MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 7300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solar-Assisted Seasonal Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in a Relatively Deep Geothermal Aquifer for Urban Heating: A Canadian Case Study

by Marziyeh Kamali, Erik Nickel, Rick Chalaturnyk and Alireza Rangriz Shokri

Processes 2026, 14(10), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14101636 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Urban heating systems continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels, driving significant CO₂ emissions and underscoring the need for scalable renewable alternatives. This study evaluates a solar-assisted aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system for sustainable urban heating, operating within a relatively deep [...] Read more.

Urban heating systems continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels, driving significant CO₂ emissions and underscoring the need for scalable renewable alternatives. This study evaluates a solar-assisted aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system for sustainable urban heating, operating within a relatively deep aquifer. A numerical model of the Mannville aquifer is developed to simulate charge–discharge cycles in a relatively deep open-loop ATES system, examining subsurface temperature evolution, storage efficiency, and long-term thermal stability under Canadian climatic conditions. Modeling results indicate that such aquifers act as an effective thermal buffer for solar energy storage operations, smoothing seasonal temperature fluctuations and stabilizing heat production. Surplus solar thermal energy injected during low-demand periods significantly reduces long-term temperature decline and preserves thermal availability for winter extraction. Balancing contributions from solar and aquifer storage maintains system efficiency during peak demand while improving overall thermal management. The integrated approach enhances renewable energy utilization, reduces reliance on conventional heating systems, and strengthens the resilience of urban energy networks. Our findings demonstrate that coupling solar thermal input with geothermal heat storage in relatively deep aquifers offers a practical pathway for advancing sustainable urban heating in cold-climate regions. The modeling framework provides a foundation for optimizing seasonal storage strategies and guiding the design of hybrid solar–geothermal systems for large-scale urban applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS): Advances in Exploration, Thermal Storage, and Energy Utilization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Properties of Composite Heat-Protective Refractory Materials Based on Secondary Chamotte

by Gulnara Ulyeva, Oralgan Mongolkhan, Vladimir Merkulov, Mehmet Seref Sonmez, Zoya Gelmanova and Almas Yerzhanov

Eng 2026, 7(5), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7050249 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of the properties of the obtained heat-insulating refractory materials, based on fireclay scrap of various fractions (2.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.1 mm) using a complex of mineral and oxide additives. The fillers used [...] Read more.

The article is devoted to the study of the properties of the obtained heat-insulating refractory materials, based on fireclay scrap of various fractions (2.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.1 mm) using a complex of mineral and oxide additives. The fillers used were titanium dioxide powder and silicon production wastes, which included microsilica powder, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, cement, lime, and baking soda. The choice of these fillers was due to the fact that they initially have corrosion resistance. Liquid glass acted as a binder. The resulting thermal barrier material was tested to determine its physical and mechanical properties, namely, thermal conductivity, porosity, compressive strength, and microstructure. According to the obtained results for the physical and mechanical properties, the secondary refractory material had properties close to GOST. So, according to GOST 12170-2021, the thermal conductivity values of the obtained materials were included in the 0.03–15.0 W/(m·K) range. The porosity values of the obtained samples complied with GOST 2409-2014 and were not more than 30%. The maximum compressive strength was 171.31 kgf/mm². The microstructure of the material of the obtained samples was very porous, and the pores were evenly distributed throughout the volume, which is extremely important for heat-insulating materials. A distinctive feature of the technology was the absence of a high-temperature firing stage: the required physical and mechanical properties of the material were achieved when heated to 180–300 °C with subsequent slow cooling in the furnace, which significantly reduces energy consumption compared to traditional refractory technologies. The use of waste from the production of chamotte scrap and microsilica will help to reduce negative impacts on the environment, save natural resources, and expand the raw material base. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 918 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing 24 h Urine and Spot Urine Calcium Measurements in Clinical Routine: Accuracy and Limitations

by Antonia Mondorf, Rejane Golbach, Ludwig Hofbauer, Christine Koch, Christiana Graf, Anna Katharina Flügel, Nora Ackermann, Christian Vorländer, Matthias Pirlich, Christoph Terkamp, Katharina Holzer, Ulrich Mondorf, Alexander Mann and Jörg Bojunga

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(10), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15103901 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary calcium excretion is a key parameter in assessing mineral metabolism and diagnosing conditions such as nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and hyperparathyroidism. The 24 h urine collection is the gold standard for evaluating calcium excretion, but it is often impractical due to patient [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary calcium excretion is a key parameter in assessing mineral metabolism and diagnosing conditions such as nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and hyperparathyroidism. The 24 h urine collection is the gold standard for evaluating calcium excretion, but it is often impractical due to patient non-compliance and logistical challenges. As an alternative, the calcium-to-creatinine ratio (CCR) in spot urine has been proposed, although its reliability remains debated. This study aims to systematically compare the calcium levels in spot urine samples with those obtained from 24 h urine collections to assess their agreement and clinical applicability. Methods: This retrospective, multi-center study analyzed data from 201 patients who provided both 24 h and spot urine samples during routine diagnostic work-up between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2024. Calcium excretion was normalized using the calcium-to-creatinine ratio (CCR). The agreement between the two methods was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Hypercalciuria, defined as ≥6.25 mmol/24 h in women and ≥7.5 mmol/24 h in men, was detected in 52.7% of cases based on 24 h urine. ROC analysis showed that spot urine CCR had moderate diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.76). The optimal cut-off for predicting hypercalciuria was 4.4 mmol/g (sensitivity 70.8%, specificity 72.4%). Overall agreement between spot urine CCR and 24 h urine CCR was moderate, with a Bland–Altman geometric mean ratio of 1.06 and multiplicative limits of agreement of 0.59 to 1.91. A low spot urine CCR below 2 mmol/g showed high sensitivity but low specificity and had a negative predictive value of 82%. Conclusions: Spot urine CCR cannot replace 24 h urine collection for accurately assessing urinary calcium excretion, but very low values may have limited utility as an initial rule-out tool in selected patients. Very low spot urine CCR values may help rule out hypercalciuria in a limited subgroup of patients and may therefore support triage decisions in selected clinical situations. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 291 KB

