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Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography
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Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 14974

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jacek Urbaniak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
Interests: plants; molecular; taxonomy; algae; AFLP; ISSR; cpdna; Phylogeny; systematics; phylogeography
Dr. Paweł Kwiatkowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, PL-40-032 Katowice, Poland
Interests: identification of floral relicts using spatial metrics of isolation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeography are all sciences that complement each other and are disciplines that aim to study and classify the variability of taxa as well as their distribution. The foundations of taxonomy and systematics were described by Carl Linnaeus and published in Species Plantarum in 1753. In this work, in addition to the basic principles that govern taxonomy and systematics to this day, Linnaeus published a list of all known plant species at the present time, classifying them into species and genera.

However, since then, there have been great developments in biological sciences, in which the classification uses not only the morphological features of plants and the observed phenotypic variability, but also a lot of important information from other fields of biology, such as cytology, ecology, phytogeography, or plant physiology.In recent years, genetics along with widely used molecular research and phylogenetic analyses provide completely new data, strengthening the old view or changing the existing view on the systematics and taxonomy of groups of plant organisms. Thus, phylogeography developed, which, in addition to the traditional biological knowledge of classifications, studies the processes that have contributed to the present geographical distribution of taxa and taxonomic groups on Earth.

Therefore, in this Special Issue, articles (original research papers, perspectives, hypotheses, opinions, reviews, modeling approaches, and methods) will focus on the study of plant taxonomy, systematics, phylogeography, and various other aspects relating to this topic. We would like to invite the participation of anyone with knowledge on these areas of plant biology.

Dr. Jacek Urbaniak
Dr. Paweł Kwiatkowski
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • biogeography
  • phylogeny
  • molecular analysis
  • phylogeography
  • plants
  • species
  • systematic
  • taxonomy

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

26 pages, 28047 KiB  
Article
A Synopsis of Dicranum Hedw. (Dicranaceae, Bryophyta) in China, with Special References to Four Species Newly Reported and Re-Evaluation of Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga
by Wen-Zhuan Huang, Chao Shen, Hao Xu, Lei Shu, Mamtimin Sulayman, Yu-Huan Wu and Rui-Liang Zhu
Plants 2024, 13(13), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131759 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 971
Abstract
Dicranum Hedw. is a highly diverse and widely distributed genus within Dicranaceae. The species diversity and distribution of this genus in China, however, remain not well known. A new revision of Dicranum in China using morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods confirms that China [...] Read more.
Dicranum Hedw. is a highly diverse and widely distributed genus within Dicranaceae. The species diversity and distribution of this genus in China, however, remain not well known. A new revision of Dicranum in China using morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods confirms that China has 39 species, including four newly reported species, D. bardunovii Tubanova & Ignatova, D. dispersum Engelmark, D. schljakovii Ignatova & Tubanova, and D. spadiceum J.E.Zetterst. Dicranum psathyrum Klazenga is transferred to Dicranoloma (Renauld) Renauld as a new synonym of Dicranoloma fragile Broth. Two species, Dicranum brevifolium (Lindb.) Lindb. and D. viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. are excluded from the bryoflora of China. A key to the Chinese Dicranum species is also provided. These results indicate an underestimation of the distribution range of numerous Dicranum species, underscoring the need for further in-depth investigations into the worldwide Dicranum diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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27 pages, 13539 KiB  
Article
Genetic Diversity and Phylogeography of the Relict Tree Fern Culcita macrocarpa: Influence of Clonality and Breeding System on Genetic Variation
by Víctor N. Suárez-Santiago, Jim Provan, Ana Teresa Romero-García and Samira Ben-Menni Schuler
Plants 2024, 13(12), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121587 - 7 Jun 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
The tree fern Culcita macrocarpa, a threatened Iberian–Macaronesian endemism, represents the sole European species of the order Cyatheales. Considered a Tertiary relict of European Palaeotropical flora, its evolutionary history and genetic diversity, potentially influenced by presumed high clonal propagation, remain largely unknown. [...] Read more.
