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21 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Ergothioneine and Glutathione Limit Postharvest Senescence of Arugula

by Dhanya Sivakumar and Gale Bozzo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091140 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Arugula is susceptible to postharvest deterioration. We tested the impact of exogenous antioxidant (i.e., ergothioneine and glutathione) dip solutions on arugula quality during storage at 4 °C or 10 °C for up to 17 days relative to a non-antioxidant treatment. Leaves from each [...] Read more.

Arugula is susceptible to postharvest deterioration. We tested the impact of exogenous antioxidant (i.e., ergothioneine and glutathione) dip solutions on arugula quality during storage at 4 °C or 10 °C for up to 17 days relative to a non-antioxidant treatment. Leaves from each dip treatment and storage temperature were assessed for visual quality and endogenous antioxidant metabolite profiles. Overall, leaf discolouration, wilting, and decay were more rapid at 10 °C than at 4 °C. Both antioxidant treatments limited leaf discolouration at 4 °C. Exogenous ergothioneine reduced wilting at 4 °C, whereas exogenous glutathione limited the incidence of leaf decay. At 10 °C, glutathione reduced the incidence of discolouration and decay, whereas both antioxidant dip treatments limited the decline in leaf yellowing. Ergothioneine was solely detected in ergothioneine-treated leaves; a decrease occurred within the first two days of storage but was unchanged thereafter. Although both antioxidant treatments did not affect endogenous glutathione concentrations at either storage temperature, glutathione disulfide was stable within the glutathione-treated leaves, whereas it increased in the other treatments. Ascorbate degradation was delayed in ergothioneine-treated leaves at 4 °C relative to all other treatments, whereas both antioxidant treatments little affected ascorbate metabolism in leaves stored at 10 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

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14 pages, 9276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survey of Confidence and Knowledge in Managing Patellofemoral Pain among Physical Therapists in Saudi Arabia

by Marwan M. A. Aljohani, Abdulaziz Awali, Raghad Khalid Aljohani, Moiyad Saleh Aljehani and Yasir S. Alshehri

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181891 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: This study assessed the beliefs and knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia regarding the management of patellofemoral pain (PFP) and their alignment with current Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 111 licensed physical therapists actively treating [...] Read more.

Background: This study assessed the beliefs and knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia regarding the management of patellofemoral pain (PFP) and their alignment with current Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 111 licensed physical therapists actively treating PFP patients. The survey included questions about PFP risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using a Likert scale to measure confidence and knowledge. Results: Readers have significantly greater confidence in the knowledge of managing patients with PFP following current CPGs (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between groups in the other items (p > 0.01). However, over 70% of respondents, irrespective of guideline familiarity, held beliefs about risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment that were inconsistent with CPGs. Conclusions: These discrepancies highlight a significant knowledge gap that may affect patient care quality. Enhancing education and dissemination efforts regarding CPGs is essential to improve adherence to evidence-based practices among physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. To change practitioners’ preferences, attitudes, and beliefs, more targeted programs and interventions for knowledge dissemination and implementation should be provided. Full article

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5 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Think Vibrio, Think Rare: Non-O1-Non-O139- Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia in Advanced Lung Cancer—A Case Report

by Andrea Marino, Bruno Cacopardo, Laura Villa, Adriana D’Emilio, Salvatore Piro and Giuseppe Nunnari

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(9), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090224 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known as the cause of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While only certain strains are capable of causing cholera, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains (NOVC) can lead to non-pathogenic colonization or mild illnesses such as gastroenteritis. [...] Read more.

Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known as the cause of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While only certain strains are capable of causing cholera, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains (NOVC) can lead to non-pathogenic colonization or mild illnesses such as gastroenteritis. In immunocompromised patients, however, NOVC can cause severe infections, including rare cases of bacteremia, especially in those with underlying conditions like liver disease, hematologic disorders, and malignancies. This case report presents a rare instance of NOVC bacteremia in a 71-year-old patient with advanced lung cancer, illustrating the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment interventions required. The patient presented with fever, asthenia, and confusion, and was found to have bacteremia caused by NOVC, confirmed through blood cultures and molecular analysis. Treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin led to a rapid clinical improvement and resolution of the infection. This case, along with an overview of similar incidents, underscores the importance of considering NOVC in differential diagnoses for immunocompromised patients presenting with fever, and highlights the necessity of timely diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy to achieve favorable outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foodborne Zoonotic Bacterial Infections)

9 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Infection and Calculated Globulin Level among Patients with Thymic Epithelial Tumor

by Joyce Cui and Tawee Tanvetyanon

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5600; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185600 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are uncommon malignancies uniquely associated with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Previous studies among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases have shown that a low calculated globulin (CG) level, obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein level, is associated with [...] Read more.

