MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Influencing Factors of Catch-Up in Complex Product Systems: Taking the China Manned Space Engineering Application System as an Example

by Yuanyuan Chu and Li Xu

Systems 2024, 12(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100384 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the face of escalating global competition in science and technology, complex product systems (CoPS) have emerged as a significant indicator of comprehensive national strength. The exploration of the catch-up phenomenon holds substantial implications for subsequent development of CoPS. Existing CoPS research often [...] Read more.

In the face of escalating global competition in science and technology, complex product systems (CoPS) have emerged as a significant indicator of comprehensive national strength. The exploration of the catch-up phenomenon holds substantial implications for subsequent development of CoPS. Existing CoPS research often focuses on a single engineering task (such as high-speed rail) and market logic (such as the telecommunications industry), examining the catch-up phenomenon from a single or hard-power perspective. However, the China Manned Space Engineering Application System (CMSEAS), with its significant international influence and dual characteristics of scientific research and engineering development, presents a different scenario. Its market value is difficult to be reflected in a short time, making the relevance of existing research limited. This study selected CMSEAS as a case, and acquired data through interviews, internal meetings, on-site observations, official websites, archives, and other forms. Based on grounded theory, open coding, axial coding, selective coding, and a saturation test were carried out, and a catch-up model of CoPS was constructed by considering various influencing factors. The results show that the catch-up is driven by five major factors: support force is the basic condition for its gradual growth; the management system, technical capability, and human resource are interdependent and serve as the direct drivers of the catch-up; and social influence plays a significant role in propelling the catch-up indirectly. Notably, the setup of a general department, interaction among different factors, cultural soft power, and social influence serve as useful complements to previous studies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Patients with and without Facial Fractures

by Iulia Tatiana Lupascu, Sorin Hostiuc, Costin Aurelian Minoiu, Mihaela Hostiuc and Bogdan Valeriu Popa

Tomography 2024, 10(10), 1534-1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography10100113 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Facial fractures and associated traumatic brain injuries represent a worldwide public health concern. Therefore, we aimed to determine the pattern of brain injury accompanying facial fractures by comparing adult patients with and without facial fractures in terms of demographic, clinical, and imaging [...] Read more.

Objectives: Facial fractures and associated traumatic brain injuries represent a worldwide public health concern. Therefore, we aimed to determine the pattern of brain injury accompanying facial fractures by comparing adult patients with and without facial fractures in terms of demographic, clinical, and imaging features. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 492 polytrauma patients presenting at our emergency department from January 2019 to July 2023, which were divided in two groups: with facial fractures (FF) and without facial fractures (non-FF). The following data were collected: age, sex, mechanism of trauma (road traffic accident, fall, and other causes), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the evolution of the patient (admitted to a medical ward or intensive care unit, neurosurgery performed, death), and imaging features of the injury. Data were analyzed using descriptive tests, Chi-square tests, and regression analyses. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the FF group, there were 79% (n = 102) men and 21% (n = 27) women, with a mean age of 45 ± 17 years, while in the non-FF group, there were 70% (n = 253) men and 30% (n = 110) women, with a mean age 46 ± 17 years. There was a significant association between brain injuries and facial fractures (p < 0.001, AOR 1.7). The most frequent facial fracture affected the zygoma bone in 28.1% (n = 67) cases. The most frequent brain injury associated with FF was subdural hematoma 23.4% (n = 44), and in the non-FF group, the most common head injury was intraparenchymal hematoma 29% (n = 73); Conclusions: Both groups shared similarities regarding gender, age, cause of traumatic event, and outcome but had significant differences in association with brain injuries, ICU admission, and clinical status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroimaging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utility of C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, and Leukocyte Values in Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Pneumosepsis and Septic Shock

by Melek Doganci, Guler Eraslan Doganay, Hilal Sazak, Ali Alagöz, Mustafa Ozgur Cirik, Derya Hoşgün, Emine Banu Cakiroglu, Murat Yildiz, Maside Ari, Tarkan Ozdemir and Derya Kizilgoz

Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101560 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The predictive value of changes in C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and leukocyte levels, which are commonly used in the diagnosis of infection in sepsis and septic shock, remains a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The predictive value of changes in C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, and leukocyte levels, which are commonly used in the diagnosis of infection in sepsis and septic shock, remains a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of changes in CRP, procalcitonin, and leukocyte counts on the prognosis of 230 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with the diagnosis of sepsis and pneumonia-related septic shock between 1 April 2022 and 31 December 2023, and to investigate whether any of these markers have a superior predictive value over the others in forecasting prognosis. Materials and Methods: This single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional observational study included patients who developed sepsis and septic shock due to community-acquired pneumonia and were admitted to the ICU. Demographic data, 1-month and 90-day mortality rates, length of stay in the ICU, discharge to the ward or an outside facility, need for dialysis after sepsis, need for invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay and the duration of this support, whether patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock required inotropic agent support during their stay in the ICU and whether they received monotherapy or combination therapy with antibiotics during their admission to the ICU, the Comorbidity Index score (CCIS), CURB-65 score (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, BP, age ≥ 65), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) score were analyzed. Additionally, CRP, procalcitonin, and leukocyte levels were recorded, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate their effects on 1- and 3-month mortality outcomes. In all statistical analyses, a p-value of <0.05 was accepted as a significant level. Results: According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, low BMI, male gender, and high CCIS, CURB-65, and APACHE-II scores were found to be significantly associated with both 1-month and 3-month mortality (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant relationship between the first-day levels of leukocytes, CRP, and PCT and mortality, their levels on the third day were observed to be at their highest in both the 1-month and 3-month mortality cases (p < 0.05). Additionally, a concurrent increase in any two or all three of CRP, PCT, and leukocyte values was found to be higher in patients with 3-month mortality compared with those who survived (p = 0.004). Conclusions: In patients with pneumoseptic or pneumonia-related septic shock, the persistent elevation and concurrent increase in PCT, CRP, and leukocyte values, along with male gender, advanced age, low BMI, and high CCIS, CURB-65, and APACHE-II scores, were found to be significantly associated with 3-month mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Septic Shock in ICU)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Arctic Permafrost Dynamics Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Borehole Measurement in Svalbard

by Ding-Jiun Lin, Ping-Yu Chang, Ying-Lon Chen, Jordi Mahardika Puntu, Chuen-Fa Ni, Slawomir Jack Giletycz, Ireneusz Sobota, Kamil Czarnecki and Yu-Huan Chang

Water 2024, 16(19), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192707 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study utilized electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to investigate subsurface characteristics near Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station on the western Spitsbergen-Kaffiøyra Plain island in the Svalbard archipelago. Surveys along two lines, LN (148 m) collected in 2022 and 2023, and ST (40 m) [...] Read more.

This study utilized electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) to investigate subsurface characteristics near Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station on the western Spitsbergen-Kaffiøyra Plain island in the Svalbard archipelago. Surveys along two lines, LN (148 m) collected in 2022 and 2023, and ST (40 m) collected in 2023, were conducted to assess resistivity and its correlation with ground temperatures. The LN line revealed a 1- to 2-m-thick resistive unsaturated outwash sediment layer, potentially indicative of permafrost. Comparing the LN resistivity result between 2022 and 2023, a 600 Ohm.m decrease in the unsaturated active layer in 2023 was observed, attributed to a 5.8 °C temperature increase, suggesting a link to global warming. ERI along the ST line depicted resistivity, reaching its minimum at approximately 1.6 m, rising to over 200 Ohm.m at 4 m, and slightly decreasing to around 150 Ohm.m at 7 m. Temperature measurements from the ST line’s monitoring strongly confirmed that the active layer extends to around 1.6 m, with permafrost located at greater depths. Additionally, water content distribution in the ST line was estimated after temperature correction, revealing a groundwater depth of approximately 1.06 m, consistent with measurements from the S4 borehole on the ST line. This study provides valuable insights into Arctic subsurface dynamics, emphasizing the sensitivity of resistivity patterns to climate change and offering a comprehensive understanding of permafrost behavior in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Geophysical Methods for Hydrogeology—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Respiratory Activity in the Antarctic Yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa M94C9 Reveals the Presence of Respiratory Supercomplexes and Alternative Elements

by Daniel Reyes-Rosario, Juan Pablo Pardo, Guadalupe Guerra-Sánchez, Héctor Vázquez-Meza, Georgina López-Hernández, Genaro Matus-Ortega, James González, Marcelo Baeza and Lucero Romero-Aguilar

Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101931 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The respiratory activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV were analyzed in permeabilized Rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells and isolated mitochondria, and the kinetic parameters K_0.5 and V_max were obtained. No difference in substrate affinities were found between mitochondria and permeabilized cells. [...] Read more.

The respiratory activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV were analyzed in permeabilized Rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells and isolated mitochondria, and the kinetic parameters K_0.5 and V_max were obtained. No difference in substrate affinities were found between mitochondria and permeabilized cells. The activities of the components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain of the Antarctic yeast R. mucilaginosa M94C9 were identified by in-gel activity and SDS-PAGE. The mitochondria exhibited activity for the classical components of the electron transport chain (Complexes I, II, III, and IV), and supercomplexes were formed by a combination of the respiratory complexes I, III, and IV. Unfortunately, the activities of the monomeric and dimeric forms of the F1F0-ATP synthase were not revealed by the in-gel assay, but the two forms of the ATP synthase were visualized in the SDS-PAGE. Furthermore, two alternative pathways for the oxidation of cytosolic NADH were identified: the alternative NADH dehydrogenase and the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In addition, an NADPH dehydrogenase and a lactate cytochrome b2 dehydrogenase were found. The residual respiratory activity following cyanide addition suggests the presence of an alternative oxidase in cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When the Light Goes Out: Distribution and Sleeping Habitat Use of Parrotfishes at Night

by Marcos Lucena, Thiago Costa Mendes, César Augusto Marcelino Mendes Cordeiro, Moysés Cavichiloli Barbosa, Jora Batista, Linda Eggertsen, Carlos W. Hackradt and Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira

Fishes 2024, 9(10), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9100370 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Understanding the diurnal and nocturnal activity of organisms is a key topic in behavioral ecology, with implications for population structure and management strategies. In reef systems, parrotfishes play crucial roles as nominal herbivores, but overfishing has led to population collapses with detrimental effects [...] Read more.