The tree fern Culcita macrocarpa, a threatened Iberian–Macaronesian endemism, represents the sole European species of the order Cyatheales. Considered a Tertiary relict of European Palaeotropical flora, its evolutionary history and genetic diversity, potentially influenced by presumed high clonal propagation, remain largely unknown. This study elucidates the phylogeographic history of C. macrocarpa, assessing the impact of vegetative reproduction on population dynamics and genetic variability. We provide genetic data from eight newly identified nuclear microsatellite loci and one plastid DNA region for 17 populations spanning the species’ range, together with species distribution modeling data. Microsatellites reveal pervasive clonality in C. macrocarpa, which has varied among populations. We assess the impact of clonality on genetic diversity and evaluate how estimates of intra-population genetic diversity indices and genetic structuring are affected by the chosen definition of “individual” (focusing exclusively on genetically distinct individuals, genets, as opposed to considering all independent clonal replicates, ramets). We identify two main population groups, one in the northern Iberian Peninsula and the other in the Macaronesian archipelagos and southern Iberian Peninsula. Within each group, we found relict populations (in the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice) as well as recent originated populations. This population structure suggests colonization dynamics in which recent populations originated from one or a few genets of relict populations and became established through intra-gametophytic self-fertilization and vegetative expansion. DAPC analysis facilitated the identification of alleles that most significantly contributed to the observed population structure. The current Andalusian populations appear to have originated from colonization events from the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice. Our findings suggest that C. macrocarpa persisted through the Last Glacial Maximum in two refugia: the Azores and the Cantabrian Cornice. Colonization into new areas occurred presumably from these refuges, generating two large population groups with structured genetic diversity. This study underscores the significance of clonality in establishing new populations and shaping genetic structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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45 pages, 5852 KiB  
Article
Gymnadenia winkeliana—A New Orchid Species to Romanian Flora
by Nora E. Anghelescu, Lori Balogh, Mihaela Balogh, Nicoleta Kigyossy, Mihaela I. Georgescu, Sorina A. Petra, Florin Toma and Adrian G. Peticila
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101363 - 14 May 2024
Viewed by 1250
Abstract
A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located in the Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations of Gymnadenia winkeliana, totalling 120–140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting the alpine grasslands of the park, [...] Read more.
A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located in the Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations of Gymnadenia winkeliana, totalling 120–140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting the alpine grasslands of the park, situated 2.000 m above sea level. To describe this newly found population as comprehensively as possible, 44 vegetative and floral organs/organ parts were directly studied and measured from living plants. Special attention was focused on the characteristics that proved to have taxonomic significance, particularly those involving distinctive details in the morphology of the leaves, perianth, labellum and gynostemium. A total of 223 characteristics were analysed encompassing the morphology of every organ of the plant, cytology and breeding system. Furthermore, comprehensive taxonomic treatment and description, accompanied by colour photographs illustrating the holotype, are provided. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest (USAMVB Herbarium barcode: 40102, NEA); Gymnadenia winkeliana, a (micro)endemic species, is characterized as a putative allogamous, facultatively apomict that significantly differs from other Gymnadenia R.Br. species found in Romania. Notably, it distinguishes itself through its smaller habitus (reaching heights of up to 8–10 cm), its two-coloured, rounded/hemispherical inflorescence displaying a gradient of pink hues in an acropetal fashion (ranging from whitish-pink at the base to vivid-pink at the topmost flowers), and its limited distribution in high-altitude areas, encompassing approximately 8–10 km2 in the central area of the Bucegi Natural Park. This species has been under observation since 2005, with observed population numbers showing a significant increase over time, from ca. 50–55 (counted at the time of its discovery) to 120–140 individuals (counted in June 2023). Additionally, comprehensive information regarding the habitat, ecology, phenology and IUCN conservation assessments of Gymnadenia winkeliana are provided, including maps illustrating its distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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13 pages, 2065 KiB  
Article
Species Identification and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Medicinal Plants Aconitum pendulum Busch and Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz.
by Jing Sun, Qing Sun, Xin Li, Wenjing Li, Yi Li, Yubi Zhou and Yanping Hu
Plants 2024, 13(6), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13060885 - 19 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1221
Abstract
The classification system for the genus Aconitum is highly complex. It is also the subject of ongoing debate. Aconitum pendulum Busch and Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz. are perennial herbs of the genus Aconitum. Dried roots of these two plants are used in traditional [...] Read more.
