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21 pages, 24495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UAMS: An Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Method Integrating MSAA and SSPCAB

by Zhe Li, Wenhui Chen and Weijie Wang

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071119 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Anomaly detection methods play a crucial role in automated quality control within modern manufacturing systems. In this context, unsupervised methods are increasingly favored due to their independence from large-scale labeled datasets. However, existing methods present limited multi-scale feature extraction ability and may fail [...] Read more.

Anomaly detection methods play a crucial role in automated quality control within modern manufacturing systems. In this context, unsupervised methods are increasingly favored due to their independence from large-scale labeled datasets. However, existing methods present limited multi-scale feature extraction ability and may fail to effectively capture subtle anomalies. To address these challenges, we propose UAMS, a pyramid-structured normalization flow framework that leverages the symmetry in feature recombination to harmonize multi-scale interactions. The proposed framework integrates a Multi-Scale Attention Aggregation (MSAA) module for cross-scale dynamic fusion, as well as a Self-Supervised Predictive Convolutional Attention Block (SSPCAB) for spatial channel attention and masked prediction learning. Experiments on the MVTecAD dataset show that UAMS largely outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised methods, in terms of detection and localization accuracy, while maintaining high inference efficiency. For example, when comparing UAMS against the baseline model on the carpet category, the AUROC is improved from 90.8% to 94.5%, and AUPRO is improved from 91.0% to 92.9%. These findings validate the potential of the proposed method for use in real industrial inspection scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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20 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidation of Nutritional Quality, Antinutrients, and Protein Digestibility of Dehulled and Malted Flours Produced from Three Varieties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean)

by Mpho Edward Mashau, Thakhani Takalani, Oluwaseun Peter Bamidele and Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia

Foods 2025, 14(14), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142450 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) is an important legume grain in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa. Nevertheless, the peculiarity of being hard to cook and mill and the availability of antinutritional factors often limit Bambara groundnut (BGN) use in food applications. This [...] Read more.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) is an important legume grain in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa. Nevertheless, the peculiarity of being hard to cook and mill and the availability of antinutritional factors often limit Bambara groundnut (BGN) use in food applications. This study investigated the impact of dehulling and malting on the nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, and protein digestibility of flours obtained from three BGN varieties (red, cream, and brown). Dehulling and malting significantly enhanced the moisture and protein content of BGN flours (dry basis), with values varying from 6.01% (control brown variety) to 8.71% (malted cream and brown varieties), and from 18.63% (control red variety) to 21.87% (dehulled brown), respectively. Dehulling increased the fat content from 5.82% (control red variety) to 7.84% (dehulled cream), whereas malting decreased the fat content. Nevertheless, malting significantly increased (p < 0.05) the fiber content from 4.78% (control cream) to 8.28% (malted brown variety), while dehulling decreased the fiber content. Both processing methods decreased the ash and carbohydrate contents of the BGN flours. Dehulling and malting significantly enhanced the amino acids of BGN flours, except for tryptophan and asparagine. Dehulling and malting notably increased the phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur contents of the BGN flours, while calcium and zinc were reduced. Malting significantly enhanced the iron content of BGN flour, whereas dehulling reduced it. Both processing methods significantly enhanced palmitic, arachidic, and y-Linolenic acids. Nonetheless, processing methods significantly reduced phytic acid and oxalate, and dehulling achieved the most significant reductions. Dehulling and malting significantly enhanced the protein digestibility of the BGN flours from 69.38 (control red variety) to 83.29 g/100 g (dehulled cream variety). Overall, dehulling and malting enhanced the nutritional quality and decreased the antinutritional factors of BGN flours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Food Processing Technologies: Enhancing Quality, Safety, and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2506 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Early Predictive Markers and Histopathological Response to Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Postmenopausal Patients with HR+/HER2− Early Breast Cancer

by Aleksandra Konieczna and Magdalena Rosinska

Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142319 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) represents a valuable treatment option for hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-negative breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological efficacy of NET and to explore early and late changes in Ki-67 and [...] Read more.

Purpose: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) represents a valuable treatment option for hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-negative breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological efficacy of NET and to explore early and late changes in Ki-67 and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression as indicators of endocrine response. Methods: A prospective cohort of 127 postmenopausal patients with stage cT1–4N0–3M0 HR+/HER2− breast cancer was enrolled between 2019 and 2021. Patients received NET (mostly letrozole) for a mean of 7.7 months. In 80 cases, a second core biopsy was performed after four weeks. Tumor size, histological grade, and biomarkers (Ki-67, PgR) were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Results: NET led to a significant reduction in tumor size, with median shrinkage of 47.0% (from 32.0 mm to 17.0 mm, p < 0.0001). Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was performed in 52.2% of patients and lymph node negativity (pN0) was observed in 50.4%. Median Ki-67 decreased from 20.0% at baseline to 5.0% after four weeks (p < 0.0001) and remained low in surgical specimens (median 5.0%, p < 0.0001). In 33.3% of patients, Ki-67 dropped below 2.7%, and 67.0% showed a concordant decrease in both Ki-67 and PgR. PgR expression declined significantly during treatment (p < 0.0001). HER2 status conversion was noted in 6.4% of patients during treatment. Pathological complete response (pCR) occurred in 3.5%, while minimal or moderate residual disease (RCB I–II) was identified in 71.3% of cases. Conclusions: NET effectively reduced tumor burden and histological aggressiveness, enabling higher rates of BCS. Early reduction in Ki-67 and PgR may serve as surrogate markers of endocrine responsiveness, supporting their use for treatment stratification and monitoring during NET in HR+/HER2− breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer)

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12 pages, 3338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural CCD2 Variants and RNA Interference for Boosting Crocin Biosynthesis in Tomato

by Elena Moreno-Giménez, Eduardo Parreño, Lucía Morote, Alberto José López Jiménez, Cristian Martínez Fajardo, Silvia Presa, Ángela Rubio-Moraga, Antonio Granell, Oussama Ahrazem and Lourdes Gómez-Gómez

Biology 2025, 14(7), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070850 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Crocin biosynthesis involves a complex network of enzymes with biosynthetic and modifier enzymes, and the manipulation of these pathways holds promise for improving human health through the broad exploitation of these bioactive metabolites. Crocins play a significant role in human nutrition and health, [...] Read more.