Understanding the diurnal and nocturnal activity of organisms is a key topic in behavioral ecology, with implications for population structure and management strategies. In reef systems, parrotfishes play crucial roles as nominal herbivores, but overfishing has led to population collapses with detrimental effects on reef functions. Parrotfish are good models to study diel rhythms, as they are often easily observed while sleeping at night. We assessed the distribution, sleeping substrate selectivity and sleeping areas of parrotfishes during the night in a subtropical rocky reef of the Southwestern Atlantic. We performed replicated visual censuses (50 × 2 m) at different depths to estimate parrotfish abundance, while quantifying the structural complexity of sleeping sites. Among the seven recorded parrotfish species, we focused on the four most abundant to determine their sleeping habitat selectivity. Active telemetry was used for the two most abundant species to define their sleeping site areas and sleeping hotspots. All four species exhibited a preference for sediment as a sleeping substrate, while avoiding zoanthids. Species distribution was influenced by depth, with Scarus zelindae predominantly sleeping in high-complexity substrate at intermediate depths and Sparisoma tuiupiranga sleeping in the rock–sand interface at deeper depths. Tagged Sparisoma axillare and Sparisoma frondosum exhibited similar sleeping areas in terms of size and geographical locations; showing high site fidelity, they returned to the same sleeping sites over consecutive nights. These results represent the first assessment of parrotfish distribution and habitat use at night in the Atlantic. This information is crucial for guiding management actions, particularly in the planning of no-take zones for fishing control and population recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Transition from Child and Adolescent Bipolar Not Otherwise Specified to Bipolar I Disorder, a Longitudinal 3.9-Year Study

by María Ribeiro-Fernández, Azucena Díez-Suárez, Kiki D. Chang and Cesar A. Soutullo

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5656; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195656 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Children and adolescents with subthreshold manic symptoms not meeting full DSM criteria for bipolar I or II disorder (BP-I or BP-II) are classified as unspecified bipolar disorder (formerly bipolar not otherwise specified: BP-NOS). Factors associated with transition from BP-II or NOS to [...] Read more.

Background: Children and adolescents with subthreshold manic symptoms not meeting full DSM criteria for bipolar I or II disorder (BP-I or BP-II) are classified as unspecified bipolar disorder (formerly bipolar not otherwise specified: BP-NOS). Factors associated with transition from BP-II or NOS to BP-I may predict the progression of the disorder. Our objective is to analyze factors associated with transition to BP-I in a Spanish sample of youth with BP-NOS or BP-II. Methods: We included all youth diagnosed with BP before 18 years of age presenting to our clinic (October 1999–December 2014). We assessed clinical factors that may predict transition to BP I with a logistic regression and a multivariable model for data analysis. Results: A total of 72 patients with BP, mean (SD) age 14.5 (10.5–16.0) years, were followed for a median period of 3.9 years. In total, 95.8% of patients retained the BP diagnosis, but they changed type. Baseline BP-I % was 37.5%, and 62.5% at endpoint. BP-NOS decreased from baseline 54.2% to 25% at endpoint. The % of BP-II was 8.3% in both time points, but they were not the same individual patients, as some transitioned from BP-II to BP-I and some BP-NOS changed to BP-II. BP-NOS was stable in 46.1% of patients, but 38.5% transitioned to BP-I over time. Psychotic symptoms during prior depressive episodes (MDD) increased the risk of transition to BP-I by 11-fold. Each individual symptom of mania increased the risk of transition to BP-I by 1.41. Conclusions: BP-NOS was stable in 46.1% of patients, but 38.5% transitioned to BP-I over time. Psychotic symptoms during prior MDD episodes increased the risk of transition from BP-NOS to BP-I. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies and Translational Approach for an Early Diagnosis of Bipolar Spectrum and Hyperactive and Novelty Seeking Profiles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bisphenol F Synthesis from Formaldehyde and Phenol over Zeolite Y Extrudate Catalysts in a Catalyst Basket Reactor and a Fixed-Bed Reactor

by Yeongseo Park, Seoyeon Hwang, Seyeon Won, Yehee Kim, Sooyeon Hong, Jungyeop Lee, Simon Lee and Jong-Ki Jeon

