Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
4.6
2.5
Journals
Atmosphere
Special Issues
Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition)
share announcement

Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 26440

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qiuju Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Radiation Protection and Environmental Radioactivity, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
Interests: radon; radon progeny; continuous measurement; variations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Miroslaw Janik

E-Mail
Guest Editor
The National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Center for Advanced Radiation Medicine, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
Interests: radon; thoron; alpha spectrometry; machine learning; quality assurance; radiation protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the second volume in a series of publications dedicated to “Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere/special_issues/8W64KA3724).

Radon is a naturally occurring noble radioactive gas, which has been epidemiologically approved to be one of the leading causes of lung cancer for the general population. In addition, its unique physical and chemical characteristics make it an effective tracer gas in many research fields, such as atmospheric transport and mixing processes, simulation and estimation of the fluxes of greenhouse gasses. So, radon has long been of interest among radiological protection, air quality and climate change research communities worldwide.

The level of atmospheric radon concentration depends on local meteorological and geological conditions and always fluctuates. Consequently, for atmospheric radon concentration monitoring and measurements, techniques or instruments with high sensitivity, the capability of long-term autonomous operation and fast response time are required. Today, more and more instruments satisfy the requirement due to the significant progress of detectors, electronics and data transmission technology, fortunately.

This Special Issue aims to collect recent comprehensive achievements related to all aspects of atmospheric radon and thoron research, level and variation of radon and thoron concentration, monitoring and measurement methods and techniques, models for radon applications as a tracer in atmospheric and environmental science, etc. A traceability system should also be included for measurement quality control.

We look forward to your submissions. The Special Issue will promote the development of the research field of atmospheric radon.

Prof. Dr. Qiuju Guo
Dr. Miroslaw Janik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • atmosphere
  • radon and thoron
  • monitoring
  • measurement and calibration methods
  • quality assessment
  • application of radon as a tracer
  • NORM
  • public health
  • risk assessment

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (22 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

16 pages, 5595 KiB  
Article
Activity Concentration of Radon, Thoron, and Their Decay Products in an Open System
by Krystian Skubacz
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050545 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
The article presents a model for the simulation of changes over time in the activity concentrations of radon and thoron and their progeny in an open system. The results of these simulations can be helpful in adapting the calibration process to the object [...] Read more.
The article presents a model for the simulation of changes over time in the activity concentrations of radon and thoron and their progeny in an open system. The results of these simulations can be helpful in adapting the calibration process to the object in which it is to be carried out and the calibrated devices. In such cases, the critical quantities are the volume of the object, the air flow rate, and the corresponding filtration efficiency in the devices. All these parameters were included in the differential equations, and their solutions indicate the extent to which nuclide concentrations may change during device operation, especially in small-volume objects. Moreover, especially in the case of thoron, this nuclide should be continuously supplied to the calibration chamber, which ensures greater stability during the experiment. The equations also consider the possibility of a constant supply of nuclides and the removal of nuclides from the object, which also allows the use of this model in flow-through chambers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1567 KiB  
Article
Environmental Monitoring in Uranium Deposit and Indoor Radon Survey in Settlements Located near Uranium Mining Area, South Kazakhstan
by Meirat Bakhtin, Danara Ibrayeva, Yerlan Kashkinbayev, Moldir Aumalikova, Nursulu Altaeva, Aigerim Tazhedinova, Aigerim Shokabayeva and Polat Kazymbet
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050536 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 245
Abstract
In the late 1960s, a uranium province was explored in the Shu-Sarysu depression in southern Kazakhstan. These mining operations can lead to potential contamination of the environment and pose health risks to the population. The aim of this study is to carry out [...] Read more.