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are uncommon malignancies uniquely associated with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Previous studies among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases have shown that a low calculated globulin (CG) level, obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein level, is associated with infection risk. We investigated this association among patients with TET. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed based on electronic medical records of patients with TET treated during 2002–2024 at a tertiary care institution. For each patient, their lowest CG level and the date of occurrence were identified. The incidence of serious infection requiring hospitalization during 6 months before and 6 months after the index date was recorded. Multivariable Poisson regression models were constructed. Results: Among 101 TET patients, 96 patients (95%) had the information available to derive at least one CG level. The median lowest CG level was 2.65 g/dL (range 1.0–4.2). There were 33 serious infection episodes. Pneumonia was the most prevalent type of infection in 52% of episodes. In a multivariable analysis, a CG level below 2.0 was independently associated with the prevalence of infection with a prevalence ratio of 6.18 (95% CI: 3.12–12.23, p < 0.001). Furthermore, thymectomy was significantly associated with infection. Conclusions: Among patients with TET, a low CG level was associated with an increased prevalence of serious infections. Our limited experiences suggest that it is feasible to derive the CG level for most patients during routine clinical care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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12 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Survey of Outdoor Radon and Thoron Levels in Bulgaria Using an Innovative DVD-Based Method

by Dobromir Pressyanov and Dimitar Dimitrov

Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091141 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were left in place for several months. Notably, the dataset reveals significant variability in measurements, even over short distances, with thoron exhibiting greater variability than radon. Radon levels ranged from 7 ± 1 to 34 ± 3 Bq m⁻³ (average: 21 Bq m⁻³), while thoron levels ranged from 13 ± 5 to 307 ± 54 Bq m⁻³ (average: 170 Bq m⁻³). A weak but statistically significant correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.559) was observed between radon and thoron levels, which improved significantly when averaged across the four zones. These findings underscore the importance of measuring both radon and thoron in outdoor surveys. High thoron levels can significantly bias radon measurements, particularly when radon concentrations are substantially lower than those of thoron. If further studies confirm the good correlation between area averages, the observed correlation between area-average values could be used to correct average radon levels in large areas (e.g., radon priority areas) for thoron interference when thoron data are missing from the analyzed radon dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))

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10 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Portal Vein Thrombosis in COVID-19: An Underdiagnosed Disease?

by Ismael El Hajra, Elba Llop, Santiago Blanco, Christie Perelló, Carlos Fernández-Carrillo and José Luis Calleja

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5599; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185599 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Multiple studies have linked COVID-19 to a higher incidence of thromboembolic disorders. However, the association of COVID-19 with other potentially life-threatening complications, such as splanchnic vein thrombosis, is less well understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, [...] Read more.

Background: Multiple studies have linked COVID-19 to a higher incidence of thromboembolic disorders. However, the association of COVID-19 with other potentially life-threatening complications, such as splanchnic vein thrombosis, is less well understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. From all positive patients for a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab test from March 2020 to June 2020, we included those who were older than 18 years, had received abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in the 6 months following the positive RT-PCR swab, and had no previously known splanchnic vein thrombosis. Results: A total of 60 patients with abdominal CT were selected from all those positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 2987). The prevalence of PVT was 3/60 (5%). The mean age was 66.1 ± 16.5 years and 51.7% were male. In two of the three patients, there was no underlying pathology as a risk factor for PVT and one of them presented cirrhosis. The number of days from the start of COVID-19 symptoms until the PVT diagnosis were 21, 12, and 10 days. Anticoagulation treatment achieved recanalization in 100% of cases. During a mean follow-up of 803 days, none of the patients experienced long-term complications. Conclusions: Portal vein thrombosis is uncommon, and its incidence may be higher in COVID-19 patients. A greater understanding of the features of this disease in the context of COVID-19 could aid towards its diagnosis and allow for early detection and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis)

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11 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Relationship between proAKAP4 Level and Longevity of Sexed Sperm Quality after Thawing

by İlktan Bastan, Fırat Korkmaz, Derya Şahin, Seher Şimşek and Ufuk Kaya

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090444 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

ProAKAP4 is a sperm structural protein that regulates motility through the PKA-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, which is synthesized as an X chromosome-linked member of the gene family. This study aims to determine the optimal level of proAKAP4 for evaluating sexed semen through investigating [...] Read more.