Catalysts 2024, 14(10), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14100656 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of zeolite Y as a catalyst for producing bisphenol F (BPF) from phenol and formaldehyde. Catalyst extrudates were prepared by extrusion after adding pseudoboehmite sol (PS) and Ludox (Lu) as alumina and silica [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of zeolite Y as a catalyst for producing bisphenol F (BPF) from phenol and formaldehyde. Catalyst extrudates were prepared by extrusion after adding pseudoboehmite sol (PS) and Ludox (Lu) as alumina and silica binders, respectively. The compressive strength of the catalyst extrudates increased with the addition of Ludox. However, the formaldehyde conversion decreased as more Ludox was used as a binder, resulting in a decrease in the yield of BPF. This decrease is attributed to the reduction in the total amount of acid sites caused by the addition of Ludox. In this study, the Y_PS5_Lu5 catalyst was selected as the most suitable for BPF synthesis. In the BPF synthesis over the Y_PS5_Lu5 catalyst in a catalyst basket reactor, the optimum reaction temperature was determined to be 110 °C. The effect of stirring speed on the yield of BPF was found to be negligible in the range of 200 rpm to 350 rpm. The spent catalyst was able to recover a specific surface area and reaction activity similar to those of a fresh catalyst through regeneration in an air atmosphere at 500 °C. When the Y_PS5_Lu5 extruded catalyst was used in a continuous reaction in a fixed-bed reactor, there was no noticeable deactivation of the catalyst at low space velocities of the reactants. However, when the space velocity was increased to 18.0 h⁻¹, catalyst deactivation was clearly observed. This suggests that periodic regeneration of the catalyst is inevitable in a continuous reaction using the Y_PS5_Lu5 extruded catalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in "Industrial Catalysis" Section)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumers’ Evaluation of Vertebrates and Invertebrates through Price Premiums for Eco-Rice in Urban and Rural Japan

by Qiuran Li, Yusuke Kamimura, Yamane Nagao, Miyuki Takahashi, Xintong Zhao and Tomoko Imoto

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8281; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198281 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Balancing food production and biodiversity conservation is a big challenge around the world. Eco-friendly agriculture has the potential to overcome these challenges and achieve sustainability. Although some studies show the high valuation of flagship species (e.g., attractive birds and fish) in paddy land [...] Read more.

Balancing food production and biodiversity conservation is a big challenge around the world. Eco-friendly agriculture has the potential to overcome these challenges and achieve sustainability. Although some studies show the high valuation of flagship species (e.g., attractive birds and fish) in paddy land where eco-friendly rice is cultivated, limited research has been performed concerning non-specific species such as generalists inhabiting rice paddies that also contribute to agro-biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore, this study assesses the valuation of non-flagship vertebrates and invertebrates by applying a choice experiment to vertebrate- and invertebrate-friendly rice. To understand the spatial/regional heterogeneity of the valuation, a questionnaire survey was distributed to both urban and rural citizens in Japan. Our results demonstrated that almost all respondents expressed a desire to protect both vertebrates and invertebrates, with more appreciation for vertebrates than for invertebrates. The analysis also found regional heterogeneity between urban and rural areas in terms of vertebrate and invertebrate evaluations and purchasing intentions. Our findings indicate marketing potential in Japan to promote eco-friendly rice production in relation to vertebrate and invertebrate conservation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Business Models: An Empirical Analysis of Environmental Sustainability in Leading Manufacturing Companies

by Patrizia Gazzola, Carlo Drago, Enrica Pavione and Noemi Pignoni

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8282; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198282 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study thoroughly investigates the role of sustainable business models in enhancing environmental sustainability in leading manufacturing companies. Guided by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we empirically analyse the integration of sustainability goals into corporate strategies. This study identifies sustainable business [...] Read more.

This study thoroughly investigates the role of sustainable business models in enhancing environmental sustainability in leading manufacturing companies. Guided by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we empirically analyse the integration of sustainability goals into corporate strategies. This study identifies sustainable business models based on an analysis of the sustainability reports published on the website, examining the strategies and action plans declared by 30 companies that are leaders in the sustainability industry, according to their Dow Jones Sustainability Index World (DJSI World) and S&P Global ESG Scores. The strategies considered are aligned with the following specific sustainability development goals: 6 (water security); 7 (renewable energy); 12 (responsible consumption and production); and 13 (climate action). The dataset contains several variables, each reflecting a particular facet of a company’s environmental sustainability, as follows: energy consumption; greenhouse gas emissions; waste management strategies; and water conservation initiatives. We use a multidimensional data analysis technique called multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). After using MCA, we use a hierarchical clustering algorithm with the aim of classifying the different companies. Our findings underscore the presence of seven clusters of companies. Compared to the well-established literature on the topic of sustainable business, the innovative contribution of this study is linked to the identification of reaction time as a strategic variable explaining the different sustainable business models. The study makes it clear that the different business models are linked to reaction time to strategic alignment with environmental objectives. The country in which the company is based is also important. This study provides practical insights for companies aiming to align their practices with SDGs. In fact, the time variable provides important information in this regard and makes it possible to identify different approaches to sustainability as well as strong and weak sustainable business models; the former are characterised by a medium long-term strategic orientation towards environmental sustainability, which can be interpreted as the desire to undertake more solid and structured environmental sustainability strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Purchasing Sustainably Produced Wines by Italian Wine Consumers

by Jeff Gow, Daniel Moscovici, Rezwanul Rana, Azzurra Rinaldi, Adeline Alonso Ugaglia, Lionel Valenzuela, Radu Mihailescu and Rezwanul Haque