In the late 1960s, a uranium province was explored in the Shu-Sarysu depression in southern Kazakhstan. These mining operations can lead to potential contamination of the environment and pose health risks to the population. The aim of this study is to carry out environmental monitoring in uranium deposits and assess indoor radon levels in settlements located in the uranium mining area in the southern region of Kazakhstan. Elevated outdoor ambient equivalent dose rates (0.5–1.2 µSv/h) were detected beyond the buffer zone, particularly near a preserved self-flowing well, where the highest activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were recorded (226Ra—2350 Bq/kg, 232Th—270 Bq/kg, 40K—860 Bq/kg), exceeding background levels. Indoor ambient equivalent dose rates in the settlements of Taukent, Zhuantobe, Tasty, and Shu ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 μSv/h, while outdoor levels varied from 0.03 to 0.1 μSv/h, remaining within global and regional average values. Radon concentrations were highest in Tasty and Shu but did not exceed the permissible level. However, Shu exhibited the highest radiation exposure dose (>4 mSv/y), approaching the lower range of recommended action levels (3–10 mSv/y). These findings highlight the necessity for continuous monitoring and potential mitigation strategies in areas with naturally elevated radiation levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5541 KiB  
Article
Performance of the RadonEye Monitor
by Peter Bossew
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050525 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 213
Abstract
In addition to cheap track-etch and expensive research-grade radon monitors, for several years, a new generation of affordable consumer-grade active monitors has been available. Their performance raises the question of whether they could also be used for certain objectives in a scientific context. [...] Read more.
In addition to cheap track-etch and expensive research-grade radon monitors, for several years, a new generation of affordable consumer-grade active monitors has been available. Their performance raises the question of whether they could also be used for certain objectives in a scientific context. This requires particular QA/QC as well as understanding their behavior and their limitations. This paper reports experiences with the RadonEye acquired over approximately two years, mainly for recording time series of radon concentration indoors and outdoors. Specific topics include calibration uncertainty, assessed by recording parallel time series; response to thoron by exposing the monitor to thorium-bearing material; and some unresolved questions related to measurement statistics to date. The main results are that factory calibration is quite uncertain and that sensitivity to thoron has to be considered in practical usage. Some identified statistical issues regarding the occurrence of anomalies and possible non-Poisson uncertainty remain unresolved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3144 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Temporal Variability of Radon in Finnish Dwellings and the Use of Temporal Correction Factors
by Tuukka Turtiainen, Katja Kojo and Päivi Kurttio
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050489 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 303
Abstract
(1) Background: Affordable electronic radon instruments have become increasingly popular as alternatives to traditional home radon measurements, which require a minimum duration of two months. This study aimed to determine how results obtained from these devices should be interpreted and whether short-term measurements [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Affordable electronic radon instruments have become increasingly popular as alternatives to traditional home radon measurements, which require a minimum duration of two months. This study aimed to determine how results obtained from these devices should be interpreted and whether short-term measurements lasting 2–5 days can be reliably used to assess the need for radon remediation in buildings, estimate residents’ exposure, or assess public exposure. (2) Methods: A year-long radon measurement was conducted in 55 dwellings, selected to represent the Finnish housing stock as accurately as possible. Radon concentrations were recorded hourly, and the results were analysed using probabilistic analysis to calculate the likelihood of erroneous assessments. (3) Results: If a maximum false-negative rate of 1% is accepted, the action level for a 2–5-day measurement is 90–100 Bq/m3. For measurements exceeding this threshold, a longer measurement period is necessary. (4) Conclusions: Based on this study, short-term radon measurements cannot yet be recommended as a replacement for current methods. However, the study revealed significant radon level fluctuations in September, suggesting that this period should be reconsidered for inclusion in the measurement season. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 928 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Soil Temperature Variations for Enhanced Radon Monitoring in Volcanic Regions
by Miroslaw Janik, Mashiro Hosoda, Shinji Tokonami, Yasutaka Omori and Naofumi Akata
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040460 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Soil temperature, a key factor in subsurface geochemical processes, is influenced by environmental and geological dynamics. This study analyzed hourly soil temperature variations at depths of 10 to 100 cm near the Sakurajima volcano, alongside concurrent ambient temperature measurements. By applying temperature models [...] Read more.
Soil temperature, a key factor in subsurface geochemical processes, is influenced by environmental and geological dynamics. This study analyzed hourly soil temperature variations at depths of 10 to 100 cm near the Sakurajima volcano, alongside concurrent ambient temperature measurements. By applying temperature models and statistical methods, we characterized both seasonal and short-term thermal dynamics, including soil-atmosphere thermal coupling. Our findings revealed a depth-dependent thermal diffusivity, establishing distinct thermal regimes within the soil profile. The soil’s strong thermal buffering capacity, evidenced by increasing amplitude attenuation and temporal lag with depth, allowed us to identify optimal instrument placement depths (80–100 cm) for minimal diurnal temperature influence. We also quantified the relationship between ambient temperature fluctuations and soil thermal response at various depths, as well as the impact of these temperature variations on soil permeability. These results enhance our understanding of subsurface thermal behaviour in volcanic environments and offer practical guidance for environmental monitoring and geohazard studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5421 KiB  
Article
Indoor Radon Monitoring in Residential Areas in the Vicinity of Coal Mining Operations in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
by Paballo M. Moshupya, Seeke C. Mohuba, Tamiru A. Abiye, Ian Korir and Sifiso Nhleko
Atmosphere 2025, 16(3), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030290 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 577
Abstract
Coal mining and combustion have the potential to increase exposure to radon, a form of radioactive gas recognized as one of the major contributors to lung cancer incidents. In South Africa, coal is used as the primary energy source for producing electricity and [...] Read more.