Crocin biosynthesis involves a complex network of enzymes with biosynthetic and modifier enzymes, and the manipulation of these pathways holds promise for improving human health through the broad exploitation of these bioactive metabolites. Crocins play a significant role in human nutrition and health, as they exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Plants that naturally accumulate high levels of crocins are scarce, and the production of crocins is highly limited by the characteristics of the crops and their yield. The CCD2 enzyme, initially identified in saffron, is responsible for converting zeaxanthin into crocetin, which is further modified to crocins by aldehyde dehydrogenases and glucosyltransferase enzymes. Crops like tomato fruits, which naturally contain high levels of carotenoids, offer valuable genetic resources for expanding synthetic biology tools. In an effort to explore CCD2 enzymes with improved activity, two CCD2 alleles from saffron and Crocosmia were introduced into tomato, together with a UGT gene. Furthermore, in order to increase the zeaxanthin pool in the fruit, an RNA interference construct was introduced to limit the conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin. The expression of saffron CCD2, CsCCDD2L, led to the creation of transgenic tomatoes with significantly high crocins levels, reaching concentrations of 4.7 mg/g dry weight. The Crocosmia allele, CroCCD2, also resulted in high crocins levels, reaching a concentration of 2.1 mg/g dry weight. These findings underscore the importance of enzyme variants in synthetic biology, as they enable the development of crops rich in beneficial apocarotenoids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action for Promoting Health)

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13 pages, 4295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chelerythrine Inhibits TGF-β-Induced Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in A549 Cells via RRM2

by Jinlong Liu, Mengran Xu, Liu Han, Yuxuan Rao, Haoming Han, Haoran Zheng, Jinying Wu and Xin Sun

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(7), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18071036 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The mechanisms underlying the metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have long been a focal point of medical research. The anti-tumor effects of chelerythrine (CHE) have been confirmed; however, its ability to inhibit tumor metastasis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The [...] Read more.

Background: The mechanisms underlying the metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have long been a focal point of medical research. The anti-tumor effects of chelerythrine (CHE) have been confirmed; however, its ability to inhibit tumor metastasis and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of CHE on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods: Wound healing and Transwell assays were employed to evaluate TGF-β-induced migration in A549 cells and the inhibitory effects of CHE. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) expression levels were detected via Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to examine the expression levels of EMT-related markers. Animal experiments were conducted to analyze the role of RRM2 in the CHE inhibition of TGF-β-induced lung cancer metastasis. Results: This study found that TGF-β treatment enhanced the metastasis of A549 cells, while CHE inhibited the expression of TGF-β-induced EMT-related transcription factors by RRM2, thereby suppressing tumor cell migration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the oral administration of CHE inhibited the metastasis of A549 cells to the lungs from the tail vein in mice, consistent with in vitro findings. Despite the high doses of CHE used, there was no evidence of toxicity. Conclusions: Our data reveal the mechanism of the anti-metastatic effects of CHE on TGF-β-induced EMT and indicate that CHE can be used as an effective anti-tumor treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)

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10 pages, 7084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Between Microstructure and Electric Behavior of (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃-xBa(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ Ceramics Prepared via Chemical-Furnace-Assisted Combustion Synthesis

by Haiqin Ding, Jun Wang, Tongchun Qin, Lingling Cui, Guodong Jia, Guang Ji and Zhiwei Li

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070817 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃-xBa(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ (x = 0–0.20) lead-free ceramics were prepared through the chemical-furnace-assisted combustion synthesis (abbreviated as CFACS). The phase structure, microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated. Phase analysis revealed the [...] Read more.

The (1−x)Ba_0.96Ca_0.04TiO₃-xBa(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃ (x = 0–0.20) lead-free ceramics were prepared through the chemical-furnace-assisted combustion synthesis (abbreviated as CFACS). The phase structure, microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated. Phase analysis revealed the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases in the vicinity of x = 0.07. More importantly, the composition with x = 0.07 exhibited optimal overall electrical properties, including a high piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) of 495 pC/N, the planar electromechanical coupling factor (K_p) of 41.9%, and the Curie temperature (T_c) of 123.7 °C. In addition, the average grain size was observed to progressively decrease with increasing x. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ceramic Coatings and Engineering Technology)

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11 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Effect of Assistive Devices on the Accuracy of Fitbits in Healthy Individuals: A Brief Report

by John Jaworski, Brian Makowski, Michael Weaver, Michael Seils and Jennifer L. Scheid

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071100 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Our study explored the accuracy of Fitbit recorded step count during the use of an assistive device (two-wheeled walker and standard cane) at various body positions (wrists, hips, and ankles). Participants (n = 11) ambulated an obstacle course (50 m total, including [...] Read more.