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8283; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198283 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to determine which factors influence the willingness of Italian wine consumers to purchase and pay a premium for sustainably produced wine. Data from 522 Italian consumers were collected using an online convenience sampling method to capture their [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to determine which factors influence the willingness of Italian wine consumers to purchase and pay a premium for sustainably produced wine. Data from 522 Italian consumers were collected using an online convenience sampling method to capture their attitudes and knowledge towards sustainably produced wine. Respondent socio-demographic characteristics were analysed using descriptive statistics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine whether the willingness to pay a premium for sustainably produced wines differs significantly based on past environmental related purchasing behaviour and socio-demographic characteristics. The main determinants of Italian consumers’ purchases of sustainably produced wine are wine knowledge, age, previously having bought sustainably produced goods, previously having bought sustainably produced wine, and the price of wine. Income, education, or gender did not positively influence willingness to pay a premium value for sustainably produced wines. This study produced surprising results. Consumers in Italy are buying foods that are sustainably certified and over 60% would be willing to buy a sustainable wine, in theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of Osteopontin-a and Osteopontin-c Splice Variants Are Worse Prognostic Features in Colorectal Cancer

by Daniella Mattos, Murilo Rocha, Josiane Tessmann, Luciana Ferreira and Etel Gimba

Diagnostics 2024, 14(19), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14192108 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological and pathological processes, and its aberrant expression in cancer cells is closely linked to tumor progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), OPN is overexpressed, but the roles of its splice variants (OPN-SVs), OPNa, [...] Read more.

Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological and pathological processes, and its aberrant expression in cancer cells is closely linked to tumor progression. In colorectal cancer (CRC), OPN is overexpressed, but the roles of its splice variants (OPN-SVs), OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc, are not well understood. This study aimed to characterize the expression patterns of OPN-SVs and their potential diagnostic and prognostic implications in CRC using transcriptomic data deposited in TSVdb and TCGA. Methods: The expression patterns of each OPN-SV were analyzed using transcriptomic data deposited in TSVdb and TCGA, which were correlated to patient data available at cBioPortal. Results: Bioinformatic analysis revealed that OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc are overexpressed in CRC samples compared to non-tumor samples. Notably, OPNa and OPNc are overexpressed in CRC stages (II, III, and IV) compared to stage I. Higher levels of OPNa and OPNc transcripts are associated with worse overall survival (OS) and shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in CRC patients. Additionally, the expression of OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc is correlated with BRAFV600E mutations in CRC samples. Conclusions: These findings suggest that OPNa and OPNc, in particular, have potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, paving the way for their further evaluation in CRC diagnosis and prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Diseases—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessReview

Update on the Role of β2AR and TRPV1 in Respiratory Diseases

by Sara Manti, Antonella Gambadauro, Francesca Galletta, Paolo Ruggeri and Giovanni Piedimonte

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910234 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Respiratory diseases (RDs) constitute a common public health problem both in industrialized and developing countries. The comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions and the development of new therapeutic strategies are critical for improving the quality of life of affected patients. β2-adrenergic [...] Read more.

Respiratory diseases (RDs) constitute a common public health problem both in industrialized and developing countries. The comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions and the development of new therapeutic strategies are critical for improving the quality of life of affected patients. β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are both involved in physiological responses in the airways. β2AR is implicated in bronchodilation, mucociliary clearance, and anti-inflammatory effects, while TRPV1 is involved in the mediation of pain and cough reflexes. In RDs, such as respiratory infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis, the concentration and expression of these receptors can be altered, leading to significant consequences. In this review, we provided an update on the literature about the role of β2AR and TRPV1 in these conditions. We reported how the diminished or defective expression of β2AR during viral infections or prolonged therapy with β2-agonists can increase the severity of these pathologies and impact the prognosis. Conversely, the role of TRPV1 was pivotal in neuroinflammation, and its modulation could lead to innovative treatment strategies in specific patients. We indicate future perspectives and potential personalized treatments in RDs through a comprehensive analysis of the roles of these receptors in the physiological and pathological mechanisms of these pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue TRP Channels in Physiology and Pathophysiology 2.0)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reconfigurable, Nonlinear, Low-Power, VCO-Based ADC for Neural Recording Applications

by Reza Shokri, Yarallah Koolivand, Omid Shoaei, Daniele D. Caviglia and Orazio Aiello

Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6161; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196161 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Neural recording systems play a crucial role in comprehending the intricacies of the brain and advancing treatments for neurological disorders. Within these systems, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) serves as a fundamental component, converting the electrical signals from the brain into digital data that [...] Read more.

