadratic polynomial regression models between the Vp or Vs and the peak frequencies of the four distinct rock samples are built, and the corresponding coefficients of determination are 0.9878 and 0.9799. The study also demonstrates that drilling parameters, such as drill bit diameter and revolutions per minute (RPM), significantly influence the frequency distribution of rock-drilling sounds, with larger drill bits and higher RPMs producing broader frequency bands and stronger high-frequency energy. Comparisons between in-rock and in-air recordings show that the latter captures richer high-frequency information, though the overall trends remain consistent. These findings provide an experimental foundation for using rock-breaking sounds as a potential tool for lithology identification during drilling operations. The study highlights the importance of considering rock heterogeneity and drilling conditions when interpreting acoustic data and suggests future work to validate the method in field conditions and integrate advanced data processing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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25 pages, 27696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Lining Failure and Analysis of Blasting Demolition for Baoligang Tunnel in Strong Tectonic Zone

by Linya Chen, Hongyu Chen, Bo Chen and Zhanfeng Fan

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(5), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16052255 - 26 Feb 2026

Viewed by 413

Abstract

The large deformation of soft rock within tunnels not only induces cracking in the initial supports and distortion of steel arches but also compromises the structural integrity of the secondary lining. In this study, we first examined the cracking characteristics of the secondary [...] Read more.

The large deformation of soft rock within tunnels not only induces cracking in the initial supports and distortion of steel arches but also compromises the structural integrity of the secondary lining. In this study, we first examined the cracking characteristics of the secondary lining on both sides of the Baoligang Tunnel situated in a strong tectonic zone. A total of 257 cracks were identified, with 118 located on the left side of the tunnel and 139 on the right side. The triaxial compression test revealed that the failure characteristics of carbonaceous slate are mainly caused by shear slip failure due to the presence of weak bedding planes. Subsequently, a tailored blasting charge structure was designed to demolish the reinforced concrete secondary lining. This design incorporated a dense arrangement of blasting holes and interval charging techniques applied to the arch shoulders and sidewalls of the blasting zone, effectively fracturing the secondary lining in the left tunnel of the Baoligang Tunnel. Finally, an analysis was conducted based on vibration signals recorded during the dismantling process from three representative sections. The recorded vibration velocities from Case 1 indicate that the explosive charge has a relatively minor impact on the lining of the right tunnel. The peak particle velocity (PPV) recorded from the damaged lining closest to the blast center on the left side is 31.48 cm/s, exceeding the allowable vibration standard. Thereafter, the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) was employed to identify the dominant frequency of the recorded vibration signals, which was determined to be 64 Hz. In Case 2, the PPVs at all monitoring points are below the vibration control standard for traffic tunnels. In Case 3, the PPVs suggest that the vibration has a minimal effect on the newly installed initial support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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22 pages, 1352 KB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating the Core-Based Stress Measurement in Mining Engineering—A Critical Review of the Diametrical Core Deformation Technique

by Yizhuo Li, Baokun Zhou, Hani S. Mitri and Anlin Shao

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042092 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 666

Abstract

Accurate determination of in situ stress is fundamental for the safe and efficient design of underground construction projects such as tunnels, caverns, and deep mining excavations. Conventional techniques—particularly overcoring and hydraulic fracturing—have been widely adopted for decades, but their practical use is often [...] Read more.

Accurate determination of in situ stress is fundamental for the safe and efficient design of underground construction projects such as tunnels, caverns, and deep mining excavations. Conventional techniques—particularly overcoring and hydraulic fracturing—have been widely adopted for decades, but their practical use is often constrained by high operational cost, rigorous field requirements, and logistical limitations at depth. As engineering projects advance into deeper and more complex geological environments, these constraints have prompted growing interest in laboratory-based, core-derived stress measurement approaches. Such methods utilize the stress-relief deformation that occurs when drill cores are extracted, enabling stress estimation without extensive downhole instrumentation. This paper presents a critical review of core-based stress measurement techniques based on a structured survey of peer-reviewed literature retrieved from major scientific databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar), covering studies published from the 1960s to 2025. The review examines Anelastic Strain Recovery (ASR), Differential Strain Curve Analysis (DSCA), Deformation Rate Analysis (DRA), acoustic-emission-based Kaiser effect approaches, and the emerging Diametrical Core Deformation Technique (DCDT). Recent studies show that DCDT, which measures instantaneous elastic diametrical deformation of cores, provides a more direct and physically transparent link to differential in situ stress, with reduced sensitivity to time-dependent effects. The DCDT, based on precise measurement of instantaneous elastic deformation upon coring, offers high-resolution stress estimation with minimal disruption to field operations. Its compatibility with optical scanning, laser micrometers, and CT imaging highlights its potential as a practical alternative to conventional techniques. A comparative synthesis of assumptions, accuracy, and applicability is provided, and key limitations and future research needs of core-based stress measurement methods are identified. The findings of this review provide practical guidance for selecting stress measurement techniques and support the application of core-based methods, particularly DCDT, in deep underground engineering, where cost-effective and reliable stress characterization is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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26 pages, 8005 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Shear Failure Characteristics and Instability Precursors of Sawtooth Granite Structural Planes