Our study explored the accuracy of Fitbit recorded step count during the use of an assistive device (two-wheeled walker and standard cane) at various body positions (wrists, hips, and ankles). Participants (n = 11) ambulated an obstacle course (50 m total, including turns and a step up/down) a total of three times (two-wheeled walker, standard cane, and a deviceless control trial). Fitbit generated step counts (at the wrists, hips, and ankles) were then compared to the individual’s “actual” step count captured through video analysis. During the cane trial and the deviceless trial, all positions were significantly correlated (r = 0.764 to 0.984; p < 0.006) with the actual step count. However, increased variability (demonstrated by increased limits of agreement) was observed when the Fitbit was worn on the wrist (compared to the hips or ankles). During the walker trial, the step count was significantly correlated to the actual step count at the ankle and hip positions (r = 0.669 to 0.888; p < 0.017) with an average error of 1.5%, while it was not statistically correlated at the wrist with a 31.2% average error. Our study suggests that Fitbits are a good predictor of actual step count, with the caveat that the location of the Fitbit should be considered if an assistive device (e.g., two-wheeled rolling walker and single-point cane) is being used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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17 pages, 2877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on High-Precision Initial Pointing for Near-Earth Laser Communication

by Yuang Li, Xuan Wang, Junfeng Han and Xinxin Quan

Photonics 2025, 12(7), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070706 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a systematic ground experimental method to address the insufficient initial pointing accuracy of optical terminals in free space optical communication (FSO). By utilizing a multi-coordinate system transformation model combined with geodetic coordinates obtained from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a systematic ground experimental method to address the insufficient initial pointing accuracy of optical terminals in free space optical communication (FSO). By utilizing a multi-coordinate system transformation model combined with geodetic coordinates obtained from a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the elevation and azimuth angles of the optical terminal are calculated to achieve initial pointing. High-precision horizontal installation and true north direction calibration are accomplished using a GNSS dual-antenna system and a digital inclinometer to suppress mechanical installation errors. Furthermore, an iterative stellar calibration method is proposed, leveraging ephemeris to precompute stellar positions and optimize correction values through multiple observations, significantly improving pointing accuracy. In a 104.68 km span experiment conducted in the Qinghai Lake area, the azimuth and elevation angle errors of the optical terminal were reduced to −0.0293° and −0.0068°, respectively, with the uncertainty region narrowed to 0.0586°. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in high-precision rapid link establishment, providing technical support for the engineering application of satellite-to-ground laser communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Communication Systems and Related Technologies)

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11 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effect of Palmaris Longus Presence on the Upper Extremity and Hand Functions in Individuals of Different Ethnic Origins

by Onur Seçgin Nişanci, Rıdvan Yildiz and Sidrenur Aslan Kolukisa

Diagnostics 2025, 15(14), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15141763 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to determine the presence rate of the palmaris longus (PLM) muscle in Turkish and Georgian individuals and to examine its effect on hand/upper extremity function. Methods: The study, conducted at Artvin Çoruh University, included 400 volunteer students [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the presence rate of the palmaris longus (PLM) muscle in Turkish and Georgian individuals and to examine its effect on hand/upper extremity function. Methods: The study, conducted at Artvin Çoruh University, included 400 volunteer students (800 hands). The presence of PLM was evaluated with Schaeffer and Thompson tests. Upper extremity and hand functions were measured by the Upper Extremity Function Index (UEFI-15) and the Sollerman Hand Function Test. Data were evaluated with the chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U, and Linear Mixed Model analysis in the SPSS v22 program. Results: PLM muscle was significantly more common in Georgian individuals compared to Turkish individuals (p < 0.05). This difference was statistically significant, particularly in Georgian men (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the presence of PLM and hand and upper extremity functions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Although the PLM muscle shows different and significant prevalence rates in relation to ethnicity, it does not show a significant effect on hand function. Ethnicity is a determining factor in anatomical and surgical studies of the PLM, and its minimal functional impact on hand function makes its graft use safe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Impacts and Value of Anatomy)

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12 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary, Body Composition, and Blood Leptin Variations in Fit-Model Female Athletes During the Pre-Competition Period

by Ramutis Kairaitis, Petras Minderis, Inga Lukonaitienė, Gediminas Mamkus, Tomas Venckūnas and Sigitas Kamandulis

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142299 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The Fit-Model in bodybuilding is a relatively new category designed for women seeking a balanced physique, avoiding excessive muscularity and extreme leanness. This study examined the dietary strategies, body composition changes, and plasma leptin fluctuations of Fit-Model athletes during a seven-week pre-competition [...] Read more.

Background: The Fit-Model in bodybuilding is a relatively new category designed for women seeking a balanced physique, avoiding excessive muscularity and extreme leanness. This study examined the dietary strategies, body composition changes, and plasma leptin fluctuations of Fit-Model athletes during a seven-week pre-competition phase. Methods: Twelve females (age: 27.6 ± 4.4 years, body mass: 60.0 ± 6.2 kg) preparing for a national championship were monitored for energy and macronutrient intakes, total, lean, and fat mass, plasma leptin levels, and menstrual cycle characteristics. The five highest-ranked athletes were selected to compete at the world championship, allowing for comparisons between national and international athletes. Results: Low carbohydrate intake was reported, and total energy intake decreased from 1700 to 1520 kcal/day approaching the contest day. Athletes experienced an average body mass loss of 4.2 kg, with no clear relationship between final weight or fat mass and competitive success. Plasma leptin levels were markedly low during all 7 weeks of preparation with a further decline before the contest, but did not correlate with either changes in body composition and weight or energy or macronutrient intakes. Menstrual cycle disturbances were prevalent, with only two athletes maintaining regular cycles by the end of the preparation. Conclusions: Fit-Model athletes undergo a considerable decline in body weight and fat mass during the final weeks before the contest, yet these changes do not appear to be decisive for performance outcomes. Persistently low leptin levels and menstrual irregularities call for strategies that balance physique optimization with endocrine health to support both the performance and well-being of athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance in Sports, Physical Activity, Exercise: Nutrition, Fatigue and Recovery)

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13 pages, 1099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NF-κB as an Inflammatory Biomarker in Thin Endometrium: Predictive Value for Live Birth in Recurrent Implantation Failure

by Zercan Kalı, Pervin Karlı, Fatma Tanılır, Pınar Kırıcı and Serhat Ege

Diagnostics 2025, 15(14), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15141762 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) poses a major challenge in assisted reproductive technologies, with thin endometrium (≤7 mm) being a frequently observed yet poorly understood condition. Emerging evidence implicates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor in inflammatory signaling, in impaired endometrial [...] Read more.