Open AccessReview

Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment Strategies in Neutrophilic Cicatricial Alopecias: A Narrative Review from Conventional Therapies to New Therapeutic Targets

by Francesca Svara, Giulio Bortone, Luca Ambrosio, Felice Forte, Luca Gargano, Annunziata Dattola, Steven Paul Nisticò, Giovanni Pellacani and Carmen Cantisani

Life 2026, 16(5), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050835 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Folliculitis decalvans (FD) and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) are neutrophilic primary cicatricial alopecias characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible hair loss, with distinct pathogenic mechanisms that make accurate diagnosis essential for appropriate management. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive [...] Read more.

Folliculitis decalvans (FD) and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) are neutrophilic primary cicatricial alopecias characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible hair loss, with distinct pathogenic mechanisms that make accurate diagnosis essential for appropriate management. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of systemic therapeutic options for FD and DCS, to evaluate their efficacy in relation to underlying disease mechanisms, and to explore emerging targeted treatments. A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE using relevant keywords related to neutrophilic cicatricial alopecias and therapeutic strategies, including studies reporting clinical outcomes in FD and DCS. Available evidence indicates that conventional therapies remain the cornerstone of management: antibiotics are typically first-line in FD, while isotretinoin represents the mainstay of treatment in DCS and a key option in refractory FD; however, these approaches are often associated with partial responses and frequent relapses. Biologic agents, particularly TNF-α inhibitors, have shown consistent benefit in refractory cases, while IL-17/23 and JAK inhibitors are supported by limited but emerging data. Overall, treatment response appears to reflect underlying pathogenic differences between FD and DCS, underscoring the importance of a tailored, mechanism-based approach. Further studies are needed to establish standardized treatment algorithms and confirm long-term efficacy and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, and Treatments of Skin Diseases)

17 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessArticle

BATFNet: Boundary-Aware Transformer Fusion Network for RGB-DSM Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images

by Yilin Tong, Meng Tang, Yu Zhang, Yan Huang, Jing Huang, Yuelin He, Yuxin Liu, Edore Akpokodje and Dan Zheng

Sensors 2026, 26(10), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26103205 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Semantic segmentation of very-high-resolution remote sensing imagery benefits from combining RGB appearance with Digital Surface Model (DSM) height information, especially in urban scenes where spectrally similar objects often differ in elevation. On the ISPRS Vaihingen and Potsdam benchmarks, BATFNet achieves mIoU scores of [...] Read more.

Semantic segmentation of very-high-resolution remote sensing imagery benefits from combining RGB appearance with Digital Surface Model (DSM) height information, especially in urban scenes where spectrally similar objects often differ in elevation. On the ISPRS Vaihingen and Potsdam benchmarks, BATFNet achieves mIoU scores of 84.06% and 85.31%, respectively, outperforming representative RGB–DSM fusion baselines on most land-cover categories. BATFNet is a supervised boundary-aware Transformer fusion network that uses DSM-derived edge priors to guide bidirectional cross-modal attention and decoder refinement. With a dual-branch ResNet-50 backbone for modality-specific feature extraction, the proposed framework effectively integrates RGB and DSM information while recovering fine spatial details. These results show that exploiting DSM-derived structural cues improves boundary delineation and reduces confusion among spectrally similar urban classes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Image Fusion and Object Tracking)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1942 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Analysis of Transcriptional Responses to Peanut Exposure in Drosophila melanogaster

by Carlos Hernandez, Alexis M. Hobbs, Joseph J. Dolence, Peng Xiao and Kimberly A. Carlson

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104545 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Much remains to be learned about how the innate immune system responds following exposure to food allergens, such as peanut. Drosophila melanogaster is an untapped model system for examining this topic because of its conserved innate immune pathways, although it lacks adaptive immunity. [...] Read more.

Much remains to be learned about how the innate immune system responds following exposure to food allergens, such as peanut. Drosophila melanogaster is an untapped model system for examining this topic because of its conserved innate immune pathways, although it lacks adaptive immunity. The objective of this study was to determine if innate immune-regulated genes within the D. melanogaster genome were transcriptionally regulated by exposure to peanut. RNA samples were analyzed by qRT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. qRT-PCR data shows a significant downregulation of Dorsal and Relish at day 24. Next-generation sequencing data identified a limited number of differentially expressed genes at days 15 and 30, including those involved in structural, metabolic, and digestive functions. Taken together, our data suggests modest and limited transcriptional changes associated with peanut exposure. This study provides an initial framework for investigating how food allergens, such as peanut, likely influence innate immune-associated gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drosophila: A Versatile Model in Biology and Medicine—3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2052 KB

Open AccessReview

Growth Factor Signaling in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Conceptual Framework for Chronic Remodeling and Survival

by Urszula Łacek, Cezary Gaczyński, Małgorzata Goszka, Aleksandra Polikowska, Natalia Serwin, Barbara Dołęgowska and Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4542; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104542 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Long-term survival after solid organ transplantation remains limited by chronic remodeling, fibrosis, vascular complications, and malignancy despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Current monitoring strategies primarily rely on functional and immunological parameters that often identify complications only after irreversible injury has occurred. There is [...] Read more.