The classification system for the genus Aconitum is highly complex. It is also the subject of ongoing debate. Aconitum pendulum Busch and Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz. are perennial herbs of the genus Aconitum. Dried roots of these two plants are used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, morphological observations and ISSR molecular markers were employed to discriminate between A. flavum and A. pendulum, with the objective of gaining insights into the interspecies classification of Aconitum. The pubescence on the inflorescence of A. flavum was found to be appressed, while that on the inflorescence of A. pendulum was spread. UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average) cluster analysis, PCoA (principal coordinates analysis), and Bayesian structural analysis divided the 199 individuals (99 individuals from DWM population and 100 individuals from QHL population) into two main branches, which is consistent with the observations of the morphology of pubescence on the inflorescence. These analyses indicated that A. flavum and A. pendulum are distinct species. No diagnostic bands were found between the two species. Two primer combinations (UBC808 and UBC853) were ultimately selected for species identification of A. flavum and A. pendulum. This study revealed high levels of genetic diversity in both A. flavum (He = 0.254, I = 0.395, PPB = 95.85%) and A. pendulum (He = 0.291, I = 0.445, PPB = 94.58%). We may say, therefore, that ISSR molecular markers are useful for distinguishing A. flavum and A. pendulum, and they are also suitable for revealing genetic diversity and population structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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29 pages, 13527 KiB  
Article
Integrative Taxonomy Reveals Hidden Diversity in the Aloina catillum Complex (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)
by María J. Cano, Juan A. Jiménez, Mónica Martínez, Lars Hedenäs, M. Teresa Gallego, Omar Rodríguez and Juan Guerra
Plants 2024, 13(3), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030445 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1226
Abstract
Aloina catillum is a variable moss typical of xerophytic environments in the Neotropics, characterized against other closely allied Aloina species with well-differentiated leaf border by its setae twisted to the left throughout. In order to clarify its variability and its relationships with the [...] Read more.
Aloina catillum is a variable moss typical of xerophytic environments in the Neotropics, characterized against other closely allied Aloina species with well-differentiated leaf border by its setae twisted to the left throughout. In order to clarify its variability and its relationships with the allied species with differentiated leaf border A. brevirostris, A. obliquifolia, and A. rigida, we performed an integrative study including sequence data from four markers (nuclear ITS, plastid atpB-rbcL, trnG, trnL-F), morphometry, and species assembling by automatic partitioning (ASAP) algorithm. Our data suggest that A. catillum consists of at least three species: A. calceolifolia (an earlier name for A. catillum), and two species described here as a new, A. bracteata sp. nov. and A. limbata sp. nov. This latter species includes the specimens previously identified as A. obliquifolia from South America. Additionally, some morphological and molecular variability was also detected in A. limbata, but was not consistent enough to be recognized taxonomically. The study supports the presence of A. brevirostris in the Neotropics and A. rigida is tentatively excluded from South America. Full descriptions of the A. catillum s.l. species and a diagnostic key to this complex in South America are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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23 pages, 150848 KiB  
Article
The Position of Lophozia dubia (Lophoziaceae, Marchantiophyta) in the Phylogenetic System of Lophozia and the Distribution of Lophozia in Southeast Eurasia, Extending to Indonesia
by Vadim A. Bakalin, Yulia D. Maltseva and Aleksey V. Troitsky
Plants 2024, 13(3), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030367 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Lophozia pallida, the commonly used name for a rare and little-known Sino-Himalayan species, was found to be a synonym of Lophozia dubia, a forgotten and previously misinterpreted species known in Indonesia. A comparative study of herbarium materials and our collections made [...] Read more.
Lophozia pallida, the commonly used name for a rare and little-known Sino-Himalayan species, was found to be a synonym of Lophozia dubia, a forgotten and previously misinterpreted species known in Indonesia. A comparative study of herbarium materials and our collections made it possible to ‘extend’ the distribution of Lophozia s. str. southward to Indonesia. The description of oil bodies from the species is provided for the first time. The position of the species in the Lophozia phylogenetic system demonstrates its clear differences from the morphologically similar Lophozia guttulata and its phylogenetic relationship with the Japanese–Korean Lophozia koreana. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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13 pages, 10386 KiB  
Article
Autotetraploid Origin of Chinese Cherry Revealed by Chromosomal Karyotype and In Situ Hybridization of Seedling Progenies
by Yan Wang, Xueou Li, Yan Feng, Juan Wang, Jing Zhang, Zhenshan Liu, Hao Wang, Tao Chen, Wen He, Zhiwei Wu, Yuanxiu Lin, Yunting Zhang, Mengyao Li, Qing Chen, Yong Zhang, Ya Luo, Haoru Tang and Xiaorong Wang
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3116; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173116 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1337
Abstract
Polyploidy is considered a driving force in plant evolution and diversification. Chinese cherry [Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G.Don], an economically important fruit crop native to China, has evolved at the tetraploid level, with a few pentaploid and hexaploid populations. However, its auto- or [...] Read more.