Background: Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) poses a major challenge in assisted reproductive technologies, with thin endometrium (≤7 mm) being a frequently observed yet poorly understood condition. Emerging evidence implicates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor in inflammatory signaling, in impaired endometrial receptivity. However, its clinical relevance and prognostic value for live birth outcomes still need to be fully elucidated. Objective: We aim to evaluate the expression levels of endometrial NF-κB in patients with RIF and thin endometrium and to determine its potential as a predictive biomarker for live birth outcomes following IVF treatment. Methods: In this prospective case–control study, 158 women were categorized into three groups: Group 1 (RIF with thin endometrium, ≤7 mm, n = 52), Group 2 (RIF with normal endometrium, >7 mm, n = 38), and fertile controls (n = 68). NF-κB levels were assessed using ELISA and immunohistochemical histoscore. Pregnancy outcomes were compared across groups. ROC analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the predictive value of NF-κB. Results: NF-κB expression was significantly elevated in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and controls (p = 0.0017). ROC analysis identified a cut-off value of 7.8 ng/mg for live birth prediction (AUC = 0.72, sensitivity 74%, specificity 75%). Multivariable analysis confirmed NF-κB is an independent predictor of live birth (p = 0.045). Histological findings revealed increased NF-κB staining in luminal and glandular epithelial cells in the thin endometrium group. Conclusions: Increased endometrial NF-κB expression is associated with thin endometrium and reduced live birth rates in RIF patients. NF-κB may serve not only as a biomarker of pathological inflammation but also as a prognostic tool for treatment stratification in IVF. Based on findings in the literature, the therapeutic targeting of NF-κB may represent a promising strategy to improve implantation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gynecological and Obstetric Diseases)

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31 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Advances in Biotechnology in the Circular Economy: A Path to the Sustainable Use of Resources

by Pedro Carmona Marques, Pedro C. B. Fernandes, Pedro Sampaio and Joaquim Silva

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146391 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article analyzes the role of biotechnologies in supporting the circular economy in various productive sectors. It highlights innovative approaches that contribute to sustainability, resource regeneration, waste recovery, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. The text brings together relevant examples of biotechnological applications [...] Read more.

This article analyzes the role of biotechnologies in supporting the circular economy in various productive sectors. It highlights innovative approaches that contribute to sustainability, resource regeneration, waste recovery, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. The text brings together relevant examples of biotechnological applications aimed at the production of bioplastics, bioenergy, bioproducts, and bioremediation solutions, among others of interest. In addition, it highlights the potential of using agro-industrial waste as raw material in biotechnological processes, promoting more efficient production chains with less environmental impact. The methodology was based on a comprehensive review of recent advances in industrial biotechnology. The main results reveal successful applications in the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from food waste, in the microbial bioleaching of metals from electronic waste, and in the bioconversion of agricultural byproducts into functional materials, among others. The article also discusses the regulatory and social factors that influence the integration of these solutions into circular value chains. It concludes that biotechnology is a key element for the circular bioeconomy, offering scalable and environmentally efficient alternatives to conventional linear models, although its large-scale adoption depends on overcoming technological and market challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Biotechnology and Circular Economy: Driving Sustainable Innovations in the Bioeconomy)

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13 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taxon-Dependent Community Assembly of Bacteria and Protists in River Ecosystems: A Case Study from the Yujiang River

by Yusen Li, Wenjian Chen, Yaoquan Han, Jianjun Lei, Bo Huang, Youjie Qin, Feng Lin, Caijin Li, Dapeng Wang and Lei Zhou

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071650 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

Understanding the processes that drive microbial community assembly is a fundamental question in ecology, with important implications for predicting community responses to environmental disturbances. River ecosystems are under growing pressure from human disturbances, jeopardizing their ecological functions. Here, we investigated bacterial and protistan [...] Read more.

Understanding the processes that drive microbial community assembly is a fundamental question in ecology, with important implications for predicting community responses to environmental disturbances. River ecosystems are under growing pressure from human disturbances, jeopardizing their ecological functions. Here, we investigated bacterial and protistan communities along the Yujiang River using environmental DNA metabarcoding. Bacterial communities exhibited significantly greater alpha diversity and broader habitat niches compared to protists. Additionally, a negative correlation was found between alpha diversity and niche breadth for both groups. Protistan communities exhibited significantly higher beta diversity (Bray–Curtis distance) than bacterial communities, with species turnover being the principal factor driving the variations in both communities. Null model results indicated that heterogeneous selection primarily structured bacterial communities, while stochastic processes (drift) mainly governed protist communities. Redundancy analysis and Mantel tests showed significant associations between environmental factors (e.g., temperature and pH) and bacterial community composition. Moreover, the longitude of sampling sites was linked to spatial variations in both bacterial and protistan communities. Further analyses, including distance-decay patterns, variation partitioning, and multiple regression on distance matrices, demonstrated that bacterial communities were driven by both environmental and spatial factors, while protist communities exhibited a stronger response to spatial factors. These results enhance our understanding of microbial community assembly in river ecosystems and provide valuable insights for the conservation and sustainable management of freshwater systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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21 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Good Grief! After-Death Communication, Grief, and Gratitude

by John Elfers, Patty Hlava, Monique Patrice Sudduth, Cassandra Gaddis, Elizabeth Leigh Foster, Slade Richards and Yujia Zhu

Religions 2025, 16(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070894 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study sought to clarify the role of after-death communication in resilience in grief. The primary research question guiding this study was: In what way do experiences of after-death communication inform the cultivation of gratitude and compassion as part of the grieving process? [...] Read more.