Coal mining and combustion have the potential to increase exposure to radon, a form of radioactive gas recognized as one of the major contributors to lung cancer incidents. In South Africa, coal is used as the primary energy source for producing electricity and for heating, predominantly in informal settlements and township communities. Most of the existing coal-fired power plants are found in the Mpumalanga province. This paper presents long-term radon (222Rn) measurements in dwellings surrounding coal mining centres in the Mpumalanga province and evaluates their contributions to indoor radon exposures. The indoor radon measurements were conducted using solid-state nuclear track detectors and were performed during warm and cold seasons. It was found that the overall indoor radon activity concentrations ranged between 21 Bq/m3 and 145 Bq/m3, with a mean value of 40 Bq/m3. In all the measured dwellings, the levels were below the WHO reference level of 100 Bq/m3 and 300 Bq/m3 reference level recommended by the IAEA and ICRP, with the exception of one dwelling that was poorly ventilated. The results reveal that individuals residing in the surveyed homes are not exposed to radon levels higher than the WHO, ICRP, and IAEA reference levels. The main source influencing indoor radon activity concentrations was found to be primarily the concentration of uranium found in the geological formations in the area, with ventilation being an additional contributing factor of radon levels in dwellings. To maintain good air quality in homes, it is recommended that household occupants should keep their dwellings well ventilated to keep indoor radon levels as low as possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5257 KiB  
Article
Application of Short-Term Measurements to Estimate the Annual Mean Indoor Air Radon-222 Activity Concentration
by Franz Josef Maringer and Marius Blum
Atmosphere 2025, 16(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020215 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 498
Abstract
A method was developed to estimate the average annual indoor radon activity concentration from three-week short-term measurements using active radon-222 measuring devices, taking into account the relevant influencing parameters (season, temperature difference, temporal air pressure gradient, etc.) during the short-term measurements. A total [...] Read more.
A method was developed to estimate the average annual indoor radon activity concentration from three-week short-term measurements using active radon-222 measuring devices, taking into account the relevant influencing parameters (season, temperature difference, temporal air pressure gradient, etc.) during the short-term measurements. A total of 24 long-term measurements (6 months) and 50 short-term measurements (3 weeks) were carried out in 24 indoor spaces in private houses in four Austrian federal states between October 2022 and July 2023. At the same time as the short-term measurements, ambient parameters (outside and inside temperature, air pressure inside, outside, air humidity inside, outside, wind speed, wind direction, amount of precipitation) were also recorded to investigate their influence on the measured radon-222 activity concentrations. Building and usage data of the indoor spaces examined were also collected. Based on the evaluation of the radon-222 measurements carried out, a first guideline was developed for estimating the annual mean value of the radon-222 activity concentration from short-term measurements lasting around three weeks. The result shows that by applying the developed method, the approximation to the long-term average value can be significantly improved, at least by a factor of 2. This criterion is only valid for the 24 indoor spaces examined in this study. Generalisation requires a test and validation study of the method presented. It is planned to test and validate the developed method in other indoor spaces by means of further measurements and in-depth physical-statistical considerations, and to improve the functional relationships and the approximation to the long-term average value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2791 KiB  
Article
Variation in Radon Concentration Between Apartments in Housing Cooperatives
by Tuukka Turtiainen, Volmar Kaipainen, Katja Kojo, Marjo Perälä, Olli Holmgren and Päivi Kurttio
Atmosphere 2025, 16(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020118 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 802
Abstract
Housing cooperatives are a common form of housing in Nordic countries, being tasked with responsibilities such as maintenance, renovation, and, when needed, radon mitigation. This study analyzed the radon level variation in nearly 16,000 apartments across 3552 housing cooperatives. The analysis explored how [...] Read more.