Neural recording systems play a crucial role in comprehending the intricacies of the brain and advancing treatments for neurological disorders. Within these systems, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) serves as a fundamental component, converting the electrical signals from the brain into digital data that can be further processed and analyzed by computing units. This research introduces a novel nonlinear ADC designed specifically for spike sorting in biomedical applications. Employing MOSFET varactors and voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), this ADC exploits the nonlinear capacitance properties of MOSFET varactors, achieving a parabolic quantization function that digitizes the noise with low resolution and the spikes with high resolution, effectively suppressing the background noise present in biomedical signals. This research aims to develop a reconfigurable, nonlinear voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based ADC, specifically designed for implantable neural recording systems used in neuroprosthetics and brain–machine interfaces. The proposed design enhances the signal-to-noise ratio and reduces power consumption, making it more efficient for real-time neural data processing. By improving the performance and energy efficiency of these devices, the research contributes to the development of more reliable medical technologies for monitoring and treating neurological disorders. The quantization step of the ADC spans from 44.8 mV in the low-amplitude range to 1.4 mV in the high-amplitude range. The circuit was designed and simulated utilizing a 180 nm CMOS process; however, no physical prototype has been fabricated at this stage. Post-layout simulations confirm the expected performance. Occupying a silicon area is 0.09 mm². Operating at a sampling frequency of 16 kS/s and a supply voltage of 1 volt, this ADC consumes 62.4 µW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CMOS Integrated Circuits for Sensor Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 177 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Plant Taxonomy, Systematics and Phylogeography

by Jacek Urbaniak and Paweł Kwiatkowski

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192670 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Plant taxonomy and phylogeny deal with very important problems related to the genetic diversity of populations found in different geographical regions, trying to present the variability of these populations but also to explain their origin. For this reason, such studies examining the conditioned [...] Read more.

Plant taxonomy and phylogeny deal with very important problems related to the genetic diversity of populations found in different geographical regions, trying to present the variability of these populations but also to explain their origin. For this reason, such studies examining the conditioned diversity of plant populations were the subject of this Special Issue (SI) of the journal Plants. This SI contains ten original articles and one review article concerning phylogeography and related sciences, i.e., biogeography, taxonomy, and systematics, as well as the genetic variability that lies at the basis of these sciences. The articles included in the SI cover a wide range of topics, including the phylogeny and taxonomy of mosses, taxonomy and hybridization and phylogeny of the genus Chery, genetic diversity and phylogeography of fern, including relict species from the Macronesia area, taxonomy of the genus Aconitum, a species of orchid new to the Romanian flora, but also a proposal for a new phylogeographic division in Gansu Province (China) and a review of the role of the Hercynian Mountains in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)

16 pages, 2331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Title Changes in Plasma Levels of Selected Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) Enzymes in Patients with Osgood–Schlatter Disease (OSD)

by Monika Kulesza, Tomasz Guszczyn, Aleksandra Kicman and Sławomir Ławicki

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5655; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195655 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Osgood–Schlatter disease (OSD) belongs to the group of sterile bone necrosis and mainly affects athletically active children. The pathogenesis of OSD is currently not fully understood, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected matrix metalloproteinases [...] Read more.

Background: Osgood–Schlatter disease (OSD) belongs to the group of sterile bone necrosis and mainly affects athletically active children. The pathogenesis of OSD is currently not fully understood, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)—MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10 and MMP-26 in patients diagnosed with OSD compared to patients with diseases other than sterile bone necrosis Methods: The study group included 140 patients with OSD, while the control group contained 100 patients with knee pain unrelated to sterile bone necrosis. The MMPs tested were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in plasma. Results: Patients with OSD had higher concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 compared to the control group. The concentrations of MMP-7, MMP-10 and MMP-26 were lower in affected children. High values of diagnostic parameters—diagnostic accuracy (AC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP) and area under curve (AUC)—were obtained for MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-26. Conclusions: The collected results convince that MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-26 can be consider as a differential ancillary test between OSD and other knee pain and may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association between Hyperactivity and Suicidal Behavior and Attempts among Children Referred from Emergency Departments

by Oren Shahnovsky, Alan Apter and Shira Barzilay

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14(10), 2616-2627; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14100172 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The global prevalence of suicidal behaviors in children is rising, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proposed as a contributing factor. This study examines the association between ADHD facets (hyperactivity and inattention) and suicidal behavior and attempts in children. Additionally, it seeks to compare [...] Read more.

The global prevalence of suicidal behaviors in children is rising, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proposed as a contributing factor. This study examines the association between ADHD facets (hyperactivity and inattention) and suicidal behavior and attempts in children. Additionally, it seeks to compare self-reported ADHD symptoms and suicide-related incidents with parental reports. A cohort of 71 children referred from emergency departments due to suicidal thoughts and behaviors completed self- and parental report questionnaires. The results revealed that elevated hyperactivity scores, surpassing the ADHD diagnosis threshold, were significantly associated with increased rates of suicidal behavior. Hyperactivity demonstrated a stronger association with lifetime suicide attempts compared to inattention. Moreover, children’s self-reported ADHD symptoms exhibited a stronger correlation with suicide attempts than parental reports. This study highlights the critical role of hyperactivity in understanding suicidal behaviors among children with ADHD. It underscores the importance of considering hyperactivity-related symptoms in assessment and treatment approaches for suicidal behavior in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Research in Clinical and Health Contexts)

18 pages, 3949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Soybean Growth and the Associated Ion Balance, Nutrient Accumulation, and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community When Intercropped with Suaeda salsa in Saline Soils

by Shiqi Wang, Jinbiao Liu, Yalan Liu and Changyan Tian

Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102181 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Halophyte-based desalinization is emerging as a promising technology for saline agriculture. However, few studies have integrated halophytes into intercropping systems. This study investigated Suaeda salsa and soybean intercropping and the associated mechanisms, including changes in salt, nutrients, and bacterial communities at three salt [...] Read more.