Long-term survival after solid organ transplantation remains limited by chronic remodeling, fibrosis, vascular complications, and malignancy despite advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Current monitoring strategies primarily rely on functional and immunological parameters that often identify complications only after irreversible injury has occurred. There is a critical need for earlier, mechanistically informative biomarkers that can predict survival outcomes. Many platelet-associated growth factors (PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, EGF, and IGF-1) are stored in platelet α-granules but can also originate from immune, endothelial, and stromal cells, regulate angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition, immune modulation, and tissue repair—processes central to graft adaptation and chronic injury. In this review, we propose the growth factor signaling network as a conceptual framework that potentially links platelet biology, ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloimmune responses, and chronic immunosuppression to sustained growth factor signaling and maladaptive graft remodeling. This framework should be interpreted as a biologically plausible integrative model rather than a fully validated mechanistic pathway in transplant recipients. Importantly, direct clinical evidence linking platelet activation markers (e.g., P-selectin, PF4, β-thromboglobulin) with circulating growth factor levels and long-term transplant outcomes remains limited, highlighting a critical gap in current biomarker research. Emerging clinical evidence suggests their potential prognostic relevance in transplant outcomes. Elevated TGF-β levels have been associated with increased risk of opportunistic infections, while early postoperative IGF-1 concentrations predict short-term survival. Increased VEGF-A levels correlate with primary graft dysfunction and cardiac allograft vasculopathy, while PDGF isoforms contribute to fibrotic and vascular progression across transplanted organs. However, their clinical applicability is limited by methodological variability and lack of large-scale validation. Rather than serving solely as markers of rejection, platelet-associated growth factors may reflect dynamic processes involved in transplant remodeling and mortality risk. Incorporating growth factor profiling into multiparametric survival prediction models may improve early risk stratification and support precision post-transplant management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Cancer Stage and Comorbidity Burden with 12-Month Clinically Significant Cognitive Decline After Gynecologic Cancer Surgery: A Competing-Risk Retrospective Cohort Study

by Jaehak Jung, Byoungryun Kim, Taewan Won, Gyumin Choi, Kyongseo Kim and Cheol Lee

Medicina 2026, 62(5), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62050988 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: We aimed to determine whether gynecologic cancer–related factors are associated with postoperative clinically significant cognitive decline (CCD) after accounting for age and comorbidity using competing-risk models. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult women undergoing index [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: We aimed to determine whether gynecologic cancer–related factors are associated with postoperative clinically significant cognitive decline (CCD) after accounting for age and comorbidity using competing-risk models. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult women undergoing index surgery for gynecologic cancer at a tertiary university hospital. CCD was defined as new clinician-documented cognitive impairment, neurology/psychiatry consultation, or initiation of cognition-targeted pharmacotherapy ≥30 days postoperatively. Competing events were all-cause death and major neurologic events/hospice. We fit Fine–Gray subdistribution hazard models adjusted for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), cancer stage, and treatment intensity, and evaluated a prespecified age × stage interaction. Results: Among 1023 eligible patients (mean age 62.4 ± 11.8 years; 41.3% International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage III–IV; median CCI 3 [IQR 2–5]), CCD occurred in 98 (9.6%). The 12-month cumulative incidence of CCD was 11.2% accounting for competing risks. Advanced stage was independently associated with higher CCD risk (sHR 1.85, 95% CI 1.27–2.69; p = 0.001). A significant age × stage interaction was observed (p < 0.001), with the strongest association in patients ≥70 years (sHR 2.48, 95% CI 1.61–3.81). Perioperative factors associated with CCD included open surgery (sHR 1.54) and postoperative delirium (sHR 2.76); these findings should be interpreted as associative signals rather than validated causal treatment targets. A stratified blinded chart review of 160 patients (80 flagged-positive and 80 unflagged controls) supported the CCD definition (PPV 88.8%; sensitivity 72.1%; specificity 94.3%; NPV 91.5%). Visit-frequency adjustment confirmed robustness (advanced stage sHR 1.78; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Gynecologic cancer–related factors, particularly advanced stage, are independently associated with CCD after accounting for competing risks, and high-risk phenotypes (age ≥70, FIGO III–IV) may benefit from perioperative pathways integrating cognitive screening, delirium prevention, and neurocognitive follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care/ Anesthesiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2391 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Real-Time Fabric Defect Detection Using an Enhanced SSD with Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Networks

by Aws Mohammed Hameed Al-Khazraji, Saeed Golmohammadi and Amir A. Ghavifekr

Textiles 2026, 6(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles6020063 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Fabric defect detection is one of the most significant challenges in the textile industry due to its critical role in quality assessment and management. Conventional single-stage detectors often capture small-scale and low-contrast defects inadequately. On the other hand, high-accuracy two-stage methods suffer from [...] Read more.

Fabric defect detection is one of the most significant challenges in the textile industry due to its critical role in quality assessment and management. Conventional single-stage detectors often capture small-scale and low-contrast defects inadequately. On the other hand, high-accuracy two-stage methods suffer from excessive computational complexity. This study proposes an improved Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) model by replacing the feature map layer with the Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) from EfficientDet. Also, Bayesian optimization is utilized to systematically tune the related hyperparameters, which improves convergence stability and detection performance without manual intervention. Performance evaluation involves a trade-off between mean average precision at IoU 0.5 (mAP50) and execution time or frames per second (FPS), given that fabric defect detection requires the rotation of fabric motors or rollers. Experiments on a fabric defect dataset demonstrate that the proposed SSD-BiFPN framework outperforms baseline SSD models when it comes to precision, recall, and mean average precision, particularly for small and irregular defects. Additionally, the proposed architecture demonstrates satisfactory real-time performance when implemented on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano platform, highlighting its appropriateness for edge-based industrial inspection scenarios. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6506 KB