Housing cooperatives are a common form of housing in Nordic countries, being tasked with responsibilities such as maintenance, renovation, and, when needed, radon mitigation. This study analyzed the radon level variation in nearly 16,000 apartments across 3552 housing cooperatives. The analysis explored how radon levels varied based on the number of measurements conducted within each cooperative, assuming that apartments sharing the same plot address belong to the same cooperative. The radon concentrations in the apartments of the cooperative typically followed a log-normal distribution. The geometric standard deviation (GSD) specific to each housing cooperative varied considerably. The median GSD ranged between 1.5 and 2.0, depending on the number of apartments measured. A predictive model was developed to estimate the likelihood of apartments exceeding the radon reference level based on the housing cooperative’s geometric mean radon concentration. The results highlight the importance of measuring radon levels in all apartments within housing cooperatives to ensure radon safety. Additionally, the model offers support for housing cooperative decision-makers and epidemiological studies, helping to address uncertainties and to account for spatial variations in radon exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2228 KiB  
Article
The Radon Exhalation Rate and Dose Assessment of Granite Used as a Building Material in Serbia
by Fathya Shabek, Božidar Obradović, Igor Čeliković, Mirjana Đurašević, Aleksandra Samolov, Predrag Kolarž and Aco Janićijević
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121495 - 15 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1064
Abstract
The application of energy-saving policies in buildings could lead to a decrease in the air exchange rate in dwellings, which could consequently lead to an increase in indoor radon concentration and, therefore, to an increase in resident exposure to ionizing radiation. The aim [...] Read more.
The application of energy-saving policies in buildings could lead to a decrease in the air exchange rate in dwellings, which could consequently lead to an increase in indoor radon concentration and, therefore, to an increase in resident exposure to ionizing radiation. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to investigate radiological exposure to residents due to the usage of different granites commonly used in Serbia as a building material. From the total of 10 analysed granite samples, a wide range of radon and thoron exhalation rates were found: from <161 μBq m−2 s−1 to 5220 ± 200 μBq m−2 s−1 and from <7 mBq m−2 s−1 to 5140 ± 320 mBq m−2 s−1, respectively. Assuming a low air exchange rate of 0.2 h−1, the contribution of the measured granite material to the indoor radon concentration could go up to 150 Bq m−3. The estimated annual effective doses due to exposure to radon and thoron exhalation from the granite samples were (0.05–3.79) mSv and (<0.01–1.74) mSv, respectively. The specific activity of radionuclides ranged from 6.6 ± 0.5 Bq kg−1 to 131.8 ± 9.4 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from 0.5 ± 0.1 Bq kg−1 to 120.8 ± 6.5 Bq kg−1 for 232Th, and from 0.22 ± 0.01 Bq kg−1 to 1321 ± 86 Bq kg−1 for 40K. The obtained external hazard index ranged from 0.03 to 1.48, with three samples above or very close to the accepted safety limit of 1. In particular, dwellings with a low air exchange rate (causing elevated radon) could lead to an elevated risk of radiation exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4025 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research on Permeability and Effective Radon Reduction of Chemical Solidification of Uranium Tailings
by Jindong Wang and Shuai Zhang
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121493 - 14 Dec 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
To be able to study the permeability coefficient and radon reduction effect of three materials before and after the solidification of uranium tailings. Firstly, uranium tailings, blast furnace slag, lime, fly ash and cement were selected as raw materials for the experiment. Three [...] Read more.
To be able to study the permeability coefficient and radon reduction effect of three materials before and after the solidification of uranium tailings. Firstly, uranium tailings, blast furnace slag, lime, fly ash and cement were selected as raw materials for the experiment. Three solidified materials were mixed with 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% of equal proportions of cement. The curing samples of nine kinds of solidified bodies were prepared after curing. Subsequently, the permeability coefficient was determined through the utilization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). And cumulative radon concentrations in uranium tailings and samples were measured by RAD7. Thus, the radon exhalation rate of the original sample and the sample were determined. The experimental results show that the permeability coefficient of nine samples decreased with the quadratic function with the increase in the amount of curing agent. Microscopic scanning results show that there is a positive correlation among the radon exhalation rate, permeability coefficient and cementation degree. The best material for solidifying uranium tailings and radon insulation was blast furnace slag, followed by fly ash. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 5569 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Outdoor and Indoor Radon Concentration Time Series Recorded with RadonEye Monitors
by Peter Bossew, Eleonora Benà, Scott Chambers and Miroslaw Janik
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121468 - 9 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4333
Abstract
Consumer-grade economical radon monitors are becoming increasingly popular in private and institutional use, in the contexts of both Citizen Science and traditional research. Although originally designed for screening indoor radon levels in view of radon regulation and decisions about mitigation or remediation—motivated by [...] Read more.