by Xianda Yang, Peng Zeng, Kui Zhao, Liangfeng Xiong, Quankun Xie, Shiyun Liu and Yanda Li

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16042056 - 19 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 509

Abstract

Shear slip along structural planes in jointed rock masses is the primary trigger for rock slope instability, threatening geotechnical engineering safety. Direct shear tests were conducted on prefabricated granite specimens with regular sawtooth structural planes (undulation angles: 15°, 30°, 45°; tooth spacing: 10 [...] Read more.

Shear slip along structural planes in jointed rock masses is the primary trigger for rock slope instability, threatening geotechnical engineering safety. Direct shear tests were conducted on prefabricated granite specimens with regular sawtooth structural planes (undulation angles: 15°, 30°, 45°; tooth spacing: 10 mm) under 2, 4 and 6 MPa normal stresses, with synchronous acquisition of acoustic emission (AE) and infrasonic signals to explore shear failure characteristics, acoustic spectral features and instability precursors. Results show (1) peak shear stress and stiffness rise significantly with increasing undulation angle and normal stress, and failure modes evolve from sliding friction-dominated to asperity shearing-dominated, finally to composite asperity shearing and compressive crushing. (2) The spectral characteristics of both acoustic emission (AE) and infrasonic signals are closely related to the shear fracture mechanism. (3) Approaching peak shear stress, dominant frequency ratio correlation dimension drops to a minimum and the ib-value rises to a pre-sudden-drop critical point; higher undulation angles align these values with stress closer to the peak, valid as instability precursors. (4) A two-level early warning model (early to imminent warning) is proposed via cross-frequency band AE-infrasonic monitoring, providing a fundamental basis for rock slope stability monitoring using these signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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28 pages, 18453 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Key Parameters of Roof Cutting and Surrounding Rock Control Technology for Gob-Side Entry Retaining in Fully Mechanized Top Coal Caving Mining of Thick Coal Seams

by Menglong Zha, Chong Li, Yadong Zheng, Huan Xia, Menghu Sun and Shuaishuai Jiang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031293 - 27 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 485

Abstract

In thick coal seam conditions, the surrounding rock deformation in the longwall mining faces’ along-the-goal roadway is severe, and the support strength struggles to meet roadway retention requirements. A coordinated control strategy, termed “pressure-relief and support,” is proposed, which includes an “Optimization of [...] Read more.

In thick coal seam conditions, the surrounding rock deformation in the longwall mining faces’ along-the-goal roadway is severe, and the support strength struggles to meet roadway retention requirements. A coordinated control strategy, termed “pressure-relief and support,” is proposed, which includes an “Optimization of Roof Cutting in Surrounding Rock Structure, Reinforcement of surrounding rock support, high-strength temporary support, and roadside gangue-blocking support.” A numerical model for roof-cutting pressure relief in thick-seam caving mining gob-side entries was established to simulate various roof-cutting heights and angles. This model analyzes the evolution patterns of stress and displacement under different cutting parameters to identify optimal values. The study presents a coordinated “pressure-relief and support” control scheme for gob-side entries in thick-seam caving mining, with its feasibility validated through numerical simulation analysis and field industrial tests. The findings demonstrate that the selection of the roof-cutting height and angle exerts a significant influence on the deformation behavior of the retained roadway roof. By severing the roof strata, this technique disrupts the load-transfer path from the goaf to the entry, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of overlying strata fracturing and facilitating more effective ground control. As a result, roof-cutting and pressure relief substantially reduce the stress imposed on the supporting structures. The coordinated “pressure-relief & support” control strategy employed in gob-side entry retaining for thick-seam longwall top-coal caving faces notably improves the surrounding rock stress regime and effectively restrains roadway convergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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21 pages, 4102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Gas–Solid Particle Dynamics and Optimal Drilling Parameters in Reverse Circulation DTH Drilling Based on CFD and Machine Learning

by Kunkun Li, Jing Zhou, Peizhi Yu, Hao Wu and Tianhao Xu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031253 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The reverse circulation pneumatic down-the-hole (DTH) drilling system employs percussive drilling to achieve high efficiency and strong adaptability across diverse rock formations. However, its cutting removal efficiency remains suboptimal. To enhance reverse circulation performance, a comprehensive understanding of airflow and solid particle dynamics [...] Read more.