Open AccessArticle

Up-Regulation of the TRPM8 Channel Attenuates TRPC1-Mediated Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

by Yi-Qian Wang, Min Pan, Yi-Chen Lin, Si-Yi Zheng, Qin-Ye Chen, Long-Xin Gui, Mo-Jun Lin and Da-Cen Lin

Biomolecules 2026, 16(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16050741 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction and disrupted calcium homeostasis. While transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) and transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) are known to mediate receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) [...] Read more.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction and disrupted calcium homeostasis. While transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) and transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) are known to mediate receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), respectively, the specific contributions of SOCE and ROCE to AAA pathogenesis, and the regulatory interaction between transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and TRPC1 remain unexplored. In this study, we analyzed human AAA tissues, a papain-induced mouse model, and angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells using histology, wire myography, calcium imaging, and patch-clamp electrophysiology. We observed significant upregulation of TRPM8, TRPC1, and TRPC6 in both human and experimental AAA, with TRPC1 identified as a key mediator of SOCE under pathological conditions. Pharmacological activation of TRPM8 by menthol attenuated TRPC1-mediated SOCE and associated vasoconstriction, effects that were partially reversed by the TRPM8 antagonist A-2. In Ang II-treated cells, TRPM8 activation reduced SOCE and store-operated calcium currents (I_SOCC), effects that were largely abolished by TRPC1 knockdown. These findings suggest that TRPM8 may limit excessive calcium ion (Ca²⁺) influx and vascular remodeling in AAA, pointing to a potential endogenous mechanism to counteract maladaptive calcium signaling in AAA progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue TRP Channels in Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1714 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Research Methodologies in Brownfield Redevelopment Studies: A Meta-Methodology Systematic Review

by Mina Ramezani, Celestina Fazia, Clara Stella Vicari Aversa and Dorina Camelia Ilieș

Land 2026, 15(5), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050874 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Most developed countries welcome the redevelopment of brownfield sites and consider it an effective tool for urban policy. However, its adoption can be challenging initially, particularly in developing countries where these challenges are significantly greater. This research aims to answer the question, “How [...] Read more.

Most developed countries welcome the redevelopment of brownfield sites and consider it an effective tool for urban policy. However, its adoption can be challenging initially, particularly in developing countries where these challenges are significantly greater. This research aims to answer the question, “How are research methodologies applied in the field of brownfield redevelopment studies?” Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, relevant studies were identified through searches in Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar. This study utilizes a meta-methodological approach to analyze and compare the methodological characteristics of brownfield redevelopment studies. After applying the predefined eligibility criteria, which included English-language peer-reviewed articles between 2018 and 2023 and articles that are directly relevant to brownfield redevelopment, 20 articles were selected for detailed examination. Based on the thematic classification of the research, the studies can be categorized into four groups: brownfield redevelopment and community participation, brownfield redevelopment and urban planning, brownfield redevelopment and environmental sustainability, and brownfield redevelopment and technology. The majority of the research relates to brownfield redevelopment and environmental sustainability. This review suggests that research in brownfield redevelopment has been dominated by quantitative research, and there is a need for more comparative, theoretically oriented, and methodologically integrated research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustaining the Past and Future: Innovative Approaches to Design, Heritage and Environmental Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 5565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Ejection Demolding Process Parameters for Large Cylindrical Helical Gears After Die Forging

by Aihua Zhang, Guosheng Fei, Xiaoci Chen, Zuofa Liu, Jie Zhou, Yancheng Zhang and Jiansheng Zhang

Materials 2026, 19(10), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19102125 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

To address the critical technical issue of difficult demolding following the die forging process of large cylindrical helical gears, a systematic theoretical analysis and process parameter investigation of the demolding technique for such forgings was conducted in the present work. Firstly, a mechanical [...] Read more.

To address the critical technical issue of difficult demolding following the die forging process of large cylindrical helical gears, a systematic theoretical analysis and process parameter investigation of the demolding technique for such forgings was conducted in the present work. Firstly, a mechanical theoretical model was established for the forging ejection and demolding procedure, and the influence mechanisms of friction coefficient and ejection velocity on ejection load, effective strain, and damage characteristics of the forging were quantitatively revealed. The results indicated that an increase in friction coefficient led to a remarkable growth in frictional resistance between the forging and the tooth-profile die cavity, which consequently elevated the maximum ejection load, effective strain, and damage value of the forging synchronously. Similarly, the maximum ejection load, peak effective strain, and maximum damage value of the forging increased sharply with the rise in ejection velocity. Therefore, it was proposed that in practical industrial production, the friction coefficient should be controlled within the range of 0.25 to 0.30 by adopting suitable high-temperature lubrication measures, and a relatively low ejection velocity should be preferentially adopted to guarantee the overall quality of the forged gear. This study provided a reliable theoretical basis and technical support for engineering applications. The optimized parameters (friction coefficient 0.25–0.30 and low ejection velocity) could be directly adopted in industrial production to reduce ejection load, lower strain and damage, and stabilize the forging quality of large cylindrical helical gears in actual die forging and demolding processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Multiscale Modeling of Advanced Structural Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 17577 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Grape Seed By-Products by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FBL002 Fermentation: Multi-Omics Insights into β-Glucosidase-Mediated Polyphenol Biotransformation and Antioxidant Enhancement

by Yuan Shi, Jianhua Cheng, Litao Hu, Jialiang Lin, Yan Wang, Hao Huang, Zihao Yu, Chunlu He, Wenjie Xu, Wuxia Chen, Yichen Fan, Weikang Cui, Yuan Ban, Shaonian Chang, Haiyang Ye and Haifeng Huang

Fermentation 2026, 12(5), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation12050246 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Grape seeds are a major by-product of grape processing and a rich source of polyphenolic compounds, yet their value remains underutilized. In this study, 12 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were evaluated in a grape seed-based fermentation system to compare their tolerance, metabolic [...] Read more.