Consumer-grade economical radon monitors are becoming increasingly popular in private and institutional use, in the contexts of both Citizen Science and traditional research. Although originally designed for screening indoor radon levels in view of radon regulation and decisions about mitigation or remediation—motivated by the health hazard posed by high radon concentrations—researchers are increasingly exploring their potential in some environmental studies. For long time, radon has been used as a tracer for investigating atmospheric transport processes. This paper focuses on RadonEye, currently the most sensitive among low-cost monitors available on the market, and specifically, its potential use for monitoring very low radon concentrations. It has two objectives: firstly, discussing issues of statistics of low count rates, and secondly, analyzing radon concentration time series acquired with RadonEyes outdoors and in low-radon indoor spaces. Regarding the first objective, among other things, the inference radon concentration reported to expected true is discussed. The second objective includes the application of autoregressive methods and fractal statistics to time series analysis. The overall result is that radon dynamics can be well captured using this “low-tech” approach. Statistical results are plausible; however, few results are available in the literature for comparison, particularly concerning fractal methods. The paper may therefore be seen as an incentive for further research in this direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5159 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Relationship Among Radon, Thoron and Radioactive Aerosol Particle Distribution in PM2.5 Risk Areas in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand
by Chutima Kranrod, Chanis Rattanapongs, Phachirarat Sola, Arisa Manowan, Ancharee Onjan, Kitkawin Aramrun and Shinji Tokonami
Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121439 - 29 Nov 2024
Viewed by 891
Abstract
Tha Maka is the district with the highest incidence of cancer patients in Kanchanaburi province and is classified as a high-risk area for PM2.5 exposure due to the presence of many sugar factories. Most of the population is in agricultural occupation, leading [...] Read more.
Tha Maka is the district with the highest incidence of cancer patients in Kanchanaburi province and is classified as a high-risk area for PM2.5 exposure due to the presence of many sugar factories. Most of the population is in agricultural occupation, leading to the annual burning of sugarcane and rice stubble to start new plantings, which is another cause of air pollution. This study aimed to investigate the correlation among radon, thoron, and airborne particles potentially implicated in lung cancer etiology, which focused on monitoring the concentrations of radon, thoron, and their progeny, as well as analyzing the distribution of particle sizes categorized into 10, 2.5, 1, 0.5, and less than 0.5 μm to assess possible health impacts or lung cancer risk factors. The findings indicated that indoor radon concentrations ranged from 13 to 81 Bq m−3, with a mean of 26.1 ± 11.9 Bq m−3, while indoor thoron concentrations varied from 2 to 52 Bq m−3, averaging 15.7 ± 10.8 Bq m−3. These levels are below the radiation dose limit recommended by the World Health Organization and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The total annual inhalation dose ranged from 0.44 to 2.02 mSv y−1, which is within the usual limits. The average annual effective doses from attached progeny were 0.83 mSv y−1 for radon and 0.57 mSv y−1 for thoron, both of which are regarded to be low. Consequently, based on all the findings, it may be assumed that radon, thoron, and their progeny may not be the primary contributors to lung cancer in the region. Nonetheless, while the mean value falls below the recommended thresholds established by the ICRP or WHO, it is indisputable that in certain regions, representing roughly 6.6% of the total area, the value surpasses the global average documented by the UNSCEAR. Furthermore, the aerosol particle size predominantly observed was less than 1 μm for radon and 0.5 μm for thoron, which is a significant factor that may influence the incidence of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, as this study was conducted during the non-burning period, future research must be conducted during the burning season, using supplementary factors to acquire more thorough data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 11301 KiB  
Article
Indoor Radon Monitoring and Associated Diffuse Radon Emissions in the Flanks of Mt. Etna (Italy)
by Nunzia Voltattorni, Salvatore Giammanco, Gianfranco Galli, Andrea Gasparini and Marco Neri
Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111359 - 12 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4050
Abstract
Between October 2021 and July 2024, radon measurements in air and soil were carried out in the South and East flanks of Etna volcano to check the possible correlation between radon emissions and active faults/eruptive fissures and to obtain preliminary data on any [...] Read more.