The reverse circulation pneumatic down-the-hole (DTH) drilling system employs percussive drilling to achieve high efficiency and strong adaptability across diverse rock formations. However, its cutting removal efficiency remains suboptimal. To enhance reverse circulation performance, a comprehensive understanding of airflow and solid particle dynamics at the borehole bottom is essential. This study investigates rock cutting transportation and distribution under varying drilling parameters and evaluates reverse circulation flow ratio using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) multiphase flow model, coupled with finite volume analysis of the reverse circulation bit. Simulation results reveal that increasing the input gas flow rate (Q), reducing the equivalent particle diameter (D), and minimizing the borehole enlargement ratio (E) significantly improve cutting removal efficiency, with optimal values identified for each parameter. Additionally, solid volume fraction contours at the borehole bottom indicate that the arrangement of spherical teeth influences the flow field. Optimal values for rock cutting density (ρ), rate of penetration (ROP), and rotational speed (N) were also determined to maximize reverse circulation flow ratio. The Genetic Algorithm–Least Squares Support Vector Machine (GA-LSSVM) method was used to train the response surface data and construct a predictive model, which was then further optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to determine accurate parameter settings. These findings provide operational insights into optimizing drilling parameters to advance efficient drilling performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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13 pages, 15387 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Example of Hydromagnesite Distribution Mapping: Akgöl (Türkiye, Burdur)

by Abdurrahman Cihan Bayraktaroğlu and Hulusi Kargı

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11536; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111536 - 29 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the spatial distribution of the hydromagnesite (HM) mineral in Akgöl, a closed basin located in the arid southwestern region of Türkiye, through the integration of geochemical analyses and remote sensing techniques. A total of 70 sediment samples were analyzed using [...] Read more.

This study investigates the spatial distribution of the hydromagnesite (HM) mineral in Akgöl, a closed basin located in the arid southwestern region of Türkiye, through the integration of geochemical analyses and remote sensing techniques. A total of 70 sediment samples were analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and spectroradiometry to determine their mineralogical composition. The resulting data were integrated with ASTER satellite imagery, and mineral distribution maps were generated across 13,293 pixels using multiple linear regression and Kriging interpolation techniques within the ArcGIS environment. The findings indicate that hydromagnesite is predominantly concentrated in the central part of the lake, where it represents the dominant mineral phase in contrast to lower concentrations observed along the periphery. The endorheic nature of Akgöl is comparable to other saline lakes with similar geological and climatic settings, such as Salda and Acıgöl, supporting the applicability of this methodological approach to mineral exploration in other arid and semi-arid environments. The study contributes not only to the regional assessment of mineral potential but also to the advancement of remote sensing and GIS-based analytical methods in geoscientific research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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18 pages, 3548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Partitioning Early Warning in the Mining Process of Residual Ore Bodies via Microseismic Monitoring—Taking the Xianglushan Tungsten Mine as an Example

by Chang Liu, Congcong Zhao, Yinghua Huang and Guanying Lyu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011172 - 18 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The regular ore body of the Xianglushan tungsten mine has been completely exploited. The remaining residual ore bodies face numerous hidden dangers, such as large and numerous abandoned mining areas, disorderly and small-scale mining sequences, delayed filling processes, and poor effectiveness. To achieve [...] Read more.

The regular ore body of the Xianglushan tungsten mine has been completely exploited. The remaining residual ore bodies face numerous hidden dangers, such as large and numerous abandoned mining areas, disorderly and small-scale mining sequences, delayed filling processes, and poor effectiveness. To achieve the zoning warning of ground pressure disasters such as roof caving, caving, and pillar collapse during the mining process of the hidden-danger ore body in the mine, a targeted warning technology system is proposed. We use microseismic monitoring systems to analyze events in the main monitoring areas and summarize specific ground pressure manifestation areas and event characteristics. Based on microseismic monitoring data that identified areas of significant ground pressure, a zoning model was constructed for risk rating and area locking. Based on this model, a safety warning technology for mining residual ore bodies with hidden dangers was established. Summarizing and analyzing, it is found that the disaster warning mode for controlling hidden dangers and residual ore body mining processes through microseismic monitoring is effective and has played a certain demonstration role, providing reference value for other similar mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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11 pages, 1538 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Gas Migration During the Drainage Process of Ultra-Long Directional Boreholes in Coal Seams

by Shuaiyin He, Mingyao Wei and Yingke Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10420; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910420 - 25 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 813

Abstract

The use of ultra-long directional drilling holes for large-scale pre-drainage of gas in coal seams offers advantages such as extensive coverage and high efficiency, but its effectiveness in deep coal seams remains unclear. Focusing on the seepage characteristics of the No. 8 coal [...] Read more.