Polyploidy is considered a driving force in plant evolution and diversification. Chinese cherry [Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G.Don], an economically important fruit crop native to China, has evolved at the tetraploid level, with a few pentaploid and hexaploid populations. However, its auto- or allo-polyploid origin remains unclear. To address this issue, we analyzed the ploidy levels and rDNA chromosomal distribution in self- and open-pollinated seedling progenies of tetraploid and hexaploid Chinese cherry. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis was conducted to reveal the genomic relationships between Chinese cherry and diploid relatives from the genus Cerasus. Both self- and open-pollinated progenies of tetraploid Chinese cherry exhibited tetraploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids, with tetraploids being the most predominant. In the seedling progenies of hexaploid Chinese cherry, the majority of hexaploids and a few pentaploids were observed. A small number of aneuploids were also observed in the seedling progenies. Chromosome 1, characterized by distinct length characteristics, could be considered the representative chromosome of Chinese cherry. The basic Chinese cherry genome carried two 5S rDNA signals with similar intensity, and polyploids had the expected multiples of this copy number. The 5S rDNA sites were located at the per-centromeric regions of the short arm on chromosomes 4 and 5. Three 45S rDNA sites were detected on chr. 3, 4 and 7 in the haploid complement of Chinese cherry. Tetraploids exhibited 12 signals, while pentaploids and hexaploids showed fewer numbers than expected multiples. Based on the GISH signals, Chinese cherry demonstrated relatively close relationships with C. campanulata and C. conradinae, while being distantly related to another fruiting cherry, C. avium. In combination with the above results, our findings suggested that Chinese cherry likely originated from autotetraploidy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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20 pages, 6620 KiB  
Article
Phylogenetic Partitioning of Gansu Flora: Unveiling the Core Transitional Zone of Chinese Flora
by Zizhen Li, Qing Tian, Peifang Chong, Weibo Du, Jia Wei and Rong Huang
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3060; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173060 - 25 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1109
Abstract
Floristic regions, conventionally established using species distribution patterns, have often overlooked the phylogenetic relationships among taxa. However, how phylogenetic relationships influence the historical interconnections within and among biogeographic regions remains inadequately understood. In this research, we compiled distribution data for seed plants in [...] Read more.
Floristic regions, conventionally established using species distribution patterns, have often overlooked the phylogenetic relationships among taxa. However, how phylogenetic relationships influence the historical interconnections within and among biogeographic regions remains inadequately understood. In this research, we compiled distribution data for seed plants in Gansu, a region of significant biogeographic diversity located in northwestern China.We proposed a novel framework for floristic regions within Gansu, integrating distribution data and phylogenetic relationships of genera-level native seed plants, aiming to explore the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness, taxonomic composition, and regional phylogenetic delineation. We found that (1) phylogenetic relatedness was strongly correlated with the taxonomic composition among floras in Gansu. (2) The southeastern Gansu region showed the lowest level of spatial turnover in both phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic composition of floristic assemblages across the Gansu region. (3) Null model analyses indicated nonrandom phylogenetic structure across the region, where most areas showed higher phylogenetic turnover than expected given the underlying taxonomic composition between sites. (4) Our results demonstrated a consistent pattern across various regionalization schemes and highlighted the preference for employing the phylogenetic dissimilarity approach in biogeographical regionalization investigations. (5) Employing the phylogenetic dissimilarity approach, we identified nine distinct floristic regions in Gansu that are categorized into two broader geographical units, namely the northwest and southeast. (6) Based on the phylogenetic graphic regions of China across this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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23 pages, 7571 KiB  
Article
Phylogeography of 912 Cherry Accessions Insight into Independent Origins of Fruiting Cherries and Domestication Footprints of Cultivated Chinese Cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.)
by Tao Chen, Qing Chen, Jing Zhang, Yan Wang, Hao Wang, Yong Zhang, Ya Luo, Haoru Tang and Xiaorong Wang
Plants 2023, 12(12), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122258 - 9 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1377
Abstract
The subgenus Cerasus (Rosaceae) contain numerous fruit trees and ornamentals with high economic values. The origin and genetic divergence among various types of fruiting cherries always remain a perplexing issue. We employed three plastom fragments and ITS sequence matrices derived from 912 cherry [...] Read more.