Between October 2021 and July 2024, radon measurements in air and soil were carried out in the South and East flanks of Etna volcano to check the possible correlation between radon emissions and active faults/eruptive fissures and to obtain preliminary data on any negative impacts on human health. Fifteen continuous indoor radon monitors were installed in homes, some of which are inhabited by patients suffering from Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In all sites, the limit of 300 Bq/m3 indicated by the Euratom Directive 2013/59 was exceeded, even if slightly and for short periods. The highest values were recorded closest to active fault zones and during winters. Furthermore, 27 discrete indoor radon measurements were carried out using a passive method by means of activated charcoal canisters that were exposed for 48 h. Most of the values (>70%) were <100 Bq/m3; six canisters gave values >100 Bq/m3 and one >200 Bq/m3. Measurements of radon in soils were carried out using a Durridge RAD7 in the gardens of the homes in which the indoor radon measurements were made. The background radon values in soils were <5000 Bq/m3; the highest values (12,500 Bq/m3) were measured near the Aci Catena fault. The role of Etna’s faults in draining the deeper radon towards the surface and, therefore, into nearby homes is evident, with a consequent increase in the health risk caused by indoor radon pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 4716 KiB  
Article
Radon Concentration Assessment in Urban Romanian Buildings: A Multistory Analysis
by Ștefan Florică, Alexandru-Iulian Lupulescu, Tiberius Dicu, Ancuța Cristina Țenter, Mircea-Claudiu Moldovan, Gabriel-Cristian Dobrei, Luana Copaci and Alexandra Cucoș
Atmosphere 2024, 15(11), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15111267 - 23 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1147
Abstract
Radon (Rn 222) is a significant contributor to natural radiation exposure in residential environments such as single-family houses and multistory buildings. This study monitored radon activity concentration (RAC) in 455 apartments in 30 multistory buildings in Buzău, Romania. Integrated measurements of the RAC [...] Read more.
Radon (Rn 222) is a significant contributor to natural radiation exposure in residential environments such as single-family houses and multistory buildings. This study monitored radon activity concentration (RAC) in 455 apartments in 30 multistory buildings in Buzău, Romania. Integrated measurements of the RAC using CR-39 nuclear track detectors were conducted for a period of 3 to 4 months. The results revealed that the RAC varies between buildings, with an annual average between 33 and 77 Bq/m3. This variation may be attributed to poor ventilation and the chimney effect in common ventilation ducts, which may facilitate radon displacement vertically. Also, apartments with low occupancy or inadequate ventilation showed higher radon levels of up to 285 Bq/m3. The study highlights the potential risk of increased radon exposure in energy-efficient buildings due to poor ventilation, emphasizing the need for special attention to radon mitigation measures in building design. The results emphasize that the RAC is influenced by building characteristics, room use, and ventilation, with significant implications for health risks in urban residential environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 2405 KiB  
Article
Measurement Performance of Electronic Radon Monitors
by Thomas R. Beck, Elisabeth Foerster, Martin Biel and Sebastian Feige
Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101180 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
The measurement performance and characteristics of electronic radon monitors with respect to radiological and environmental parameters are investigated. The study includes a sample of 14 different types of devices from nine manufacturers. The devices are currently available on the market with acquisition costs [...] Read more.
The measurement performance and characteristics of electronic radon monitors with respect to radiological and environmental parameters are investigated. The study includes a sample of 14 different types of devices from nine manufacturers. The devices are currently available on the market with acquisition costs in the low or medium range. For comparison purposes, a high-end AlphaGUARD device is included in the study as a benchmark for measurement performance of radon monitors. Significant differences in the measurement performance are found between the tested instrument types. Overall, however, it can be concluded that most radon monitors perform acceptably and provide reliable information on radon activity concentrations in homes or workplaces, allowing residents and employers to make decisions about the need for radon protection measures. But it turns out that many radon monitors are supplied by the manufacturer with inadequate calibration, so that the instruments must be additionally calibrated in a reference atmosphere before they can be used. Among the tested radon monitors, there are also types with sufficiently good measuring performance, which represent an inexpensive alternative to high-end devices for radon professionals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2167 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Calibration and Temperature Sensitivity of Makrofol Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors for Radon Measurement
by Tuukka Turtiainen, Jussi-Pekka Laine, Salla Rantanen and Tiina Oinas
Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101179 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 690
Abstract
A key characteristic of a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) is that as more alpha tracks accumulate on the detector, the likelihood of track overlap will increase, making it difficult to distinguish individual events. This article presents the calibration of an in-house SSNTD [...] Read more.
