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14 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possibilities of Changes in Energy Intensity of Production Depending on the Scale of Farm Investments in a Polish Region

by Wawrzyniec Czubak and Jagoda Zmyślona

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4713; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184713 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the possibility of changes in energy intensity of production in the context of farm investment scale. The empirical section relies on unpublished FADN microdata. The study answers the question of whether investments and fixed capital [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the possibility of changes in energy intensity of production in the context of farm investment scale. The empirical section relies on unpublished FADN microdata. The study answers the question of whether investments and fixed capital growth can contribute to improvements in environmental performance of agricultural production. As it turns out, the group of farms with the greatest amount of investments saw an increase in energy consumption costs, though at a much slower rate than growth in production value. As a result, there was a drop in energy intensity of production, defined as the ratio between energy costs and production value. These findings corroborate the hypothesis advanced in this study, namely that upon reaching a sufficiently large amount of investments, farms can become capable of reducing the energy intensity of their production activity. Hence, higher levels of capital productivity are attained when the farms invest in more energy-efficient fixed assets. Conclusions cannot be universal, as the analysis involved a portion of selected farms. However, the research indicates a trend in the study of energy intensity of production depending on the scale of investment and the validity of the investment comprehensiveness approach. These conclusions provide a basis for recommendations for an agricultural policy which should include support for investments that are large and comprehensive (in relation to the farm’s assets) and go beyond the simple renewal of assets. Therefore, in its investment-oriented measures, the agricultural policy should take the innovativeness (including energy efficiency) criterion into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)

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9 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double Anterior Interventricular Arteries: Prevalence and Morphological Types—A Dissection Study

by Ecaterina Daescu, Alexandra Enache, Emanuela Stan, Sorin Lucian Bolintineanu, Laura Andreea Ghenciu, Alexandra Corina Faur, Agneta Maria Pusztai and Delia Elena Zahoi

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(9), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14091007 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of double anterior interventricular artery using the dissection method. Metode: A retrospective study was conducted between 2010 and 2024 at the Anatomy and Embryology Laboratory of the Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy in [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of double anterior interventricular artery using the dissection method. Metode: A retrospective study was conducted between 2010 and 2024 at the Anatomy and Embryology Laboratory of the Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Timisoara. Eighty cases were analyzed for morphological variants of the coronary arteries, especially the anterior interventricular artery. Results: Two cases of double anterior interventricular arteries were identified. In the first case, the two anterior interventricular arteries originated from the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. In the second case, an additional anterior interventricular artery with an aortic origin was found running along the lower third of the two interventricular grooves. This shape has not been described before in the specialized literature. Conclusions: Knowing the potential variations of the double left anterior descending artery is critical for interpreting cardiac imaging and choosing and planning percutaneous and surgical reperfusion strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Medicine, Cell, and Organism Physiology)

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14 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bifunctional Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ammonia-Lyase (PTAL) Enhances Lignin Biosynthesis: Implications in Carbon Fixation in Plants by Genetic Engineering

by Ye Yuan, Chao-Lei Sheng, Li-Hao Pang and Bao-Rong Lu

Biology 2024, 13(9), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090742 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Lignin is a key metabolite for terrestrial plants. Two types of aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr), serve as the precursors for lignin biosynthesis. In most plant species, Phe is deaminated by Phe ammonia-lyase (PAL) to initiate lignin biosynthesis, but in [...] Read more.

Lignin is a key metabolite for terrestrial plants. Two types of aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr), serve as the precursors for lignin biosynthesis. In most plant species, Phe is deaminated by Phe ammonia-lyase (PAL) to initiate lignin biosynthesis, but in grass species, Phe and Tyr are deaminated by Phe/Tyr ammonia-lyase (PTAL). To understand the efficiency of PAL and PTAL, we used transgenic and non-transgenic Arabidopsis with PAL and crop-weedy rice hybrids (CWRH) with PTAL to analyze lignin-biosynthesis-associated metabolites. The transgenic plants overexpressed the exogenous 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene, whereas the non-transgenic plants normally expressed the endogenous EPSPS gene. Our results show significantly increased Phe/Tyr contents in transgenic Arabidopsis and CWRH plants, leading to substantially increased lignin and biomass. In addition, the PTAL pathway promotes a much greater proportion of increased lignin and biomass in transgenic CWRH than in transgenic Arabidopsis lineages. Evidently, more efficient lignin biosynthesis characterized the grass species possessing the PTAL pathway. These findings are important for a better understanding of the PAL and PTAL’s functions in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways in the evolution of plant species. These findings also have great value for implications such as effective carbon fixation by enhancing lignin biosynthesis through genetic engineering of their key genes in appropriately selected plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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13 pages, 5063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Response in the Gill Tissue of Juvenile Black-Shelled Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) under Salinity Stress

by Chengru Qin, Fenglan Lu, Junhui Li, Yongshan Liao, Chuangye Yang and Yuewen Deng

Fishes 2024, 9(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9090366 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Salinity significantly affects shellfish metabolism and growth. In this study, we evaluated the characterization of metabolomic differences in the juvenile black-shelled pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, under 15‰ (LSG), 25‰ (CG), and 35‰ (HSG) salinity conditions. Non-targeted metabolomics analyses revealed that salinity [...] Read more.

Salinity significantly affects shellfish metabolism and growth. In this study, we evaluated the characterization of metabolomic differences in the juvenile black-shelled pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, under 15‰ (LSG), 25‰ (CG), and 35‰ (HSG) salinity conditions. Non-targeted metabolomics analyses revealed that salinity stress altered the metabolism of pearl oyster. A total of 229 significant differential metabolites (SDMs) were identified between LSG and CG via an in-house MS2 database, 241 SDMs were identified between LSG and HSG, and 50 SDMs were identified between CG and HSG. The pathway analysis showed that 21 metabolic pathways were found between LSG and CG, such as arginine and proline metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and pentose and glucuronide interconversion. A total of 23 metabolic pathways were obtained between LSG and HSG, such as aspartate, alanine, and glutamate metabolism. Only aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and biotin metabolism were enriched between CG and HSG. A further integrated analysis suggested that amino acid metabolism might participate in osmoregulation and energy metabolism to respond to salinity stress in P. f. martensii, and the metabolic pathways differed under varying salinity stress conditions. In addition, low salinity stress might promote apoptosis in pearl oysters. Altogether, these results clarify the salinity tolerance mechanism of pearl oysters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture of Aquatic Organisms)

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4 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Evolution, Ecology and Management of Wild Boar and Deer

by Javier Pérez-González

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182741 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the most widespread member of the order Artiodactyla, a group of even-toed ungulates that are prone to overabundance, with adverse consequences for conservation, agriculture, transportation and public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution, Ecology and Management of Wild Boar and Deer)

23 pages, 4458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of the Model of Salt-Tolerant Crops Irrigated by Mariculture Wastewater Based on a Field Plot Experiment

by Dan Chen, Huimin Lu, Ze Fu, Zhaohui Luo and Jiaming Duan

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092161 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The intensified development of aquaculture and excessive use of agricultural fertilizers pose a threat to natural resource availability and deteriorate the environment. Utilizing aquaculture wastewater from mariculture for agricultural irrigation can mitigate pollution and alleviate the pressure on natural resources. This study investigated [...] Read more.

The intensified development of aquaculture and excessive use of agricultural fertilizers pose a threat to natural resource availability and deteriorate the environment. Utilizing aquaculture wastewater from mariculture for agricultural irrigation can mitigate pollution and alleviate the pressure on natural resources. This study investigated the comprehensive benefits of using freshwater and mariculture wastewater for irrigation, employing two concentration levels of mariculture wastewater in a pot experiment with saline-tolerant rice. Furthermore, we quantitively assessed the integrated benefits for farmland by utilizing an ecosystem service function value assessment and emergy value theory. The results indicate a significant enhancement in the growth and yield of saline-tolerant rice when irrigated with mariculture wastewater. Specifically, the theoretical yield increased by 9.01% relative to freshwater irrigation. Irrigation using aquaculture wastewater significantly enhanced the nutrient concentrations in the soil, including soil organic carbon (SOC), avail-K (AK), Olsen-P (OP), and alkali-N (AN). Additionally, the uptake of these nutrients by salt-tolerant crops during their late reproductive stage effectively mitigated the rise in soil salinity induced by the wastewater irrigation practice. Under experimental conditions, wastewater irrigation conferred superior ecological benefits compared with freshwater irrigation. The comprehensive benefits of wastewater irrigation, valued at 104,439.10 RMB/hm², exceeded those of freshwater irrigation by 188.8%. The utilization of mariculture wastewater effectively enhances the coastal environment, augments crop yields, and diminishes treatment costs. From the perspectives of revenue enhancement, environmental compatibility, and sustainability, the model of utilizing salt-tolerant crops irrigated with mariculture wastewater holds substantial promotional and practical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Water Management Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production)

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21 pages, 4905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Changes in Energy Consumption Carbon Emissions at District and County Levels Based on Nighttime Light Data—A Case Study of Jiangsu Province in China

by Chengzhi Xiang, Yong Mei and Ailin Liang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3514; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183514 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Approximately 86% of the total carbon emissions are generated by energy consumption, and the study of the variation of energy consumption carbon emissions (ECCE) is of vital significance to regional sustainable development and energy conservation. Currently, carbon emissions accounting mainly focuses on large [...] Read more.

Approximately 86% of the total carbon emissions are generated by energy consumption, and the study of the variation of energy consumption carbon emissions (ECCE) is of vital significance to regional sustainable development and energy conservation. Currently, carbon emissions accounting mainly focuses on large and medium-scale statistics, but at smaller scales (district and county level), it still remains unclear. Due to the high correlation between nighttime light (NTL) data and ECCE, this study combines “energy inventory statistics” with NTL data to estimate ECCE at smaller scales. First, we obtained city-level statistics on ECCE and corrected the NTL data by applying the VANUI index to the original NTL data from NPP-VIIRS. Second, an analysis was conducted on the correlation between the two variables, and a model was created to fit the relationship between them. Under the assumption that ECCE will be consistent within a given region, we utilized the model to estimate ECCE in districts and counties, eventually obtaining correct results at the county-level. We estimated the ECCE in each district and county of Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2022 using the above-proposed approach, and we examined the variations in these emissions both spatially and temporally across the districts and counties. The results revealed a significant degree of correlation between the two variables, with the R² of the fitting models exceeding 0.8. Furthermore, ECCE in Jiangsu Province fluctuated upward during this period, with clear regional clustering characteristics. The study’s conclusions provide information about how carbon emissions from small-scale energy use are estimated. They also serve as a foundation for the creation of regional energy conservation and emission reduction policies, as well as a small-scale assessment of the present state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Remote Sensing)

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28 pages, 3657 KiB

Open AccessReview

Development of mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles: Targeting and Therapeutic Aspects

by Yaping Liu, Yingying Huang, Guantao He, Chun Guo, Jinhua Dong and Linping Wu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810166 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as leading non-viral carriers for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery in clinical applications. Overcoming challenges in safe and effective mRNA delivery to target tissues and cells, along with controlling release from the delivery vehicle, remains pivotal in mRNA-based therapies. [...] Read more.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as leading non-viral carriers for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery in clinical applications. Overcoming challenges in safe and effective mRNA delivery to target tissues and cells, along with controlling release from the delivery vehicle, remains pivotal in mRNA-based therapies. This review elucidates the structure of LNPs, the mechanism for mRNA delivery, and the targeted delivery of LNPs to various cells and tissues, including leukocytes, T-cells, dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, hepatic endothelial cells, and hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. Here, we discuss the applications of mRNA–LNP vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases and for the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although challenges remain in terms of delivery efficiency, specific tissue targeting, toxicity, and storage stability, mRNA–LNP technology holds extensive potential for the treatment of diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Applications 2.0)

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21 pages, 12424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience in Prefabricated Buildings: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous Environments

by Junting Li, Peizhuo Yuan, Lili Liang and Jinfeng Cao

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093006 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study explores how blockchain technology can enhance the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain in volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environments. The measurement model of the subject, stage, and overall resilience of the supply chain is constructed. The four indices [...] Read more.

This study explores how blockchain technology can enhance the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain in volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environments. The measurement model of the subject, stage, and overall resilience of the supply chain is constructed. The four indices of blockchain are introduced, and the model from the resilience of the supply chain subject to the overall resilience is established. The interaction behavior between subjects is analyzed. The weight is determined by the AHP method, and the multi-agent model simulation is carried out using NetLogo(6.5) software. After the introduction of blockchain technology, even in the early stage of application, supply chain resilience has been significantly enhanced; especially in the decision-making stage, information transparency and efficiency have been significantly improved. When the technology is maturely applied, the toughness of each stage shows an accelerated growth trend, and the improvement in toughness in the assembly stage is particularly significant. By optimizing key influencing factors, the growth rate of resilience in the assembly stage is further improved, which verifies the positive impact of blockchain technology and main factor optimization on overall resilience. In summary, the introduction of blockchain technology and its mature application are crucial for improving the resilience of the prefabricated building supply chain, providing an effective way to meet the challenges of VUCA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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9 pages, 3077 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

In Situ Rapid Hierarchical Growth of Ag Nanodendrites in Phytantriol: Influence on Polydispersity and Optical Characteristics

by Nisrin Alnaim

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181534 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Silver nanodendrites (AgNDs) were effectively synthesized utilizing a phytantriol template at ambient temperature without electrodeposition. In comparison to AgNDs, the phytantriol-templated silver nanodendrites (P/AgNDs) exhibited a smoother structure with the well-ordered growth of smaller particles around 51 nm. Moreover, the P/AgNDs exhibited uniform [...] Read more.

Silver nanodendrites (AgNDs) were effectively synthesized utilizing a phytantriol template at ambient temperature without electrodeposition. In comparison to AgNDs, the phytantriol-templated silver nanodendrites (P/AgNDs) exhibited a smoother structure with the well-ordered growth of smaller particles around 51 nm. Moreover, the P/AgNDs exhibited uniform elemental distribution, forming chemical bonds with functional groups, crystallite size around 42 nm, and high transmittance around 95%. These experimental findings indicate that room temperature-based hierarchical P/AgNDs have considerable potential for diverse applications, specifically in sensing. Full article

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12 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Goats

by Xingang Yu, Hui Xu, Xuanru Mu, Kaijian Yuan, Yilong Li, Nuo Xu, Qiaoyu Li, Wenjing Zeng, Shengfeng Chen and Yang Hong

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090448 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are four common zoonotic parasites associated with severe diarrhea and enteric diseases. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of these four zoonotic protozoans in goat [...] Read more.

Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are four common zoonotic parasites associated with severe diarrhea and enteric diseases. In this study, we developed a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of these four zoonotic protozoans in goat stool samples and assessed its detection efficiency. Specific primers were designed from conserved gene sequences retrieved from GenBank, and the PCR conditions were optimized. Genomic DNA from 130 samples was subjected to both single-target PCR and multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR assay successfully amplified specific gene fragments (G. duodenalis, 1400 bp; C. parvum, 755 bp; Blastocystis spp., 573 bp; E. bieneusi, 314 bp). The assay sensitivity was ≥10² copies of pathogenic DNA clones with high specificity confirmed by negative results for other intestinal parasites. The detection rates were 23.08% (30/130) for G. duodenalis, 24.62% (32/130) for C. parvum, 41.54% (54/130) for Blastocystis spp., and 12.31% (16/130) for E. bieneusi, matching the single-target PCR results. The sensitivity and predictive values were 100.00%. This multiplex PCR provided a rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective approach for detecting these four parasites. It also provided essential technical support for the rapid detection and epidemiological investigation of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, Blastocystis spp., and E. bieneusi infections in goat fecal samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Small Ruminants: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control)

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30 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influencing Factors, Design Methods, and Buoyancy Reduction Measures for Basement Anti-Flotation Engineering

by Meng Yang, Xu Fu, Huanqin Liu, Lintai Wang and Qian Li

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3005; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093005 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Basement anti-flotation design is crucial in modern urban construction. An increase in groundwater buoyancy can cause basement structures to uplift, leading to structural instability or even damage. To ensure the stability and safety of underground structures under various hydrogeological conditions, anti-flotation design must [...] Read more.

Basement anti-flotation design is crucial in modern urban construction. An increase in groundwater buoyancy can cause basement structures to uplift, leading to structural instability or even damage. To ensure the stability and safety of underground structures under various hydrogeological conditions, anti-flotation design must comprehensively consider factors such as construction, design, supervision, structure, and hydrology. During construction, improper dewatering measures or unreasonable construction progress may lead to an abnormal rise in groundwater levels, increasing the risk of anti-flotation. Design considerations must include sufficient safety margins, supervision must fully recognize the impact of groundwater, and the structural dead load must be adequate. Anti-flotation stability verification includes both overall and local anti-flotation, involving the calculation of groundwater buoyancy, structural self-weight, and overburden, and selecting appropriate anti-flotation stability safety factors. The assessment and selection of the anti-flotation design water level are also critical. Common anti-flotation measures include adding counterweights, tension-resistant piles, compression and tension-resistant piles, and hydro-pressure reduction methods, while reinforcement and repair methods include epoxy resin grouting and steel plating reinforcement. Through systematic analysis and comprehensive research, scientific basis and technical support are provided for anti-flotation design, enhancing design efficiency and reliability and ensuring the safety and stability of underground spaces. Future research will develop more accurate calculation methods, improve design standards, and explore new anti-flotation technologies and materials. Full article

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13 pages, 7465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Dynamic Evolution of Catalytic Sites in N-Doped Leaf-like Carbon Frames Embedded with Co Particles for Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries

by Yuebin Lian, Weilong Xu, Xiaojiao Du, Yannan Zhang, Weibai Bian, Yuan Liu, Jin Xiao, Likun Xiong and Jirong Bai

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4494; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184494 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The advancement of cost-effective, high-performance catalysts for both electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) is crucial for the widespread implementation of metal–air batteries. In this research, we fabricated leaf-like N-doped carbon frames embedded with Co nanoparticles by pyrolyzing a [...] Read more.

The advancement of cost-effective, high-performance catalysts for both electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) is crucial for the widespread implementation of metal–air batteries. In this research, we fabricated leaf-like N-doped carbon frames embedded with Co nanoparticles by pyrolyzing a ZIF-L/carbon nanofiber (ZIF-L/CNF) composite. Consequently, the optimized ZIF-L/CNF-700 catalyst exhibit exceptional catalytic activities in both ORRs and OERs, comparable to the benchmark 20 wt% Pt/C and RuO₂. Addressing the issue of diminished cycle performance in the Zn–air battery cycle process, further detailed investigations into the post-electrolytic composition reveal that both the carbon framework and Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation during both OERs and ORRs. Owing to the varying local pH on the catalyst surface due to the consumption and generation of OH⁻ by OERs and ORRs, after OERs, the product is reduced-size Co particles, while after ORRs, the product is outer-layer Co(OH)₂-enveloping Co particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 9197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exacerbated Tree Growth Decline of an Old Platycladus orientalis Forest after Rapid Warming at the Northern Edge of the Taihang Mountain of China

by Yan Li, Tongxin Wang, Yantao Dong, Xinxin Han, Yang Liu, Yumei Mu, Xiaoyan Ma, Pingsheng Leng and Zenghui Hu

Forests 2024, 15(9), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091666 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Old trees are irreplaceable conservation resources with numerous ecological and socio-cultural values. While many forests have experienced significant declines under recent climate warming, the risk of growth declines in old trees remains unknown. Here, we tackle this problem by dendrochronological studies of 30 [...] Read more.

Old trees are irreplaceable conservation resources with numerous ecological and socio-cultural values. While many forests have experienced significant declines under recent climate warming, the risk of growth declines in old trees remains unknown. Here, we tackle this problem by dendrochronological studies of 30 old trees in a Platycladus orientalis forest at the northern boundary of the Taihang Mountain of China. We examined annual growth trajectories of trees at individual level and discovered four severe growth decline events over the last 150 years, including the periods of 1894–1899, 1913–1919, 1964–1967 and 2004–2018. The most recent growth decline event lasted for 15-year and involced 50% to 75% of the old trees. This decline was unprecedented in both its extent and duration. Furthermore, the growth–climate relationship of these old trees has changed since 1990. Before 1990, tree growth was significantly correlated with minimum winter; after 1990, tree growth became significantly correlated with the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Index. These results suggest that warming-induced droughts after 1990 could be the primary driver of the recent growth decline. If climate warming continues and drought stresses intensify, the old trees may face an increased risk of growth decline and even mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)

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10 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Application of Chemical Fertilizer and Organic Amendment Improved Soil Quality in a Wheat–Sweet Potato Rotation System

by Hui Zhang, Xiang Li, Jiayi Zhou, Jidong Wang, Lei Wang, Jie Yuan, Cong Xu, Yue Dong, Yahua Chen, Yuchun Ai and Yongchun Zhang

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092160 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers may result in soil degradation, but manure and straw application is considered to be an effective approach for alleviating this problem. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term impacts of different fertilization patterns [...] Read more.

The long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers may result in soil degradation, but manure and straw application is considered to be an effective approach for alleviating this problem. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term impacts of different fertilization patterns on soil quality variables in a wheat–sweet potato rotation system. Four treatments were conducted in a field trial for a duration of twelve years, including (1) no fertilizer (control, CK); (2) application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) alone; (3) NPK with crop straw return (NPKs); (4) combined use of NPK and farmyard manure (NPKm). Thirteen physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters were measured. The results showed that the NPKm and NPKs significantly improved the proportion of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) by 24.7% and 21.9% compared to the NPK alone, respectively. The proportion of microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) under the NPKm was 47.4% significantly higher than the NPKs. Additionally, the NPKm resulted in a 22.2% and 19.6% increase in the SOC content than the NPK and NPKs, respectively. In terms of soil-available K, the NPKs resulted in levels that were 42.1% and 49.6% higher than the NPKm and NPK alone, respectively. Long-term fertilization significantly decreased soil pH by 0.95–1.85 units compared to the control, whereas manure application could alleviate soil acidification, as shown when the pH increased by 10.6–18.7%. The NPKm and NPKs resulted in significantly increased soil pHs by 10.6% and 18.7% compared to the NPK alone, respectively. In addition, the NPKm and NPKs increased N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity by 52.6% and 60.3% compared to the NPK alone. Determined by the minimum data set method, the NPKm treatment exhibited the highest soil quality index, followed by the NPKs and NPK. Our findings suggested that the combined use of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments proved beneficial for enhancing soil quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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30 pages, 7284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Molecular Comorbidity Network of Periodontal Disease

by Mireya Martínez-García and Enrique Hernández-Lemus

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810161 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Periodontal disease, a multifactorial inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, has been increasingly recognized for its association with various systemic diseases. Understanding the molecular comorbidities of periodontal disease is crucial for elucidating shared pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. In [...] Read more.

Periodontal disease, a multifactorial inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, has been increasingly recognized for its association with various systemic diseases. Understanding the molecular comorbidities of periodontal disease is crucial for elucidating shared pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we conducted comprehensive literature and biological database mining by utilizing DisGeNET2R for extracting gene–disease associations, Romin for integrating and modeling molecular interaction networks, and Rentrez R libraries for accessing and retrieving relevant information from NCBI databases. This integrative bioinformatics approach enabled us to systematically identify diseases sharing associated genes, proteins, or molecular pathways with periodontitis. Our analysis revealed significant molecular overlaps between periodontal disease and several systemic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Shared molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases and periodontitis encompassed dysregulation of inflammatory mediators, immune response pathways, oxidative stress pathways, and alterations in the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, network analysis unveiled the key hub genes and proteins (such as TNF, IL6, PTGS2, IL10, NOS3, IL1B, VEGFA, BCL2, STAT3, LEP and TP53) that play pivotal roles in the crosstalk between periodontal disease and its comorbidities, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Insights gained from this integrative approach shed light on the intricate interplay between periodontal health and systemic well-being, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in developing personalized treatment strategies for patients with periodontal disease and associated comorbidities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Advances in Mechanisms, Treatment and Prevention)

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15 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Pilot Psychometric Validation of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer—Quality of Life Questionnaire—Sexual Health (EORTC QLQ-SH22) Scale, Moroccan Arabic Version

by Safiya Mahlaq, Ghizlane Rais, Redouane Abouqal and Jihane Belayachi

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181892 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale [...] Read more.

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale is a crucial step in exploring the influence of cancer and its treatment on patients in the Moroccan context. In this regard, this study aimed to validate a Moroccan Arabic version among patients with cancer. Method: A total of 280 Moroccan patients with cancer participated in this study from August 2022 to April 2023. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the QLQ-SH22 was performed following the EORTC guidelines. Psychometric validation was explored using the reliability of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results: The analysis revealed a greater internal consistency for both sexual satisfaction (α = 0.83) and sexual pain (α = 0.86). The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated an excellent level of test–retest reliability (from 0.925 to 0.993). The CFA demonstrated high-performing model fit indices (χ2/df = 1.17, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.035, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.94). The concurrent validity between the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-SH22 confirmed a strong correlation between the fatigue scales in both questionnaires (r = 0.69). This version showed good discrimination between known groups. Conclusions: The QLQ-SH22 Moroccan Arabic version has demonstrated a high level of reliability and validity, and therefore it is now ready for use. Full article

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37 pages, 14338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeological Excavation, Protection, and Display Engineering Design Practice: A Case Study in the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom

by Shihui Zhou, Lei Zhang, Yile Chen, Liang Zheng, Nengzhong Lei and Jiali Zhang

Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091220 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins [...] Read more.

The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins of a Han Dynasty city. Wuyi Mountain’s World Cultural and Natural Heritage Committee declared it a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is also the only imperial city site from the Han Dynasty that has been declared a World Heritage Site in China, and it is the most well-preserved large-scale imperial city site from the Middle Ages on the Pacific Rim. This study used comprehensive archaeological techniques, including archaeological excavation work, site information recording, erosion situation analysis, and geological surveys, to design and implement protective engineering projects in response to existing problems. In this study, the researchers conducted a geological survey of the study area to analyze the topography, rock and soil distribution characteristics, groundwater storage conditions, and geotechnical engineering conditions. At the same time, they explored the preservation status of the site, including the preservation status of the East Gate and the East City Wall, and they analyzed the causes of damage. Finally, the investigation and analysis results guided the design of a site display project, which included safeguarding against collapse and erosion, treating trees and shrubs, and designing the exhibition project for the East Gate. This study provides some practical reference for the excavation and archaeological work of the royal city in the surrounding areas. At the same time, in terms of the technical process of the project, it is also hoped to provide ideas for international ancient city excavation, display, and protection projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage)

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11 pages, 27086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunological Tumor Microenvironment of Solitary Fibrous Tumors—Associating Immune Infiltrate with Variables of Prognostic Significance

by Emilio Medina-Ceballos, Isidro Machado, Francisco Giner, Álvaro Blázquez-Bujeda, Mónica Espino, Samuel Navarro and Antonio Llombart-Bosch

Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183222 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Background and objectives: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are morphologically heterogeneous tumors characterized by the NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion. Clinical outcomes may vary widely, and while most cases have favorable outcomes, some can progress to aggressive disease, manifesting as recurrence and metastasis, and ultimately [...] Read more.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are morphologically heterogeneous tumors characterized by the NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion. Clinical outcomes may vary widely, and while most cases have favorable outcomes, some can progress to aggressive disease, manifesting as recurrence and metastasis, and ultimately resulting in patient death. Herein, we analyze the immunological tumor microenvironment (ITME) of SFTs, aiming to determine its prognostic value and correlation with established risk stratification systems (RSSs). Methods: A retrospective observational multicenter study of 52 fusion-confirmed SFTs with clinical follow-up data. Immunohistochemical analysis including CD163, CD68, CD3, CD8, CD20, PDL-1, PD-1, and LAG1 were evaluated in tissue microarrays, using an analog scale with scores ranging from 0 to 3 (0 = ≤9, 1 = 10–49, 2 = 50–99, and 3 = >100 positive cells per 10 high-power fields). The expression of these markers was correlated with clinical outcomes, morphological characteristics previously evaluated in whole slide tissue sections (hypercellularity/hypocellularity, round–oval or spindle dominant constituent cell (DCC) morphology, and necrosis), Ki67, overall survival, and RSS. Results: Only one of the fifty-two cases studied showed progression. In the multivariate analysis, neither the presence nor absence of immune cells (B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages) showed any association with the assessed RSSs (Demicco, Sugita, G-score, and Huang). Interestingly, the case that showed progression had high immune infiltrate with expression of CD68, CD163, CD8, and CD20 markers (score of 3). Round–oval cell morphology was associated with the presence of higher levels of CD163 macrophages. Lastly, the scant presence of CD20+ lymphocytes correlated with less necrosis, and cases with higher PDL-1 expression correlated with increased Ki67 values. All cases were negative for LAG-1 and PD-1. Conclusions: SFT ITME components correlated with independent variables with prognostic significance. Nevertheless, ITME did not correlate with RSS scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas)

24 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Freshwater Discharge from the Gulf of Alaska Drainage Basins

by Peng Xin, Muqing Shi, Humio Mitsudera and Takayuki Shiraiwa

Water 2024, 16(18), 2690; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182690 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The freshwater discharge from catchments along the Gulf of Alaska, termed Alaska discharge, is characterized by significant quantity and variability. Owing to subarctic climate and mountainous topography, the Alaska discharge variations may deliver possible impacts beyond the local hydrology. While short-term and local [...] Read more.

The freshwater discharge from catchments along the Gulf of Alaska, termed Alaska discharge, is characterized by significant quantity and variability. Owing to subarctic climate and mountainous topography, the Alaska discharge variations may deliver possible impacts beyond the local hydrology. While short-term and local discharge estimation has been frequently realized, a longer time span and a discussion on cascading impacts remain unexplored in this area. In this study, the Alaska discharge during 1982–2022 is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The adequate balance between the model complexity and the functional efficiency of SWAT suits the objective well, and discharge simulation is successfully conducted after customization in melting calculations and careful calibrations. During 1982−2022, the Alaska discharge is estimated to be 14,396 ± 819 m³⋅s⁻¹⋅yr⁻¹, with meltwater contributing approximately 53%. Regarding variation in the Alaska discharge, the interannual change is found to be negatively correlated with sea surface salinity anomalies in the Alaska Stream, while the decadal change positively correlates with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, with reasonable time lags in both cases. These new findings provide insights into the relationship between local hydrology and regional climate in this area. More importantly, we provide rare evidence that variation in freshwater discharge may affect properties beyond the local hydrology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coastal Hydrological and Geological Processes)

13 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells: A Valuable Tool for Marine Fish Genetic Research

by Wanwan Zhang, Huiquan Chen, Wei Liu, Kuntong Jia and Meisheng Yi

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182739 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), [...] Read more.

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), little is known about their counterparts in marine species. This study hypothesizes that haploid ESCs from marine fish could offer unique insights and tools for genetic and virological research. To address this, we successfully established and characterized a novel haploid ESC line, hMMES1, derived from marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). The hMMES1 cells contain 24 chromosomes, exhibit core stem cell characteristics, and express key pluripotency markers. In vitro, hMMES1 cells form embryonic bodies (EBs) capable of differentiating into the three germ layers. In vivo, hMMES1 cells were successfully transplanted into marine medaka and zebrafish, resulting in the generation of interspecies and interordinal chimeras. Additionally, hMMES1 cells demonstrate high efficiency in transfection and transduction, and show susceptibility to major aquaculture viruses, nodavirus (NNV) and iridovirus (SGIV). These findings suggest that hMMES1 cells represent a valuable model for genetic manipulation and virological studies in marine fish species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

21 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Epigenetic Regulation of Glutamate Metabolism in Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaves under Salt Stress

by Alexander T. Eprintsev, Galina B. Anokhina, Polina S. Selivanova, Polina P. Moskvina and Abir U. Igamberdiev

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182651 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)–dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity [...] Read more.

The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)–dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity increased continuously under salt stress, being 3-fold higher after 24 h. This was accompanied by the appearance of a second isoform with lower electrophoretic mobility. The expression of the Gdh1 gene strongly increased after 6–12 h of incubation, which corresponded to the demethylation of its promoter, while Gdh2 gene expression slightly increased after 2–6 h and then decreased. GAD activity gradually increased in the first 12 h, and then returned to the control level. This corresponded to the increase of Gad expression and its demethylation. Salt stress led to a 2-fold increase in the activity of 2-OGDH during the first 6 h of NaCl treatment, then the activity returned to the control level. Expression of the genes Ogdh1 and Ogdh3 peaked after 1–2 h of incubation. After 6–8 h with NaCl, the expression of these genes declined below the control levels, which correlated with the higher methylation of their promoters. We conclude that salt stress causes a redirection of the 2-OG flux to the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt via its amination to glutamate, by altering the expression of the Gdh1 and Gdh2 genes, which likely promotes the assembly of the native GDH molecule having a different subunit composition and greater affinity for 2-OG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress)

19 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Supply Chain Finance on the Investment Efficiency of Publicly Listed Companies in China Based on Sustainable Development

by Yixin Dou and Jiaxin Zhao

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8234; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188234 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: The development and utilization of supply chain finance play a pivotal role in both enhancing financial structures and delivering substantial support for the sustainable progress of the real economy. This assistance is essential for promoting high-quality economic growth and ensuring stable, long-term [...] Read more.

Abstract: The development and utilization of supply chain finance play a pivotal role in both enhancing financial structures and delivering substantial support for the sustainable progress of the real economy. This assistance is essential for promoting high-quality economic growth and ensuring stable, long-term development. This study empirically examines the effects of supply chain finance on investment efficiency, exploring the underlying mechanisms involved. Additionally, it assesses whether financing constraints and information asymmetry serve as mediating variables in the relationship between supply chain finance and investment efficiency among enterprises. The analysis is based on data from publicly listed companies in China covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The results indicate that supply chain finance effectively addresses both overinvestment and underinvestment issues, leading to a notable improvement in overall investment efficiency. Utilizing a two-way fixed effects model to analyze the role of financing constraints and information asymmetry as mediating variables, the study demonstrates that both factors significantly mediate the relationship between supply chain finance and investment efficiency within enterprises. Supply chain finance improves investment efficiency by mitigating financing constraints and lessening information asymmetry between enterprises and external stakeholders. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive impact of supply chain finance on investment efficiency is notably greater in non-state-owned enterprises and in regions with more advanced development. Full article

17 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Social Media and Socio-Cultural Attitudes toward Body Image on the Risk of Orthorexia among Female Football Players of Different Nationalities

by Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Kommi Kalpana, Samet Aktaş, Gulshan Lal Khanna, Grzegorz Zydek, Marek Kardas and Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183199 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of socio-cultural attitudes towards body image and the role of social media on the risk of ON among female football players from Poland, Turkey, and India. This study hypothesizes that socio-cultural pressures and media usage significantly influence the risk of developing ON, particularly in cultures more exposed to Western beauty ideals. Methods: The study was conducted from May to August 2024, employing the Computer-Assisted Web Interview method. A total of 142 female football players aged 16–36 from Poland, Turkey, and India participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information and health metrics, the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, and the Duesseldorf Orthorexia Scale. Statistical analyses included an ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, the chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The study found that nearly half of the participants were at risk of or presented with ON, with the highest prevalence being among Indian athletes. Statistically significant relationships were observed between the risk of ON and factors such as age, dietary exclusions, social media usage, and sources of nutritional information. However, no significant correlation was found between socio-cultural attitudes and the risk of ON, suggesting that other factors may play a more critical role. Conclusions: While socio-cultural pressures and media use are contributing factors to the risk of ON, psychological factors and individual behaviors appear to be equally, if not more, significant. This study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs and psychological support for young athletes, with a focus on promoting healthy dietary practices and positive body image perceptions across varying cultural contexts. Additionally, the results suggest the need for further research into the specific psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying ON. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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