This study sought to clarify the role of after-death communication in resilience in grief. The primary research question guiding this study was: In what way do experiences of after-death communication inform the cultivation of gratitude and compassion as part of the grieving process? For Study 1, measures of grief, continuing bonds, compassion, and gratitude were administered to a diverse demographic pool (N = 329). Bivariate correlational analysis revealed strong correlations among the total scores of the four surveys. Of the 329 participants, 67.2% (n = 221) identified as having experienced after-death communication in some form, while 32.8% (n = 108) claimed that they did not. A series of one-way ANOVAs revealed that those identifying as having after-death communication and a spiritual practice showed significantly higher scores on all measures. Study 2 was a grounded theory study that conducted interviews with people claiming a significant after-death communication experience (N = 44). Results supported the survey data, suggesting that after-death communication was a catalyst and facilitator of grief that enhanced spirituality, shifted or enhanced belief structures, and reduced death anxiety. Conclusions support the recognition of after-death communication as a possible vehicle for enhanced grief resilience and spirituality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grief Care: Religion and Spiritual Support in Times of Loss)

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21 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessReview

Three Decades of Managing Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: What’s Old, What’s New

by Beatrice Panetti, Claudia Federico, Giuseppe Francesco Sferrazza Papa, Paola Di Filippo, Armando Di Ludovico, Sabrina Di Pillo, Francesco Chiarelli, Alessandra Scaparrotta and Marina Attanasi

Children 2025, 12(7), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070919 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents is a prevalent and multifactorial disorder associated with significant short- and long-term health consequences. While adenotonsillectomy (AT) remains the first-line treatment, a substantial proportion of patients—especially those with obesity, craniofacial anomalies, or comorbid conditions—exhibit [...] Read more.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents is a prevalent and multifactorial disorder associated with significant short- and long-term health consequences. While adenotonsillectomy (AT) remains the first-line treatment, a substantial proportion of patients—especially those with obesity, craniofacial anomalies, or comorbid conditions—exhibit persistent or recurrent symptoms, underscoring the need for individualized and multimodal approaches. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of current and emerging treatments for pediatric OSAS, with a focus on both surgical and non-surgical options, including pharmacological, orthodontic, and myofunctional therapies. A narrative synthesis of recent literature was conducted, including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and large cohort studies published in the last 10 years. The review emphasizes evidence-based indications, mechanisms of action, efficacy outcomes, safety profiles, and limitations of each therapeutic modality. Adjunctive and alternative treatments such as rapid maxillary expansion, mandibular advancement devices, myofunctional therapy, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and hypoglossal nerve stimulation show promising results in selected patient populations. Personalized treatment plans based on anatomical, functional, and developmental characteristics are essential to optimize outcomes. Combination therapies appear particularly effective in children with residual disease after AT or with specific phenotypes such as Down syndrome or maxillary constriction. Pediatric OSAS requires a tailored, multidisciplinary approach that evolves with the child’s growth and clinical profile. Understanding the full spectrum of available therapies allows clinicians to move beyond a one-size-fits-all model, offering more precise and durable treatment pathways. Emerging strategies may further redefine the therapeutic landscape in the coming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Presentation, Evaluation, and Treatment of Sleep-Disorders in Children and Adolescents)

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24 pages, 3328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol of Cheese Spoilage Moulds Using Native Yeasts

by Catalina M. Cabañas, Alejandro Hernández León, Santiago Ruiz-Moyano, Almudena V. Merchán, José Manuel Martínez Torres and Alberto Martín

Foods 2025, 14(14), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142446 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Biocontrol is one of the most promising alternatives to chemical preservatives for food preservation. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of yeasts isolated from raw milk cheese against spoilage moulds. Eighty-four native yeast strains were screened for antagonistic activity against Penicillium commune, [...] Read more.

Biocontrol is one of the most promising alternatives to chemical preservatives for food preservation. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of yeasts isolated from raw milk cheese against spoilage moulds. Eighty-four native yeast strains were screened for antagonistic activity against Penicillium commune, Fusarium verticillioides, and Mucor plumbeus/racemosus via confrontation using a milk-based culture medium. Fifteen strains from the species Pichia jadinii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Geotrichum candidum exhibited significant antagonistic activity (inhibition zone > 2 mm) against M. plumbeus/racemosus and F. verticillioides. The modelling of the impact of ripening conditions revealed that temperature was the primary factor influencing yeast antagonism. In addition, notable variability at both species and strain levels was found. The antagonist activity was associated with different mechanisms depending on the species and strains. K. lactis stood out for its proteolytic activity and competition for iron and manganese. Additionally, two strains of this species (KL890 and KL904) were found to produce volatile organic compounds with antifungal properties (phenylethyl alcohol and 1-butanol-3-methyl propionate). G. candidum GC663 exhibited strong competition for space, as well as the ability to parasitise hyphae linked to its pectinase and β-glucanase activity. The latter enzymatic activity was detected in all P. jadinii strains, with P. jadinii PJ433 standing out due to its proteolytic activity. In a cheese matrix, the efficacy of eight yeast strains against three target moulds was assessed, highlighting the potential of G. candidum GC663 and P. jadinii PJ433 as biocontrol agents, exhibiting high and moderate efficacy, respectively, in controlling the growth of F. verticillioides and M. plumbeus/racemosus. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to elucidate their full spectrum of antifungal mechanisms and to validate their performance under industrial-scale conditions, including their impact on cheese quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)

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17 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Language and Pragmatic Communication Skills in Preschool Children with Developmental Language Disorder in a Speech Therapy Kindergarten—A Real-World Study

by Dieter Ullrich and Magret Marten

Children 2025, 12(7), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070921 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Several studies document the importance of communicative abilities for children’s development. Especially in recent years verbal communication in preschool children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has been studied, relying heavily on statistical analysis, outcome measures, or/and parents’ reports. Purpose: This explorative study [...] Read more.