The use of ultra-long directional drilling holes for large-scale pre-drainage of gas in coal seams offers advantages such as extensive coverage and high efficiency, but its effectiveness in deep coal seams remains unclear. Focusing on the seepage characteristics of the No. 8 coal seam in the Baode Mining Area of Shanxi Province, experimental tests were conducted to investigate the evolution of dual-scale porosity permeability. The relationship between matrix/fracture permeability and effective stress were built. Utilizing numerical simulations, this study reveals the nonlinear mechanism in which permeability behavior during gas drainage is jointly influenced by pore pressure reduction and matrix shrinkage. Field measurements and simulation results demonstrated that in shallow borehole regions (<1500 m), permeability increased by up to 3.5 times, while in deeper regions (>2000 m), drainage efficiency significantly declined due to limited pressure drop propagation. These findings provide theoretical support for optimizing the layout of ultra-long directional drilling holes, enhancing gas drainage efficiency, and ensuring safe mining operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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18 pages, 11011 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Deviatoric Stress Mode and Control of the Surrounding Rock in Close-Distance Double-Thick Coal Seam Roadways

by Dongdong Chen, Jiachen Tang, Wenrui He, Changxiang Gao and Chenjie Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10416; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910416 - 25 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 642

Abstract

To address the issue of sustained deformation in the main roadway surrounding rock triggered by intense movement of overlying strata following the reduction of width of the stopping pillar (WSP) in closely spaced double extra-thick coal seams (CSDECS). Analyze the evolution patterns of [...] Read more.

To address the issue of sustained deformation in the main roadway surrounding rock triggered by intense movement of overlying strata following the reduction of width of the stopping pillar (WSP) in closely spaced double extra-thick coal seams (CSDECS). Analyze the evolution patterns of abutment pressure, principal stress vector lines, and zones of deviatoric stress concentration (ZDSC) of the main roadways using multi-method approaches. The findings are as follows: As the WSP is reduced, the maximum abutment pressure (MAP) on both sides of the gate roadways’ surrounding rock becomes significantly more asymmetric and intense. The deflection trajectory of the maximum principal stress line (MPSL) in the two coal seams, induced by the advancing underlying panel, follows an approximate inverted ︺ shape. The evolution of the ZDSC and the main roadways in the adjacent working faces all shows three-stage characteristics. For the upper coal seam, it is characterized by crescent-shaped symmetry → slow and asymmetric increase of the peak value and the offset of the ZDSC → the ZDSC on the non-mining side (NM-S) reaches the maximum while the mining side (M-S) shows the reverse trend. For the lower coal seam, it is characterized by crescent-shaped symmetry → quasi-annular distribution with a slight increase in the peak value → significant and asymmetric increase of the peak values. Based on the identification of the key control zones in the ZDSC, an asymmetric reinforcement segmented control method was proposed. The findings provide useful guidance for analogous engineering projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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19 pages, 8049 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Magnetic Field Coordinates of BMM Sensors Under a Collapsed Rock Mass Array for Assessing Ore Body Contour Displacement

by Andrey O. Shigin, Danil S. Kudinov, Ekaterina A. Kokhonkova and Vyacheslav V. Romanov

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080292 - 1 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This article analyzes the operating principle of the BMM sensor emitter in order to improve the accuracy of the wireless determination of the BMM sensor coordinates under a massif of destroyed rock in the context of the problem of determining the shift of [...] Read more.

This article analyzes the operating principle of the BMM sensor emitter in order to improve the accuracy of the wireless determination of the BMM sensor coordinates under a massif of destroyed rock in the context of the problem of determining the shift of rocks during gold ore mining. Using numerical simulations, FEM has been developed to develop digital models reflecting individual cases of the propagation of the magnetic field of the emitter located in various geological conditions and positions relative to the rock surface and the vertical axis. The accuracy of determining the coordinates of the radio beacon in the rock has been analyzed, and data on the deviation of the coordinates of the peaks of the magnetic field strength from the radio beacon axis have been obtained in cases of a heterogeneous composition of the rock massif, the influence of the deviation of the emitter axis angle from the vertical, the influence of the unevenness of the collapse relief, and the influence of the superposition of fields from different radiation sources. A study has been carried out to determine the direction of the radio beacon search based on the resulting vector of the emitter’s magnetic field strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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