ProAKAP4 is a sperm structural protein that regulates motility through the PKA-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, which is synthesized as an X chromosome-linked member of the gene family. This study aims to determine the optimal level of proAKAP4 for evaluating sexed semen through investigating its relationship with the longevity of sperm quality in sexed Holstein bull sperm. A total of 30 sexed sperm samples (bearing X chromosomes) from 30 distinct Holstein bulls (n = 30) were analyzed. The frozen bull sperm samples were assessed for their proAKAP4 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), and spermatozoa movement parameters at hours 0 and 3 after thawing. The proAKAP4 levels in the sexed sperm samples ranged from 16.35 to 72.10 ng/10 M spz, with an average of 37.18 ± 15.1 ng/10 M spz. A strong positive correlation was observed between proAKAP4 levels and total motility, progressive motility, PMAI, high mitochondrial membrane potential, VAP, and VCL values after 3 h of incubation, when compared to post-thaw analyses. The results also reveal that spermatozoa with proAKAP4 levels of ≥40 ng/10 M spz exhibit higher quality. In conclusion, the level of proAKAP4 in sexed sperm aligns with previous studies and shows potential as a biomarker for assessing the longevity of sexed sperm quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Biotechnology in Animals Reproduction)

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14 pages, 3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Interference on ZIKV and CHIKV Cycles in Mosquitoes and Mammalian Cells

by Tiago Souza Salles, Erica Santos Martins-Duarte, Marcelo Damião Ferreira de Meneses, Monica Ferreira Moreira, Davis Fernandes Ferreira, Renata Campos Azevedo, Wanderley De Souza and Lucio Ayres Caldas

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090814 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Temperature is a determining factor for the viral cycle. In this study, we investigate the effect of different temperatures on the cycles of two important arboviruses—Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV)—in Vero (mammalian) and C6/36 (mosquito) cells. We compare genome quantification to infectivity at [...] Read more.

Temperature is a determining factor for the viral cycle. In this study, we investigate the effect of different temperatures on the cycles of two important arboviruses—Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV)—in Vero (mammalian) and C6/36 (mosquito) cells. We compare genome quantification to infectivity at 28 °C and 37 °C in both cell types. Virus–cell interaction was also examined by transmission electron microscopy, allowing the observation of phenomena such as virus-surfing and giant forms for CHIKV, as well as the the scarcity of ZIKV in C6/36 cells compared to its cycle in mammalian cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Arboviruses: Epidemiology, Vector Dynamics, and Pathogenesis)

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19 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of In Situ Hybridization (ISH) Stain Images Using Computational Techniques

by Zaka Ur Rehman, Mohammad Faizal Ahmad Fauzi, Wan Siti Halimatul Munirah Wan Ahmad, Fazly Salleh Abas, Phaik Leng Cheah, Seow Fan Chiew and Lai-Meng Looi

Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182089 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent advancements in medical imaging have greatly enhanced the application of computational techniques in digital pathology, particularly for the classification of breast cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) imaging. HER2 amplification, a key prognostic marker in 20–25% of breast cancers, can be assessed [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in medical imaging have greatly enhanced the application of computational techniques in digital pathology, particularly for the classification of breast cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) imaging. HER2 amplification, a key prognostic marker in 20–25% of breast cancers, can be assessed through alterations in gene copy number or protein expression. However, challenges persist due to the heterogeneity of nuclear regions and complexities in cancer biomarker detection. This review examines semi-automated and fully automated computational methods for analyzing ISH images with a focus on HER2 gene amplification. Literature from 1997 to 2023 is analyzed, emphasizing silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) and its integration with image processing and machine learning techniques. Both conventional machine learning approaches and recent advances in deep learning are compared. The review reveals that automated ISH analysis in combination with bright-field microscopy provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for routine pathology. The integration of deep learning techniques shows promise in improving accuracy over conventional methods, although there are limitations related to data variability and computational demands. Automated ISH analysis can reduce manual labor and increase diagnostic accuracy. Future research should focus on refining these computational methods, particularly in handling the complex nature of HER2 status evaluation, and integrate best practices to further enhance clinical adoption of these techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning for Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Biomedical Imaging—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 8494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Radiotherapy Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer with Lentinan-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential

by Yani Zou, Helin Xu, Xiu Wu, Xuesong Liu and Jianfu Zhao

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(9), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091230 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism of LET-SeNPs in PCa. Our results demonstrate that the combination of LET-SeNPs and X-ray therapy (4 Gy) significantly inhibited the growth and colony formation of PCa cells by inducing apoptosis, surpassing the effects of individual treatments. This combined approach modulated DNA damage through the p53, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and AKT pathways. Furthermore, LET-SeNPs increased PC3 cell sensitivity to X-ray-induced apoptosis by downregulating TrxR (Thioredoxin reductase) expression and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, thereby activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, LET-SeNPs regulated PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) to prevent DNA damage repair. In vivo studies confirmed that the combination treatment inhibited PCa growth by synergistically activating the p53 pathway to induce cell apoptosis. These findings highlight LET-SeNPs’ potential as a radiotherapy sensitizer and suggest that combining LET-SeNPs with X-ray therapy could be a promising strategy for clinical application, leveraging selenium-modified nanoparticles’ antitumor effects. Full article