Background: Several studies document the importance of communicative abilities for children’s development. Especially in recent years verbal communication in preschool children with developmental language disorder (DLD) has been studied, relying heavily on statistical analysis, outcome measures, or/and parents’ reports. Purpose: This explorative study investigates the effects of speech therapy on the development of language and verbal communication skills in preschool children with DLD within their peer group in a day-to-day setting using objective video-documentation. Hypothesis: Speech therapy leads to improvement of language, communication, and possibly to concurrent development of both language and verbal communication skills in preschool children. Methods: Preliminary prospective study to assess language and verbal communications skills of nine preschool children (seven boys, two girls, 4–6 y) with DLD in a speech therapy kindergarten using video recordings over a one-year therapy period. The communicative participation of the members of the peer group was assessed and included the verbal address (Av) and the ratio of “verbal address/verbal reaction” (Av/Rv). Results: The investigation results in evidence for two outcome groups: One group with suspected preferential verbal communication disorders (n = 4) was characterised by a high Av/Rv value, meaning they were scored to have a normal or high verbal address (Av) and a low verbal response (Rv) (predominantly interpersonal communication related disorder). This group showed minimal changes in the short term but demonstrated improvement after 5 years of schooling; thus, pedagogical activities seemed to be particularly effective for these children. The second group showed a balanced Av/Rv ratio (predominantly language related disorder) (n = 5); but after five years they demonstrated a partial need for special school support measures. This group may therefore particularly benefit from speech therapy. Conclusions: The present study clearly shows that even with speech-language therapy, the linguistic ability of DLD-disturbed children does not necessarily develop simultaneously with their communication ability. Rather, the investigations provide evidence for two groups of preschool children with DLD and communication disorder: One group demonstrated a predominantly verbal communication related disorder, where pedagogical intervention might be the more important treatment. The second group showed predominantly DLD, therefore making speech therapy the more effective intervention. In this study, all children expressed their desire to communicate with their peers. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study determining the ability to communicate in a preschool cohort with DLD using characterisation with video documentation in a follow-up for 1 year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Challenges in Child Mental Health: Research and Strategies for Comprehensive Development)

41 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal D-STATCOM Operation in Power Distribution Systems to Minimize Energy Losses and CO₂ Emissions: A Master–Slave Methodology Based on Metaheuristic Techniques

by Rubén Iván Bolaños, Cristopher Enrique Torres-Mancilla, Luis Fernando Grisales-Noreña, Oscar Danilo Montoya and Jesús C. Hernández

Sci 2025, 7(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030098 (registering DOI) - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO₂ emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the problem of intelligent operation of Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs) in power distribution systems to reduce energy losses and CO₂ emissions while improving system operating conditions. In addition, we consider the entire set of constraints inherent in the operation of such networks in an environment with D-STATCOMs. To solve such a problem, we used three master–slave methodologies based on sequential programming methods. In the proposed methodologies, the master stage solves the problem of intelligent D-STATCOM operation using the continuous versions of the Monte Carlo (MC) method, the population-based genetic algorithm (PGA), and the Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). The slave stage, for its part, evaluates the solutions proposed by the algorithms to determine their impact on the objective functions and constraints representing the problem. This is accomplished by running an Hourly Power Flow (HPF) based on the method of successive approximations. As test scenarios, we employed the 33- and 69-node radial test systems, considering data on power demand and CO₂ emissions reported for the city of Medellín in Colombia (as documented in the literature). Furthermore, a test system was adapted in this work to the demand characteristics of a feeder located in the city of Talca in Chile. This adaptation involved adjusting the conductors and voltage limits to include a test system with variations in power demand due to seasonal changes throughout the year (spring, winter, autumn, and summer). Demand curves were obtained by analyzing data reported by the local network operator, i.e., Compañía General de Electricidad. To assess the robustness and performance of the proposed optimization approach, each scenario was simulated 100 times. The evaluation metrics included average solution quality, standard deviation, and repeatability. Across all scenarios, the PGA consistently outperformed the other methods tested. Specifically, in the 33-node system, the PGA achieved a 24.646% reduction in energy losses and a 0.9109% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to the base case. In the 69-node system, reductions reached 26.0823% in energy losses and 0.9784% in CO₂ emissions compared to the base case. Notably, in the case of the Talca feeder—particularly during summer, the most demanding season—the PGA yielded the most significant improvements, reducing energy losses by 33.4902% and CO₂ emissions by 1.2805%. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis was conducted to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed optimization methodology under realistic operating variability. A total of 100 randomized demand profiles for both active and reactive power were evaluated. The results demonstrated the scalability and consistent performance of the proposed strategy, confirming its effectiveness under diverse and practical operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Sciences, Mathematics and AI)

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20 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crashworthiness of Additively Manufactured Crash Boxes: A Comparative Analysis of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Materials and Structural Configurations

by Ahmed Saber, A. M. Amer, A. I. Shehata, H. A. El-Gamal and A. Abd_Elsalam

Appl. Mech. 2025, 6(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6030052 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Crash boxes play a crucial role in automotive safety by absorbing impact energy during collisions. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM), particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has enabled the fabrication of geometrically complex and lightweight crash boxes. This study presents a comparative evaluation [...] Read more.

Crash boxes play a crucial role in automotive safety by absorbing impact energy during collisions. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM), particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has enabled the fabrication of geometrically complex and lightweight crash boxes. This study presents a comparative evaluation of the crashworthiness performance of five FDM materials, namely, PLA+, PLA-ST, PLA-LW, PLA-CF, and PETG, across four structural configurations: Single-Cell Circle (SCC), Multi-Cell Circle (MCC), Single-Cell Square (SCS), and Multi-Cell Square (MCS). Quasi-static axial compression tests are conducted to assess the specific energy absorption

(S E A)

and crush force efficiency

(C F E)

of each material–geometry combination. Among the materials, PLA-CF demonstrates superior performance, with the MCC configuration achieving an

S E A

of 22.378 ± 0.570 J/g and a

C F E

of 0.732 ± 0.016. Multi-cell configurations consistently outperformed single-cell designs across all materials. To statistically quantify the influence of material and geometry on crash performance, a two-factor ANOVA was performed, highlighting geometry as the most significant factor across all evaluated metrics. Additionally, a comparative test with aluminum 6063-T5 demonstrates that PLA-CF offers comparable crashworthiness, with advantages in mass reduction, reduced

P C F

, and enhanced design flexibility inherent in AM. These findings provide valuable guidance for material selection and structural optimization in FDM-based crash boxes. Full article

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11 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Partially Ordered Sets in Socio-Economic Data Analysis

by Marco Fattore and Lucio De Capitani

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030100 - 11 Jul 2025

Definition

A partially ordered set (or a poset, for short) is a set endowed with a partial order relation, i.e., with a reflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive binary relation. As mathematical objects, posets have been intensively studied in the last century, [...] Read more.