Halophyte-based desalinization is emerging as a promising technology for saline agriculture. However, few studies have integrated halophytes into intercropping systems. This study investigated Suaeda salsa and soybean intercropping and the associated mechanisms, including changes in salt, nutrients, and bacterial communities at three salt treatments (control, 3‰, and 5‰). The results showed that regardless of salt treatment, soybean biomass and P content significantly increased in intercropping compared with monocropping, by an average of 32% and 51%, respectively (p < 0.05), indicating interspecific facilitation. Under 5‰ salt, soybean mortality decreased from 37% in monocropping to 10% in intercropping, and shoot Na decreased by over 60% in intercropping; the rhizosphere Na⁺, Cl⁻, and NO₃⁻–N decreased in intercropping by over 75% compared with monocropping, and the response ratios correlated negatively with S. salsa biomass (p < 0.01). The soybean rhizosphere bacterial community in intercropping was enriched with the genera Sphingomonas, Salinimicrobium, Lysobacter, Allorhizobium–Neorhizobium–Pararhizobium–Rhizobium, and Ramlibacter, and the bacterial co-occurrence network exhibited increases in the number of nodes and edges, average degree, and average clustering coefficient. Considering the combined effects, the soybean biomass of intercropping correlated positively with bacterial co-occurrence network parameters, including average degree and number of edges, independent of tissue salt and nutrient content, and that of monocropping correlated negatively with tissue salt content. These results demonstrate that S. salsa intercropping could alleviate salt stress in soybean by creating a low-salt environment and improving its nutrient accumulation and rhizosphere bacterial community, and emphasize the importance of microbial communities in influencing soybean growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessReview

Receptor-Based Strategies for Overcoming Resistance in Cancer Therapy

by Naresh Sah, Abdul Althaf Shaik, Ganesh Acharya, Manikantha Dunna, Ashok Silwal, Sejal Sharma, Sabiha Khan and Sounak Bagchi

Receptors 2024, 3(4), 425-443; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3040021 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This review article explores the fundamental role of receptor targeting in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, an area of critical concern given the persistently high rates of cancer morbidity and mortality globally. We highlight how receptor biology intersects with the development of [...] Read more.

This review article explores the fundamental role of receptor targeting in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, an area of critical concern given the persistently high rates of cancer morbidity and mortality globally. We highlight how receptor biology intersects with the development of therapeutic resistance with a specific focus on anti-angiogenic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, which directly or indirectly influence receptor pathways. We also explore how other receptor tyrosine kinases can initially suppress tumor growth, yet often lead to resistance, underscoring the need for novel combinatorial approaches that incorporate advanced receptor modulation techniques. Further, the review delves into the mechanisms by which modulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune system via receptor pathways can overcome resistance to traditional immunotherapies. Additionally, emerging technologies in receptor-targeted nanomedicine are also highlighted, showcasing their potential to revolutionize drug delivery and improve therapeutic outcomes by targeting specific receptor interactions. Ultimately, this review calls for a deeper understanding of receptor dynamics to develop more precise interventions, including insights from various healthcare settings that can prevent or circumvent drug resistance, thus enhancing patient outcomes in oncology. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Challenges and Leveraging Technology: Experiences of Child Welfare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Sarah Maiter, Daniel Kikulwe, Uzma Danish, Peyton Drynan and Mykayla Blackman

Societies 2024, 14(10), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14100193 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This qualitative study explores the experiences of child welfare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic through virtual interviews, focusing on the challenges and adaptations in their work and support systems. Participants reported significant difficulties in maintaining a healthy work–life balance, heightened stress, anxiety, and [...] Read more.

This qualitative study explores the experiences of child welfare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic through virtual interviews, focusing on the challenges and adaptations in their work and support systems. Participants reported significant difficulties in maintaining a healthy work–life balance, heightened stress, anxiety, and increased workloads due to sick leaves and burnout. This study highlights the dual role of technology as both a stressor and a crucial tool, with rapid integration posing challenges while also enabling continued support for children and families. Despite these challenges, workers demonstrated resilience and creativity, developing innovative solutions to navigate the new landscape. The findings underscore the importance of robust support systems, clear communication, and equitable access to technology. This study suggests integrating lessons learned during the pandemic into future child welfare practices to enhance resilience and adaptability in the face of future crises. Full article

20 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessReview

Significance of Immune and Non-Immune Cell Stroma as a Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma—From Inflammation to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression

by Jacek Baj, Magdalena Kołodziej, Joanna Kobak, Jacek Januszewski, Kinga Syty, Piero Portincasa and Alicja Forma