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14 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Two Models of Telerehabilitation in Improving Recovery from Subacute Upper Limb Disability after Stroke: Robotic vs. Non-Robotic

by Arianna Pavan, Alessio Fasano, Stefania Lattanzi, Laura Cortellini, Valeria Cipollini, Sabina Insalaco, Maria Cristina Mauro, Marco Germanotta and Irene Giovanna Aprile

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090941 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Finding innovative digital solutions is fundamental to ensure prompt and continuous care for patients with chronic neurological disorders, whose demand for rehabilitation also in home-based settings is steadily increasing. The aim is to verify the safety and the effectiveness of two telerehabilitation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Finding innovative digital solutions is fundamental to ensure prompt and continuous care for patients with chronic neurological disorders, whose demand for rehabilitation also in home-based settings is steadily increasing. The aim is to verify the safety and the effectiveness of two telerehabilitation (TR) models in improving recovery from subacute upper limb (UL) disability after stroke, with and without a robotic device. Methods: One hundred nineteen subjects with subacute post-stroke UL disability were assessed for eligibility. Of them, 30 patients were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either the Robotic Group (RG), undergoing a 20-session TR program, using a robotic device, or the Non-Robotic Group (NRG), undergoing a 20-session TR program without robotics. Clinical evaluations were measured at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1, 5 weeks after baseline), and included assessments of quality of life, motor skills, and clinical/functional status. The primary outcome measure was the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, evaluating the change in perceived disability. Results: Statistical analysis shows that patients of both groups improved significantly over time in all domains analyzed (mean decrease from baseline in the WHODAS 2.0 of 6.09 ± 2.62% for the NRG, and of 0.76 ± 2.21% for the RG), with a greater improvement of patients in the NRG in motor (Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity—motor function, Box and Block Test) and cognitive skills (Trail Making Test-A). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of TR programs to transform stroke rehabilitation by enhancing accessibility and patient-centered care, promoting autonomy, improving adherence, and leading to better outcomes and quality of life for stroke survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collection Series: Neurorehabilitation Insights in 2024)

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3 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Atraumatic Hepatic Laceration with Hemoperitoneum

by Gaetano Maria Russo, Evangelia Zoi, Imma D’Iglio and Maria Luisa Mangoni di Santo Stefano

Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182088 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: A rare case of atraumatic liver laceration associated with hemoperitoneum is presented in a patient with amyloidosis who came to the hospital for abdominal pain. Case Presentation: The imaging findings reveal significant hepatomegaly with finely heterogeneous hepatic density and subcapsular hypo-dense streaks [...] Read more.

Introduction: A rare case of atraumatic liver laceration associated with hemoperitoneum is presented in a patient with amyloidosis who came to the hospital for abdominal pain. Case Presentation: The imaging findings reveal significant hepatomegaly with finely heterogeneous hepatic density and subcapsular hypo-dense streaks in segments VI and VII, likely representing lesions. Post-contrast enhancement shows a punctiform contrast medium extravasation within the subhepatic fluid collection, visible from the arterial phase and intensifying in subsequent study phases. Discussion: These imaging findings suggest an atraumatic hepatic laceration, a diagnosis confirmed by the presence of hemoperitoneum distributed bilaterally under the diaphragm, in the paracolic gutters, along the mesentery root, and predominantly in the peri-hepatic region. Conclusion: The detailed imaging analysis provided critical insights into the diagnosis and management of this rare clinical presentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Liver Diseases—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of ESKAPE Pathogens on Bacteremia: A Three-Year Surveillance Study at a Major Hospital in Southern Italy

by Mariagrazia De Prisco, Roberta Manente, Biagio Santella, Enrica Serretiello, Federica Dell’Annunziata, Emanuela Santoro, Francesca F. Bernardi, Chiara D’Amore, Alessandro Perrella, Pasquale Pagliano, Giovanni Boccia, Gianluigi Franci and Veronica Folliero

Antibiotics 2024, 13(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090901 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pose a serious public health threat as they are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by ESKAPE bacteria [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pose a serious public health threat as they are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by ESKAPE bacteria have high mortality rates due to the limited availability of effective antimicrobials. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and susceptibility of ESKAPE pathogens causing BSIs over three years in a large tertiary hospital in Salerno. Methods: Conducted at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of San Giovanni di Dio e ‘‘Ruggi D’Aragona’’ Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022, blood culture samples from different departments were incubated in the BD BACTEC™ system for 5 days. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, and antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined by the VITEK2 system. Results: Out of 3197 species isolated from positive blood cultures, 38.7% were ESKAPE bacteria. Of these, 59.9% were found in blood culture samples taken from men, and the most affected age group was those aged >60 years. (70.6%). Staphylococcus aureus was the main BSI pathogen (26.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.8%). Significant resistance rates were found, including 35% of Staphylococcus aureus being resistant to oxacillin and over 90% of Acinetobacter baumannii being resistant to carbapenems. Conclusions: These results highlight the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship programs to prevent incurable infections. Full article

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17 pages, 3548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Organic Fertilizer Application on Microbial Community Regulation and Pollutant Accumulation in Typical Red Soil in South China

by Qinghong Sun, Qiao Zhang, Zhijie Huang, Chang Wei, Yongtao Li and Huijuan Xu

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092150 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Returning livestock manure to the cropland as organic fertilizer is a sustainable and environmentally friendly treatment method, but its application also alters the soil microenvironment. However, the impact of soil microbial community disturbance and pollutant accumulation from different types of organic fertilizers remains [...] Read more.

Returning livestock manure to the cropland as organic fertilizer is a sustainable and environmentally friendly treatment method, but its application also alters the soil microenvironment. However, the impact of soil microbial community disturbance and pollutant accumulation from different types of organic fertilizers remains largely unknown in South China. To fill this gap, we investigated the effects of organic fertilizers, including chicken manure, pig manure and vermicompost on the soil bacterial and fungal communities and environmental risks. The results show that applying organic fertilizer effectively increases the soil nutrient content. High-throughput sequencing of bacteria and fungi showed that the application of different organic fertilizers had differential effects on microbial community structure, with the highest number of microbe-specific OTUs in the vermicomposting treatment. Additionally, this study found no risk of heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd) contamination from short-term organic fertilizer application, but there was a risk of antibiotic (ENR and CHL) contamination. Functional microorganisms regulating heavy metals and antibiotics were identified by RDA analysis. This study facilitates the screening of types of organic fertilizers that can be safely returned to the field as well as developing strategies to regulate functional microbes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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11 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Novel Ergonomic Sheath on Dental Device-Related Muscle Work, Fatigue and Comfort—A Pilot Clinical Study

by Steven Dang, Cherie Wink, Susan Meishan Yang, Kairong Lin, Thair Takesh, Ali A. Habib and Petra Wilder-Smith

Dent. J. 2024, 12(9), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12090296 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Dental instrumentation with hand-held devices is associated with discomfort, fatigue and musculoskeletal diseases or repetitive stress injuries. The goal of this in vivo study was to determine the effect of an ergonomic handle sheath on muscle work, comfort and fatigue associated with [...] Read more.

Background: Dental instrumentation with hand-held devices is associated with discomfort, fatigue and musculoskeletal diseases or repetitive stress injuries. The goal of this in vivo study was to determine the effect of an ergonomic handle sheath on muscle work, comfort and fatigue associated with (a) piezoelectric scaling by hygienists with and without musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), and (b) dental cavity preparation by healthy dentists using a dental micromotor. Materials and Methods: Two groups of ten hygienists each tested the piezoelectric scaler. Hygienists in Group 1 had no MSDs, while those in Group 2 had been diagnosed with MSDs. Additionally, ten dentists with no MSDs used a dental micromotor to prepare four standardized cavities. Time-based work in four muscles, comfort and fatigue were recorded in the presence and absence of an add-on soft, insulating handle sheath. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance model with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Results: Comfort, fatigue and muscle work were significantly better for both devices when the sheath was used. While hygienists with MSDs used more muscle work to complete the set scaling task, and the sheath-related reduction in work was somewhat greater, these MSD-related differences did not quite reach significance. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study show that the ergonomic performance of an ultrasonic scaler and a dental micromotor may be improved by the use of an ergonomic handle sheath. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Dentistry Journal)

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13 pages, 12510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Ansys CFX Input Parameters for Numerical Modeling of Pump Performance in Turbine Operation

by Jan Černý and Martin Polák

Processes 2024, 12(9), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092034 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The paper deals with the issue of determining the optimal setting of input variables in Ansys CFX for modeling pump flow in turbine operation (PAT). The pump model was created in Autodesk Inventor. The mesh for numerical simulations was created using Ansys Fluent [...] Read more.

The paper deals with the issue of determining the optimal setting of input variables in Ansys CFX for modeling pump flow in turbine operation (PAT). The pump model was created in Autodesk Inventor. The mesh for numerical simulations was created using Ansys Fluent Meshing, considering the mesh quality parameters’ skewness and aspect ratio. The Ansys CFX computational model was experimentally verified on an actual pump by measuring the performance parameters on a test circuit and using the PIV (particle image velocimetry) method. The research indicated that the most suitable setting for the model input variables was the inlet pressure and PAT flow rate combination. Another option was to adjust the pressure at the pump inlet and outlet. However, the calculation time in this case was up to 30% longer. The comparison of the model results with the experiment showed that the deviations in the numerical model performance values did not exceed 10% of the values measured on the test circuit. Only the calculated torque was 1.2 ± 0.13 Nm higher on average than the torque measured on the test circuit. This difference is most likely due to the simplification of the geometry of the computational mesh in order to reduce the computation time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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14 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Poverty and Deprivation: Attitudes and the Role of Teachers during the Pandemic

by Maddalena Colombo, Diego Mesa, Gianluca Battilocchi and Gianluca Truscello

Societies 2024, 14(9), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090190 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Educational poverty is widespread in compulsory education in terms of poor learning and socio-cultural disadvantages; it affects students with disabilities, students with learning difficulties, and those with an immigrant background. During the pandemic crisis, students with special educational needs (SENs) mostly suffered the [...] Read more.

Educational poverty is widespread in compulsory education in terms of poor learning and socio-cultural disadvantages; it affects students with disabilities, students with learning difficulties, and those with an immigrant background. During the pandemic crisis, students with special educational needs (SENs) mostly suffered the risk of an additional deprivation. Within an advanced inclusive model during school closure, the Italian State guaranteed access to schools only to students with disabilities. What effects did this “equalizing” measure produce? What kinds of attitudes have teachers adopted and what roles have they played (active vs. passive) in order to make it sustainable? What was their acknowledgement of the educational poverty and deprivation? To what extent were their attitudes differentiated? This article explores the roles and attitudes of teachers during periods of lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. We assume that the teachers’ attitudes were differentiated on the basis of five cultural dimensions (auto/hetero-referencing; vision of remote teaching; relationship with bureaucracy, relationships with students; teaching as performance or relation), and two functions (classroom teachers/ SENs teachers). The study is based on 42 semi-structured interviews conducted with teachers, principals, and parents in six lower secondary public schools with high rates of SENs students and multi-ethnicity (Northern Italy), and focused on the organisational, teaching, and relational aspects. Results seem to confirm that not all teachers agreed with the Ministry line and adopted a range of responses to the challenge of maintaining inclusivity, from the inert/impatient to the creative/active ones. Their attitudes changed during the post-pandemic period from atomistic to more collaborative, and their preoccupation with the fragile “uncertified students” increased. The article closes with recommendations on teacher training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities)

20 pages, 3018 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to Circumvent the Risk Factor Neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid Limiting Wide Acceptance of the Underutilized Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

by Abreham Bekele-Alemu, Deribew Girma-Tola and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(9), 10570-10589; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46090626 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a protein-rich crop that is resilient to various abiotic stresses, including drought. However, it is not cultivated widely for human consumption due to the neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and its association with neurolathyrism. [...] Read more.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a protein-rich crop that is resilient to various abiotic stresses, including drought. However, it is not cultivated widely for human consumption due to the neurotoxin β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) and its association with neurolathyrism. Though some varieties with low β-ODAP have been developed through classical breeding, the β-ODAP content is increasing due to genotype x environment interactions. This review covers grass pea nutritional quality, β-ODAP biosynthesis, mechanism of paralysis, traditional ways to reduce β-ODAP, candidate genes for boosting sulfur-containing amino acids, and the potential and targets of gene editing to reduce β-ODAP content. Recently, two key enzymes (β-ODAP synthase and β-cyanoalanine synthase) have been identified in the biosynthetic pathway of β-ODAP. We proposed four strategies through which the genes encoding these enzymes can be targeted and suppressed using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Compared to its homology in Medicago truncatula, the grass pea β-ODAP synthase gene sequence and β-cyanoalanine synthase showed 62.9% and 95% similarity, respectively. The β-ODAP synthase converts the final intermediate L-DAPA into toxic β-ODAP, whist β-cyanoalanine synthase converts O-Acetylserine into β-isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl-alanine. Since grass pea is low in methionine and cysteine amino acids, improvement of these amino acids is also needed to boost its protein content. This review contains useful resources for grass pea improvement while also offering potential gene editing strategies to lower β-ODAP levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

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13 pages, 3854 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Coronary Imaging in Chronic Total Occlusions: Applications and Future Possibilities

by Giuseppe Panuccio, Youssef S. Abdelwahed, Nicole Carabetta, Ulf Landmesser, Salvatore De Rosa and Daniele Torella

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(9), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11090295 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) represent a challenging scenario in coronary artery disease (CAD). The prevalence of CTOS in patients undergoing coronary angiography underscores the need for effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Coronary angiography, while essential, offers limited insights into lesion morphology, vessel course, [...] Read more.

Chronic total occlusions (CTOs) represent a challenging scenario in coronary artery disease (CAD). The prevalence of CTOS in patients undergoing coronary angiography underscores the need for effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Coronary angiography, while essential, offers limited insights into lesion morphology, vessel course, and myocardial viability. In contrast, coronary imaging techniques—including optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)—provide comprehensive insights for each stage of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). OCT facilitates the assessment of plaque morphology and stent optimization, despite low evidence and several limitations in CTO-PCI. IVUS offers deeper penetration, allowing managing proximal cap scenarios and guiding subintimal navigation. CCTA provides a non-invasive, three-dimensional view of coronary anatomy, enabling the precise evaluation of myocardial mass at risk and detailed procedural planning. Despite their individual limitations, these imaging modalities have enhanced the success rates of CTO-PCI, thus reducing procedural and long-term complications and improving patient outcomes. The future of CTO management lies in further technological advancements, including hybrid imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) integration, and improved fusion imaging. These innovations promise to refine procedural precision and personalize interventions, ultimately improving the care of patients with complex coronary artery disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cardiovascular Imaging: An Exciting Future to Revolutionize the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiovascular Disease)

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10 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SBS Mitigation by Manipulating the Injecting Polarization Direction in a High-Power Monolithic PM Amplifier

by Yu Wen, Chun Zhang, Chenxu Liu, Qiuhui Chu, Lingli Huang, Yuan Zhu, Haoyu Zhang, Rumao Tao, Honghuan Lin and Jianjun Wang

Photonics 2024, 11(9), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090890 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The polarization direction-dependent SBS threshold was investigated, and the terminal polarization control technique was demonstrated to restore the linear polarization state. By increasing the relative angle of the injecting polarization direction from 0° to 90°, the measured SBS threshold increased until reaching a [...] Read more.

The polarization direction-dependent SBS threshold was investigated, and the terminal polarization control technique was demonstrated to restore the linear polarization state. By increasing the relative angle of the injecting polarization direction from 0° to 90°, the measured SBS threshold increased until reaching a maximum value, beyond which it decreased in a nearly symmetrical trend. The highest SBS threshold was achieved with the relative polarization angle being 45°, delivering a 67% threshold enhancement compared with that at 0°. A quarter-wave-plate was used to restore the polarization state of the output laser manually from an elliptic to a linearly polarized state, and temperature-dependent polarization fluctuation was observed, which intensified as the laser power was scaled. By reducing the cooling temperature, a 1 kW laser with a linearly polarized state was demonstrated using a 45° polarization direction-injected monolithic PM amplifier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Power Fiber Lasers)

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19 pages, 5669 KiB

Open AccessReview

Locked in Structure: Sestrin and GATOR—A Billion-Year Marriage

by Alexander Haidurov and Andrei V. Budanov

Cells 2024, 13(18), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181587 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Sestrins are a conserved family of stress-responsive proteins that play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, stress response, and ageing. Vertebrates have three Sestrin genes (SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3), while invertebrates encode only one. Initially identified as antioxidant proteins [...] Read more.

Sestrins are a conserved family of stress-responsive proteins that play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, stress response, and ageing. Vertebrates have three Sestrin genes (SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3), while invertebrates encode only one. Initially identified as antioxidant proteins that regulate cell viability, Sestrins are now recognised as crucial inhibitors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 kinase (mTORC1), a central regulator of anabolism, cell growth, and autophagy. Sestrins suppress mTORC1 through an inhibitory interaction with the GATOR2 protein complex, which, in concert with GATOR1, signals to inhibit the lysosomal docking of mTORC1. A leucine-binding pocket (LBP) is found in most vertebrate Sestrins, and when bound with leucine, Sestrins do not bind GATOR2, prompting mTORC1 activation. This review examines the evolutionary conservation of Sestrins and their functional motifs, focusing on their origins and development. We highlight that the most conserved regions of Sestrins are those involved in GATOR2 binding, and while analogues of Sestrins exist in prokaryotes, the unique feature of eukaryotic Sestrins is their structural presentation of GATOR2-binding motifs. Full article

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15 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rice Husk Silica Liquid Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Overactive Immune Responses via TLR-7 Signaling in Lupus-Prone Models

by Chieh Kao, Shih-Wei Wang, Po-Chun Chen, Chun-Yung Huang, Yu-Feng Wei, Cheng-Hsun Ho and Yong-Han Hong

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810133 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and autophagy have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) has shown potential for modulating inflammatory responses, but its effects [...] Read more.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and autophagy have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) has shown potential for modulating inflammatory responses, but its effects on SLE have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate the impact of RHSL on immune responses and autophagy in cell culture experiments, focusing on its effects on TLR-7 signaling, cytokine production, and autophagy modulation. RAW264.7 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and SLE patients were used. Cells were stimulated with LPS or TLR-7 agonists and treated with RHSL. Cell viability was assessed, and cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins (LC3II, ATG5-ATG12) were analyzed by Western blotting. The effect of autophagy inhibition was studied using 3-methyladenine (3-MA). A concentration of 100 μg/mL RHSL did not affect cell viability but significantly reduced the TNF-α production in TLR-7 agonist-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (compared to TLR-7 alone, 3.41 ± 0.54 vs. 6.72 ± 0.07 folds) and PBMCs (compared to TLR-7 alone, 0.97 ± 0.19 vs. 1.40 ± 0.33 folds). RHSL enhanced autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3II (4.35 ± 1.08 folds) and ATG5-ATG12 (7.07 ± 1.30 folds) conjugation in both RAW264.7 cells and SLE patient-derived PBMCs. The reduction in TNF-α production by RHSL was attenuated by 3-MA, indicating that autophagy plays a role in this process. RHSL also inhibited the translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB into the nucleus, suggesting a mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects. RHSL exhibits potential as an immunomodulatory agent in SLE by enhancing autophagy and modulating TLR-7 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that RHSL could offer therapeutic benefits for managing inflammatory responses in SLE and warrant further investigation into its clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases)

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11 pages, 2008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Challenges and Management of Relapsing Polychondritis with Large-Airway Involvement: A Case Series and Literature Review

by I-Chun Kuo, Chen-I Hsieh, Yi-Chan Lee, Li-Jen Hsin, Wan-Ni Lin and Michael J. Rutter

Life 2024, 14(9), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091194 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic challenges and management of relapsing polychondritis (RP) with airway involvement, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention to prevent severe complications. Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records from January 2011 through June [...] Read more.

Objectives: Our aim was to investigate the diagnostic challenges and management of relapsing polychondritis (RP) with airway involvement, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis and effective intervention to prevent severe complications. Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records from January 2011 through June 2024 at a single tertiary-care institution were reviewed. This study was approved by the institutional review board. A total of 34 patients were diagnosed with RP, among whom 4 presented with significant airway complications. This study focused on these four patients, detailing their clinical presentations, diagnostic processes, and outcomes following various interventions. Results: All patients were initially misdiagnosed with asthma and later developed severe airway issues necessitating interventions such as tracheotomy and endotracheal intubation. Diagnostic imaging, microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB) were crucial for identifying subglottic stenosis and other airway alterations. Treatments included high-dose steroids, rituximab, and surgical interventions such as balloon dilation and tracheostomy. Only one patient could be decannulated; the other three remained dependent on tracheostomy and experienced significant complications due to emergency medical interventions. Conclusions: RP can manifest with nonspecific respiratory symptoms similar to asthma, which may delay correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, leading to critical airway complications. The early, precise identification of RP, particularly with airway involvement, is vital. MLB and dynamic expiratory CT scans play significant roles in clinical diagnosis and management. A multidisciplinary approach involving otolaryngologists, rheumatologists, and pulmonologists is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and minimizing complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune Disease)

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20 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Competence in Unsustainability Resolution—A New Paradigm

by Angela Dikou

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8211; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188211 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Environmental unsustainability in coupled human–nature systems is accumulating. Yet, there is no accreditation requirement for unsustainability resolution competency in higher education. Thus, a new and complete representation of the pedagogy for unsustainability resolution competence has been induced, using what is already available and [...] Read more.

Environmental unsustainability in coupled human–nature systems is accumulating. Yet, there is no accreditation requirement for unsustainability resolution competency in higher education. Thus, a new and complete representation of the pedagogy for unsustainability resolution competence has been induced, using what is already available and working. The nature of unsustainability problems points to collaboration and holism attitudes. Resolution requires social skills, namely participation, perspective taking, and the generation of social capital, and cognitive skills, namely project management, knowledge building, and modeling. Resolution is scaffolded in three successive steps during the collaborative process within a systems approach: (i) collapse complexity; (ii) select a path/trajectory; and (iii) operationalize a plan. The hierarchically cumulative abilities toward unsustainability resolution competence are to source data and information about the coupled human–nature system (SEARCH); simplify the dynamics of the human–nature system (SIMULATE); generate and test alternative paths and end points for the coupled human–nature system (STRATEGIZE); chose a favorable path among the available alternatives (SELECT); operationalize the favorable path into a plan (strategy–program–project) with measurable management and policy objectives (IMPLEMENT); and develop criteria/indicators to monitor and adjust when necessary the implementation of the plan toward system goals (STEER). For each one of these learning objectives, the Bloom’s taxonomy and a progression from behaviorist through cognitivist to constructivist tools apply. The development of mastery requires the comparison and contrast of many similar cases with the same unsustainability problem and project-based learning with specific cases for deep learning. In this way, it is the resolutions of unsustainability in human–nature systems that will be accumulating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Higher Education: Curriculum Design and Materials Development)

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