The subgenus Cerasus (Rosaceae) contain numerous fruit trees and ornamentals with high economic values. The origin and genetic divergence among various types of fruiting cherries always remain a perplexing issue. We employed three plastom fragments and ITS sequence matrices derived from 912 cherry accessions to elucidate the phylogeographic structure and genetic relationship among fruiting cherries, as well as the origin and domestication of cultivated Chinese cherry. The integration of haplotype genealogies, Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach and estimation of genetic differentiation within and between different groups and lineages has facilitated the resolution of several previously unresolved questions. Firstly, distant phylogenetic relationships between Cerasus and Microcerasus accessions, as indicated by both nuclear and chloroplast data, suggested independent origins and evolution for these two taxa. Moreover, two distinct geographic origin centers (Europe and China) have been confirmed, with significant phylogeographic signals and high genetic differentiation observed between cherries from these regions. This may be attributed to long-term geographic isolation caused by Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Our phylogeographic analyses and ABC analysis suggested that cherries inhabiting in China may have undergone multiple hybridization events during the glacial refugia of the eastern edge and southern Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, followed by rapid radiation throughout their current habitats during interglacial period. The discrepancy between nuclear and chloroplast data may be attributed to hybridization events and incomplete lineage sorting. Furthermore, we speculated that the domesticated Chinese cherries were derived from wild accessions in Longmenshan Fault Zones approximately 2600 years ago. We have also traced the domestication processes and dispersal routes of cultivated Chinese cherries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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26 pages, 4147 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome-Based Study on the Phylogeny and Hybridization of Marattialean Ferns (Marattiaceae)
by Jing Zhao, Xinmao Zhou, Shaoli Fang, Zhangming Zhu, Yuxin Li, Hong Yu and Zhaorong He
Plants 2023, 12(12), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12122237 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
Marattiaceae is a phylogenetically isolated family of tropical eusporangiate ferns including six genera with more than one-hundred species. In Marattiaceae, monophyly of genera has been well-supported phylogenetically. However, the phylogenetic relationships among them were elusive and controversial. Here, a dataset of 26 transcriptomes [...] Read more.
Marattiaceae is a phylogenetically isolated family of tropical eusporangiate ferns including six genera with more than one-hundred species. In Marattiaceae, monophyly of genera has been well-supported phylogenetically. However, the phylogenetic relationships among them were elusive and controversial. Here, a dataset of 26 transcriptomes (including 11 newly generated) were used to assess single-copy nuclear genes and to obtain the organelle gene sequences. Through phylotranscriptomic analysis, the phylogeny and hybridization events of Marattiaceae were explored and a robust phylogenomic framework for the evolution of Marattiaceae was provided. Using both concatenation- and coalescent-based phylogenies, the gene-tree discordance, incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) simulations, and network inference were examined. Except the low support with mitochondrial genes of Marattiaceae, nuclear genes and chloroplast genes strongly supported a sister relationship between Marattiaceae and leptosporangiate ferns. At the genus level, all phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear genes datasets recovered five genera in Marattiaceae as monophyletic with strong support. Danaea and Ptisana were the first two diverged clades in turn. Christensenia was a sister clade to the clade Marattia + Angiopteris s.l. In Angiopteris s.l., three clades (Angiopteris s.s., the Archangiopteris group, and An. sparsisora) were well identified with maximum support. The Archangiopteris group was derived from Angiopteris s.s. at ca. 18 Ma. The putative hybrid species An. sparsisora between Angiopteris s.s. and the Archangiopteris group was verified by the species network analyses and the maternal plastid genes. This study will improve our understanding for using the phylotranscriptomic method to explore phylogeny and investigate hybridization events for difficult taxa in ferns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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Review

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19 pages, 4017 KiB  
Review
The Role of the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene—A Review
by Jacek Urbaniak and Paweł Kwiatkowski
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3317; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183317 - 20 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1928
Abstract
The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are [...] Read more.
The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are reviewed in order to discuss the phylogeographical structure and divergence of the Hercynian populations from those in other European mountain ranges, Scandinavia, and lowlands. The analyzed studies show specific phylogeographical relations between the Hercynian mountains, Alps, Scandinavia, Carpathians, and European lowlands. The results also indicate that the genetic patterns of plant populations in the Hercynian Mountains may differ significantly in terms of origin. The main migration routes of species to the Hercynian ranges began in the Alps or Carpathians. Some species, such as Rubus chamaemorus L., Salix lapponum L., and Salix herbacea L., are glacial relics that may have arrived and settled in the Hercynian Mountains during the Ice Age and that survived in isolated habitats. The Hercynian Mountains are composed of various smaller mountain ranges and are a crossroads of migration routes from different parts of Europe; thus, intensive hybridization has occurred between the plant populations therein, which is indicated by the presence of several divergent genetic lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeography)
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