Grape seeds are a major by-product of grape processing and a rich source of polyphenolic compounds, yet their value remains underutilized. In this study, 12 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were evaluated in a grape seed-based fermentation system to compare their tolerance, metabolic performance, and ability to promote polyphenol release. Among them, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FBL002 showed the best overall performance. The strain maintained strong viability and metabolic activity at 5% grape seed concentration and released polyphenols more effectively than the other tested strains. The resulting fermentation broth also showed pronounced intracellular antioxidant activity. To clarify the basis of this phenotype, we further combined metabolomic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses. Fermentation caused substantial shifts in phenolic metabolites, characterized by a decrease in glycosylated forms and an increase in more bioactive aglycones. Genome annotation revealed an enrichment of β-glucosidase-related genes in FBL002, and transcriptomic analysis showed that these genes were markedly upregulated during fermentation. This pattern was closely associated with the enhanced release of polyphenols. Together, these findings identify β-glucosidase as a key driver of grape seed polyphenol biotransformation by FBL002 and support the sustainable, high-value use of grape seeds in functional foods and cosmetic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Metabolism, Physiology & Genetics)

26 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Neimark–Sacker Bifurcation Analysis of a Decision Delay Duopoly Model and Its Control Using Improved Impulsive Control

by Zhaohan Ge, Xuecheng Wang and Hengyu Lin

Mathematics 2026, 14(10), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14101739 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

This paper investigates the nonlinear dynamics of a decision delay duopoly model that characterizes the competitive landscape within China’s Low-Temperature Milk market. These dynamics include equilibrium points, period-doubling bifurcations, complex torus-like motions, and closed invariant curves induced by Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Then the Neimark–Sacker [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the nonlinear dynamics of a decision delay duopoly model that characterizes the competitive landscape within China’s Low-Temperature Milk market. These dynamics include equilibrium points, period-doubling bifurcations, complex torus-like motions, and closed invariant curves induced by Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Then the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation phenomenon is analyzed. Next, to further stabilize the nonlinear dynamics, an improved impulsive control strategy is introduced. Sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of the controlled system are derived using Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations demonstrate that, under appropriate impulsive control, an originally divergent system can converge to equilibrium, effectively stabilizing market profits. This research provides a theoretical reference for oligopolistic firms to optimize their marketing rhythm and for policymakers to maintain market stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nonlinear Control Theory and System Dynamics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 151 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Regulation of Nanomaterials on Crop Growth and Physiology Under Abiotic Stress

by Abolghassem Emamverdian and James Barker

Agronomy 2026, 16(10), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16100996 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Climate change and environmental degradation continue to push agriculture to adapt, with increasingly significant abiotic stresses on crop production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Nanomaterials in Crop Growth and Physiology Under Abiotic Stress)

22 pages, 4356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Engineering of Ni–C/Ni–O–C Bonds in Carbon Nanotube Composites for High-Performance Non-Enzymatic Glucose Detection in Complex Beverage Matrices

by Zhitao Yang, Xiaoben Yang, Meiwen Zhu, Ling Wu, Qianglin Li, Zheng-Hong Huang and Ming-Xi Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31101721 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

The development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors for beverage analysis remains challenging due to insufficient active sites, poor conductivity, and limited stability in complex matrices. A nickel-carbon nanotube composite (Ni/CNT−600) was synthesized via in situ solvothermal deposition followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C under [...] Read more.

The development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors for beverage analysis remains challenging due to insufficient active sites, poor conductivity, and limited stability in complex matrices. A nickel-carbon nanotube composite (Ni/CNT−600) was synthesized via in situ solvothermal deposition followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C under an inert atmosphere. The optimized Ni/CNT−600 featured uniform anchoring of Ni nanoparticles on CNTs through strong Ni–C and Ni–O–C interfacial bonds, validated by various characteristic techniques. The Ni/CNT−600 sensor exhibited exceptional sensitivity (538.48 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and an ultralow detection limit (0.003 μM) in 0.1 M NaOH at +0.65 V, surpassing many reported metal-based and enzymatic sensors. It demonstrated remarkable selectivity against key interferents (e.g., ascorbic acid, uric acid). In real beverage samples (orange juice, grape juice, cola, green tea, milk), recovery rates ranged from 95.6% to 112.8%. This work demonstrates a well-defined Ni-CNT synergistic interface that contributes to enhanced non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance, effectively addressing matrix complexity in beverages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

31 pages, 5595 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Integrated Analysis Reveals Correlative Signatures of Short-Chain PFAS Mixtures on Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Involving the TM/5-HT Pathway

by Tianao Sun, Minli Yang, Yongjie Ma, Zhanyue Zheng, Jinhao Wan, Jingxia Wei, Minglian Pan, Yingjie Zhou, Xinyu Yuan, You Li and Yan Sun