A partially ordered set (or a poset, for short) is a set endowed with a partial order relation, i.e., with a reflexive, anti-symmetric, and transitive binary relation. As mathematical objects, posets have been intensively studied in the last century, coming to play essential roles in pure mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science. More recently, they have been increasingly employed in data analysis, multi-criteria decision-making, and social sciences, particularly for building synthetic indicators and extracting rankings from multidimensional systems of ordinal data. Posets naturally represent systems and phenomena where some elements can be compared and ordered, while others cannot be and are then incomparable. This makes them a powerful data structure to describe collections of units assessed against multidimensional variable systems, preserving the nuanced and multi-faceted nature of the underlying domains. Moreover, poset theory collects the proper mathematical tools to treat ordinal data, fully respecting their non-numerical nature, and to extract information out of order relations, providing the proper setting for the statistical analysis of multidimensional ordinal data. Currently, their use is expanding both to solve open methodological issues in ordinal data analysis and to address evaluation problems in socio-economic sciences, from multidimensional poverty, well-being, or quality-of-life assessment to the measurement of financial literacy, from the construction of knowledge spaces in mathematical psychology and education theory to the measurement of multidimensional ordinal inequality/polarization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)

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11 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suicidal Behavior in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study

by Juliano Flávio Rubatino Rodrigues, Lívia Peregrino Rodrigues, Kelly Cristina Atalaia da Silva, María Fernanda Serna Rodríguez, Fernando Victor Martins Rubatino, Hannes Fischer, Daniel Vasquez, Pedro Marco Karan Barbosa, Spencer Luiz Marques Payão, Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Gerardo Maria de Araújo Filho

Psychiatry Int. 2025, 6(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6030082 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Suicidal behavior presents a significant dilemma in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous ethical discussions have emerged regarding euthanasia for patients suffering from neurodegenerative conditions, and research indicates an elevated incidence of suicide in the early stages of dementia. However, there remains [...] Read more.

Background: Suicidal behavior presents a significant dilemma in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. Numerous ethical discussions have emerged regarding euthanasia for patients suffering from neurodegenerative conditions, and research indicates an elevated incidence of suicide in the early stages of dementia. However, there remains a gap in knowledge concerning the historical prevalence of suicidal ideations or attempts among individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. This study aims to investigate the historical patterns of suicidal behavior and the associated factors across the lifespan in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: This study is an excerpt from a case–control research study, where the sample size was calculated at 150 participants, with 75 in the case group and 75 in the control group. Here, the descriptive statistics for the first third of the sample, 50 participants, are discussed. Results: Among the participants in the case group, 12.5% reported having suicidal ideation throughout life, compared to 24% in the control group (OR for suicidal ideation = 0.432 [0.095–1.966]). Additionally, among the participants in the case group, 4% reported having attempted suicide at some point in their life, compared to 8% in the control group (OR for suicide attempts = 0.479 [0.41–5.652]). People with Alzheimer’s disease tended to have a worse quality of life but less suicidality. Conclusions: It appears that suicidal behavior is inversely related to the risk of developing suicidal intentions. The odds ratio data demonstrate the need for a larger sample size to determine whether there is a difference in the history of suicide throughout the lives of people with Alzheimer’s disease and among the general population. Full article

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43 pages, 1521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Urban Mobility Resilience in Petrópolis Through a Multicriteria Approach

by Alexandre Simas de Medeiros, Marcelino Aurélio Vieira da Silva, Marcus Hugo Sant’Anna Cardoso, Tálita Floriano Santos, Catalina Toro, Gonzalo Rojas and Vicente Aprigliano

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070269 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urban mobility resilience plays a central role in sustainable urban planning discussions, especially considering the challenges of extreme events, climate change, and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. This study evaluates urban mobility resilience in Petrópolis (RJ), incorporating socio-spatial heterogeneity and energy vulnerability. [...] Read more.

Urban mobility resilience plays a central role in sustainable urban planning discussions, especially considering the challenges of extreme events, climate change, and the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels. This study evaluates urban mobility resilience in Petrópolis (RJ), incorporating socio-spatial heterogeneity and energy vulnerability. This research fills methodological gaps in the literature by proposing a composite resilience index that integrates technical, socioeconomic, and fossil fuel dependency variables within a robust multicriteria framework. We selected eleven variables relevant to urban mobility and organized them into inference blocks. We normalized the variables using Gaussian functions, respecting their maximization or minimization characteristics. We applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign weights to the criteria and then aggregated and ranked the results using multicriteria analysis. The final index represents the adaptive capacity of urban territories facing the energy crisis, and we applied it spatially to the neighborhoods of Petrópolis. The analysis identified a significant concentration of neighborhoods with low resilience, particularly in quadrants, combining deficiencies in public transportation, high dependence on fossil fuels, and socioeconomic constraints. Factors such as limited pedestrian access, insufficient motorized public transport coverage, and a high proportion of elderly residents emerged as significant constraints on urban resilience. Intervention strategies that promote active mobility, improve accessibility, and diversify transportation modes proved essential for strengthening local resilience. The results emphasize the urgent need for public policies to reduce energy vulnerability, foster active mobility, and promote equity in access to transportation infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)

5 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in a Patient with Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy: A Case Report

by Guido Chiriboga, Qianyu Guo, Eric Zuberi, Harry Ross Powers and Libardo Rueda Prada

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040083 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, presents on a spectrum ranging from tuberculoid to lepromatous disease. Borderline lepromatous leprosy represents an unstable immunological state that predisposes patients to immune-mediated reactions, including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a severe inflammatory complication. Case Presentation: We [...] Read more.

Background: Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, presents on a spectrum ranging from tuberculoid to lepromatous disease. Borderline lepromatous leprosy represents an unstable immunological state that predisposes patients to immune-mediated reactions, including erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a severe inflammatory complication. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 62-year-old female with borderline lepromatous leprosy who presented with recurrent facial cellulitis and later developed disseminated ENL. She was initially diagnosed following a series of facial infections and confirmatory skin biopsy. Months later, she developed systemic inflammatory lesions consistent with ENL, requiring hospitalization. She was treated with high-dose corticosteroids for ENL and methotrexate to treat type 1 reaction and continued multidrug therapy (MDT) with minocycline, rifampin, and clarithromycin for leprosy, which led to significant clinical improvement. Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of leprosy in the United States and the importance of recognizing ENL as a severe immunologic complication requiring prompt intervention. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tuberculosis and Mycobacteriosis)

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17 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Incorporating Orthodontics in Maxillofacial Prosthetic Rehabilitation Following Tumor-Ablative Surgery: A Systematic Review

by Nikolaos Gavounelis, Heleni Vastardis and Ioli Ioanna Artopoulou

Prosthesis 2025, 7(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7040081 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify the role of orthodontics in patients undergoing tumor-ablative surgery, in collaboration with maxillofacial prosthodontic rehabilitation in a multidisciplinary fashion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify the role of orthodontics in patients undergoing tumor-ablative surgery, in collaboration with maxillofacial prosthodontic rehabilitation in a multidisciplinary fashion. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42024582050). The focused question was constructed using the PICO (participant, intervention, comparison, and outcome) approach. A three-stage search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. To assess the risk of bias, the National Institute of Health (NIH) “Quality Assessment Tool for case series/reports” was used. All data was synthesized qualitatively, according to the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting guideline. Results: The initial search yielded 624 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria after screening and eligibility assessment, with most being single-patient case reports and one case series involving 12 patients. The included studies primarily involved tumors in the mandible (64.5%) and maxilla (32.3%). Orthodontic treatment was initiated at various time points, ranging from one month pre-surgery to 19 years post-surgery, primarily utilizing fixed appliances (77.8%). In some studies, orthodontic appliances were used to enhance the stability of maxillofacial prostheses. The results of this study indicate that orthodontic treatment may facilitate prosthetic rehabilitation by improving conditions prior to prosthetic intervention and increasing the retention of the obturator prosthesis. Conclusions: Orthodontic treatment can enhance maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation after tumor-ablative surgery by optimizing jaw growth, improving occlusion, and facilitating prosthetic retention or space creation. Further research is needed to establish treatment guidelines. Orthodontic miniscrews may improve temporary prosthesis retention before final implant placement, when indicated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prosthodontics)

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23 pages, 6340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Prototyping of a Robotic Structure for Poultry Farming

by Glauber da Rocha Balthazar, Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira and Iran José Oliveira da Silva

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7070233 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

The identification and prediction of losses, along with environmental and behavioral analyses and animal welfare monitoring, are key drivers for the use of technologies in poultry farming which help characterize the productive environment. Among these technologies, robotics emerges as a facilitator as it [...] Read more.

The identification and prediction of losses, along with environmental and behavioral analyses and animal welfare monitoring, are key drivers for the use of technologies in poultry farming which help characterize the productive environment. Among these technologies, robotics emerges as a facilitator as it provides space for the use of several computing tools for capture, analysis and prediction. This study presents the full methodology for building a robot (so called RobôFrango) to its application in poultry farming. The construction method was based on evolutionary prototyping that allowed knowing and testing each physical component (electronic and mechanical) for assembling the robotic structure. This approach made it possible to identify the most suitable components for the broiler production system. The results presented motors, wheels, chassis, batteries and sensors that proved to be the most adaptable to the adversities existing in poultry farms. Validation of the final constructed structure was carried out through practical execution of the robot, seeking to understand how each component behaved in a commercial broiler aviary. It was concluded that it was possible to identify the best electronic and physical equipment for building a robotic prototype to work in poultry farms, and that a final product was generated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Farming Technologies for Monitoring Livestock and Poultry)

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14 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Boredom in the Development of Risky Behaviours Among Adolescents

by Bruno Matijašević, Snježana Mališa and Antonija Vukašinović

Adolescents 2025, 5(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents5030036 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Boredom is a common but insufficiently explored experience in adolescence, which has been increasingly linked to the development of risky behaviours. This study explores the extent to which boredom predicts engagement in various risky behaviours among adolescents aged 15 to 17. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Boredom is a common but insufficiently explored experience in adolescence, which has been increasingly linked to the development of risky behaviours. This study explores the extent to which boredom predicts engagement in various risky behaviours among adolescents aged 15 to 17. Methods: A cross-sectional study on a sample of 281 high-school students in Croatia was performed in 2024. The participants completed a structured online questionnaire, including validated scales measuring their proneness to boredom, substance use, disordered eating, theft, and cyberbullying. Data were analysed using non-parametric tests, correlation coefficients, and linear regression. Results: Boredom showed a significant association with all forms of risky behaviour, with the strongest association found for disordered eating. Moderate predictive ability was observed for alcohol, marijuana, and drug use, while weaker but significant associations with cyberbullying and theft were also found. Male adolescents reported higher involvement in certain risky behaviours, although no significant gender differences were observed in boredom levels. Conclusions: Boredom is a developmental risk factor, notably when leisure time lacks structure and meaning. While the cross-sectional design of this study limits causal conclusions, the findings highlight the importance of taking boredom into consideration regarding pedagogical prevention efforts. Pedagogical activities targeting quality leisure time, especially within schools and families, may reduce adolescents’ susceptibility to harmful behaviours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implicit Measures of Risky Behaviors in Adolescence)

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