A key characteristic of a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) is that as more alpha tracks accumulate on the detector, the likelihood of track overlap will increase, making it difficult to distinguish individual events. This article presents the calibration of an in-house SSNTD using a Makrofol polycarbonate detector and electrochemical etching. The calibration employs a nonlinear log-logistic quantile function, which is nearly linear at low exposures but accounts for the reduced efficiency at high exposures due to overlapping alpha tracks. The function can be fitted to calibration measurements very accurately, eliminating systematic errors previously associated with the method at certain radon exposures. This article explores the uncertainties and detection limits associated with the calibration and outlines methods for their evaluation. Additionally, it includes a preliminary discussion on the method’s sensitivity to temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4269 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing Radon Variability and Measurement Protocol Optimization in Romanian Educational Buildings Using Integrated and Continuous Measurements
by Gabriel-Cristian Dobrei, Mircea-Claudiu Moldovan, Tiberius Dicu, Ștefan Florică, Alexandru-Iulian Lupulescu, Ancuța-Cristina Țenter and Alexandra Cucoș
Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101154 - 26 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 779
Abstract
Due to the higher susceptibility of children to ionizing radiation, it is imperative to evaluate the radon activity concentration (RAC) in educational buildings, conduct additional investigations to identify radon entry routes, and implement remedial measures to minimize exposure to this radioactive gas. In [...] Read more.
Due to the higher susceptibility of children to ionizing radiation, it is imperative to evaluate the radon activity concentration (RAC) in educational buildings, conduct additional investigations to identify radon entry routes, and implement remedial measures to minimize exposure to this radioactive gas. In Romania, educational buildings are a category of public buildings where it is mandatory to perform RAC measurements. The present study examines data obtained from 41 Romanian educational buildings, where initial and additional radon investigations were performed. The first objective was to identify the factors influencing the variability of the RAC inside the buildings. The second objective was to emphasize the importance of short-term (a few days), continuous measurements in identifying buildings with RAC exceeding the reference level. High RAC values were associated with the classrooms located on the ground floor of the building compared to the administrative ones. The multiple linear regression led to a coefficient of determination of 0.11, the relative humidity and the amount of precipitation being the main variables with a significant impact, kept in the model, the lack of a significant association between the indoor RAC and the radon potential in the soil being obtained. Comparison of the radon long-term integrated measurements with continuous, short-term, led to the suggestion of three different scenarios for the measurement work protocol. By following the suggested modifications, it is possible to accelerate the procedure in situations where the time needed to plan renovations and radon remedial measures is shorter than the time needed to conduct integrated measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
Pilot Survey of Outdoor Radon and Thoron Levels in Bulgaria Using an Innovative DVD-Based Method
by Dobromir Pressyanov and Dimitar Dimitrov
Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091141 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1069
Abstract
This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were [...] Read more.
This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were left in place for several months. Notably, the dataset reveals significant variability in measurements, even over short distances, with thoron exhibiting greater variability than radon. Radon levels ranged from 7 ± 1 to 34 ± 3 Bq m−3 (average: 21 Bq m−3), while thoron levels ranged from 13 ± 5 to 307 ± 54 Bq m−3 (average: 170 Bq m−3). A weak but statistically significant correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.559) was observed between radon and thoron levels, which improved significantly when averaged across the four zones. These findings underscore the importance of measuring both radon and thoron in outdoor surveys. High thoron levels can significantly bias radon measurements, particularly when radon concentrations are substantially lower than those of thoron. If further studies confirm the good correlation between area averages, the observed correlation between area-average values could be used to correct average radon levels in large areas (e.g., radon priority areas) for thoron interference when thoron data are missing from the analyzed radon dataset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5352 KiB  
Article
Investigating Radon Concentrations in the Cango Cave, South Africa
by Jacques Bezuidenhout and Rikus le Roux
Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091133 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
Radon concentrations in the tourist part of the Cango cave were measured using 25 strategically placed electret ion chambers. Airflow rates were also measured and found to be less than 1 m/s throughout the cave. An IDW interpolated radon concentration overlay was constructed [...] Read more.
Radon concentrations in the tourist part of the Cango cave were measured using 25 strategically placed electret ion chambers. Airflow rates were also measured and found to be less than 1 m/s throughout the cave. An IDW interpolated radon concentration overlay was constructed using QGIS and overlayed on maps of the cave. The maximum radon concentration of 2625 Bq/m3 was measured in the Grand Hall, located in the central part of the cave following a narrow passage. The initial part of the cave near the entrance exhibited normal cave breathing characteristics, with radon concentrations of less than 300 Bq/m3. The deepest section of the cave, however, demonstrated an unexpected decrease in radon levels, temperature, and humidity. The average radon concentration in the Cango cave, measured at 1265 Bq/m3, is relatively low compared to other caves worldwide that need mitigation measures according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Radon Equilibrium Factor and the Assessment of the Annual Effective Dose at Underground Workplaces
by Agata Grygier and Krystian Skubacz
Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091131 - 18 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1485
Abstract
The equilibrium factor F is one of the parameters that should be considered when assessing the effective dose based on radon activity concentration. Since the equilibrium factor in various environments ranges theoretically from a value close to 0 to 1, it is expected [...] Read more.
The equilibrium factor F is one of the parameters that should be considered when assessing the effective dose based on radon activity concentration. Since the equilibrium factor in various environments ranges theoretically from a value close to 0 to 1, it is expected that dose assessment based on one recommended coefficient value may lead to an underestimation or overestimation of the dose. That is why it is essential to measure this quantity if the basis for dose assessment is the radon concentration and not the concentration of radon decay products. The equilibrium factors were determined based on measurements of radon activity concentration and potential alpha energy concentration and varied from 0.15 to 0.94, with an arithmetic mean of 0.55. The average effective dose calculated for the employee taking into account these values was 31 mSv, assuming an annual working time of 1800 h. In turn, the average effective dose calculated for the equilibrium factor of 0.2 as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was equal to 13 mSv. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3329 KiB  
Article
Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Indoor Radon Concentration Levels in the Aksu School
by Yerlan Kashkinbayev, Meirat Bakhtin, Polat Kazymbet, Anel Lesbek, Baglan Kazhiyakhmetova, Masaharu Hoshi, Nursulu Altaeva, Yasutaka Omori, Shinji Tokonami, Hitoshi Sato and Danara Ibrayeva
Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091067 - 3 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
The radon concentration activity in buildings is influenced by various factors, including meteorological elements like temperature, pressure, and precipitation, which are recognized as significant influencers. The fluctuations of indoor radon in premises are related to seasonal change. This study aimed to understand better [...] Read more.
The radon concentration activity in buildings is influenced by various factors, including meteorological elements like temperature, pressure, and precipitation, which are recognized as significant influencers. The fluctuations of indoor radon in premises are related to seasonal change. This study aimed to understand better the effects of environmental parameters on indoor radon concentration levels in the Aksu school. Indoor and outdoor temperature differentials heavily influence diurnal indoor radon patterns. The analysis indicates that the correlation between indoor radon and outdoor temperature, dew point, and air humidity is weak and negligible for atmospheric pressure, wind speed, and precipitation, as determined by the obtained values of R2 and the Chaddock scale. The multiple regression model is characterized by the correlation coefficient rxy = 0.605, which corresponds to a close relationship on the Chaddock scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1606 KiB  
Article
Indoor Radon Testing, Effective Dose and Mitigation Measures in a Residential House of a Mining Area
by Dušica Spasić, Ljiljana Gulan and Biljana Vučković
Atmosphere 2024, 15(7), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070745 - 21 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
This study presents the results of continuous indoor radon measurements in a test-house in the vicinity of the “Trepča” mine, near the town of Kosovska Mitrovica. Annual measurements were performed using the detector, Airthings Corentium Home, in the bedroom of an old residential [...] Read more.
This study presents the results of continuous indoor radon measurements in a test-house in the vicinity of the “Trepča” mine, near the town of Kosovska Mitrovica. Annual measurements were performed using the detector, Airthings Corentium Home, in the bedroom of an old residential building. A high estimated annual effective dose from radon (33 mSv) was calculated using the last ICRP dose conversion factor and is discussed here regarding the previously recommended ones. There are significant indications concerning the health hazard. Several measures are proposed and serve as a technical solution including other effective, low-cost radon mitigation procedures in order to reduce radon levels. The effectiveness of the applied measures resulted in a 44% reduction in radon concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-22
Back to TopTop