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4543; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104543 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to identify candidate molecular pathways mediating dopaminergic dysfunction induced by PFAS mixture exposure, with a focus on the TM/5-HT signaling axis and calcium-linked lipid metabolites, and to explore potential gut-brain axis involvement. Adult mice were exposed to a PFAS mixture. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify candidate molecular pathways mediating dopaminergic dysfunction induced by PFAS mixture exposure, with a focus on the TM/5-HT signaling axis and calcium-linked lipid metabolites, and to explore potential gut-brain axis involvement. Adult mice were exposed to a PFAS mixture. Behavioral tests assessed spatial memory, spontaneous activity, and motor coordination. Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses examined neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial damage, α-synuclein (α-syn), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Transcriptomics, metabolomics, and gut microbiota profiling (16S rRNA sequencing) were performed, followed by integrated multi-omics and correlation analyses. PFAS exposure was associated with PD-relevant motor and cognitive impairments, including impaired spatial memory, reduced spontaneous activity, and motor coordination deficits. Neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial structural damage, upregulation of α-syn, and downregulation of TH were observed. Transcriptomics identified 315 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in ciliary movement, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, and serotonergic synapses. Metabolomics identified 130 differentially abundant metabolites involved in arachidonic acid metabolism and serotonergic synapses. Integrated analysis highlighted correlative changes in the TM/5-HT signaling pathway. Phosphatidylinositol PI(16:0/20:2(11Z,14Z)) showed a strong positive correlation with Dbh gene expression, suggesting a candidate association between Dbh expression and phosphatidylinositol alterations. Gut microbiota analysis revealed compositional alterations (e.g., Muribaculaceae, Ileibacterium) and predicted functional shifts (e.g., tryptophan metabolism–related modules) were observed; these findings are exploratory. This study identifies multi-omics signatures associated with PFAS mixture-induced dopaminergic dysfunction in mice. The TM/5-HT pathway emerges as a candidate molecular axis requiring further investigation. Gut microbiota alterations suggest a potential peripheral component, but causality and gut-brain axis involvement remain hypothetical and need direct experimental validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 10498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Alternative Futures: Scenario-Based Land-Use and Land-Cover Projections for Nepal (2030–2050)

by Gita Bhushal and Pankaj Lal

Land 2026, 15(5), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050873 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Nepal has undergone significant land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes from 2000 to 2020, driven by urbanization, agricultural shifts, and broader socioeconomic dynamics. This study analyzes historical changes and projects LULC dynamics for 2030, 2040, and 2050 across four scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Rapid Urban [...] Read more.

Nepal has undergone significant land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes from 2000 to 2020, driven by urbanization, agricultural shifts, and broader socioeconomic dynamics. This study analyzes historical changes and projects LULC dynamics for 2030, 2040, and 2050 across four scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU), Rapid Urban Development (RUD), Forest Degradation and Terai Contraction (FDTC), and Agricultural Land Abandonment and Ecological Recovery (ALER). A CA–Markov modeling framework in TerrSet was used to simulate future land-use patterns, utilizing scenario-specific transition probability matrices and spatial constraints to reflect different socio-economic and policy assumptions. Under the BAU scenario, land-use change remains moderate, characterized by gradual urban expansion and limited forest decline. On the contrary, the RUD scenario predicts a drastic expansion of built-up areas by about 1.44 million ha, along with significant losses of cropland, bare soil, grassland, and forest, reflecting intensified development pressure. The FDTC scenario emphasizes agricultural expansion at the expense of forests, while urban growth remains limited. Conversely, the ALER scenario demonstrates strong ecological recovery driven by cropland abandonment and secondary vegetation regeneration, resulting in notable expansion of forest and other woody land. Overall, these four scenarios reveal sharply divergent land-use trajectories, ranging from rapid urban transformation to ecosystem restoration. These contrasting land-use pathways highlight the critical importance of integrated land-use policies that can proactively manage urban expansion, safeguard high-value agricultural and forest landscapes, and promote ecological restoration through incentives for agricultural land abandonment and secondary vegetation recovery, thereby ensuring long-term sustainability and climate resilience in Nepal. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1121 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing ARIMA, Holt–Winters and TimeGPT Models for Municipal Water Consumption Forecasting: Evidence from Vouzela, Portugal

by Júlio Rocha, Salviano Soares, António Valente and Filipe Cabral Pinto

Mathematics 2026, 14(10), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14101740 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

This study presents a methodology for forecasting municipal water consumption to support efficient resource management. Using monthly data from 2018 to 2022 for the municipality of Vouzela, Portugal, three forecasting approaches were evaluated: SARIMA, Holt–Winters, and TimeGPT. Data preparation included logarithmic transformation and [...] Read more.

This study presents a methodology for forecasting municipal water consumption to support efficient resource management. Using monthly data from 2018 to 2022 for the municipality of Vouzela, Portugal, three forecasting approaches were evaluated: SARIMA, Holt–Winters, and TimeGPT. Data preparation included logarithmic transformation and stationarity assessment using the KPSS test, ensuring appropriate conditions for statistical modelling. The SARIMA model was selected automatically based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), while the Holt–Winters method was fitted with additive components and a Box–Cox transformation. In addition, TimeGPT was employed as a state-of-the-art foundation model for time series forecasting. The three methods were used to predict water consumption for the 12 months of 2023, and their performance was assessed using MAE, MSE, RMSE and MAPE. Results indicate that although all methods perform adequately, Holt–Winters and TimeGPT better capture recent consumption dynamics, providing more accurate forecasts in several periods. Overall, this study shows that combining classical statistical models with advanced forecasting techniques offers local authorities reliable and computationally accessible tools to support water supply planning and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning Analysis and Application in Data Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2774 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Dielectric Spectroscopy and Operando DRIFTS Analysis of Ba-Based NO_x Storage Materials for Radio-Frequency-Based NO_x Dosimeters

by Daniela Schönauer-Kamin, Fabian Fütterer, Johanna Baumgärtner, Thomas Wöhrl, Gunter Hagen and Ralf Moos

Sensors 2026, 26(10), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26103203 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the dielectric behavior and NO_x storage properties of Pt/Ba–Al₂O₃ NO_x storage materials using microwave cavity perturbation, operando DRIFTS, and impedance spectroscopy with respect to their applicability in a radio-frequency-based NO_x dosimeter-type sensor. Dielectric losses [...] Read more.

This study investigates the dielectric behavior and NO_x storage properties of Pt/Ba–Al₂O₃ NO_x storage materials using microwave cavity perturbation, operando DRIFTS, and impedance spectroscopy with respect to their applicability in a radio-frequency-based NO_x dosimeter-type sensor. Dielectric losses (ε″) are identified as the most sensitive indicator of NO_x storage, exhibiting a clear linear correlation with both the accumulated NO_x dose and the utilization of Ba storage sites. Approximately 35% of the available Ba sites participate in nitrite and nitrate formation, and the absolute dielectric loss response increases proportionally with the Ba content of the NOx storage catalyst. In contrast, the permittivity (ε′) shows only minor changes, which are mainly influenced by temperature. Temperature-dependent experiments reveal stable NO_x storage with negligible desorption up to 350 °C, whereas pronounced desorption processes at 400 °C significantly limit the linear dosimeter behavior. Operando DRIFTS measurements on Pt/Ba–Al₂O₃ functional films confirm temperature-dependent formation of nitrites and nitrates, with nitrates dominating the NO_x storage at elevated temperatures. Capacitance measurements show a slight increase during NO_x storage, indicating a moderate increase in permittivity. Overall, Pt/Ba–Al₂O₃ NO_x storage materials exhibit a robust, quantitatively interpretable dielectric response that is well suited for radio-frequency-based, dosimeter-type NO_x sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing Technologies for Environmental Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 8093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Monocular Depth Estimation Under Crop-Resize-Induced Intrinsics Mismatch

by Huijun Kim and Deokwoo Lee

Electronics 2026, 15(10), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15102180 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Monocular metric depth estimation models increasingly incorporate camera intrinsics or learn camera-aware representations to recover physically meaningful scales. However, existing camera-aware studies have paid limited attention to a practical deployment gap: common crop, resize, and padding operations alter the image coordinate system, but [...] Read more.

Monocular metric depth estimation models increasingly incorporate camera intrinsics or learn camera-aware representations to recover physically meaningful scales. However, existing camera-aware studies have paid limited attention to a practical deployment gap: common crop, resize, and padding operations alter the image coordinate system, but inference pipelines may still pass stale camera intrinsics to the model. This image–intrinsics inconsistency produces a crop-resize-induced intrinsics mismatch, which can lead to systematic depth bias and degraded geometric consistency. We show that once preprocessing parameters are fixed, the effective intrinsics are determined by a parametric affine mapping, enabling resize-induced focal-length scaling errors and crop-induced principal-point shifts to be analyzed separately. We further distinguish this parameter-conditioned mismatch from broader calibration uncertainty caused by noisy intrinsics, noisy preprocessing metadata, or missing metadata. Based on this formulation, we introduce a controlled evaluation protocol and a lightweight Mismatch-Aware Camera Module (MACM) that combines preprocessing metadata with image-derived camera cues to condition intermediate depth features. In our ablation study, MACM with the proposed consistency loss reduces the mismatched Abs.Rel from 0.141 to 0.114 and narrows the robustness gap from 0.038 to 0.017, while preserving accuracy under matched preprocessing. These results indicate that treating the image and intrinsics as a coupled representation is essential for robust monocular metric depth estimation in practical preprocessing pipelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Digital Signal and Image Processing, Techniques, and Computations with Multidisciplinary Applications, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 1506 KB

Open AccessReview

Inhibition of Diabetes-Related Enzymes by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy

by Oana-Cristina Șeremet, Corina Andrei, Ciprian Pușcașu, Anca Zanfirescu, Georgiana Nițulescu, Cerasela-Elena Gîrd and Octavian-Tudorel Olaru

Life 2026, 16(5), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050834 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Despite the availability of pharmacological agents that effectively manage blood glucose levels, many are associated with adverse effects, limited [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Despite the availability of pharmacological agents that effectively manage blood glucose levels, many are associated with adverse effects, limited efficacy over time, and high costs. Consequently, there is growing interest in alternative therapies, especially those derived from traditional medicinal plants, that have long been employed in various cultures for managing diabetes. Recent advances in phytochemistry have identified bioactive plant secondary metabolites with promising antidiabetic properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of plant-derived compounds that exhibit inhibitory activity against key diabetes-related enzymes, including α-glucosidase, α-amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). These enzymes play critical roles in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways. The review highlights the structural diversity of these natural inhibitors, their mechanisms of action, and their effectiveness in preclinical models. Understanding the molecular interactions and pharmacological profiles of these metabolites may facilitate the development of safer and more effective antidiabetic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phytotherapeutics in Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

27 pages, 1977 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Whole Agricultural Industry Chain Development Impact Farmers’ Income? Evidence from China

by Qijun Liu, Qi Liu, Zhaonan Li and Yukun Yang

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 5107; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105107 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

In developing countries, promoting sustainable income growth for farmers is a major priority. This study constructs an evaluation index system for the whole agricultural industry chain from the perspective of synergy among the innovation chain, supply chain, value chain, and capital chain. It [...] Read more.

In developing countries, promoting sustainable income growth for farmers is a major priority. This study constructs an evaluation index system for the whole agricultural industry chain from the perspective of synergy among the innovation chain, supply chain, value chain, and capital chain. It also empirically tests the enabling mechanisms and spatial effects of the whole agricultural industry chain on farmers’ income. The entropy value method was used to measure the development level of the whole agricultural industry chain. Two-way fixed effects, mediation effects, and spatial Durbin models were applied to investigate the impacts, mechanisms, and spatial characteristics of the whole agricultural industry chain on farmers’ income. The whole agricultural industry chain significantly promotes farmers’ income growth, with the expansion of the non-agricultural employment scale and the improvement of urbanization levels serving as the main pathways through which the whole agricultural industry chain drives increases in farmers’ income. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the innovation chain and capital chain contribute the most prominent marginal effects; the effect intensity of the whole agricultural industry chain on farmers’ income presents a spatial gradient pattern of “Central > Western > Eastern”; and its income-increasing effect is more noticeable for middle- and low-income farmers, demonstrating significant pro-poor characteristics. Further analysis indicates that the whole agricultural industry chain exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on farmers’ income. Therefore, it is essential to optimize the layout of the whole agricultural industry chain, smooth the transmission channels of non-agricultural employment and urbanization, and enhance the benefit linkage mechanism targeting middle- and low-income farmers. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1210 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Photoactivatable Copper(I) Anticancer Agents: Heteroleptic Cu(I) Complexes with Functionalized Dipyridylamine Ligands

by Alondra Villegas-Menares, María Herrera-Maldonado, Iván Brito, Michelle Palacios, Sebastián Muñoz-Farias, Mario A. Faundez and Alan R. Cabrera

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050140 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of three Cu(I) complexes bearing functionalized dipyridylamine ligands and DPEphos. Structural analysis confirms a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment around the metal center. Photophysical studies in DMSO show similar absorption profiles (λ_abs ≈ 341–343 [...] Read more.

In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of three Cu(I) complexes bearing functionalized dipyridylamine ligands and DPEphos. Structural analysis confirms a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment around the metal center. Photophysical studies in DMSO show similar absorption profiles (λ_abs ≈ 341–343 nm) with ligand-centered and MLCT transitions, while emission spans the visible region (λ_emi = 410–483 nm) and is strongly influenced by ligand substitution, with the CF₃ derivative displaying a marked red shift. Emission is insensitive to oxygen and exhibits short lifetimes (τ ≈ 14.9–15.3 ns), suggesting short-lived ¹MLCT excited states. Biological evaluation in A375 melanoma cells reveals that all complexes exhibit low-micromolar cytotoxicity under dark conditions (IC₅₀ = 3.33–4.92 μM). Notably, only the CF₃-substituted complex shows a significant light-induced enhancement of activity upon irradiation at 390 nm (IC₅₀ = 1.18 μM), indicating photoactivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structural Analysis and Biological Activity of Metal Complexes)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Finer Ceramic Roof-Tile Waste Powder as a Cement Substitute on Mortar Properties

by Agus Maryoto, Nor Intang Setyo Hermanto and Voilla Oktaviani

Materials 2026, 19(10), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19102124 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has intensified interest in reusing ceramic waste as a supplementary material in cementitious systems due to its potential to reduce environmental impacts and enhance resource efficiency. Previous studies indicated that ceramic roof tile waste powder (CTP) [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable construction materials has intensified interest in reusing ceramic waste as a supplementary material in cementitious systems due to its potential to reduce environmental impacts and enhance resource efficiency. Previous studies indicated that ceramic roof tile waste powder (CTP) with a fineness value greater than that of cement did not contribute to an enhancement in the compressive strength of mortar. This study investigates CTP with a higher fineness than cement. Experimental parameters include fineness analysis, mortar flow, setting time, and compressive strength test. The instruments used are the Blaine tools for fineness testing, the flow table for mortar flow testing, the Vicat tools for setting time testing, and the Mortar Compression Machine for compressive strength testing. Mortar specimens (5 × 5 × 5 cm³) were prepared by partially replacing cement with CTP at different substitution levels. The results indicate that the addition of finely ground CTP increases mortar flow, extends setting time, and enhances compressive strength, suggesting its potential as a supplementary cementitious material in mortar applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 14892 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning and Conventional Material Decomposition Algorithms for Spectral Chest Radiography Using a CdTe Photon-Counting Detector

by Sriharsha Marupudi and Bahaa Ghammraoui

Sensors 2026, 26(10), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26103202 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Spectral chest radiography with photon-counting detectors (PCDs) enables energy-resolved acquisition for bone/soft-tissue separation, but quantitative performance depends on detector cross-talk and the selected material decomposition algorithm. We performed a controlled simulation study comparing a conventional low-order polynomial decomposition model with two machine learning [...] Read more.

Spectral chest radiography with photon-counting detectors (PCDs) enables energy-resolved acquisition for bone/soft-tissue separation, but quantitative performance depends on detector cross-talk and the selected material decomposition algorithm. We performed a controlled simulation study comparing a conventional low-order polynomial decomposition model with two machine learning regressors (multilayer perceptron (MLP) and support vector regression (SVR)) for a cadmium telluride (CdTe) PCD. A Geant4-derived detector response model, coupled with a charge-transport model, was integrated into a physics-forward model including charge sharing and Poisson quantum noise. Digital LucAl/IEC 62220-2-1 phantoms with aluminum and polymethyl methacrylate inserts were used for quantitative bias/root mean square error (RMSE) evaluation, and task-based low-contrast detectability that was evaluated using an exponential transformation of the free-response operating characteristic (EFROC) method using a matched-filter template. Performance was evaluated over clinically relevant dose levels (0.07–7.5 mAs), calibration grid densities (

3 \times 3

to

8 \times 8

), and numbers of energy thresholds (

M = 2

–6). Polynomial decomposition was stable under sparse calibration, whereas ML methods benefited strongly from denser calibration and additional thresholds; SVR achieved the lowest RMSE under dense calibration, while MLP produced smoother maps and improved soft-tissue detectability at low-to-intermediate dose. At high dose, all methods approached near-ideal detection performance. These results quantify practical trade-offs between calibration requirements, quantitative accuracy, and low-contrast detectability for PCD-based spectral chest radiography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Innovations in X-Ray Sensing and Imaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI