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13 pages, 449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing the Properties of Probiotic Kefir with Increased Whey Protein Content

by Aslı Yiğit Ziolkowski, Paulina Bielska, Dorota Cais-Sokolińska and Gülhan Samur

Fermentation 2024, 10(10), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10100495 (registering DOI) - 26 Sep 2024

This research unveiled new insights on the impact of incorporating whey proteins into kefir produced using three different methods. This aims to improve its quality and health benefits, primarily as a result of optimal proliferation of probiotic bacteria. In the initial part of [...] Read more.

This research unveiled new insights on the impact of incorporating whey proteins into kefir produced using three different methods. This aims to improve its quality and health benefits, primarily as a result of optimal proliferation of probiotic bacteria. In the initial part of the experiment, samples were prepared using three different methods (methods 1, 2, and 3) to examine the impact of introducing whey protein on bacterial count, the content of L (+)-lactic acid, lactase activity, and the lactic acid and ethanol levels. The methods differed primarily in the sequence of the inoculation milk with probiotic bacteria stage in the production cycle, as well as incubation time and temperature. No significant differences were found in the number of yeasts and bacteria between samples with and without whey proteins. However, it was revealed that the 5% addition of whey proteins enhanced the number of probiotic bacteria in kefir produced with method 2 (from 4.86 to 5.52 log cfu/mL) and method 3 (from 3.68 to 4.01 log cfu/mL). The second part of the research investigated the impact of whey proteins on firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity, color, and water activity of kefir. This part focused on testing samples with lower whey protein contents (1 and 3%, w/v). We found that the addition of 1% and 3% whey proteins resulted in decreased firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity compared to the control kefir. On the other hand, the addition of 5% whey proteins resulted in increased firmness and consistency compared to the addition of 1% and 3% whey proteins. The addition of whey protein decreased the white index WI of the kefir samples. Overall, our results revealed that incorporating whey protein concentrate (WPC) in the production of probiotic kefir can enhance its health benefits while maintaining its rheological properties and overall quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fermentation for Food and Beverages)

17 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Can the Government Effectively Promote Consumers’ Green Purchasing Behavior?—Based on the Diffusion Study of New Energy Vehicles in China

by Zhihui Li, Ruyi Cui and Zhifeng Shen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100437 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This article aims to reveal the internal mechanism of the government’s leading role in influencing consumers’ green purchasing behavior. This study is based on the Stimulus Organism Response theory and innovation diffusion theory, uniquely combining individual and social levels to deeply explore the [...] Read more.

This article aims to reveal the internal mechanism of the government’s leading role in influencing consumers’ green purchasing behavior. This study is based on the Stimulus Organism Response theory and innovation diffusion theory, uniquely combining individual and social levels to deeply explore the mechanism and internal mechanisms of government-led actions, providing a more comprehensive theoretical contribution to this field. This study adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, introducing perceived costs and perceived risks as individual level factors influencing consumers’ purchasing intentions through qualitative research, and introducing social confidence as a factor influencing consumers’ purchasing intentions through social level government subsidies. This study adds a new dimension to how government subsidies affect consumers’ green purchasing behavior. In addition, statistical analysis was used to explore the mediating effects of perceived cost, perceived risk, and social confidence, as well as the moderating effect of the level of supporting facilities. Survey data collected from consumers shows that government subsidies further affect consumers’ willingness to purchase new energy vehicles by influencing their perceived costs, perceived risks, and social confidence, with a particularly strong mediating effect of social confidence. The research results reveal the positive role of government leadership in sustainable development, which contributes to the diffusion of emerging green products and the achievement of sustainable development by the country. Full article

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13 pages, 12029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Analysis of the Energy Consumption of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

by Ying Jiang and Xiangyu He

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100436 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the past two decades, people have started to develop efficient, clean and safe transportation vehicles. The development of a fuel cell vehicle has become the focus of attention. First, we analyze the common components of a hybrid electric vehicle with a fuel [...] Read more.

In the past two decades, people have started to develop efficient, clean and safe transportation vehicles. The development of a fuel cell vehicle has become the focus of attention. First, we analyze the common components of a hybrid electric vehicle with a fuel cell. Second, we build a simulation model of the hybrid electric vehicle with a fuel cell. Through the simulation model, we study and analyze the fuel cell and battery under various conditions related to fuel consumption parameters. Through the above-described research, we hope to optimize the parameter structure of the fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle and improve the working efficiency of fuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics, Control and Simulation of Electrified Vehicles)

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19 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Secondary Controller for Enhanced Frequency Regulation of Hybrid Integrated Power System

by Zahid Farooq, Shameem Ahmad Lone, Farhana Fayaz, Masood Ibni Nazir, Asadur Rahman and Saleh Alyahya

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100435 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This present article examines the frequency control of a dual-area interconnected hybrid power system that integrates conventional as well as non-conventional sources with additional support from electric vehicles. The complicated, non-linear behavior of the system adds to the grid’s already high level of [...] Read more.

This present article examines the frequency control of a dual-area interconnected hybrid power system that integrates conventional as well as non-conventional sources with additional support from electric vehicles. The complicated, non-linear behavior of the system adds to the grid’s already high level of complexity. To navigate this complex environment, it becomes essential to develop a resilient controller. In this respect, a robust secondary controller is developed to handle the problem. The controller is developed while taking into account the intricate design of the contemporary power system. An extensive comparison between well-established controllers is presented to verify the efficacy of the proposed controller. An AI-based optimization technique, namely, COVID-19, is employed to obtain optimal values for different parameters of the controller. This work also investigates the effect of the FACTS device as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) on the dynamics of the system. Moreover, it also investigates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) and an SSSC on system stability. Further, the developed system is subjected to significant load variations and intermittent solar and wind disturbances to check the response of the optimal controller under dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller reactions successfully handle system disturbances, highlighting the strength of the proposed controller design. Lastly, a case study on an IEEE-39 bus system is carried out to check the optimality of the proposed secondary controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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21 pages, 6730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Greek Drivers Willing to Embrace V2G Technology? A Survey Research

by Emmanouil Kostopoulos, Dimitrios Krikis and Georgios Spyropoulos

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100434 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

According to the European Commission, electric vehicles (EVs) remain parked for 95% of their life, which makes them inefficient. In addition, EV sales are forecasted to rise over the following years, which will create additional electricity demand, especially during peak hours. This challenge [...] Read more.

According to the European Commission, electric vehicles (EVs) remain parked for 95% of their life, which makes them inefficient. In addition, EV sales are forecasted to rise over the following years, which will create additional electricity demand, especially during peak hours. This challenge coincides with the growing trend of homeowners installing renewable energy sources (RES) in their homes. Therefore, a potential solution to managing the increase in electricity costs and peak demand is the use of EVs as a flexible storage system by utilizing vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. The successful market penetration of V2G technology hinges significantly on the willingness of current and future EV drivers to participate. Hence, in the broader context of the promotion and transition to electromobility and related technologies (V2G), the main purpose of this paper was to shed light on the hitherto unknown attitudes of Greek drivers towards V2G technology. The adopted methodology involved a survey questionnaire with statements serving as indicators on a 5-point Likert scale. The results show that Greek drivers highly appreciate the positive environmental impact of EVs but are primarily driven by the potential economic incentives they might receive from engaging with V2G technology. In addition, they appear to be skeptical about both V2G technology and electromobility, mainly due to the increased upfront cost of EVs but also due to the immature V2G market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable EV Rapid Charging, Challenges, and Development)

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14 pages, 25497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GBT1118, a Voxelotor Analog, Ameliorates Hepatopathy in Sickle Cell Disease

by Elio Haroun, Seah H. Lim and Dibyendu Dutta

Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101581 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: In sickle cell disease (SCD), hepatopathy is a cumulative consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury from a vaso-occlusive crisis, tissue inflammation, and iron overload due to blood transfusion. Hepatopathy is a major contributing factor of shortened life span in SCD patients. [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: In sickle cell disease (SCD), hepatopathy is a cumulative consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury from a vaso-occlusive crisis, tissue inflammation, and iron overload due to blood transfusion. Hepatopathy is a major contributing factor of shortened life span in SCD patients. We hypothesized that the voxelotor, a hemoglobin allosteric modifier, ameliorates sickle hepatopathy. Materials and Methods: Townes SCD mice and their controls were treated with either chow containing GBT1118, a voxelotor analog, or normal chow. We evaluated inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and ferroptosis in their livers using qPCR, ELISA, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results: GBT1118 treatment resulted in reduced hemolysis, iron overload and inflammation in the liver of SCD mice. There were significant reductions in the liver enzyme levels and bile acids. Furthermore, GBT1118-treated mice exhibited reduced apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. Increased ferroptosis as evident from elevated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) staining, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and expression of Ptgs2 and Slc7a11 mRNAs, were also significantly reduced after GBT1118 treatment. To explain the increased ferroptosis, we evaluated iron homeostasis markers in livers. SCD mice showed decreased expression of heme oxygenase-1, ferritin, hepcidin, and ferroportin mRNA levels. GBT1118 treatment significantly increased expressions of these genes. Conclusions: Our results suggest GBT1118 treatment in SCD confers the amelioration of sickle hepatopathy by reducing inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, iron overload and ferroptosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology & Hepatology)

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13 pages, 4862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diosmin and Hesperidin Have a Protective Effect in Diabetic Neuropathy via the FGF21 and Galectin-3 Pathway

by Birzat Emre Gölboyu, Mümin Alper Erdoğan, Mehmet Ali Çoşar, Ezgi Balıkoğlu and Oytun Erbaş

Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101580 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of diosmin and hesperidin in diabetic neuropathy using a rat model, focusing on their impact on nerve regeneration through the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and galectin-3 (gal3) pathway. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of diosmin and hesperidin in diabetic neuropathy using a rat model, focusing on their impact on nerve regeneration through the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and galectin-3 (gal3) pathway. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ), and the rats were divided into control, diabetes and saline-treated, diabetes and diosmin + hesperidin (150 mg/kg) treated, and diabetes and diosmin + hesperidin (300 mg/kg) treated groups. Electromyography (EMG) and inclined plane testing were performed to assess nerve function and motor performance. Sciatic nerve sections were examined histopathologically. Plasma levels of FGF21, galectin-3, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured as markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Results: Diabetic rats treated with saline displayed reduced nerve conduction parameters and impaired motor performance compared to controls. Treatment with diosmin and hesperidin significantly improved compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, distal latency, and motor performance in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed decreased perineural thickness in treated groups. Additionally, treatment with diosmin and hesperidin resulted in increased plasma FGF21 levels and reduced plasma levels of galectin-3 and MDA, indicating decreased oxidative stress and inflammation. Conclusions: Diosmin and hesperidin exhibited protective effects in diabetic neuropathy by promoting nerve regeneration, enhancing nerve conduction, and improving motor performance. These effects were associated with modulation of the FGF21 and galectin-3 pathway. These findings suggest that diosmin and hesperidin may hold potential as adjunctive therapies for diabetic neuropathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology)

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16 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Fire Regime on Nitrogen Distribution in Marshlands of the Sanjiang Plain (NE China)

by Shengzhen Ji, Hongmei Zhao, Guoping Wang, Jinxin Cong, Guangxin Li, Dongxue Han and Chuanyu Gao

Fire 2024, 7(10), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7100339 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Fire is a key ecological factor in marshes, significantly influencing the nitrogen (N) cycle. The impacts of different fire regimes on marshes have garnered increasing attention. This study aims to reveal the effects of fire regimes on N distribution in marshes. We conducted [...] Read more.

Fire is a key ecological factor in marshes, significantly influencing the nitrogen (N) cycle. The impacts of different fire regimes on marshes have garnered increasing attention. This study aims to reveal the effects of fire regimes on N distribution in marshes. We conducted field experiments with fixed–point prescribed burning in typical Sanjiang Plain freshwater marshes, exploring the influences of various fire regimes on the distribution of N in marshes. We found that in the spring–burned plots, the soil ammonium (

{NH}_{4}^{+} - N

) content increased by 318% with thrice–burned approaches compared to once–burned, and by 186% with thrice–burned compared to twice–burned. In the autumn–burned plots,

{NH}_{4}^{+} - N

content increased by 168% and 190%, respectively. Similarly, the soil nitrate (

{NO}_{3}^{-} - N

) content three years subsequent to burning increased by 29.1% compared to one year since burning, and by 5.96% compared to two years since burning in the spring–burned plots (73.8% and 32.9% increases, respectively, in the autumn–burned plots). The plant stem–N content of the autumn burns increased by 30.9%, 119%, and 89.1% compared to the spring burns after one, two, and three years since burning, respectively. Our results indicate that high fire–frequency promotes marsh N cycling within the span of three years. The marsh soil conversion of

{NH}_{4}^{+} - N

to

{NO}_{3}^{-} - N

was enhanced with increased time since burning. High fire–frequency promotes plant growth, exacerbating competition between plant populations, with this effect being more significant in autumn–burned plots than in spring–burned plots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns, Drivers, and Multiscale Impacts of Wildland Fires)

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19 pages, 1207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Neurological Health Conditions Using a Machine Learning Approach

by Gabriele Santilli, Massimiliano Mangone, Francesco Agostini, Marco Paoloni, Andrea Bernetti, Anxhelo Diko, Lucrezia Tognolo, Daniele Coraci, Federico Vigevano, Mario Vetrano, Maria Chiara Vulpiani, Pietro Fiore and Francesca Gimigliano

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040176 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Over one billion people worldwide suffer from neurological conditions that cause mobility impairments, often persisting despite rehabilitation. Chronic neurological disease (CND) patients who lack access to continuous rehabilitation face gradual functional decline. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides [...] Read more.

Background: Over one billion people worldwide suffer from neurological conditions that cause mobility impairments, often persisting despite rehabilitation. Chronic neurological disease (CND) patients who lack access to continuous rehabilitation face gradual functional decline. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a comprehensive framework for assessing these patients. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of a non-hospitalized neuromotor rehabilitation project for CND patients in Italy using the Barthel Index (BI) as the primary outcome measure. The rehabilitation was administered through an Individual Rehabilitation Plan (IRP), tailored by a multidisciplinary team and coordinated by a physiatrist. The IRP involved an initial comprehensive assessment, individualized therapy administered five days a week, and continuous adjustments based on patient progress. The secondary objectives include assessing mental status and sensory and communication functions, and identifying predictive factors for BI improvement using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods: A retrospective observational study of 128 CND patients undergoing a rehabilitation program between 2018 and 2023 was conducted. Variables included demographic data, clinical assessments (BI, SPMSQ, and SVaMAsc), and ICF codes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regressions, and ANN to identify predictors of BI improvement. Results: Significant improvements in the mean BI score were observed from admission (40.28 ± 29.08) to discharge (42.53 ± 30.02, p < 0.001). Patients with severe mobility issues showed the most difficulty in transfers and walking, as indicated by the ICF E codes. Females, especially older women, experienced more cognitive decline, affecting rehabilitation outcomes. ANN achieved 86.4% accuracy in predicting BI improvement, with key factors including ICF mobility codes and the number of past rehabilitation projects. Conclusions: The ICF mobility codes are strong predictors of BI improvement in CND patients. More rehabilitation sessions and targeted support, especially for elderly women and patients with lower initial BI scores, can enhance outcomes and reduce complications. Continuous rehabilitation is essential for maintaining progress in CND patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)

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11 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Respiratory Function and the Strength of the Abdominal Trunk Muscles Including the Diaphragm in Middle-Aged and Older Adult Patients

by Yuki Kurokawa, Satoshi Kato, Noriaki Yokogawa, Takaki Shimizu, Hidenori Matsubara, Tamon Kabata and Satoru Demura

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040175 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Respiration plays an important function in sustaining life. The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in respiration, and plays an important role in trunk stabilization. Although it has been reported that respiratory function is important for trunk muscle stability, the correlation between [...] Read more.

Objectives: Respiration plays an important function in sustaining life. The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in respiration, and plays an important role in trunk stabilization. Although it has been reported that respiratory function is important for trunk muscle stability, the correlation between respiratory function and abdominal trunk muscle strength remains undetermined. This study aimed to clarify this correlation among middle-aged and older patients. Methods: This observational study included 398 patients scheduled for surgery for degenerative conditions of the lower extremities. Respiratory function was evaluated using forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s measured using spirometry. Each patient underwent a physical function test before surgery, which included the assessment of the abdominal trunk muscle strength, grip power, knee extensor strength, one-leg standing time, and gait speed. Correlations between abdominal trunk muscle strength, respiratory function, and physical function were evaluated. Results: Abdominal trunk muscle strength was significantly correlated with forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, grip power, knee extensor strength, one-leg standing time, and gait speed. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that sex, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and knee extensor strength were significant factors associated with abdominal trunk muscle strength. Conclusions: In middle-aged and older patients, abdominal trunk muscle strength including that of the diaphragm, is associated with forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Machine Learning in Sports Medicine, Physical Activity, Posture, and Rehabilitation)

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18 pages, 6025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Design of a Continuous Ultrasound Bath for Effective Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment Based on a Theorical Method

by Paula Andrea Ramirez Cabrera, Alejandra Sophia Lozano Pérez and Carlos Alberto Guerrero Fajardo

Inventions 2024, 9(5), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9050105 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ultrasonic pretreatment is a crucial step in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as peapods, into valuable products. Ultrasonic pretreatment is a highly effective physical method that utilizes ultrasonic waves to enhance various processes. Biomass pretreatment is achieved through physical effects such as [...] Read more.

Ultrasonic pretreatment is a crucial step in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as peapods, into valuable products. Ultrasonic pretreatment is a highly effective physical method that utilizes ultrasonic waves to enhance various processes. Biomass pretreatment is achieved through physical effects such as acoustic cavitation, which disrupts the biomass structure, and chemical effects like radical formation, which breaks down complex molecules. This article focuses on the characteristics, types, and applications of ultrasonic pretreatment in peapods, with a particular emphasis on its role in lignin removal and ultrasound design. An innovative mechanical design in a CAD application of a continuous ultrasound treatment with a capacity of 5 L and an FEA analysis of the equipment are presented as results, providing insights for the design and optimization of ultrasonic pretreatment processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)

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9 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessEssay

‘Show Don’t Tell’: What Creative Writing Has to Teach Philosophy

by David Musgrave

Philosophies 2024, 9(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9050150 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Poetry and philosophy have had a close but uneasy relationship in the western tradition. Both share an eschewal of the discovery of novel facts, but are somewhat opposed in that discovery is a central aim of poetry, but not at all the aim [...] Read more.

Poetry and philosophy have had a close but uneasy relationship in the western tradition. Both share an eschewal of the discovery of novel facts, but are somewhat opposed in that discovery is a central aim of poetry, but not at all the aim of philosophy. Through a close reading of W.H. Auden’s ‘In Memory of W.B. Yeats’ and a versification of part of G.E. Moore’s ‘A Defence of Common Sense’, I argue that what poetry shows corresponds, in a broadly symbolist sense, to Wittgenstein’s understanding of the miraculous nature of the world. In this regard, poetry can offer philosophy clarity, in the form of its tonal architecture, value, and ethics, and may also constitute a perspicuous representation. Poetry remains in a perpetual mode of potential, as well as being possessed of a vatic autonomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poetry and (the Philosophy of) Ordinary Language)

14 pages, 1461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Strategies and Biological Traits of the Lessepsian Migrant Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828) in the Messenian Gulf, SW Greece

by Stefanos Michael Koilakos, Ioannis Georgatis and Ioannis Leonardos

Fishes 2024, 9(10), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9100380 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The common lionfish, Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828), is one of the most recent Lessepsian migrants into Mediterranean Sea. In this study, a first attempt is made to explore some life history parameters of the species in the Messenian Gulf (SW Greece). Its growth, [...] Read more.

The common lionfish, Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828), is one of the most recent Lessepsian migrants into Mediterranean Sea. In this study, a first attempt is made to explore some life history parameters of the species in the Messenian Gulf (SW Greece). Its growth, morphometry, and feeding behavior were studied in samples collected with a speargun during the summer and autumn of 2021 at depths from 0 m to 20 m. Lionfish were found to have established a thriving population, growing faster and reaching larger sizes than in their native range. Analysis of their diet showed that this species is a generalized feeder with a preference towards piscivory, targeting key species for local food webs, such as the damselfish (C. chromis), possibly provoking competition with other native predators. Overall, the dietary habits of the species, rapid growth rate, and lack of predation pressure make the lionfish an additional risk for the integrity of the Messenian marine ecosystem, an ecosystem which is already disturbed by intense human intervention. Full article

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9 pages, 2015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Splitting of ‘Murcott’ Tangor Fruit (Citrus reticulate × Citrus sinensis) through Foliar Application of Forchlorfenuron (CPPU)

by Yi-Lu Jiang and Pai-Tsang Chang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101023 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The effect of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit splitting of ‘Murcott’ tangor fruit (Citrus reticulate × Citrus sinensis) was analyzed throughout two successive seasons during 2020 and 2021. ‘Murcott’ trees were treated with various concentrations of CPPU, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L [...] Read more.

The effect of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit splitting of ‘Murcott’ tangor fruit (Citrus reticulate × Citrus sinensis) was analyzed throughout two successive seasons during 2020 and 2021. ‘Murcott’ trees were treated with various concentrations of CPPU, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg·L⁻¹, which significantly reduced the splitting of fruit compared with the control fruit and the gibberellic acid (GA₃)-treated fruit (20.0 mg·L⁻¹). The fruit treated with 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ CPPU exhibited higher levels of fruit weight, longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, peel strength, and peel thickness compared to the control fruit. In addition, the tree sprayed with 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ CPPU had the greatest number of cellular layers and cells at the stylar end calculated in fruit. However, there were no other fruit quality characteristics significantly affected by CPPU and GA₃ treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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15 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lithium: An Element with Potential for Biostimulation and Biofortification Approaches in Plants

by María de la Luz Buendía-Valverde, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Yolanda Leticia Fernández-Pavía, Rodrigo Aníbal Mateos-Nava and Libia Iris Trejo-Téllez

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101022 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal in existence. Its effects on higher plants are still under discussion because both positive and toxic results have been reported in different species. In the last decade, the use of Li has increased considerably, and it is [...] Read more.

Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal in existence. Its effects on higher plants are still under discussion because both positive and toxic results have been reported in different species. In the last decade, the use of Li has increased considerably, and it is projected that Li waste will be an environmental problem in the near future, such that various organisms, including plants, may be altered by its presence. Interestingly, Li can trigger hormesis, with beneficial effects at low doses and inhibitory or harmful effects at high doses. Currently, numerous research groups are focusing their studies on agriculture to obtain crops fortified with Li, which represents a nutritional advantage in food if adequate concentrations are used. However, more studies are still needed in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms of the effects of Li on plants. This review describes the natural and anthropogenic sources of Li, as well as the concentrations of this element in different environments. Regarding the uses of Li in different areas, topics related to doses that cause toxicity and lethality in humans are addressed. Given its impact on crop production, mechanisms of Li uptake and transport in higher plants are reviewed, as well as the effects on plant metabolism and physiology. Likewise, the perspective on the controlled use of Li in biostimulation and biofortification of crops is addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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28 pages, 5983 KiB

Open AccessReview

Droplet Contact Line Dynamics after Impact on Solid Surface: Future Perspectives in Healthcare and Medicine

by Alireza Mohammad Karim

Fluids 2024, 9(10), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9100223 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The physics of the moving contact line of an impacting droplet is widely applied in a variety of domains in rapidly advancing healthcare technology and medicine. The behavior of the dynamic contact line after impact of a biologically active droplet on a complex [...] Read more.

The physics of the moving contact line of an impacting droplet is widely applied in a variety of domains in rapidly advancing healthcare technology and medicine. The behavior of the dynamic contact line after impact of a biologically active droplet on a complex material surface involves complicated solid–liquid and liquid–gas interfacial interactions. Therefore, a deep understanding of such complex droplet contact line dynamics by applying the current physical models and state-of-the-art nanotechnology and artificial neural networks can be one of the ongoing promising interests in the field of interfacial physics. This review provides an overview of several scientific aspects of contact line dynamics of an impacting droplet and its influence on the current developed healthcare technology and medicine. Firstly, the potential applications in modern healthcare and personalized medicine are listed and discussed. Secondly, the theory of the moving contact line and the fundamental physical parameters related to the motion of impacting droplets are introduced. Afterwards, the current physical models of moving contact line dynamics are critically explained by emphasizing their limitations. Finally, current concerns and obstacles are summarized, and future perspectives and research directions are outlined to address poorly understood and conflicting issues. Full article

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16 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Orientation and Manufacturing Firms’ Green Innovation Performance: The Mediating Role of Green Competence

by Courage Simon Kofi Dogbe and Nyankomo Marwa

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(10), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100430 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study assessed the mediating role of green competence in the relationship between digital orientation and green innovation performance among Chinese manufacturing firms. This study gathered data from 227 manufacturing firms located in the Jiangsu Province of China. Data were gathered using a [...] Read more.

This study assessed the mediating role of green competence in the relationship between digital orientation and green innovation performance among Chinese manufacturing firms. This study gathered data from 227 manufacturing firms located in the Jiangsu Province of China. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using a covariance-based structural equation modeling in Amos (v.23). The findings revealed that digital orientation had a direct effect on manufacturing firms’ green innovation performance. This study also reveals that digital orientation had a direct positive effect on green competence. Also, green competence had a direct effect on green innovation performance. Finally, it was identified that green competence partially mediated the relationship between digital orientation and manufacturing firms’ green innovation performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Management in Accounting and Business)

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19 pages, 2616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic and Evolutionary Analysis of Canine Coronavirus in Guangxi Province, China, for 2021–2024

by Kaichuang Shi, Yandi Shi, Yuwen Shi, Yi Pan, Shuping Feng, Zhuo Feng, Yanwen Yin, Yang Tang, Zongqiang Li and Feng Long

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100456 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an important gastrointestinal pathogen that causes serious harm to pet dogs worldwide. Here, 1791 clinical samples were collected from pet dogs in different pet hospitals in Guangxi Province, southern China, for the 2021–2024 period and detected for CCoV by [...] Read more.

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an important gastrointestinal pathogen that causes serious harm to pet dogs worldwide. Here, 1791 clinical samples were collected from pet dogs in different pet hospitals in Guangxi Province, southern China, for the 2021–2024 period and detected for CCoV by a multiplex RT-qPCR. The results showed that 8.43% (151/1791) of samples were positive for CCoV. Sixty-five positive samples were selected to amplify, sequence, and analyze S, M, and N genes. A sequence comparison revealed that the nucleotide and amino acid similarities of the S, M, and N genes were 94.86% and 94.62%, 96.85% and 97.80%, and 96.85% and 97.80%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 65 CCoV strains obtained in this study belonged to the CCoV-II genotype, of which 56 CCoV strains belonged to the CCoV-IIa subtype and 9 CCoV strains belonged to the CCoV-IIb subtype. A potential recombination event analysis of S gene sequences indicated that two CCoV strains, i.e., GXBSHM0328-34 and GXYLAC0318-35, have recombination signals. A Bayesian analysis indicated that the evolutionary rates of the S, M, and N genes were 1.791 × 10⁻³, 6.529 × 10⁻⁴, and 4.775 × 10⁻⁴ substitutions/site/year, respectively. The population size grew slowly before 1980 and then began to shrink slowly; it then shrank rapidly in 2005 and expanded sharply in 2020, leveling off thereafter. These results indicated the CCoV strains prevalent in Guangxi Province, southern China, showed a high level of genetic diversity and maintained continuous variation among clinical epidemic strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)

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22 pages, 4317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Harmful: Exploring Biofilm Formation by Enterococci Isolated from Portuguese Traditional Cheeses

by Susana Serrano, Maria Vitória Ferreira, Cinthia Alves-Barroco, Susana Morais, Maria Teresa Barreto-Crespo, Rogério Tenreiro and Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193067 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the biofilm-forming capabilities of Enterococcus isolates from Portuguese traditional cheeses with protected designation of origin (PDO) status, specifically Azeitão and Nisa. Given the absence of added starter cultures in the cheesemaking process, the characteristics of these cheeses are intrinsically [...] Read more.

This study investigated the biofilm-forming capabilities of Enterococcus isolates from Portuguese traditional cheeses with protected designation of origin (PDO) status, specifically Azeitão and Nisa. Given the absence of added starter cultures in the cheesemaking process, the characteristics of these cheeses are intrinsically linked to the autochthonous microbiota present in the raw materials and the production environment. Our findings demonstrate that all isolates possess biofilm production abilities, which are crucial for their colonization and persistence within cheese factories, thereby maintaining factory-specific microbial heritage. Through an integrated analysis utilizing principal component analysis (PCA), a direct correlation between biofilm formation and cell viability was established. Notably, these results underscore the adaptive capacity of enterococci to survive environmental fluctuations and their role in the unique characteristics of Portuguese traditional cheeses. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the microbial dynamics in cheese production and highlights the importance of enterococci in preserving cheese quality and heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artisanal Foods of Animal Origin: Study on Processing, Characterization, Quality, Safety, Sustainability and Health Benefits)

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13 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview and Toxicity Assessment of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Ingredients from Plants

by Abayneh Getachew Demesa, Soila Saavala, Marjo Pöysä and Tuomas Koiranen

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193066 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

In different food technology unit operations, toxicity can be increased due to unwanted side reactions and is typically associated with the increased thermal energy that facilitates the latter. Authorities in food technology have not provided clear guidelines on using ultrasound (US), but they [...] Read more.

In different food technology unit operations, toxicity can be increased due to unwanted side reactions and is typically associated with the increased thermal energy that facilitates the latter. Authorities in food technology have not provided clear guidelines on using ultrasound (US), but they also have not prohibited its use in food processing. In this study, the source materials and ultrasound-assisted reactions reported in the literature were reviewed to investigate potential side reactions in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Industrial or pilot-scale processes published in the open literature and in industry patents were also examined. UAE is a highly effective extraction method that significantly increases extraction yields. According to the literature, there is no direct evidence of the formation of toxic compounds from natural food ingredients caused by UAE. However, experimental studies are urgently needed to assess the potential accumulation of toxic substances, especially in the case of certain plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)

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17 pages, 2888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Protective Colloids on Calcium Tartrate Stability and the Astringency Perception in a Red Wine

by Matías Cisterna-Castillo, José Ignacio Covarrubias, Marcela Medel-Marabolí, Alvaro Peña-Neira and Mariona Gil i Cortiella

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3065; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193065 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Calcium tartrate instability in wines has been a neglected topic for many years. However, it seems that this problem is gaining prominence, and the industry welcomes inputs to address this issue. Among the alternatives that winemakers use for tartrate salt stabilization, the addition [...] Read more.

Calcium tartrate instability in wines has been a neglected topic for many years. However, it seems that this problem is gaining prominence, and the industry welcomes inputs to address this issue. Among the alternatives that winemakers use for tartrate salt stabilization, the addition of authorized protective colloids is one of the best choices because they are easy to apply and have a low energetic cost. In the present study, the same red wine was treated with five different commercially available protective colloids in triplicate. The effectiveness of such colloids on calcium tartrate potential instability was estimated, in addition to their side effects on the phenolic composition of the treated wines and their astringency perception, as assessed by sensory analyses of the treated wine. The results show that, under these trial conditions, carboxymethylcellulose is the best choice for reducing the risk of calcium tartrate precipitation in wine. Moreover, the application of protective colloids to the wines had little effect on their color, phenolic composition, or evolution during one year of bottle storage. Finally, the addition of protective colloids did not impact the astringency intensity, but it influenced the dynamic perception of astringency according to the temporal dominance of sensation analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcoholic Beverages: Their Processing, Quality, Sensory Attributes, Consumption, and Health Properties)

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14 pages, 8032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functionalized MXene (Ti₃C₂T_X) Loaded with Ag Nanoparticles as a Raman Scattering Substrate for Rapid Furfural Detection in Baijiu

by Jian Chen, Xiaoyu Cao, Wei Liu, Jianghua Liu, Liang Qi, Minmin Wei and Xuan Zou

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3064; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193064 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

Furfural is an essential compound that contributes to the distinctive flavor of sauce-flavored Baijiu. However, traditional detection methods are hindered by lengthy and complex sample preparation procedures, as well as the need for expensive equipment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a [...] Read more.

Furfural is an essential compound that contributes to the distinctive flavor of sauce-flavored Baijiu. However, traditional detection methods are hindered by lengthy and complex sample preparation procedures, as well as the need for expensive equipment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new approach that allows rapid detection. In this study, we developed a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate by constructing MXene (Ti₃C₂T_X) @Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) through an electrostatic attraction method. The MXene (Ti₃C₂T_X) @Ag NPs were successfully fabricated, with adsorbed NaCl-treated Ag NPs uniformly absorbed on the surface of MXene (Ti₃C₂T_X), creating high-density distributed SERS “hot spots”. The prepared substrate demonstrated excellent sensitivity, uniformity, repeatability, and long-term stability, with a low detectable concentration of 10⁻⁹ M for R6G (Rhodamine 6G) and an enhancement factor of up to 7.08 × 10⁵. When applied for the in situ SERS detection of furfural in Baijiu, the detection limit was as low as 0.5 mg/L. Overall, the proposed method offers rapid, low-cost, and sensitive quantitative analysis, which is significant not only for detecting furfural in Baijiu but also for identifying hazardous substances and distinguishing between authentic and counterfeit Baijiu products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biosensors on the Detection of Food Contaminants and Toxins)

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19 pages, 10316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Gas Turbine Rotor System Subjected to Ship Hull Excitation

by Xin Zhang, Yongbao Liu, Qiang Wang, Zhikai Xing and Mo Li

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2091; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102091 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

To address the challenge of measuring the dynamic characteristic parameters of the gas turbine rotor system affected by hull excitation, a vibration transmission model integrating a ship model slice, test data, and a three-dimensional entity is proposed, based on the two-dimensional slice theory, [...] Read more.

To address the challenge of measuring the dynamic characteristic parameters of the gas turbine rotor system affected by hull excitation, a vibration transmission model integrating a ship model slice, test data, and a three-dimensional entity is proposed, based on the two-dimensional slice theory, scaled ship model, and finite element model of the turbine rotor system. The transient dynamic responses of the front and rear bearing points were calculated and analyzed. Vibration response tests with significant wave heights of 0.5 m, 1.25 m, 2.5 m, and 4 m were carried out in the towing tank of the ship model to obtain the dynamic characteristic parameters of the deck position. Techniques including wavelet denoising, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and signal resampling were employed to filter out and reconstruct high-frequency noise, overcoming the technical challenges of a high sampling frequency and a low computational efficiency. The experimental data and simulation results were compared and analyzed, validating the accuracy of the vibration transmission model of the turbine rotor system with data and entity integration. By comparing the vibration signal values in the X and Z directions at the front and rear bearing points after vibration transmission, it is evident that the effective values of the vibration signals at the front bearing point are 0.03% to 0.1% greater than those at the rear bearing point. This model provides a theoretical basis and reference for the design of the gas turbine rotor system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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21 pages, 4781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Investigation on Kick Control with the Displacement Kill Method during a Well Test in a Deep-Water Gas Reservoir: A Case Study

by Qingchao Li, Qiang Li and Ying Han

Processes 2024, 12(10), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102090 - 26 Sep 2024

Abstract

The efficient exploitation of marine oil and gas resources holds significant potential to mitigate the current severe energy crisis. Regrettably, incidents, such as gas kick and even blowouts, can significantly impact normal development activities. The displacement kill method is one effective strategy for [...] Read more.

The efficient exploitation of marine oil and gas resources holds significant potential to mitigate the current severe energy crisis. Regrettably, incidents, such as gas kick and even blowouts, can significantly impact normal development activities. The displacement kill method is one effective strategy for well control in deep-water areas. In this study, the detailed mathematical method for determining kill parameters involved in the kill operation by using the displacement kill method was proposed. Of course, this includes both cases: one where the kill fluid leaks during the kill process and another where no leakage occurs. Meanwhile, its applicability was verified through comparison with experimental results. Then, evolution characteristics of kill parameters, when killing fluid leakage occurs and when it does not occur, were analyzed. Finally, factors, such as pit gain and shut-in casing pressure, affecting the kill parameters of kill operation, were explored. It was found that the experimental and calculated results show great similarity, although there are slight differences between them. The total kill time in the simulation is 44 s shorter than that in the verification experiment. This indicates that the model established in this study is suitable for simulating the process of kill operation using the displacement kill method. In addition, the investigation results show that leakage of kill fluid increases the difficulty of the kill operation and prolongs the operation time. The number of kill cycles in the presence of kill fluid leakage is one more than that when there is no fluid leakage, resulting in an additional 70 min of total duration. Furthermore, the increase in pit gain and the rise in shut-in casing pressure can also pose challenges to the kill operations. The total kill time will be extended by 164 min when the mud pit gain increases from 20 m³ to 50 m³. The number of kill cycles rises by two when the shut-in casing pressure is increased from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. To ensure the safety of the drilling operation in abnormally high-pressure reservoirs, it is crucial to monitor parameters such as casing pressure during the drilling process and timely well control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fracturing Technology for Oil and Gas Reservoir Stimulation)

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