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910233 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer as well as the most prevalent cause of death in the adult patient population with cirrhosis. The occurrence of HCC is primarily caused by chronic liver inflammation that might occur because of a viral [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer as well as the most prevalent cause of death in the adult patient population with cirrhosis. The occurrence of HCC is primarily caused by chronic liver inflammation that might occur because of a viral infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or various lifestyle-associated factors. The objective of this review was to summarize the current knowledge regarding the microenvironment of HCC, indicating how immune- and non-immune-cell stroma might affect the onset and progression of HCC. Therefore, in the following narrative review, we described the role of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, bone-marrow-derived cells, tumor-associated mast cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, liver-sinusoidal endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and certain cytokines in liver inflammation and the further progression to HCC. A better understanding of the HCC microenvironment might be crucial to introducing novel treatment strategies or combined therapies that could lead to more effective clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermomechanical Assessment of Recovered PA12 Powders with Basalt Filler for Automotive Components

by Francesco Napolitano, Ilaria Papa, Francesca Cimino, Valentina Lopresto and Pietro Russo

Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192682 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Additive manufacturing processes allow for precise and efficient production, but it is estimated that one-third of the materials used results in waste. Further improvement in a sustainable perspective could come from the ability to manage these scraps and from the exploration of different [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing processes allow for precise and efficient production, but it is estimated that one-third of the materials used results in waste. Further improvement in a sustainable perspective could come from the ability to manage these scraps and from the exploration of different routes for recovery and reuse. The Selective Laser Sintering process is particularly sensitive to this issue due to the waste ratio which can reach a very high quantity of not-sintered virgin powders. In this research study, recovered PA12 powders, preliminarily characterized through thermal and mechanical analysis, were mixed with 15% basalt powder to improve their aspect and thermomechanical resistance. The influence of basalt powder (BP) on mechanical properties as well as on the thermal stability of polyamide12 (PA12) powder composites was investigated. A study conducted on mechanical properties showed that polymeric composites’ stiffness and hardness were influenced by adding filler, thus improving mechanical parameters. On the other hand, the application of thermogravimetric analysis allowed us to determine the composite’s thermal stability. The objective is to obtain a recovered fully biobased material that could be used to substitute the petroleum-derived polymeric ones currently employed in the production of interiors and shells in the automotive sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Fiber Reinforcements: Synthesis, Structure, Characterization and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Based Differences in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Retrospective Analysis of Two Large US-Based Cancer Databases

by Kalyan Ratnakaram, Sai Yendamuri, Adrienne Groman and Sukumar Kalvapudi

Cancers 2024, 16(19), 3244; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16193244 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has seen a relative rise in incidence among females versus males in recent years, although males still have a higher overall incidence. However, it is unclear whether this trend is consistent across all populations. Therefore, we retrospectively [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has seen a relative rise in incidence among females versus males in recent years, although males still have a higher overall incidence. However, it is unclear whether this trend is consistent across all populations. Therefore, we retrospectively examined this relationship in two large high-risk clinical cohorts. Methods: First, we analyzed lung cancer incidence among individuals with a smoking history of over 40 pack-years in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). Then, we investigated the incidence of second primary NSCLC in patients who underwent lobectomy for previous stage I lung cancer using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We performed both univariate and multivariable time-to-event analyses to investigate the relationship between sex and lung cancer incidence. Results: In the NLST cohort (n = 37,627), females had a higher risk of developing primary NSCLC than males (HR = 1.11 [1.007–1.222], p = 0.035) after adjusting for age and pack-year history. In the SEER cohort (n = 19,327), females again exhibited an increased risk of developing a second primary lung cancer (HR = 1.138 [1.02–1.269], p = 0.021), after adjusting for age, race, grade, and histology. Conclusions: Our analysis reveals that females have a modestly higher lung cancer incidence than males in high-risk populations. These findings underscore the importance of further researching the underlying cellular processes that may cause sex-specific differences in lung cancer incidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Lung Cancer Surgical Treatment and Prognosis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 14826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feed Drive Control and Non-Linear Friction Interaction Effect on Machining Chatter Stability Prediction

by Oier Franco, Xavier Beudaert, Kaan Erkorkmaz and Jokin Munoa

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(5), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8050207 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In large-scale machine tool applications, the presence of low structural natural frequencies limits the cutting capabilities of the machine. The machine tool joints interact with the structural mode shapes, hence, the feed drive system characteristics can significantly influence the resultant dynamics at the [...] Read more.

In large-scale machine tool applications, the presence of low structural natural frequencies limits the cutting capabilities of the machine. The machine tool joints interact with the structural mode shapes, hence, the feed drive system characteristics can significantly influence the resultant dynamics at the cutting point. This paper investigates the effect of guideway non-linear friction and feed drive motion control parameters on chatter stability predictions. Field experimentation on seven machines reveals substantial differences between in-motion and idle dynamics, leading to errors in traditional process stability predictions. By using a one-degree-of-freedom model that incorporates non-linear friction and controller forces together with motion commands, the effect of axis motion on machine tool dynamics is analyzed. Later, the feed and force non-linearities are studied in a large-scale machine tool using traditional and alternative dynamic characterization techniques. The findings demonstrate that both feed and force non-linearities influence the frequency response functions at the cutting points, ultimately affecting the accuracy of process stability predictions. Proper selection of feed drive control parameters reduces the cutting point compliance, improving machine tool productivity by up to 50%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics and Machining Stability for Flexible Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI