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15 pages, 413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: The Diabetes Mellitus Survey of Mexico City

by Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez¹

, Paloma Muñoz-Aguirre², Nitin Shivappa^3,4,5, James R. Hébert^3,4,5, Lizbeth Tolentino-Mayo¹

, Carolina Batis⁶

and Simón Barquera^1,*

¹ Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico

² Center for Research on Population Health , National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico

³ Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

⁵ Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29250, USA

⁶ CONACYT-Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040385 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 102 | Viewed by 13576

Abstract

Diet and inflammation are both associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we aimed to assess the relation between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the presence of T2DM in Mexican adults participating in the Diabetes Mellitus Survey administered [...] Read more.

Diet and inflammation are both associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we aimed to assess the relation between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the presence of T2DM in Mexican adults participating in the Diabetes Mellitus Survey administered in Mexico City (DMS-MC). The study involved 1174 subjects (48.5% men) between 20–69 years of age. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was employed to evaluate dietary intake and to compute DII. The DII is based on scientific evidence about the association between dietary compounds and six established inflammatory biomarkers. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of DII in relation to T2DM. Our results suggest that subjects in the highest quintile of the DII had higher odds of T2DM (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.58; p = 0.005) compared to subjects in the lowest quintile of DII scores. Assessing possible effect modification, an association with T2DM was evident when comparing DII quintile 5 to quintile 1 for participants aged ≥ 55 years (OR = 9.77; 95% CI: 3.78, 25.50; p = 0.001). These results suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with significantly higher odds of T2DM among adult Mexicans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Conditions)

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16 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bicuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis and the Effect of Vitamin K2 on Calcification Using ¹⁸F-Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance: The BASIK2 Rationale and Trial Design

by Frederique E. C. M. Peeters^1,*, Manouk J. W. Van Mourik¹, Steven J. R. Meex², Jan Bucerius^3,4, Simon M. Schalla⁵, Suzanne C. Gerretsen³, Casper Mihl³, Marc R. Dweck⁶, Leon J. Schurgers⁷

, Joachim E. Wildberger³, Harry J. G. M. Crijns¹ and Bas L. J. H. Kietselaer^1,8

¹ Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and CARIM, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands

² Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center+, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands

³ Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and CARIM, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany

⁵ Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+ and CARIM, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁶ Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

⁷ Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University and CARIM, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

⁸ Department of Cardiology, Zuyderland Medisch Centrum Heerlen/Sittard, Henri Dunantstraat 5, 6419 PC Heerlen, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040386 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9272

Abstract

BASIK2 is a prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7;MK7) on imaging measurements of calcification in the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). BAV is associated with early development of CAVS. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are [...] Read more.

BASIK2 is a prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7;MK7) on imaging measurements of calcification in the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). BAV is associated with early development of CAVS. Pathophysiologic mechanisms are incompletely defined, and the only treatment available is valve replacement upon progression to severe symptomatic stenosis. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) inactivity is suggested to be involved in progression. Being a vitamin K dependent protein, supplementation with MK7 is a pharmacological option for activating MGP and intervening in the progression of CAVS. Forty-four subjects with BAV and mild–moderate CAVS will be included in the study, and baseline ¹⁸F-sodiumfluoride (¹⁸F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET)/ magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) assessments will be performed. Thereafter, subjects will be randomized (1:1) to MK7 (360 mcg/day) or placebo. During an 18-month follow-up period, subjects will visit the hospital every 6 months, undergoing a second ¹⁸F-NaF PET/MR after 6 months and CT after 6 and 18 months. The primary endpoint is the change in PET/MR ¹⁸F-NaF uptake (6 months minus baseline) compared to this delta change in the placebo arm. The main secondary endpoints are changes in calcium score (CT), progression of the left ventricularremodeling response and CAVS severity (echocardiography). We will also examine the association between early calcification activity (PET) and later changes in calcium score (CT). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin K in Human Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 3241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Niacin and Open-Angle Glaucoma: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

by Kyoung In Jung, Yong Chan Kim and Chan Kee Park^*

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-ku, Seoul 137-701, Korea

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040387 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8455

Abstract

Glaucoma is a leading cause of loss of sight. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most critical risk factor. However, glaucoma develops even within a normal IOP range. Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is more common in Asia, whereas high tension glaucoma is more [...] Read more.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of loss of sight. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most critical risk factor. However, glaucoma develops even within a normal IOP range. Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is more common in Asia, whereas high tension glaucoma is more common in Western countries. The pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially NTG, is poorly understood. We evaluated the correlation between dietary nutrient intake and glaucoma using data from subjects ≥40 years old from the ongoing, nationwide, population-based study, the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2008–2012). Dietary intake was determined using the 24 h recall method. Fiber (g/day), ash (g/day), calcium (mg/day), phosphorus (mg/day), iron (mg/day), sodium (mg/day), potassium (mg/day), β-Carotene (μg/day), retinol (μg/day), vitamin A (μg Retinol Equivalents/day), thiamine (mg/day), riboflavin (mg/day), niacin (mg/day), and vitamin C (mg/day) were included in nutrient intake data. All nutrient intake was divided into quartiles. The mean IOP did not differ according to quartiles from any nutrients (all p > 0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, income status, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, IOP, and total energy, the intake of niacin was associated with glaucoma (p = 0.013). Among subjects with IOP ≤ 21 mmHg, only niacin was related to glaucoma in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.022). Dietary nutrient intake was associated with open-angle glaucoma independent of IOP. Individuals with NTG showed lower intake of niacin among nutrients. This finding suggests the possibility that proper diet counseling may be another modifiable factor, aside from IOP, particularly among patients with NTG. Full article

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13 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Gradients and Physical Activity Trends in an Obesogenic Dietary Pattern: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2014

by Laura Johnson^*,†

, Zoi Toumpakari^† and Angeliki Papadaki

¹ Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TZ, UK

^† These authors contributed equally to the paper.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040388 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8020

Abstract

An energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre dietary pattern has been prospectively associated with the development of obesity in childhood but is population-specific, which limits translating the pattern into interventions. We explored the generalisability and correlates of this obesogenic dietary pattern in the UK National Diet [...] Read more.

An energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre dietary pattern has been prospectively associated with the development of obesity in childhood but is population-specific, which limits translating the pattern into interventions. We explored the generalisability and correlates of this obesogenic dietary pattern in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) for the first time. Data came from participants (n = 4636 children and n = 4738 adults) with 4-day food diaries in NDNS 2008–2014. Reduced rank regression was applied to 51 food groups to explain variation in energy density, fibre and fat intake. Consistency of the pattern in population subgroups (according to sex, age, occupation and income) was compared with the whole sample pattern using coefficients of congruence (COC). Pattern correlates (sociodemographic, survey year, physical activity and eating related behaviours) were explored using multiple linear regression. Food group loadings were similar to the previously identified obesogenic dietary pattern and were generalisable across all sub-groups (COC: 0.93–0.99). An obesogenic diet was associated with eating takeaways, being omnivorous, a manual household occupation and lower household income in both adults and children (p < 0.0001). Dieting for weight loss, being older, more physically active and less sedentary was associated with a less obesogenic diet among adults (p < 0.0001). Future experimental studies should investigate if changes in this obesogenic pattern could be used to monitor the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies or develop personalised interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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18 pages, 6069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total and Added Sugar Intake: Assessment in Eight Latin American Countries

by Mauro Fisberg^1,2,*

, Irina Kovalskys³

, Georgina Gómez⁴

, Attilio Rigotti⁵, Lilia Yadira Cortés Sanabria⁶

, Martha Cecilia Yépez García⁷

, Rossina Gabriella Pareja Torres⁸

, Marianella Herrera-Cuenca⁹

, Ioná Zalcman Zimberg¹⁰

, Berthold Koletzko¹¹

, Michael Pratt¹², Luis A. Moreno Aznar¹³

, Viviana Guajardo³, Regina Mara Fisberg¹⁴

, Cristiane Hermes Sales¹⁴

, Ágatha Nogueira Previdelli¹⁵

and On behalf of the ELANS Study Group^†

¹ Instituto Pensi, Fundação Jose Luiz Egydio Setubal, Sabará Hospital Infantil, São Paulo 01239-040, Brazil

² Departamento de Pediatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil

³ Committee of Nutrition and Wellbeing, International Life Science Institute (ILSI-Argentina), Buenos Aires C1059ABF, Argentina

⁴ Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica

⁵ Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago 833-0024, Chile

⁶ Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110111, Colombia

⁷ Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 17-1200-841, Ecuador

⁸ Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, La Molina, Lima 15026, Peru

⁹ Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela (CENDES-UCV)/Fundación Bengoa, Caracas 1010, Venezuela

¹⁰ Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil

¹¹ University of Munich Medical Center, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80337 Munich, Germany

¹² Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA

¹³ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain

¹⁴ Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 03178-200, Brazil

¹⁵ Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo 03166-000, Brazil

^† Membership of the ELANS Study Group is provided in the Acknowledgments.

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Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040389 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 14929

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases are growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. We assessed total and added sugar intake in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, to verify the adequacy of the World Health Organization’s recommendations, considering gender, socioeconomic level [...] Read more.

Non-communicable diseases are growing at an alarming rate in Latin America. We assessed total and added sugar intake in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, to verify the adequacy of the World Health Organization’s recommendations, considering gender, socioeconomic level (SEL) and age. A total of 9218 non-institutionalized individuals living in urban areas (age range 15–65 years) were assessed in the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS), a multicenter household population-based cross-sectional survey. Socio-demographic data were collected. Total and added sugar intakes were measured using two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of excessive sugar intake was estimated. A large proportion of individuals showed high consumption of total and added sugar intake, which reflected in the high prevalence of excessive sugar intake. With minimal differences across countries, in general, women, individuals with high SEL, and younger people had higher percentages of total energy intake from total and added sugar intake, and of contribution of carbohydrates from total and added sugars. Thus, there is high consumption of total and added sugar intake in the Latin American countries with some peculiarities considering socio-demographic variables, which should be considered in each country’s health intervention proposals. Full article

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16 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meat Consumption and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Results from the Korean Population and a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Youngyo Kim and Youjin Je^*

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040390 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 10012

Abstract

Many studies have reported harmful effects of red meat or processed meat on chronic diseases including cancer and diabetes, but epidemiological evidence for metabolic syndrome is limited and remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the association between [...] Read more.

Many studies have reported harmful effects of red meat or processed meat on chronic diseases including cancer and diabetes, but epidemiological evidence for metabolic syndrome is limited and remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the association between various meat consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome. The PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases were searched through June 2017, and further included unpublished results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012–2015, including 8387 Korean adults. Sixteen studies were suitable for meta-analysis, which included 19,579 cases among 76,111 participants. We used a random-effects model to calculate the pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The pooled RR for metabolic syndrome of the highest versus lowest category of meat intake was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.23) for total meat, 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.74) for red meat, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.54) for processed meat, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.97) for white meat. All of these associations did not differ significantly by study design and adjustment factors. Our findings indicated that total, red, and processed meat intake is positively associated with metabolic syndrome, and white meat intake is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome. Full article

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16 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

by María De Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken¹

, Teresa Partearroyo¹

, Emma Ruiz²

, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina^3,4, Ángel Gil^4,5

, Marcela González-Gross^4,6

, Rosa M. Ortega⁷

, Lluis Serra-Majem^4,8

and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras^1,2,*

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, 28668 Madrid, Spain

² Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), 28010 Madrid, Spain

³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

⁴ CIBEROBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain

⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain

⁶ ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain

⁷ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain

⁸ Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040392 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7415

Abstract

Socioeconomic factors (SEF) can exert a great impact on food choices. However, limited data are available from the Spanish population. Our aim was to describe the influence of place of residence and habitat size on food group intakes. Data were obtained from the [...] Read more.

Socioeconomic factors (SEF) can exert a great impact on food choices. However, limited data are available from the Spanish population. Our aim was to describe the influence of place of residence and habitat size on food group intakes. Data were obtained from the ANIBES study. A 3-day dietary record provided information on food and beverage consumption. Data analysis compared gender, age, Nielsen geographic areas, and habitat population size (urban, semi-urban, and rural). Place of residence did not appear to be a determinant for specific food group consumption during childhood and adolescence, as only higher intakes of non-alcoholic beverages were observed among children aged 9 to 12 years living in the East, when compared to those from the Northwest of Spain (p < 0.05). Food choices within adults (18 to 64 years) and seniors (65 to 75 years) were conditioned: sugar and sweets intake was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for adult men living in the Northwest than those from the South, and senior males from North Central areas had significantly higher consumption of eggs (p < 0.05) compared to the Northeast. Basic food group consumption was only affected during childhood and aging. Adults who inhabited rural areas consumed greater quantities of fats and oils than those from higher population densities (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that place of residence and habitat size have a limited influence on food choices, regardless of age and gender in the ANIBES study population. It is fundamental to acknowledge that other SEF variables are important and further studies are needed to monitor and assess these influences are warranted. Full article

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10 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Girls

by Lorianne J. Bennett¹, Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek²

, Neil R. Brett³, Kelly Poirier¹, Qing Guo⁴, Dérick Rousseau⁴ and Nick Bellissimo^3,*

¹ Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada

² Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada

³ School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada

⁴ Department of Chemistry & Biology, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040394 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5328

Abstract

Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and [...] Read more.

Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and short-term FI in 9–14-year-old girls. The methods we used include using a randomized crossover design in which 28 girls consumed isovolumetric amounts (350 mL) of a fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal) on four separate mornings. Subjective appetite and thirst were measured at regular intervals via visual analogue scales (VAS) and FI was assessed at 60 min post-beverage consumption. The results show that subjective appetite and thirst decreased after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term FI was suppressed following consumption of chocolate milk (15%; p < 0.001) and cola (11%; p = 0.02) compared to the water control. However, cumulative energy intake (beverage (kcal) + test meal (kcal)) was not affected by beverage type. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola, but not fruit drink, suppressed FI in girls while cumulative FI did not differ among treatments. Full article

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12 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Sialyllactose Does Not Influence Measures of Recognition Memory or Diurnal Activity in the Young Pig

by Stephen A. Fleming^1,2

, Maciej Chichlowski³

, Brian M. Berg^3,4, Sharon M. Donovan^4,5 and Ryan N. Dilger^1,2,4,*

¹ Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

² Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

³ Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IL 61142, USA

⁴ Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

⁵ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040395 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5407

Abstract

Sialic acid (SA) is an integral component of gangliosides and signaling molecules in the brain and its dietary intake may support cognitive development. We previously reported that feeding sialyllactose, a milk oligosaccharide that contains SA, alters SA content and diffusivity in the pig [...] Read more.

Sialic acid (SA) is an integral component of gangliosides and signaling molecules in the brain and its dietary intake may support cognitive development. We previously reported that feeding sialyllactose, a milk oligosaccharide that contains SA, alters SA content and diffusivity in the pig brain. The present research sought to expand upon such results and describe the effects of feeding sialyllactose on recognition memory and sleep/wake activity using a translational pig model. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to a customized milk replacer containing 0 g/L or 380 g/L of sialyllactose from postnatal day (PND) 2–22. Beginning on PND 15, pigs were fitted with accelerometers to track home-cage activity and testing on the novel object recognition task began at PND 17. There were no significant effects of diet on average daily body weight gain, average daily milk intake, or the gain-to-feed ratio during the study (all p ≥ 0.11). Pigs on both diets were able to display recognition memory on the novel object recognition task (p < 0.01), but performance and exploratory behavior did not differ between groups (all p ≥ 0.11). Total activity and percent time spent sleeping were equivalent between groups during both day and night cycles (all p ≥ 0.56). Dietary sialyllactose did not alter growth performance of young pigs, and there was no evidence that providing SA via sialyllactose benefits the development of recognition memory or gross sleep-related behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System)

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14 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macular Xanthophylls Are Related to Intellectual Ability among Adults with Overweight and Obesity

by Naiman A. Khan^1,2,3,*

, Anne. M. Walk¹, Caitlyn G. Edwards², Alicia R. Jones¹, Corinne N. Cannavale³, Sharon V. Thompson², Ginger E. Reeser¹ and Hannah D. Holscher^1,2,4

¹ Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

² Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

³ Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

⁴ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040396 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7512

Abstract

Excess adiposity or obesity has been inversely related to cognitive function and macular xanthophyll status. However, whether the neuroprotective effects of macular xanthophylls on cognitive function are independent of excess adiposity is unclear. We investigated the relationship between macular xanthophylls and intellectual ability [...] Read more.

Excess adiposity or obesity has been inversely related to cognitive function and macular xanthophyll status. However, whether the neuroprotective effects of macular xanthophylls on cognitive function are independent of excess adiposity is unclear. We investigated the relationship between macular xanthophylls and intellectual ability among adults (N = 114) between 25 and 45 years with overweight and obesity (≥25 kg/m²). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry were used to assess whole body adiposity (%Fat) and macular pigment optical density (MPOD), respectively. Dietary xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were assessed using 7-day diet records. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2) was used to assess general intelligence (IQ) as well as fluid and crystallized intelligence. Bivariate correlations revealed that MPOD was inversely related to %Fat and positively associated with IQ and fluid intelligence. Although %Fat was inversely correlated to IQ and fluid intelligence, this relationship did not persist following adjustment for sex and MPOD. Further, MPOD was an independent predictor of IQ and fluid intelligence. However, no significant relationships were observed between MPOD and crystalized intelligence. These results suggest that macular xanthophylls are selectively related to fluid intelligence, regardless of degree of adiposity among adults with overweight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System)

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13 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Magnesium or Calcium and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Patients

by Evertine Wesselink¹

, Renate M. Winkels¹

, Harm Van Baar¹, Anne J. M. R. Geijsen¹, Moniek Van Zutphen¹, Henk K. Van Halteren², Bibi M. E. Hansson³, Sandra A. Radema⁴, Johannes H. W. De Wilt⁵, Ellen Kampman¹ and Dieuwertje E. G. Kok^1,*

¹ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands

² Department of Internal Medicine, Admiraal de Ruyter Ziekenhuis, ‘s-Gravenpolderseweg 114, 4462 RA Goes, The Netherlands

³ Department of Surgery, Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Weg door het Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 22, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands

⁵ Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 22, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040398 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 14220

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and severe side-effect in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study assessed the association between habitual dietary intake of magnesium or calcium and prevalence and severity of chronic CIPN in CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. For this [...] Read more.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and severe side-effect in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study assessed the association between habitual dietary intake of magnesium or calcium and prevalence and severity of chronic CIPN in CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. For this prospective cohort study, 196 CRC patients were considered. Magnesium and calcium intake was determined using a food frequency questionnaire at diagnosis, during and after chemotherapy. Chronic CIPN was assessed 12 months after diagnosis using the quality of life questionnaire CIPN20. Prevalence ratios were calculated to assess the association between magnesium or calcium intake and the prevalence of CIPN. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between magnesium or calcium intake and severity of CIPN. CIPN was reported by 160 (82%) patients. Magnesium intake during chemotherapy was statistically significantly associated with lower prevalence of CIPN (prevalence ratio (PR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32, 0.92). Furthermore, higher dietary intake of magnesium during (β −1.08, 95% CI −1.95, −0.22) and after chemotherapy (β −0.93, 95% CI −1.81, −0.06) was associated with less severe CIPN. No associations were found for calcium intake and the prevalence and severity of CIPN. To conclude, we observed an association between higher dietary magnesium intake and lower prevalence and severity of CIPN in CRC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium Intake and Human Health)

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16 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Fiber and Telomere Length in 5674 U.S. Adults: An NHANES Study of Biological Aging

by Larry A. Tucker

Department of Exercise Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040400 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 16703

Abstract

The relationship between fiber intake and telomere length was evaluated using a cross-sectional design and an NHANES sample of 5674 U.S. adults. Another purpose was to test the impact of potential confounders on the association. Fiber consumption was measured using a 24 h [...] Read more.

The relationship between fiber intake and telomere length was evaluated using a cross-sectional design and an NHANES sample of 5674 U.S. adults. Another purpose was to test the impact of potential confounders on the association. Fiber consumption was measured using a 24 h recall and telomere length was indexed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Overall, the U.S. adults had low fiber intake (median: 6.6 g per 1000 kcal)—less than one-half the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. With age, gender, race, housing status, and misreported energy intake controlled, the relationship between fiber intake per 1000 kcal and telomere length was linear (F = 9.5, p = 0.0045). Specifically, for each 1 g increment in fiber intake per 1000 kcal, telomeres were 8.3 base pairs longer. Because each additional year of chronological age was associated with telomeres that were 15.5 base pairs shorter, results suggest that a 10 g increase in fiber intake per 1000 kcal would correspond with telomeres that are 83 base pairs longer. On average, this would equate to 5.4 fewer years of biologic aging (83 ÷ 15.5). With smoking, BMI, alcohol use, and physical activity controlled, as well as the other covariates, each 10 g increment in fiber accounted for telomeres that were 67 base pairs longer (F = 7.6, p = 0.0101), a biologic aging difference of about 4.3 years. In conclusion, significant fiber consumption accounts for longer telomeres and less biologic aging than lower levels of fiber intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

12 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Maternal and Foetal Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles and Birth Weight

by Giulia Cinelli¹, Marta Fabrizi¹, Lucilla Ravà², Fabrizio Signore³, Pamela Vernocchi⁴, Michela Semeraro¹, Cristina Vallone³, Rosalba Lanciotti^5,6, Marta Ciofi degli Atti² and Melania Manco^1,*

¹ Research Unit for Multifactorial Diseases and Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), viale di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy

² Clinical Epidemiology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), P.zza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Misericordia Hospital Grosseto, Usl Toscana Sud-est, 58036 Grosseto, Italy

⁴ Unit of Human Microbiome, Genetic and Rare Diseases Area, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), viale di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy

⁵ Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna Cesena, 47521 Cesena, Italy

⁶ Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040402 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4526

Abstract

Regular foetal development is crucial for assuring good health status in the offspring. The quality and quantity of maternal dietary fatty acids (FAs) can affect growth. The study aimed to: (1) investigate the association of maternal/foetal lipid profiles with birth weight (BW); and [...] Read more.

Regular foetal development is crucial for assuring good health status in the offspring. The quality and quantity of maternal dietary fatty acids (FAs) can affect growth. The study aimed to: (1) investigate the association of maternal/foetal lipid profiles with birth weight (BW); and (2) compare these profiles in small, appropriate, and large for gestational age (SGA, AGA, and LGA) infants. FAs were measured in erythrocyte membranes using gas chromatography analysis in 607 mother–infant pairs (316 males, 52.1%). In the quantile regression, a significant association between BW and levels of maternal linoleic acid (LA; C18:2, n-6; coefficient: 18.66; p = 0.010), arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4, n-6; coefficient: 11.35; p = 0.007), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6, n-3; coefficient: 29.73; p = 0.007), polyunsaturated FAs (coefficient: 8.55; p = 0.001), foetal DHA (coefficient: −22.82; p = 0.037), and saturated FAs (coefficient: −65.41; p = 0.002) was found. Myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic acids (C15:0), both maternal (p = 0.000; p = 0.017) and foetal (p = 0.009; p = 0.002), and maternal erucic acid (C22:1, n-9; p = 0.026) were found at higher levels in SGA infants as compared to AGA ones. Conversely, maternal LA, AA, and omega 6 FAs levels were higher in AGA infants (p = 0.037; p = 0.003; p = 0.026, respectively). Maternal and foetal polyunsaturated and omega 6 FAs levels are positively related to BW, while a lipid profile rich in saturated FAs and erucic acid may influence the risk of SGA. Full article

8 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Folinic Acid Increases Protein Arginine Methylation in Human Endothelial Cells

by Ruben Esse^1,2,3,*, Tom Teerlink², Pieter Koolwijk⁴

, Isabel Tavares de Almeida¹, Henk J. Blom^2,5,† and Rita Castro^1,6,7,†

¹ Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal

² Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA

⁴ Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁵ Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University Hospital, Mathildenstrasse 1, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany

⁶ Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal

⁷ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802 PA, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040404 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4470

Abstract

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Cellular hypomethylation has been suggested to be a key pathophysiologic mechanism, since S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), the Hcy metabolic precursor and [...] Read more.

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Cellular hypomethylation has been suggested to be a key pathophysiologic mechanism, since S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), the Hcy metabolic precursor and a potent inhibitor of methyltransferase activity, accumulates in the setting of hyperhomocysteinemia. In this study, the impact of folate and methionine on intracellular AdoHcy levels and protein arginine methylation status was studied. Human endothelial cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of folinic acid (FnA), a stable precursor of folate, with or without methionine restriction. The levels of intracellular AdoHcy and AdoMet, tHcy in the cell culture medium, and protein-incorporated methylarginines were evaluated by suitable liquid chromatography techniques. FnA supplementation, with or without methionine restriction, reduced the level of tHcy and did not affect intracellular AdoMet levels. Interestingly, FnA supplementation reduced intracellular AdoHcy levels only in cells grown under methionine restriction. Furthermore, these cells also displayed increased protein arginine methylation status. These observations suggest that folic acid supplementation may enhance cellular methylation capacity under a low methionine status. Our results lead us to hypothesize that the putative benefits of folic acid supplementation in restoring endothelial homeostasis, thus preventing atherothrombotic events, should be reevaluated in subjects under a methionine restriction diet. Full article

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12 pages, 8526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship with Frailty in Functionally Independent Older Adults

by Mónica Machón^1,2,3,*, Maider Mateo-Abad^1,3,4, Kalliopi Vrotsou^1,2,3, Xabier Zupiria⁵, Carolina Güell^1,6, Leonor Rico¹ and Itziar Vergara^1,2,3

¹ Unidad de Investigación de Atención Primaria-OSIs Gipuzkoa, Osakidetza, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain

² Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), 48902 Barakaldo, Spain

³ Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain

⁴ Kronikgune- Centro de Investigación en Cronicidad, 48902 Barakaldo, Spain

⁵ Centro de salud de Beraun, Osakidetza, 20100 Rentería, Spain

⁶ Centro de salud de Alza, Osakidetza, 20017 San Sebastián, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040406 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6311

Abstract

The impact of dietary patterns rather than single foods or nutrients on health outcomes is increasingly recognized. This cross-sectional study examines the dietary patterns of 527 non-institutionalized functionally independent older people aged ≥70 years from Gipuzkoa (Spain). Sociodemographic characteristics, health status, anthropometric measures [...] Read more.

The impact of dietary patterns rather than single foods or nutrients on health outcomes is increasingly recognized. This cross-sectional study examines the dietary patterns of 527 non-institutionalized functionally independent older people aged ≥70 years from Gipuzkoa (Spain). Sociodemographic characteristics, health status, anthropometric measures and dietary data are collected. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and cluster analysis are performed to identify dietary patterns and groups of individuals. Frequency of selected food items and compliance with food recommendations are included in the MCA. A high proportion of the sample population are overweight or obese, whereas only 3.3% are at risk of malnutrition (determined with the Mini Nutritional Assessment). Frail individuals (n = 130), measured with the Timed-Up and Go test are older, have a lower educational level, are more obese, present a poorer health status (more depressive symptoms, polypharmacy and falls, among others) and worse compliance with food recommendations than robust individuals (n = 392). Three groups of individuals are identified: cluster one (n = 285), cluster two (n = 194) and cluster three (n = 48). A gradient of increasing frailty and poorer health status is observed from cluster one to cluster three. The latter also shows the poorest dietary pattern, regarding dietary recommendations. The use of an easy-to-use tool to assess diet allows detection of differences among the three clusters. There is a need to increase awareness on the implementation of nutritional screening and a subsequent dietary assessment in primary care settings to provide nutritional care to elder, and moreover, frail individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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17 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Agronomic Iodine Biofortification: A SWOT-AHP Analysis in Northern Uganda

by Solomon Olum^1,2, Xavier Gellynck¹, Collins Okello³, Dominic Webale^4,5, Walter Odongo^1,4, Duncan Ongeng² and Hans De Steur^1,*

¹ Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

² Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda

³ Department of Biosystems Engineering, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda

⁴ Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda

⁵ School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, Fort Portal, Uganda

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040407 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7006

Abstract

Agronomic biofortification (i.e., the application of fertilizer to elevate micronutrient concentrations in staple crops) is a recent strategy recommended for controlling Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). However, its success inevitably depends on stakeholders’ appreciation and acceptance of it. By taking Northern Uganda as a [...] Read more.

Agronomic biofortification (i.e., the application of fertilizer to elevate micronutrient concentrations in staple crops) is a recent strategy recommended for controlling Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). However, its success inevitably depends on stakeholders’ appreciation and acceptance of it. By taking Northern Uganda as a case, this study aimed to capture and compare the perceptions of seven key stakeholder groups with respect to agronomic iodine biofortification. Therefore, we employed a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) analysis in combination with an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings show that stakeholders (n = 56) are generally positive about agronomic iodine biofortification in Uganda, as its strengths and opportunities outweighed weaknesses and threats. Cultural acceptance and effectiveness are considered the most important strengths while the high IDD prevalence rate and the availability of iodine deficient soils are key opportunities for further developing agronomic iodine biofortification. Environmental concerns about synthetic fertilizers as well as the time needed to supply iodine were considered crucial weaknesses. The limited use of fertilizer in Uganda was the main threat. While this study provides insight into important issues and priorities for iodine biofortification technology in Uganda, including differences in stakeholder views, the application of the SWOT-AHP method will guide future researchers and health planners conducting stakeholder analysis in similar domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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19 pages, 2098 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Iodine and Pregnancy—A Qualitative Study Focusing on Dietary Guidance and Information

by Maria Bouga

, Michael E. J. Lean and Emilie Combet^*

Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, 10–16 Alexandra Parade, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040408 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 10651

Abstract

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormones synthesis and normal neurodevelopment; however, ~60% of pregnant women do not meet the WHO (World Health Organization) recommended intake. Using a qualitative design, we explored the perceptions, awareness, and experiences of pregnancy nutrition, focusing on iodine. Women [...] Read more.

Iodine is essential for thyroid hormones synthesis and normal neurodevelopment; however, ~60% of pregnant women do not meet the WHO (World Health Organization) recommended intake. Using a qualitative design, we explored the perceptions, awareness, and experiences of pregnancy nutrition, focusing on iodine. Women in the perinatal period (n = 48) were interviewed and filled in a food frequency questionnaire for iodine. Almost all participants achieved the recommended 150 μg/day intake for non-pregnant adults (99%), but only 81% met the increased demands of pregnancy (250 μg/day). Most were unaware of the importance, sources of iodine, and recommendations for iodine intake. Attitudes toward dairy products consumption were positive (e.g., helps with heartburn; easy to increase). Increased fish consumption was considered less achievable, with barriers around taste, smell, heartburn, and morning sickness. Community midwives were the main recognised provider of dietary advice. The dietary advice received focused most often on multivitamin supplements rather than food sources. Analysis highlighted a clear theme of commitment to change behaviour, motivated by pregnancy, with a desired focus on user-friendly documentation and continued involvement of the health services. The study highlights the importance of redirecting advice on dietary requirements in pregnancy and offers practical suggestions from women in the perinatal period as the main stakeholder group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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12 pages, 5309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Vitamin D Deficiency Affect the Immunogenic Responses to Influenza Vaccination? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ming-Dar Lee^1,†, Chao-Hsu Lin^1,†, Wei-Te Lei¹, Hung-Yang Chang², Hung-Chang Lee², Chun-Yan Yeung², Nan-Chang Chiu², Hsin Chi², Jui-Ming Liu^3,4,5

, Ren-Jun Hsu³, Yu-Jyun Cheng¹, Tzu-Lin Yeh¹

and Chien-Yu Lin^1,*

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan

² Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children’s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan

³ Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan

⁴ Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan

^† These authors contribute equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040409 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 78 | Viewed by 12134

Abstract

Influenza virus infection is a major global public health problem, and the efficacy of influenza vaccination is not satisfactory. Vitamin D is involved in many immune-mediated inflammatory processes. The impact of vitamin D levels on the immunogenic response to influenza vaccination is not [...] Read more.

Influenza virus infection is a major global public health problem, and the efficacy of influenza vaccination is not satisfactory. Vitamin D is involved in many immune-mediated inflammatory processes. The impact of vitamin D levels on the immunogenic response to influenza vaccination is not clear. We performed a comprehensive literature search and systematic review of studies that investigated vitamin D and influenza vaccination. Data pertaining to study population, vaccine components, vitamin D levels, and immunogenic response were analyzed. Nine studies, with a combined study population of 2367 patients, were included in the systematic review. Four studies were included in the meta-analysis to investigate the influence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the seroprotection (SP) rates and seroconversion (SC) rates following influenza vaccination. We found no significant association between vitamin D level and the immunogenic response to influenza vaccination. However, strain-specific differences may exist. We observed lower SP rates of influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) and B strain in VDD patients than patients with normal vitamin D levels (A/H3N2: 71.8% vs. 80.1%, odds ratio (OR): 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43–0.91, p = 0.01; B strain: 69.6% vs. 76.4%, OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.5–0.93, p = 0.01). However, the SP rates of A/H1N1 and SC rates of all three strains were not significantly different in VDD and control groups. In conclusion, no association was observed between VDD and immunogenic response to influenza vaccination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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24 pages, 50385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards an Integrative Understanding of tRNA Aminoacylation–Diet–Host–Gut Microbiome Interactions in Neurodegeneration

by Elena L. Paley^1,2,3,* and George Perry^2,4

¹ Expert Biomed, Inc., 11933 SW 271st TER Homestead, Miami Dade, FL 33032-3305, USA

² Stop Alzheimers Corp., Miami Dade, FL 33032, USA

³ Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA

⁴ University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040410 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8875

Abstract

Transgenic mice used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) preclinical experiments do not recapitulate the human disease. In our models, the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) deficiency with consequent neurodegeneration in cells and mice. Dietary supplements, antibiotics [...] Read more.

Transgenic mice used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) preclinical experiments do not recapitulate the human disease. In our models, the dietary tryptophan metabolite tryptamine produced by human gut microbiome induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) deficiency with consequent neurodegeneration in cells and mice. Dietary supplements, antibiotics and certain drugs increase tryptamine content in vivo. TrpRS catalyzes tryptophan attachment to tRNA^trp at initial step of protein biosynthesis. Tryptamine that easily crosses the blood–brain barrier induces vasculopathies, neurodegeneration and cell death via TrpRS competitive inhibition. TrpRS inhibitor tryptophanol produced by gut microbiome also induces neurodegeneration. TrpRS inhibition by tryptamine and its metabolites preventing tryptophan incorporation into proteins lead to protein biosynthesis impairment. Tryptophan, a least amino acid in food and proteins that cannot be synthesized by humans competes with frequent amino acids for the transport from blood to brain. Tryptophan is a vulnerable amino acid, which can be easily lost to protein biosynthesis. Some proteins marking neurodegenerative pathology, such as tau lack tryptophan. TrpRS exists in cytoplasmic (WARS) and mitochondrial (WARS2) forms. Pathogenic gene variants of both forms cause TrpRS deficiency with consequent intellectual and motor disabilities in humans. The diminished tryptophan-dependent protein biosynthesis in AD patients is a proof of our model-based disease concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Aging and Gut-Brain Axis)

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39 pages, 65398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Correlates of Cardiovascular Risk: A Comparison of 158 Countries

by Pavel Grasgruber^*, Jan Cacek, Eduard Hrazdíra, Sylva Hřebíčková and Martin Sebera

Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040411 - 26 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 51436

Abstract

The aim of this study was a large-scale ecological analysis of nutritional and other environmental factors potentially associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the global context. Indicators of CVDs from 158 countries were compared with the statistics of mean intake [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was a large-scale ecological analysis of nutritional and other environmental factors potentially associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the global context. Indicators of CVDs from 158 countries were compared with the statistics of mean intake (supply) of 60 food items between 1993 and 2011, obesity rates, health expenditure and life expectancy. This comparison shows that the relationship between CVD indicators (raised blood pressure, CVD mortality, raised blood glucose) and independent variables in the global context is influenced by various factors, such as short life expectancy, religiously conditioned dietary customs, the imprecision of some statistics and undernutrition. However, regardless of the statistical method used, the results always show very similar trends and identify high carbohydrate consumption (mainly in the form of cereals and wheat, in particular) as the dietary factor most consistently associated with the risk of CVDs. These findings are in line with the changing view of the causes of CVDs. Because only the statistics of raised blood glucose include people using medications and reflect true prevalence that is independent of healthcare, more objective data on the prevalence of CVDs are needed to confirm these observed trends. Full article

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14 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tri-Ponderal Mass Index vs. Fat Mass/Height³ as a Screening Tool for Metabolic Syndrome Prediction in Colombian Children and Young People

by Robinson Ramírez-Vélez^1,*

, Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista¹, Hugo Alejandro Carrillo^2,3, Emilio González-Jiménez^4,5

, Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle^4,5

, María Correa-Rodríguez^4,5

, Antonio García-Hermoso⁶

and Katherine González-Ruíz⁷

¹ Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia

² Grupo GRINDER, Programa de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia

³ Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad (GIESS), Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia

⁴ Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain

⁵ Grupo CTS-436, Adscrito al Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain

⁶ Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 7500618, Chile

⁷ Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá 110231, Colombia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040412 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6834

Abstract

Tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and fat mass index (FMI) have been proposed as alternative approaches for assessing body fat since BMI does not ensure an accurate screening for obesity and overweight status in children and adolescents. This study proposes thresholds of the TMI [...] Read more.

Tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and fat mass index (FMI) have been proposed as alternative approaches for assessing body fat since BMI does not ensure an accurate screening for obesity and overweight status in children and adolescents. This study proposes thresholds of the TMI and FMI for the prediction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and young people. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 4673 participants (57.1% females), who were 9–25 years of age. As part of the study, measurements of the subjects’ weight, waist circumference, serum lipid indices, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose were taken. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The TMI and FMI were calculated as weight (kg)/height (m³) and fat mass (kg)/height (m³), respectively. Following the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition, MetS is defined as including three or more metabolic abnormalities. Cohort-specific thresholds were established to identify Colombian children and young people at high risk of MetS. The thresholds were applied to the following groups: (i) a cohort of children where the girls’ TMI ≥ 12.13 kg/m³ and the boys’ TMI ≥ 12.10 kg/m³; (ii) a cohort of adolescents where the girls’ TMI ≥ 12.48 kg/m³ and the boys’ TMI ≥ 11.19 kg/m³; (iii) a cohort of young adults where the women’s TMI ≥ 13.21 kg/m³ and the men’s TMI ≥ 12.19 kg/m³. The FMI reference cut-off values used for the different groups were as follows: (i) a cohort of children where the girls’ FMI ≥ 2.59 fat mass/m³ and the boys’ FMI ≥ 1.98 fat mass/m³; (ii) a cohort of adolescents where the girls’ FMI ≥ 3.12 fat mass/m³ and the boys’ FMI ≥ 1.46 fat mass/m³; (iii) a cohort of adults where the women’s FMI ≥ 3.27 kg/m³ and the men’s FMI ≥ 1.65 kg/m³. Our results showed that the FMI and TMI had a moderate discriminatory power to detect MetS in Colombian children, adolescents, and young adults. Full article

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17 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Your Own: Older Adults’ Food Choice and Dietary Habits

by Emily Whitelock and Hannah Ensaff^*

School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040413 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 166 | Viewed by 22145

Abstract

The United Kingdom, in common with many countries, has an ageing demographic. Changes accompanying ageing can influence food choice and dietary habits. This study explored older adults’ perceptions and practices related to dietary behaviour and the factors influencing their food choice in later [...] Read more.

The United Kingdom, in common with many countries, has an ageing demographic. Changes accompanying ageing can influence food choice and dietary habits. This study explored older adults’ perceptions and practices related to dietary behaviour and the factors influencing their food choice in later life. Semi-structured focus-group discussions were conducted with 30 individuals (aged 63–90 years) in a UK city. An inductive thematic approach was adopted for data analysis, and 4 themes and 12 sub-themes emerged: age-related changes (lower appetite, food changes, declining physical function); food access (food cost, support with food, maintaining independence); on your own (cooking for one, eating alone, shopping for one); and relationship with food (food variety, eating what you want, dieting). These influenced participants’ food acquisition, food preparation and cooking, as well as eating habits. Living alone and its substantial influence, as well as associated social isolation and loneliness, were highlighted in many of the discussions. Given the possible implications for nutritional intake, further work is recommended in this area. Likewise, steps should be taken to improve food access, increase opportunities for commensal eating and, fundamentally, address social isolation and loneliness in the older population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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8 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is What Low-Income Brazilians Are Eating in Popular Restaurants Contributing to Promote Their Health?

by Alinne De Paula Carrijo, Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho

, Rita De Cássia Coelho de Almeida Akutsu and Renata Puppin Zandonadi^*

Research Group in Nutritional and Nourishment Quality, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040414 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4871

Abstract

This study evaluates the healthfulness of the meals offered to and consumed by low-income Brazilians in Popular Restaurants (PR). It is a cross-sectional, exploratory study. The final sample includes 36 PRs, respecting the stratification criteria for each of the five Brazilian regions. To [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the healthfulness of the meals offered to and consumed by low-income Brazilians in Popular Restaurants (PR). It is a cross-sectional, exploratory study. The final sample includes 36 PRs, respecting the stratification criteria for each of the five Brazilian regions. To identify the quantity and quality of food consumption, consumers’ meals are evaluated. The sample calculation uses a minimum of 41 consumers in each PR. Consumption evaluation is carried out by weighing and direct observation of the meal that each consumer served to his plate. Each dish of the meals had its Technical preparation files (TPF) developed by observing the production and weighing all the ingredients. Evaluations of Energy density (ED), meal’s weight components and sodium composition are conducted. Plate’s composition is compared to “My plate” guidelines United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The final sample includes 1771 low-income Brazilians consumers. The plate of PRs consumers is adequate only for the “protein group” in comparison to “My plate”. Rice and beans compose more than 50% of the plate’s weight, as expected, since it is a Brazilian habit of consumption at lunch. Thus, grains are the major group consumed by PRs consumers. The average ED for all PRs is 1.34 kcal/g. Regarding sodium content, rice and main courses presented the highest values and are classified as high, according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Concerning sodium, PRs are putting Brazilian low-income population at risk for chronic diseases. However, in general, PRs are good choices because they promote access to cheap and quality traditional Brazilian foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Vulnerable Groups)

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16 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014

by Zhiying Zhang^1,*, Victor L. Fulgoni III²

, Penny M. Kris-Etherton³ and Susan Hazels Mitmesser¹

¹ Nutrition and Scientific Affairs, The Nature’s Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA

² Nutrition Impact LLC, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA

³ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040416 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 14570

Abstract

Background: The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that the general population should consume about 8 ounces (oz.) per week of a variety of seafood, providing approximately 250 mg per day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that pregnant [...] Read more.

Background: The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that the general population should consume about 8 ounces (oz.) per week of a variety of seafood, providing approximately 250 mg per day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that pregnant and lactating women should consume 8–12 oz. per week of seafood. Methods: We determined the usual intakes, percentage not meeting recommendations, and trends in EPA and DHA intakes among childbearing-age and pregnant women (15–44 years of age) using the NHANES cycles 2001–2002 through 2013–2014. Results: For the childbearing-age women, the mean usual intake of seafood was 0.44 ± 0.02 oz. equivalent per day and 100% of the population was below the DGA recommendation. Mean usual intakes of EPA, DHA, and combined EPA and DHA from foods and dietary supplements combined were 26.8 ± 1.4, 62.2 ± 1.9, and 88.1 ± 3.0 mg per day, respectively. Over 95% of the sample did not meet the daily intakes of 250 mg EPA and DHA. Similar results were observed for pregnant women. After controlling for covariates, there were slight but significant increases in EPA and DHA intakes from foods and dietary supplements over the 14-year span among childbearing-age (p = 0.005) and pregnant women (p = 0.002). Conclusions: It was estimated that a majority of U.S. childbearing-age and pregnant women consumed significantly lower amounts of seafood than what the DGA recommends, which subsequently leads to low intakes of EPA and DHA; in addition, dietary supplement use has not eliminated the nutrient shortfall. Full article

17 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Maternal Choline Supplementation during Normal Murine Pregnancy Alters the Placental Epigenome: Results of an Exploratory Study

by Sze Ting (Cecilia) Kwan¹

, Julia H. King¹

, Jennifer K. Grenier², Jian Yan¹, Xinyin Jiang^1,3

, Mark S. Roberson^4,* and Marie A. Caudill^1,*

¹ Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA

² RNA Sequencing Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

³ Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA

⁴ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040417 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6359

Abstract

The placental epigenome regulates processes that affect placental and fetal development, and could be mediating some of the reported effects of maternal choline supplementation (MCS) on placental vascular development and nutrient delivery. As an extension of work previously conducted in pregnant mice, the [...] Read more.

The placental epigenome regulates processes that affect placental and fetal development, and could be mediating some of the reported effects of maternal choline supplementation (MCS) on placental vascular development and nutrient delivery. As an extension of work previously conducted in pregnant mice, the current study sought to explore the effects of MCS on various epigenetic markers in the placenta. RNA and DNA were extracted from placentas collected on embryonic day 15.5 from pregnant mice fed a 1X or 4X choline diet, and were subjected to genome-wide sequencing procedures or mass-spectrometry-based assays to examine placental imprinted gene expression, DNA methylation patterns, and microRNA (miRNA) abundance. MCS yielded a higher (fold change = 1.63–2.25) expression of four imprinted genes (Ampd3, Tfpi2, Gatm and Aqp1) in the female placentas and a lower (fold change = 0.46–0.62) expression of three imprinted genes (Dcn, Qpct and Tnfrsf23) in the male placentas (false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 for both sexes). Methylation in the promoter regions of these genes and global placental DNA methylation were also affected (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, a lower (fold change = 0.3; P_unadjusted = 2.05 × 10⁻⁴; FDR = 0.13) abundance of miR-2137 and a higher (fold change = 1.25–3.92; p < 0.05) expression of its target genes were detected in the 4X choline placentas. These data demonstrate that the placental epigenome is responsive to maternal choline intake during murine pregnancy and likely mediates some of the previously described choline-induced effects on placental and fetal outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health Aspects of Dietary Choline)

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16 pages, 2105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Consuming a Low Dose of Alcohol with Mixers Containing Carbohydrate or Artificial Sweetener on Simulated Driving Performance

by Bryce Brickley^*, Ben Desbrow

, Danielle McCartney and Christopher Irwin

Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040419 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4966

Abstract

The Australian National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) devised gender-based drinking recommendations to ensure blood or equivalized breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) remain <0.050%. However, these may be inappropriate for individuals consuming alcohol without carbohydrate (CHO), which results in higher BrACs. This study [...] Read more.

The Australian National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) devised gender-based drinking recommendations to ensure blood or equivalized breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) remain <0.050%. However, these may be inappropriate for individuals consuming alcohol without carbohydrate (CHO), which results in higher BrACs. This study investigated the effects of ingesting alcohol with and without CHO on BrACs and simulated driving performance. Thirty-two participants (16 males; age: 23 ± 6 years) completed two randomized single-blinded trials. Participants performed a baseline drive (Drive 1), then an experimental drive (Drive 2), following alcohol consumption (males: 20 g; females: 10 g). Alcoholic beverages contained either 25 g sucrose or aspartame (AS). Driving performance was assessed using lateral control (standard deviation of lane position [SDLP] and number of lane departures) and risk-taking (number of overtaking maneuvers and maximum overtaking speed). BrAC and subjective ratings (e.g., intoxication) were also assessed. BrAC was significantly lower as Drive 2 commenced with CHO compared to AS (0.022 ± 0.008% vs. 0.030 ± 0.011%). Two males provided BrACs >0.050% with AS. Neither beverage influenced changes to simulated driving performance. Ingesting alcohol in quantities advised by the NDARC results in no detectable simulated driving impairment. However, the likelihood of exceeding the legal drink-driving BrAC is increased when alcohol is consumed with artificially-sweetened mixers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Solutions for a Changing World)

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12 pages, 13440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of LSGYGP from Fish Skin Gelatin Hydrolysates on UVB-Induced MEFs by Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity

by Qingyu Ma, Qiuming Liu, Ling Yuan and Yongliang Zhuang^*

Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 South Jingming Road, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040420 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5295

Abstract

A previous study has shown that tilapia fish skin gelatin hydrolysates inhibited photoaging in vivo, and that, Leu-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Pro (LSGYGP) identified in the hydrolysate had a high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In this study, activities of LSGYGP were further evaluated using ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced [...] Read more.

A previous study has shown that tilapia fish skin gelatin hydrolysates inhibited photoaging in vivo, and that, Leu-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Pro (LSGYGP) identified in the hydrolysate had a high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In this study, activities of LSGYGP were further evaluated using ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). UVB irradiation significantly increased the intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activities and decreased the content of collagen in MEFs. LSGYGP reduced the intercellular ROS generation in UVB-induced MEFs. Meanwhile, the decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the increase of malondiaidehyde (MDA) content were inhibited by LSGYGP. LSGYGP reduced MMP-1 and MMP-9 activities in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking simulation indicated that LSGYGP inhibited MMPs activities by docking the active sites of MMP-1 and MMP-9. Furthermore, LSGYGP also affected the intercellular phosphorylation of UVB-induced the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. LSGYGP could protect collagen synthesis in MEFs under UVB irradiation by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating MMPs activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Bioactive Peptides on Human Health)

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15 pages, 805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Intervention in Adolescents Improves Bone Mass, Yet Lactose Maldigestion Is a Barrier

by Yujin Lee¹, Dennis A. Savaiano¹, George P. McCabe², Francis M. Pottenger³, Kathleen Welshimer⁴, Connie M. Weaver¹, Linda D. McCabe¹, Rachel Novotny⁵, Marsha Read⁶, Scott Going⁷, April Mason⁸, Marta Van Loan⁹ and Carol J. Boushey^1,10,*

¹ Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

² Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

³ Curriculum Research and Development Group, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

⁴ Department of Health Education and Recreation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA

⁵ Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

⁶ Graduate School, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA

⁷ Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

⁸ Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

⁹ Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA 95616, USA

¹⁰ Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040421 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4605

Abstract

Calcium intake during adolescence is important for attainment of peak bone mass. Lactose maldigestion is an autosomal recessive trait, leading to lower calcium intake. The Adequate Calcium Today study aimed to determine if a school-based targeted behavioral intervention over one year could improve [...] Read more.

Calcium intake during adolescence is important for attainment of peak bone mass. Lactose maldigestion is an autosomal recessive trait, leading to lower calcium intake. The Adequate Calcium Today study aimed to determine if a school-based targeted behavioral intervention over one year could improve calcium intake and bone mass in early adolescent girls. The school-randomized intervention was conducted at middle schools in six states over one school year. A total of 473 girls aged 10–13 years were recruited for outcome assessments. Bone mineral content (BMC) was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary calcium intake was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Baseline calcium intake and BMC were not significantly different between groups. After the intervention period, there were no differences in changes in calcium intake and BMC at any site between groups. An unanticipated outcome was a greater increase in spinal BMC among lactose digesters than lactose maldigesters in the intervention schools only (12 months) (6.9 ± 0.3 g vs. 6.0 ± 0.4 g, p = 0.03) and considering the entire study period (18 months) (9.9 ± 0.4 vs. 8.7 ± 0.5 g, p < 0.01). Overall, no significant differences between the intervention and control schools were observed. However, lactose digesters who received the intervention program increased bone mass to a greater extent than lactose maldigesters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium and Human Health)

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8 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Iodine-Containing Dietary Supplements Remains Low among Women of Reproductive Age in the United States: NHANES 2011–2014

by Priya M. Gupta^1,*, Jaime J. Gahche², Kirsten A. Herrick³, Abby G. Ershow², Nancy Potischman² and Cria G. Perrine¹

¹ Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

² National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

³ National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040422 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5797

Abstract

In the United States, the American Thyroid Association recommends that women take a dietary supplement containing 150 µg of iodine 3 months prior to conception and while pregnant and lactating to support fetal growth and neurological development. We used data from the National [...] Read more.

In the United States, the American Thyroid Association recommends that women take a dietary supplement containing 150 µg of iodine 3 months prior to conception and while pregnant and lactating to support fetal growth and neurological development. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 to describe the use of dietary supplements with and without iodine in the past 30 days among 2155 non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL) women; 122 pregnant women; and 61 lactating women. Among NPNL women, 45.3% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 42.0, 48.6) used any dietary supplement and 14.8% (95% CI: 12.7, 16.8) used a dietary supplement with iodine in the past 30 days. Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women were less likely to use any dietary supplement as well as one with iodine, than non-Hispanic white or non-Hispanic Asian women (p < 0.05). Among pregnant women, 72.2% (95% CI: 65.8, 78.6) used any dietary supplement; however, only 17.8% (95% CI: 11.4, 24.3) used a dietary supplement with iodine. Among lactating women, 75.0% (95% CI: 63.0, 87.0) used a dietary supplement; however, only 19.0% (95% CI: 8.8, 29.2) used a dietary supplement with iodine. Among NPNL women using a supplement with iodine, median daily iodine intake was 75.0 µg. Self-reported data suggests that the use of iodine containing dietary supplements among pregnant and lactating women remains low in contrast with current recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients Intake and Status during Pregnancy and Lactation)

11 pages, 2943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Isoflavone Supplementation Plus Combined Exercise on Lipid Levels, and Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Postmenopausal Women

by Jéssica S. Giolo¹, Juliene G. Costa¹, Jair P. Da Cunha-Junior², Ana Cláudia A. M. Pajuaba², Ernesto A. Taketomi², Adriele V. De Souza³, Douglas C. Caixeta³, Leonardo G. Peixoto³, Erick P. De Oliveira⁴, Sarah Everman⁵, Foued S. Espindola³ and Guilherme M. Puga^1,*

¹ Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38400-678, Brazil

² Laboratory of Immunotechnology and Immunochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38400-902, Brazil

³ Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38400-902, Brazil

⁴ School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38400-902, Brazil

⁵ College of Graduate Health Studies, AT. Still University, Mesa, AZ 85206, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040424 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6886

Abstract

This study tested the effect of isoflavone supplementation in addition to combined exercise training on plasma lipid levels, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two healthy and non-obese postmenopausal women without hormone therapy were randomly assigned to exercise + placebo (PLA; [...] Read more.

This study tested the effect of isoflavone supplementation in addition to combined exercise training on plasma lipid levels, inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two healthy and non-obese postmenopausal women without hormone therapy were randomly assigned to exercise + placebo (PLA; n = 15) or exercise + isoflavone supplementation (ISO; n = 17) groups. They performed 30 sessions of combined exercises (aerobic plus resistance) over ten weeks and consumed 100 mg of isoflavone supplementation or placebo. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast to analyze the lipid profile, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (FRAP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), before and after ten weeks of the intervention. There were no differences in the changes (pre vs. post) between groups for any of the inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers or lipid profile variables. However, interleukin-8 was different between pre- and post-tests (p < 0.001) in both groups (Δ = 7.61 and 5.61 pg/mL) as were cholesterol levels (p < 0.05), with no interaction between groups. The combination of isoflavone supplementation and exercise training did not alter oxidative stress markers in postmenopausal women, but exercise training alone may increase IL-8 and decrease total cholesterol levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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12 pages, 1815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Nutritional Status and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Geriatric Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis

by Dinorah Carrera-Jiménez¹, Paola Miranda-Alatriste¹, Ximena Atilano-Carsi¹, Ricardo Correa-Rotter¹ and Ángeles Espinosa-Cuevas^1,2,*

¹ Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico

² Health Care Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City 04960, Mexico

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040425 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6564

Abstract

Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and are associated with nutritional risks resulting from low food intake. Little is known about the relationship between GIS and malnutrition in geriatric patients with ESRD. The main objective of this [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and are associated with nutritional risks resulting from low food intake. Little is known about the relationship between GIS and malnutrition in geriatric patients with ESRD. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and severity of GIS in geriatric patients on dialysis therapy. Clinically-stable geriatric patients (older than 60 years old) who were dialysis outpatients were included in this cross-sectional study. The severity of GIS was assessed using the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (GSQ, short version), with patients classified into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe. Nutritional status was evaluated with the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS), anthropometric assessment, biochemical parameters, and bioelectrical impedance. Descriptive statistics were used and differences between groups were analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis, with a p < 0.05 considered to indicate significance. Fifty patients completed the study; the median age was 67 years old. Twenty-three patients were on hemodialysis (HD) and 27 were on peritoneal dialysis (PD). No significant differences were found according to dialysis modality, presence of diabetes, or gender. Ninety percent of patients had at least one GIS. Poorer nutritional status (evaluated by MIS) was related to a higher severity of GIS. There were no significant differences with other nutritional parameters. Our study showed a high prevalence of GIS in geriatric patients. There were no differences in observed GIS values that were attributed to dialysis modality, gender, or presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Severe GIS values were associated with poorer nutritional status determined by MIS, however, there was no association with anthropometry, biochemical values, or bioimpedance vector analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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13 pages, 5091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enrichment of Probiotic Fermented Milk with Green Banana Pulp: Characterization Microbiological, Physicochemical and Sensory

by Carolina De Oliveira Vogado¹, Eliana Dos Santos Leandro^1,*, Renata Puppin Zandonadi¹

, Ernandes Rodrigues De Alencar², Verônica Cortez Ginani¹, Eduardo Yoshio Nakano³

, Sascha Habú⁴ and Priscila Araújo Aguiar¹

¹ Faculty of Health, Department of Nutrition, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil

² Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil

³ Department of Statistic, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal CEP 70910-900, Brazil

⁴ Department of Environmental Technology, University Technological Federal of Paraná, Paraná CEP 80230-901, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040427 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6047

Abstract

The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the growth kinetic of L. paracasei LBC 81 in fermented milks enriched with green banana pulp (GBP); (ii) to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of GBP on the chemical composition and the sensory [...] Read more.

The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the growth kinetic of L. paracasei LBC 81 in fermented milks enriched with green banana pulp (GBP); (ii) to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of GBP on the chemical composition and the sensory acceptance; and (iii) to study the viability of the probiotic and technological properties during refrigerated storage. The amount of GBP used were 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 g/100 g. The results show that the higher the concentration of GBP added, the shorter the time taken to reach pH 4.6. It was observed that the incorporation of GBP did not affect negatively the viability of L. paracasei LBC 81 during storage. The fermented milk elaborated with 6.0 g/100 g of GBP was the most accepted. The present study indicates that the enrichment of fermented milk with GBP favors the stability of the probiotic strain, L. paracasei LBC 81 during storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products)

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16 pages, 5848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Serum Ferritin Levels for Iron Deficiency Anemia during Oral Iron Therapy (OIT) in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients with Minor Inflammation and Benefit of Intravenous Iron Therapy for OIT-Nonresponders

by Kazuya Takasawa^1,*, Chikako Takaeda¹, Takashi Wada² and Norishi Ueda^3,*

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, Ishikawa 9248588, Japan

² Department of Nephrology, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9208641, Japan

³ Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, Ishikawa 9248588, Japan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040428 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 9123

Abstract

Background: We determined optimal serum ferritin for oral iron therapy (OIT) in hemodialysis (HD) patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA)/minor inflammation, and benefit of intravenous iron therapy (IIT) for OIT-nonresponders. Methods: Inclusion criteria were IDA (Hb <120 g/L, serum ferritin <227.4 pmol/L). Exclusion [...] Read more.

Background: We determined optimal serum ferritin for oral iron therapy (OIT) in hemodialysis (HD) patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA)/minor inflammation, and benefit of intravenous iron therapy (IIT) for OIT-nonresponders. Methods: Inclusion criteria were IDA (Hb <120 g/L, serum ferritin <227.4 pmol/L). Exclusion criteria were inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 5 mg/L), bleeding, or cancer. IIT was withheld >3 months before the study. ΔHb ≥ 20 g/L above baseline or maintaining target Hb (tHB; 120–130 g/L) was considered responsive. Fifty-one patients received OIT (ferrous fumarate, 50 mg/day) for 3 months; this continued in OIT-responders but was switched to IIT (saccharated ferric oxide, 40 mg/week) in OIT-nonresponders for 4 months. All received continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA). Hb, ferritin, hepcidin-25, and CERA dose were measured. Results: Demographics before OIT were similar between OIT-responders and OIT-nonresponders except low Hb and high triglycerides in OIT-nonresponders. Thirty-nine were OIT-responders with reduced CERA dose. Hb rose with a peak at 5 months. Ferritin and hepcidin-25 continuously increased. Hb positively correlated with ferritin in OIT-responders (r = 0.913, p = 0.03) till 5 months after OIT. The correlation equation estimated optimal ferritin of 30–40 ng/mL using tHb (120–130 g/L). Seven OIT-nonresponders were IIT-responders. Conclusions: Optimal serum ferritin for OIT is 67.4–89.9 pmol/L in HD patients with IDA/minor inflammation. IIT may be a second line of treatment for OIT-nonreponders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fe Deficiency, Dietary Bioavailbility and Absorption)

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9 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Both Mother and Infant Require a Vitamin D Supplement to Ensure That Infants’ Vitamin D Status Meets Current Guidelines

by Fariba Aghajafari^1,*

, Catherine J. Field²

, Amy R. Weinberg², Nicole Letourneau³ and APrON Study Team⁴

¹ Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

² Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada

³ Faculty of Nursing and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040429 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7492

Abstract

We examined the association between maternal vitamin D intake during breastfeeding with their infants’ vitamin D status in infants who did or did not receive vitamin D supplements to determine whether infant supplementation was sufficient. Using plasma from a subset of breastfed infants [...] Read more.

We examined the association between maternal vitamin D intake during breastfeeding with their infants’ vitamin D status in infants who did or did not receive vitamin D supplements to determine whether infant supplementation was sufficient. Using plasma from a subset of breastfed infants in the APrON (Alberta Pregnant Outcomes and Nutrition) cohort, vitamin D status was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Maternal and infants’ dietary data were obtained from APrON’s dietary questionnaires. The median maternal vitamin D intake was 665 International Units (IU)/day, while 25% reported intakes below the recommended 400 IU/day. Of the 224 infants in the cohort, 72% were exclusively breastfed, and 90% were receiving vitamin D supplements. Infants’ median 25(OH)D was 96.0 nmol/L (interquartile ranges (IQR) 77.6–116.2), and 25% had 25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L. An adjusted linear regression model showed that, with a 100 IU increase in maternal vitamin D intake, infants’ 25(OH)D increased by 0.9 nmol/L controlling for race, season, mid-pregnancy maternal 25(OH)D, birthweight, and whether the infant received daily vitamin D supplement (β = 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.002, 0.13). These results suggest that, to ensure infant optimal vitamin D status, not only do infants require a supplement, but women also need to meet current recommended vitamin D intake during breastfeeding. Full article

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15 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Statistical Approach to Apportion Dietary Sources of Iodine Intake: Findings from Kenya, Senegal and India

by Frits Van der Haar^1,*

, Jacky Knowles², Zipporah Bukania³, Boubacar Camara⁴, Chandrakant S. Pandav⁵, John Maina Mwai⁶, Ndeye Khady Toure⁷ and Kapil Yadav⁸

¹ Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

² Large Scale Food Fortification Initiative, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland

³ Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya

⁴ Comité Scientifique de l’Ecole Doctorale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, B.P. 5005 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal

⁵ All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Iodine Global Network, New Delhi 110029, India

⁶ Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Dietetics Unit, P.O. Box 43319-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

⁷ Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition, B.P. 45001 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal

⁸ Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040430 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5519

Abstract

Progress of national Universal Salt Iodization (USI) strategies is typically assessed by household coverage of adequately iodized salt and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine collections. However, household coverage does not inform on the iodized salt used in preparation of processed [...] Read more.

Progress of national Universal Salt Iodization (USI) strategies is typically assessed by household coverage of adequately iodized salt and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine collections. However, household coverage does not inform on the iodized salt used in preparation of processed foods outside homes, nor does the total UIC reflect the portion of population iodine intake attributable to the USI strategy. This study used data from three population-representative surveys of women of reproductive age (WRA) in Kenya, Senegal and India to develop and illustrate a new approach to apportion the population UIC levels by the principal dietary sources of iodine intake, namely native iodine, iodine in processed food salt and iodine in household salt. The technique requires measurement of urinary sodium concentrations (UNaC) in the same spot urine samples collected for iodine status assessment. Taking into account the different complex survey designs of each survey, generalized linear regression (GLR) analyses were performed in which the UIC data of WRA was set as the outcome variable that depends on their UNaC and household salt iodine (SI) data as explanatory variables. Estimates of the UIC portions that correspond to iodine intake sources were calculated with use of the intercept and regression coefficients for the UNaC and SI variables in each country’s regression equation. GLR coefficients for UNaC and SI were significant in all country-specific models. Rural location did not show a significant association in any country when controlled for other explanatory variables. The estimated UIC portion from native dietary iodine intake in each country fell below the minimum threshold for iodine sufficiency. The UIC portion arising from processed food salt in Kenya was substantially higher than in Senegal and India, while the UIC portions from household salt use varied in accordance with the mean level of household SI content in the country surveys. The UIC portions and all-salt-derived iodine intakes found in this study were illustrative of existing differences in national USI legislative frameworks and national salt supply situations between countries. The approach of apportioning the population UIC from spot urine collections may be useful for future monitoring of change in iodine nutrition from reduced salt use in processed foods and in households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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14 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Satiety Effects of a Fruit Smoothie, Its Fresh Fruit Equivalent and Other Drinks

by Peter J. Rogers^1,2,* and Roya Shahrokni¹

¹ Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK

² National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040431 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9185

Abstract

Energy-containing liquids are claimed to have relatively low satiating power, although energy in liquids is not without effect on appetite. Using the preload test-meal method, effects on fullness and energy intake compensation were compared across four drinks (water, blackcurrant squash, milk and fruit [...] Read more.

Energy-containing liquids are claimed to have relatively low satiating power, although energy in liquids is not without effect on appetite. Using the preload test-meal method, effects on fullness and energy intake compensation were compared across four drinks (water, blackcurrant squash, milk and fruit smoothie) and the fresh fruit equivalent of the smoothie. Preload volumes were similar, and the energy value of each preload was 569 kJ, except for water (0 kJ). Healthy, adult participants rated the preloads for liking, enjoyment, satisfaction, familiarity and how ‘food-like’ they seemed. The preload to test-meal interval was 2 min (n = 23) or 2 h (n = 24). The effects of the preloads on fullness varied with food-likeness and the rate at which they were consumed. In contrast, energy intake compensation versus water did not differ between the energy-containing preloads, although it decreased over time (from 82% at 2 min to 12% at 2 h). In conclusion, although fullness increased with food-likeness, subsequent energy intake compensation did not differ for energy/nutrients consumed in drinks compared with a food. The results also support the proposal that food intake is influenced predominantly by the immediate, but rapidly waning, post-ingestive effects of the previous ‘meal’ (rather than by changes in energy balance). Full article

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18 pages, 14475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Requirements for Computer-Supported Matching of Food Consumption Data with Food Composition Data

by Barbara Koroušić Seljak^1,*

, Peter Korošec¹, Tome Eftimov¹

, Marga Ocke², Jan Van der Laan², Mark Roe³, Rachel Berry³, Sandra Patricia Crispim^4,5

, Aida Turrini⁶, Carolin Krems⁷, Nadia Slimani⁴ and Paul Finglas³

¹ Computer Systems Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia

² National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands

³ Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK

⁴ International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69008, France

⁵ Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil

⁶ CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center Food and Nutrition (CREA-AN), Rome 00198, Italy

⁷ Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040433 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6624

Abstract

This paper identifies the requirements for computer-supported food matching, in order to address not only national and European but also international current related needs and represents an integrated research contribution of the FP7 EuroDISH project. The available classification and coding systems and the [...] Read more.

This paper identifies the requirements for computer-supported food matching, in order to address not only national and European but also international current related needs and represents an integrated research contribution of the FP7 EuroDISH project. The available classification and coding systems and the specific problems of food matching are summarized and a new concept for food matching based on optimization methods and machine-based learning is proposed. To illustrate and test this concept, a study has been conducted in four European countries (i.e., Germany, The Netherlands, Italy and the UK) using different classification and coding systems. This real case study enabled us to evaluate the new food matching concept and provide further recommendations for future work. In the first stage of the study, we prepared subsets of food consumption data described and classified using different systems, that had already been manually matched with national food composition data. Once the food matching algorithm was trained using this data, testing was performed on another subset of food consumption data. Experts from different countries validated food matching between consumption and composition data by selecting best matches from the options given by the matching algorithm without seeing the result of the previously made manual match. The evaluation of study results stressed the importance of the role and quality of the food composition database as compared to the selected classification and/or coding systems and the need to continue compiling national food composition data as eating habits and national dishes still vary between countries. Although some countries managed to collect extensive sets of food consumption data, these cannot be easily matched with food composition data if either food consumption or food composition data are not properly classified and described using any classification and coding systems. The study also showed that the level of human expertise played an important role, at least in the training stage. Both sets of data require continuous development to improve their quality in dietary assessment. Full article

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13 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge and Attitudes on Their Purchase Intention for Infant Cereal with No Added Sugar Claim

by Tzu-Yun Chien¹, Yi-Wen Chien¹

, Jung-Su Chang^1,2 and Yi Chun Chen^1,*

¹ School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan

² Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040435 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7561

Abstract

A higher sugar intake in infancy might result in a predisposition to a higher sugar intake in later childhood. In Taiwan, many commercial infant and toddler foods with nutrition claims have high sugar content. This study explored the influence of mothers’ knowledge and [...] Read more.

A higher sugar intake in infancy might result in a predisposition to a higher sugar intake in later childhood. In Taiwan, many commercial infant and toddler foods with nutrition claims have high sugar content. This study explored the influence of mothers’ knowledge and attitudes on their purchase intention for infant food with nutrition claims. This study was a cross-sectional survey. An online survey was distributed to 940 mothers who had a child aged between 4 months and 3 years; 40% of mothers tend to misunderstand that “no added sugar” (NAS) indicates no sugar or less sugar content and, thus, that NAS infant cereal is healthy. Approximately 50–70% of mothers believe that NAS infant cereal is more natural, healthier, and contains less sugar. Attitude toward the NAS claim was found to be a mediating variable between sugar-related knowledge and purchase intention. The lower the level of sugar-related knowledge was, the more positive the attitude toward NAS infant cereal and the higher the purchase intention for NAS infant cereal were. In the future, regulation of no added sugar is needed to avoid the misleading information and mothers’ sugar-related knowledge need to be improved through nutrition education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Nutrition: From Nutrients to Systems)

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15 pages, 24413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Specific Melon Concentrate Exhibits Photoprotective Effects from Antioxidant Activity in Healthy Adults

by Laure Egoumenides¹, Audrey Gauthier¹, Sandy Barial², Marion Saby², Céline Orechenkoff³

, Guy Simoneau⁴ and Julie Carillon^2,*

¹ Bionov Research, 34090 Montpellier, France

² EA7288 Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France

³ Intertek France–Etudes Cliniques Paris, 75013 Paris, France

⁴ Therapeutic Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Lariboisière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040437 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10060

Abstract

Skin is the largest body organ and the first barrier to exogenous threats. This organ is constantly exposed to external factors such as ultraviolet radiation, which induces many adverse effects including sunburn, depigmentation, photo aging, photo immune suppression, and even skin cancer. Antioxidants [...] Read more.

Skin is the largest body organ and the first barrier to exogenous threats. This organ is constantly exposed to external factors such as ultraviolet radiation, which induces many adverse effects including sunburn, depigmentation, photo aging, photo immune suppression, and even skin cancer. Antioxidants seem to be good candidates in order to reduce ultraviolet-mediated damages and to prevent the health consequences of ultraviolet exposure. The present investigation aims to further characterize the potential skin photoprotective effects of a food supplementation and a topical administration of a melon concentrate alone or in combination. A clinical study assessing the Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) was first set up to evaluate photoprotection. Afterward, an independent in vitro study was performed on human skin explants from a donor to evaluate the effect of the melon concentrate at different levels including on the sunburn cells formation and on the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and its influence on melanin. Clinical study results demonstrate that melon concentrate application and/or supplementation increased MED. It also increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduced sunburn cells and melanin level on irradiated skin explants. Therefore, it is suggested that melon concentrate administration (oral and/or topical) could be a useful strategy for photoprotection due to its antioxidant properties. Full article

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24 pages, 386 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Mediterranean Diet and Health Outcomes in the SUN Cohort

by Silvia Carlos^1,2,*, Carmen De La Fuente-Arrillaga^1,2,3,*, Maira Bes-Rastrollo^1,2,3, Cristina Razquin^1,2,3, Anaïs Rico-Campà^1,2,3, Miguel Angel Martínez-González^1,2,3 and Miguel Ruiz-Canela^1,2,3

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. University of Navarra. Pamplona 31008, Spain

² IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain

³ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Área de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid28029, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040439 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 201 | Viewed by 18764

Abstract

The Mediterranean Dietary (MedDiet) Pattern has been linked to many beneficial health effects. This review summarizes the main findings of a prospective cohort study, the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort, specifically focused on MedDiet and the risk of major chronic disease. It [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean Dietary (MedDiet) Pattern has been linked to many beneficial health effects. This review summarizes the main findings of a prospective cohort study, the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort, specifically focused on MedDiet and the risk of major chronic disease. It is an open cohort in which 22,786 Spanish university graduates have participated since 1999 until February 2018. Data on diet, lifestyle and clinical diagnosis are collected at baseline and every two years. After reviewing 21 publications from the SUN cohort on the effects of the MedDiet, we conclude that this cohort has provided good evidence that a high MedDiet adherence is associated with a reduced incidence of all-cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal major cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, depression, cognitive decline, and nephrolithiasis. An inverse dose-response relationship was found for many of these associations. The MedDiet was also associated with lower average heart rate, a mitigation of the harmful effects of overweight/obesity on the risk of CVD, and an attenuation of the effects of obesity on type 2 diabetes. A suggestion that the MedDiet may enhance fertility was also found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Mediterranean Diet in Public Health: Scoring Systems, Effects on Chronic Disease and Interventions)

9 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Folate and B12 Levels Correlate with Histological Severity in NASH Patients

by Mahmud Mahamid^1,2,†, Naim Mahroum^3,†, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi⁴

, Kasem Shalaata^2,5, Yarden Yavne³, Mohammad Adawi⁶

, Howard Amital³ and Abdulla Watad^3,*

¹ Endoscopy Unit, Nazareth Hospital EMMS, 16100 Nazareth, Israel

² Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, 13195 Safed, Israel

³ Department of Medicine ‘B’, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 52621 Tel-Aviv, Israel

⁴ School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy

⁵ Internal Medicine Department, Nazareth Hospital EMMS, 16100 Nazareth, Israel

⁶ Ziv and Padeh Medical centers, 13195 Safed, Israel

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040440 - 2 Apr 2018

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 9229

Abstract

Background: The correlation between abnormal vitamin serum levels and chronic liver disease has been previously described in literature. However, the association between the severity of folate serum levels (B9), vitamin B12 and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been widely evaluated. Therefore, the aim [...] Read more.

Background: The correlation between abnormal vitamin serum levels and chronic liver disease has been previously described in literature. However, the association between the severity of folate serum levels (B9), vitamin B12 and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been widely evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of such a correlation in a cohort of NASH patients. Methods: All patients aged 18 years and older who were diagnosed with biopsy-proven NASH at the EMMS hospital in Nazareth during the years 2015–2017 were enrolled in this study. Data regarding demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters was collected. Patients with other liver diseases were excluded. Results: Eighty-three NASH patients were enrolled during the study period. The mean age was 41 ± 11 years and the majority of patients were male. Mean values of folate and B12 were 9.85 ± 10.90 ng/mL and 387.53 ± 205.50 pg/mL, respectively. Half of the patients were presented with a grade 1 steatosis (43.4%), a grade 2 fibrosis (50.6%) and a grade 3 activity score (55.4%). The fibrosis grade was significantly correlated with low folate levels on multivariate analysis (p-value < 0.01). Similarly, low B12 levels were significantly associated with a higher fibrosis grade and NASH activity (p-value < 0.001 and p-value < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between low levels of folate and vitamin B12 with the histological severity of NASH. These findings could have diagnostic and therapeutic implications for patient management and follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intake and the Risk for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD))

10 pages, 7156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pepsin Egg White Hydrolysate Improves Glucose Metabolism Complications Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Zucker Fatty Rats

by Marta Garcés-Rimón¹, Cristina González^2,3, Gema Vera^2,3, José-A. Uranga^2,3, Rosina López-Fandiño¹, Visitación López-Miranda^2,3 and Marta Miguel^1,*

¹ Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain

² Grupo de Investigación en Nutrición y Farmacología (URJC), Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain

³ Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid 28922, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040441 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4501

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of two egg white hydrolysates on glucose metabolism complications related to Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Zucker fatty rats (ZFR). ZFR were given 750 mg/kg/day of egg white hydrolyzed with pepsin [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of two egg white hydrolysates on glucose metabolism complications related to Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Zucker fatty rats (ZFR). ZFR were given 750 mg/kg/day of egg white hydrolyzed with pepsin (HEW1) or with aminopeptidase (HEW2) for 12 weeks in their drinking water or just water. Zucker lean rats (ZLR), which received water, were used as a control. The presence of tactile allodynia, which is a sign of peripheral neuropathy, was assessed. Blood samples and pancreas were collected to determine the effect of the hydrolysates on glucose metabolism. The intake of HEW1 significantly lowered plasma insulin levels and improved the quantitative indexes of insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β-cell functionality (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI, respectively), but non-significant changes were observed in group treated with HEW2. Compared to ZLR, ZFR showed tactile allodynia, but the consumption of both hydrolysates significantly increased mechanical sensitivity in ZFR. In conclusion, HEW1 pepsin could improve the glucose metabolism abnormalities associated with MS in obese Zucker rats. Full article

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10 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Labelling Use and Higher Adherence to Mediterranean Diet: Results from the DiSA-UMH Study

by Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz^1,2,3,*,†

, Laura Torres-Collado^2,3,†

, Desirée Valera-Gran^2,3,4, Sandra Gonzalez-Palacios^1,2,3

, Laura María Compañ-Gabucio^2,3, Sergio Hernández-Sánchez⁵ and Manuela García-de-la-Hera^1,2,3

¹ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain

² Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03550 Alicante, Spain

³ Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), 03550 Alicante, Spain

⁴ Occupational Therapy Area, Surgery and Pathology Department, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, 03550 Alicante, Spain

⁵ Vicerrectorado de Relaciones Institucionales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Programa UMH Saludable, 03202 Elche, Spain

^† Both authors contributed equally.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040442 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4958

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify determinants of the nutrition labelling (NL) use and explore its association with the adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MD) in Spanish health university students. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from 1026 university [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to identify determinants of the nutrition labelling (NL) use and explore its association with the adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MD) in Spanish health university students. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from 1026 university students aged 17–35 years enrolled in the DiSA-UMH (Dieta, Salud y Antropometría-Universidad Miguel Hernández) cohort study. Students were asked about their NL use by the following question: “Do you usually read the nutrition labelling of packaged foods?” (No, Yes). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the adherence to MD was measured by relative Mediterranean Diet score (rMED). Socio-demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric variables were also collected. Multiple logistic regression models were applied for the analysis. Fifty-eight percent of the students were NL users and were most likely to be women (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.38; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01–1.89), be older (OR per year: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03–1.13), be physically active/very active (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.17–2.41), and spend less time watching television (OR per hour: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74–0.95). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, our findings suggested that those university students who had higher adherence to MD used NL greatly (OR per 2 points increase: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.18–1.43) and had a larger consumption of fish (OR per 100 g/day: 1.94; 95 CI: 1.38–2.71), vegetables (OR per 100 g/day: 1.15; CI 95%: 1.08–1.12), and fruits (OR per 100 g/day: 1.22; 1.11–1.34) and a smaller intake of meats (OR per 100 g/day: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58–0.99). Our approach contributes to exploring the role of NL use as a suitable tool to make healthier food choices from a different wider perspective based on dietary patterns such as MD, which can also indicate an overall healthy lifestyle. Given the lack of research in Mediterranean areas, further studies focused on exploring the potential role of NL in promoting healthy dietary habits are required. Full article

12 pages, 4246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Nutritional and Recovery Habits of Tennis Players

by James A. Fleming^1,2,*

, Robert J. Naughton¹

and Liam D. Harper¹

¹ School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK

² School of Sport Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040443 - 3 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 14655

Abstract

In this study, the nutritional and recovery habits of tennis players pre-, during, and post-match-play were investigated. Seventy tennis players completed a bespoke nutrition and recovery habits questionnaire, with questions related to the following areas: match preparation, intra-match nutritional habits, situation dependent variables, [...] Read more.

In this study, the nutritional and recovery habits of tennis players pre-, during, and post-match-play were investigated. Seventy tennis players completed a bespoke nutrition and recovery habits questionnaire, with questions related to the following areas: match preparation, intra-match nutritional habits, situation dependent variables, and post-match nutrition and recovery. On match day-1, the consumption of balanced meals consisting of carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein, with some micronutrient considerations were reported by 51% of players. On match-days, CHOs were prioritised prior to match-play with CHO dominant meals consumed by the majority of players. During matches, all players adopted a nutritional strategy, with water (94%), banana(s) (86%) and sports drinks (50%) commonly used. Carbohydrate rich nutritional aids, including sports drinks (80%) and energy gels (26%) were utilised more readily during long matches (>2 h). The day after match-play, 39% of players reported the consumption of “nothing specific”. Multiple post-match recovery strategies were adopted by 80% of players, with foam rolling (77%), ice baths (40%), protein shake intake (37%) and hot baths (26%) most used. Findings indicate highly variable eating and recovery habits in tennis players pre-, during and post-match-play, with scope for improved practices. Full article

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13 pages, 3621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Colorectal-Targeted Dietary Supplement Tablets Containing Natural Purple Rice Bran Oil as a Colorectal Chemopreventive

by Busaban Sirithunyalug^1,2, Chalermpong Saenjum^1,2

, Suporn Charumanee¹, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi^1,3

, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut^1,3

, Jakkapan Sirithunyalug^1,2 and Pratchaya Tipduangta^1,*

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

² Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity based Economics and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

³ Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040444 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5276

Abstract

Colorectal cancer occurs due to various factors. The important risks are dietary lifestyle and inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It has been found that the inhibitory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the colorectal region can potentially reduce the risk [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer occurs due to various factors. The important risks are dietary lifestyle and inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It has been found that the inhibitory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the colorectal region can potentially reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. The present study investigated rice bran oil from natural purple rice bran, which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactive compound content of natural purple rice bran oil (NPRBO) derived from native Thai purple rice and the anti-inflammatory activity of NPRBO in colorectal cancer cells, and to develop a colorectal delivery platform in the form of film-coated tablets. NPRBO from the rice bran of five different Thai purple rice cultivars, namely Khao’ Gam Leum-Phua (KGLP), Khao’ Gam Boung (KGB), Khao’ Gam Thor (KGT), Khao’ Gam Pah E-Kaw (KGPEK), and Khao’ Niaw Dam (KND), were extracted using the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technique. The amount of γ-oryzanol (ORY), tocotrienols, and tocopherols present in NPRBOs and the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of NPRBO were investigated. The highest anti-inflammatory NPRBO was transformed into a dry and free-flowing powder by liquisolid techniques. Then, it was compressed into core tablets and coated with Eudragit^®L100 and Eudragit^® NE30D. The in vitro release study of the film-coated NPRBO tablets was performed in three-phase simulated gastrointestinal media. The cultivar KGLP was superior to the other samples in terms of the ORY, tocotrienol and tocopherol contents and anti-inflammatory activity. Aerosil^® was the most suitable absorbent for transforming NPRBO into a free-flowing powder and was used to prepare the NPRBO core tablets. The in vitro KGLP-NPRBO film-coated tablet release profile showed that no ORY was released at gastric pH while 85% of ORY was released at pH 7.4 after 6 h; this would be expected to occur in the colorectal area. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of KGLP-NPRBO to prevent colorectal cancer via a specific colorectal dietary supplement delivery system. Full article

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21 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Ellagitannin-Rich Strawberry Extracts on Biochemical and Metabolic Disturbances in Rats Fed a Diet High in Fructose

by Bartosz Fotschki^1,*

, Jerzy Juśkiewicz^1,*

, Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk², Adam Jurgoński¹

, Monika Kosmala²

, Joanna Milala², Katarzyna Ognik³ and Zenon Zduńczyk¹

¹ Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Division of Food Science, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland

² Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland

³ Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040445 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5339

Abstract

The present study compares the effects of two dietary strawberry extracts rich in monomeric (ME) or dimeric (DE) ellagitannins (ETs) on gastrointestinal, blood and tissue biomarkers in Wistar rats fed high-fructose diets. Both strawberry extracts beneficially affect the antioxidant status and lipid profile [...] Read more.

The present study compares the effects of two dietary strawberry extracts rich in monomeric (ME) or dimeric (DE) ellagitannins (ETs) on gastrointestinal, blood and tissue biomarkers in Wistar rats fed high-fructose diets. Both strawberry extracts beneficially affect the antioxidant status and lipid profile of the liver and serum. The ME extract shows a greater ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in kidneys, more effectively decreases serum and liver triglycerides, and exerts greater anti-inflammatory effects in blood serum than the DE extract. The DE extract significantly reduces the activity of microbial enzymes in the cecum. These effects might be associated with higher cecum and urine levels of ET metabolites in rats fed with ME than in rats fed with DE. In conclusion, the diet-induced fructose-related disturbances observed in biochemical parameters are regulated by both extracts; nevertheless, the beneficial effects of the ME extract are mostly associated with systemic parameters, while those of the DE extracts are associated with local microbial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals in Health and Disease)

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9 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Menaquinone Content of Cheese

by Cees Vermeer, Joyce Raes, Cynthia Van ’t Hoofd, Marjo H. J. Knapen^* and Sofia Xanthoulea

R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040446 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 16240

Abstract

Vitamin K₂ (menaquinone) concentrations were measured in a wide range of cheeses and the effects of fat content, ripening and origin of the cheeses were investigated. Moreover, the menaquinone content of cheese was compared with that of other foods known to contain [...] Read more.

Vitamin K₂ (menaquinone) concentrations were measured in a wide range of cheeses and the effects of fat content, ripening and origin of the cheeses were investigated. Moreover, the menaquinone content of cheese was compared with that of other foods known to contain vitamin K₂. It was found that cheese and curd are the most important sources of long-chain menaquinones in the Western diet and, in general, hard cheeses are richer in menaquinones than soft cheeses. However, the actual menaquinone content varies substantially and is dependent on the type of cheese, the time of ripening, the fat content and the geographic area where the cheeses are produced. Given the fact that poor vitamin K status has been mentioned as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality, while there is no clear evidence for adverse cardiovascular effects of dairy fats, cheese should be considered as a recommendable component in a heart-healthy diet. Full article

11 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waist Circumference Is an Anthropometric Parameter That Identifies Women with Metabolically Unhealthy Phenotypes

by Nathaly Torres-Castillo^1,2, Wendy Campos-Perez^1,2, Karina Gonzalez-Becerra^1,2, Iván Hernandez-Cañaveral³, Barbara Vizmanos⁴

, José Muñoz-Valle⁵ and Erika Martinez-Lopez^1,2,*

¹ Service of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital Fray Antonio Alcalde, 44280 Guadalajara, Mexico

² Department of Molecular Biology and Genomic, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico

³ Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico

⁴ Department of Human Reproduction, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico

⁵ Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University of Guadalajara. 44340 Guadalajara, Mexico

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040447 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4424

Abstract

Metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) phenotypes can be present in any subject independently of their body mass index (BMI). However, factors related to the presence of these phenotypes are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe [...] Read more.

Metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) phenotypes can be present in any subject independently of their body mass index (BMI). However, factors related to the presence of these phenotypes are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with the MH and MUH phenotypes in Mexican subjects with different BMI categories. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 12 h of fasting. HMW (High Molecular Weight) adiponectin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A total of 345 subjects were included, of which, 73.9% were women. The prevalence of the MH phenotype was 69.9%, 46.7%, and 19% in normal weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis showed that the waist circumference demonstrated a statistical significance (p < 0.01) in detecting the MUH phenotype in each BMI group only in women. Furthermore, subjects with lower HMW adiponectin levels showed a 2.1 increased risk of presenting the MUH phenotype. In conclusion, in this Mexican population, waist circumference was an anthropometric parameter that identified women with the MUH phenotype in all BMI categories and hypoadiponectinemia was a risk factor for the presence of this phenotype. Full article

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10 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Ingestion of Rice Bran Soymilk or Plain Soymilk with White Bread: Effects on the Glycemic and Insulinemic Response

by Stefan Gerardus Camps¹

, Joseph Lim¹, Atsushi Ishikado², Yumi Inaba², Makoto Suwa², Motonobu Matsumoto² and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry^1,3,*

¹ Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, Singapore 117599, Singapore

² Health Care R&D, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1044, Japan

³ Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040449 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5771

Abstract

The regular consumption of soy products is associated with inverse incidence of type 2 diabetes, and there has been an increasing interest in the glycemia reducing potential of rice bran and its components. In this study, we investigated whether consuming soymilk with the [...] Read more.

The regular consumption of soy products is associated with inverse incidence of type 2 diabetes, and there has been an increasing interest in the glycemia reducing potential of rice bran and its components. In this study, we investigated whether consuming soymilk with the addition of rice bran (fiber) can reduce the glycemic response of a carbohydrate meal. Seventeen healthy Asian men (BMI: 18.5–29 kg/m²) participated in this randomized crossover trial. On four occasions, they consumed white bread (two times) and white bread with two different soymilks differing in protein and rice bran content. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin response over a period of 3 hours. Taking the glycemic index (GI) value of white bread as a reference value of 100, the GI of white bread when co-ingested with rice bran soymilk (RBS) was 83.1 (±7.7) and sugar-free soymilk (SFS) was 77.5 (±10.1), both were lower than white bread (p < 0.05). The insulin response of both soymilk treatments was similar to white bread (p > 0.05). The glucose/insulin ratio of RBS and SFS were respectively 43.1 (±6.1) and 60.0 (±17.0) and were lower (p < 0.05) than white bread (123.5 ± 21.1) during the first 30 min. In conclusion, co-ingestion of low amounts of soy protein with a carbohydrate meal stimulated early-phase insulin secretion and thereby increased blood glucose clearance effectiveness. Furthermore, rice bran-fortified soymilk reduced the glycemic response similarly to soymilk with a greater dose of soy protein. Rice bran and its components offer therapeutic potential for glycemic and insulinemic control. Full article

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14 pages, 5506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Cancer Potential of Homemade Fresh Garlic Extract Is Related to Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

by Voin Petrovic^1,†, Anala Nepal^1,†, Camilla Olaisen¹, Siri Bachke¹, Jonathan Hira¹, Caroline K. Søgaard¹, Lisa M. Røst²

, Kristine Misund¹, Trygve Andreassen³, Torun M. Melø², Zdenka Bartsova², Per Bruheim² and Marit Otterlei^1,*

¹ Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

² Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

³ MR core facility, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

^† These authors contributed equally to the work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040450 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 12138

Abstract

The use of garlic and garlic-based extracts has been linked to decreased incidence of cancer in epidemiological studies. Here we examine the molecular and cellular activities of a simple homemade ethanol-based garlic extract (GE). We show that GE inhibits growth of several different [...] Read more.

The use of garlic and garlic-based extracts has been linked to decreased incidence of cancer in epidemiological studies. Here we examine the molecular and cellular activities of a simple homemade ethanol-based garlic extract (GE). We show that GE inhibits growth of several different cancer cells in vitro, as well as cancer growth in vivo in a syngeneic orthotopic breast cancer model. Multiple myeloma cells were found to be especially sensitive to GE. The GE was fractionated using solid-phase extractions, and we identified allicin in one GE fraction; however, growth inhibitory activities were found in several additional fractions. These activities were lost during freeze or vacuum drying, suggesting that the main anti-cancer compounds in GE are volatile. The anti-cancer activity was stable for more than six months in −20 °C. We found that GE enhanced the activities of chemotherapeutics, as well as MAPK and PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, GE affected hundreds of proteins involved in cellular signalling, including changes in vital cell signalling cascades regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and the cellular redox balance. Our data indicate that the reduced proliferation of the cancer cells treated by GE is at least partly mediated by increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Full article

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9 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Vegetable Consumption and Blood Pressure, Stratified by BMI, among Chinese Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years: A National Cross-Sectional Study

by Yide Yang^1,2,†

, Bin Dong^2,†

, Zhiyong Zou²

, Shuo Wang², Yanhui Dong², Zhenghe Wang² and Jun Ma^2,*

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China

² Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040451 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5706

Abstract

The association between vegetable intake and blood pressure (BP) in adolescents is still inconsistent, and the description of the recommended daily vegetable consumption is abstract and nonfigurative. Here we aimed to investigate the association between vegetable consumption and BP and further look for [...] Read more.

The association between vegetable intake and blood pressure (BP) in adolescents is still inconsistent, and the description of the recommended daily vegetable consumption is abstract and nonfigurative. Here we aimed to investigate the association between vegetable consumption and BP and further look for a simple way to describe a satisfactory level of daily vegetable consumption for adolescents. We recruited 18,757 adolescents, aged 13–17 years, from seven provinces in China in 2013. A standard physical examination, including height, weight and BP was conducted. Information regarding vegetable intake was collected by questionnaire, and one serving of vegetables was defined as the size of an adult’s fist. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used for analysis after adjusting for covariates. Approximately 12.2%, 38.0%, 28.7%, and 21.1% of the adolescents reported daily vegetable consumption of <1, 1~2, 2~3, and ≥3 servings, respectively. Adolescents whose daily vegetable consumption was ≥3 servings showed a lower risk of high blood pressure (HBP) (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.58~0.94, p = 0.013) compared to those with daily vegetable consumptions of < 1 serving. When stratified by body mass index (BMI), in overweight adolescents, participants with 2~3 or ≥3 servings/day had an OR of 0.66 (95%CI: 0.45~0.97) or 0.63 (95%CI: 0.42~0.95) compared with the reference group. Daily vegetable intake of at least three servings (three adult’s fists) is associated with a lower HBP risk in adolescents, which leads to a simple message: “consuming at least three fists of vegetables every day will improve your blood pressure profile”. Full article

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17 pages, 5451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing the Predictive Validity of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 in the Multiethnic Cohort: Is the Score Associated with a Reduced Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality?

by Chloe E. Panizza¹, Yurii B. Shvetsov¹, Brook E. Harmon², Lynne R. Wilkens¹, Loic Le Marchand¹, Christopher Haiman³, Jill Reedy⁴ and Carol J. Boushey^1,*

¹ University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA

² University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

³ University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA

⁴ Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040452 - 5 Apr 2018

Cited by 143 | Viewed by 10854

Abstract

The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was created to assess conformance of dietary intake with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2015–2020. We assessed the association between the HEI-2015 and mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). White, [...] Read more.

The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was created to assess conformance of dietary intake with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2015–2020. We assessed the association between the HEI-2015 and mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). White, African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino adults (n > 215,000) from Hawaii and California completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at study enrollment. HEI-2015 scores were divided into quintiles for men and women. Radar graphs were used to demonstrate how dietary components contributed to HEI-2015 scores. Mortality was documented over 17–22 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox proportional hazards models. High HEI-2015 scores were inversely associated with risk of mortality from all-cause, CVD, and cancer for men and women (p-trend <0.0001 for all models). For men, the HRs (CIs) for all-cause, CVD, and cancer comparing the highest to the lowest quintile were 0.79 (0.76, 0.82), 0.76 (0.71, 0.82), and 0.80 (0.75, 0.87), respectively. For women, the HRs were 0.79 (0.76, 0.82), 0.75 (0.70, 0.81), and 0.84 (0.78, 0.91), respectively. These results, in a multiethnic population, demonstrate that following a diet aligned with the DGAs 2015–2020 recommendations is associated with lower risk of mortality from all-cause, CVD, and cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fairness-Based Tasks for Assessing Children’s Perceptions of Food Quantities and Associations with Portion Selection

by Aurore Ferrage, Lisa R. Fries

, Nicolas Godinot, David Labbe

and Nathalie Martin^*

Consumer Science & Applied Nutrition Department, Nestlé Research Center, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040453 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4243

Abstract

It is critical to develop ecologically valid experimental methods to assess consumers’ food-related behaviors. Ad libitum approaches are often used but may not be appropriate for studies with children or with products that are not typically consumed until the individual feels full. The [...] Read more.

It is critical to develop ecologically valid experimental methods to assess consumers’ food-related behaviors. Ad libitum approaches are often used but may not be appropriate for studies with children or with products that are not typically consumed until the individual feels full. The current study presents novel methods to assess children’s size perception and portion preference for gummy candies. In the first study, 62 children (30 boys, 32 girls) aged 6 to 9 years completed two matching tasks: one using pictures on a computer screen, and a similar task where the products were physically manipulated. Results of the two matching tasks were correlated, demonstrating that a computer-based approach could be used to predict the factors influencing children’s perception of food amount: the number, size, and shape of pieces. In the second study, a portioning measure was developed to investigate whether the factors identified in the matching tasks were confirmed in a task that more closely represented portion selection in the real world. The effects observed in the matching tasks could not be replicated in the portioning task. The size of each item had no significant impact on the portion selection, suggesting that it may be possible to reduce the size of pieces in snacks where multiple pieces are typically consumed without negatively impacting perceived quantity in children, thus offering a promising strategy to nudge children toward choosing smaller portions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Portion Size in Relation to Diet and Health)

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11 pages, 1622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ω-3 and ω-6 Fatty Acids Modulate Conventional and Atypical Protein Kinase C Activities in a Brain Fatty Acid Binding Protein Dependent Manner in Glioblastoma Multiforme

by Marwa E. Elsherbiny^1,*, Hua Chen², Marwan Emara³ and Roseline Godbout^2,*

¹ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt

² Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada

³ Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040454 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4335

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly infiltrative brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. High levels of brain fatty acid binding protein (B-FABP) are associated with increased migration/infiltration in GBM cells, with a high ratio of arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) driving [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly infiltrative brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. High levels of brain fatty acid binding protein (B-FABP) are associated with increased migration/infiltration in GBM cells, with a high ratio of arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) driving B-FABP-mediated migration. Since several protein kinase Cs (PKCs) are overexpressed in GBM and linked to migration, we explored a possible relationship between B-FABP and levels/activity of different PKCs, as a function of AA and DHA supplementation. We report that ectopic expression of B-FABP in U87 cells alters the levels of several PKCs, particularly PKCζ. Upon analysis of PKCζ RNA levels in a panel of GBM cell lines and patient-derived GBM neurospheres, we observed a trend towards moderate positive correlation (r = 0.624, p = 0.054) between B-FABP and PKCζ RNA levels. Analysis of PKC activity in U87 GBM cells revealed decreased typical PKC activity (23.4%) in B-FABP-expressing cells compared with nonexpressing cells, with no difference in novel and atypical PKC activities. AA and DHA modulated both conventional and atypical PKC activities in a B-FABP-dependent manner, but had no effect on novel PKC activity. These results suggest that conventional and atypical PKCs are potential downstream effectors of B-FABP/fatty acid-mediated alterations in GBM growth properties. Full article

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14 pages, 2224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low Glycaemic Index Diet in Pregnancy Induces DNA Methylation Variation in Blood of Newborns: Results from the ROLO Randomised Controlled Trial

by Aisling A. Geraghty¹

, Alexandra Sexton-Oates², Eileen C. O’Brien¹, Goiuri Alberdi¹, Peter Fransquet², Richard Saffery^2,3,† and Fionnuala M. McAuliffe^1,*,†

¹ UCD Perinatal Research Centre, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin 2, Ireland

² Cancer and Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia

³ Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

^† Joint senior authorship.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040455 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6087

Abstract

The epigenetic profile of the developing fetus is sensitive to environmental influence. Maternal diet has been shown to influence DNA methylation patterns in offspring, but research in humans is limited. We investigated the impact of a low glycaemic index dietary intervention during pregnancy [...] Read more.

The epigenetic profile of the developing fetus is sensitive to environmental influence. Maternal diet has been shown to influence DNA methylation patterns in offspring, but research in humans is limited. We investigated the impact of a low glycaemic index dietary intervention during pregnancy on offspring DNA methylation patterns using a genome-wide methylation approach. Sixty neonates were selected from the ROLO (Randomised cOntrol trial of LOw glycaemic index diet to prevent macrosomia) study: 30 neonates from the low glycaemic index intervention arm and 30 from the control, whose mothers received no specific dietary advice. DNA methylation was investigated in 771,484 CpG sites in free DNA from cord blood serum. Principal component analysis and linear regression were carried out comparing the intervention and control groups. Gene clustering and pathway analysis were also explored. Widespread variation was identified in the newborns exposed to the dietary intervention, accounting for 11% of the total level of DNA methylation variation within the dataset. No association was found with maternal early-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), infant sex, or birthweight. Pathway analysis identified common influences of the intervention on gene clusters plausibly linked to pathways targeted by the intervention, including cardiac and immune functioning. Analysis in 60 additional samples from the ROLO study failed to replicate the original findings. Using a modest-sized discovery sample, we identified preliminary evidence of differential methylation in progeny of mothers exposed to a dietary intervention during pregnancy. Full article

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29 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proteomic Profiles of Adipose and Liver Tissues from an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome Fed Purple Vegetables

by Hala M Ayoub¹, Mary Ruth McDonald²

, James Alan Sullivan², Rong Tsao³ and Kelly A Meckling^1,*

¹ Department of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

² Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

³ Guelph Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040456 - 6 Apr 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5548

Abstract

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder that predisposes an individual to Cardiovascular Diseases and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Proteomics and bioinformatics have proven to be an effective tool to study complex diseases and mechanisms of action of nutrients. We previously showed that [...] Read more.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder that predisposes an individual to Cardiovascular Diseases and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Proteomics and bioinformatics have proven to be an effective tool to study complex diseases and mechanisms of action of nutrients. We previously showed that substitution of the majority of carbohydrate in a high fat diet by purple potatoes (PP) or purple carrots (PC) improved insulin sensitivity and hypertension in an animal model of MetS (obese Zucker rats) compared to a control sucrose-rich diet. In the current study, we used TMT 10plex mass tag combined with LC-MS/MS technique to study proteomic modulation in the liver (n = 3 samples/diet) and adipose tissue (n = 3 samples/diet) of high fat diet-fed rats with or without substituting sucrose for purple vegetables, followed by functional enrichment analysis, in an attempt to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the phenotypic changes seen with purple vegetable feeding. Protein folding, lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux were identified as the main modulated biological themes in adipose tissue, whereas lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress were the main modulated themes in liver. We propose that enhanced protein folding, increased cholesterol efflux and higher free fatty acid (FFA) re-esterification are mechanisms by which PP and PC positively modulate MetS pathologies in adipose tissue, whereas, decreased de novo lipogenesis, oxidative stress and FFA uptake, are responsible for the beneficial effects in liver. In conclusion, we provide molecular evidence for the reported metabolic health benefits of purple carrots and potatoes and validate that these vegetables are good choices to replace other simple carbohydrate sources for better metabolic health. Full article

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7 pages, 2036 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Colour Counts: Sunlight and Skin Type as Drivers of Vitamin D Deficiency at UK Latitudes

by Ann R. Webb¹

, Andreas Kazantzidis^1,2, Richard C. Kift¹, Mark D. Farrar³, Jack Wilkinson⁴

and Lesley E. Rhodes^3,*

¹ School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

² Physics Department, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece

³ Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M6 8HD UK

⁴ Centre for Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040457 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 12822

Abstract

Sunlight exposure, with resulting cutaneous synthesis, is a major source of vitamin D for many, while dietary intake is low in modern diets. The constitutive pigment in skin determines skin type, observed as white, brown, or black skin. The melanin pigment absorbs ultraviolet [...] Read more.

Sunlight exposure, with resulting cutaneous synthesis, is a major source of vitamin D for many, while dietary intake is low in modern diets. The constitutive pigment in skin determines skin type, observed as white, brown, or black skin. The melanin pigment absorbs ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and protects underlying skin from damage caused by UVR. It also reduces the UVR available for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. It has been shown that the white-skinned population of the UK are able to meet their vitamin D needs with short, daily lunchtime exposures to sunlight. We have followed the same methodology, based on a 10-year UK all-weather UVR climatology, observation (sun exposure, diet, vitamin D status), and UVR intervention studies with Fitzpatrick skin type V (brown) adults, to determine whether sunlight at UK latitudes could provide an adequate source of vitamin D for this section of the population. Results show that to meet vitamin D requirements, skin type V individuals in the UK need ~25 min daily sunlight at lunchtime, from March to September. This makes several assumptions, including that forearms and lower legs are exposed June–August; only exposing hands and face at this time is inadequate. For practical and cultural reasons, enhanced oral intake of vitamin D should be considered for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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16 pages, 11761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study

by Catherine M. Mewborn¹, Cutter A. Lindbergh¹, Talia L. Robinson¹, Marissa A. Gogniat¹, Douglas P. Terry², Kharine R. Jean¹, Billy Randy Hammond¹, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond^1,3

and Lloyd Stephen Miller^1,*

¹ Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

² Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA

³ Institute of Gerontology, Department of Health Promotions and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040458 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8322

Abstract

Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are two xanthophyll carotenoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous work has demonstrated their importance for eye health and preventing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. An emerging literature base has also demonstrated the importance of L [...] Read more.

Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are two xanthophyll carotenoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous work has demonstrated their importance for eye health and preventing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. An emerging literature base has also demonstrated the importance of L and Z in cognition, neural structure, and neural efficiency. The present study aimed to better understand the mechanisms by which L and Z relate to cognition, in particular, visual–spatial processing and decision-making in older adults. We hypothesized that markers of higher levels of L and Z would be associated with better neural efficiency during a visual–spatial processing task. L and Z were assessed via standard measurement of blood serum and retinal concentrations. Visual–spatial processing and decision-making were assessed via a judgment of line orientation task (JLO) completed during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher concentrations of L and Z showed a decreased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during task performance (i.e., “neural efficiency”) in key areas associated with visual–spatial perception, processing, decision-making, and motor coordination, including the lateral occipital cortex, occipital pole, superior and middle temporal gyri, superior parietal lobule, superior and middle frontal gyri, and pre- and post-central gyri. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the relationship of L and Z to visual–spatial processing at a neural level using in vivo methodology. Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System)

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13 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of 100% Pure Fruit Juice and Dietary Quality in French Adults: Analysis of a Nationally Representative Survey in the Context of the WHO Recommended Limitation of Free Sugars

by France Bellisle^1,*, Pascale Hébel², Alice Fourniret² and Eléna Sauvage²

¹ Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Université Paris 13, INSERM (U1153), INRA (U1125), Cnam, 93017 Bobigny, France

² CREDOC (Centre de Recherche pour l’Etude et l’Observation des Conditions de Vie), 142 rue du Chevaleret, 75013 Paris, France

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040459 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6893

Abstract

Sugar-containing beverages are often seen as a negative influence on diet quality and body weight control. The present study examines the consumption of 100% fruit juice (FJ) based on a seven-day dietary survey in a representative sample of French adults (n = [...] Read more.

Sugar-containing beverages are often seen as a negative influence on diet quality and body weight control. The present study examines the consumption of 100% fruit juice (FJ) based on a seven-day dietary survey in a representative sample of French adults (n = 1607). About a half of the participants (44%) consumed FJ, most often at breakfast time (60%). Average intake in FJ consumers was 115.6 ± 4.0 mL/day (46.3 ± 1.7 kcal/day). Prevalence of consumption increased with education and income and decreased with age, but no association was observed with body mass index (BMI), physical activity, or smoking. In consumers, FJ brought 2% daily energy and contributed larger proportions of vitamins (B1 7%, B2 3%, B5 5%, B6 6%, B9 10%, C 32%, E 9%, beta-carotene 5%), minerals (magnesium 4%, potassium 7%), and free sugars (19%). FJ consumers ingested more whole fruits, vegetables, and many other foods than non-consumers did. Free sugars represented 11.2% of the daily energy in FJ consumers versus 8.6% in non-consumers. This cross-sectional survey reveals that FJ contributes to diet quality without association with excess body weight. These observations should be confirmed in longitudinal studies. They support the view that contribution to diet quality should be specifically recognized in the context of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended decrease of free sugar intake. Full article

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15 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Urinary Aflatoxin (AFM₁) and Dietary Intake among Adults in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia

by Siti Husna Sulaiman, Rosita Jamaluddin^*

and Mohd Redzwan Sabran

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040460 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5986

Abstract

Aflatoxin is a food contaminant and its exposure through the diet is frequent and ubiquitous. A long-term dietary aflatoxin exposure has been linked to the development of liver cancer in populations with high prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in foods. Therefore, this study was [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin is a food contaminant and its exposure through the diet is frequent and ubiquitous. A long-term dietary aflatoxin exposure has been linked to the development of liver cancer in populations with high prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in foods. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association between urinary aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁), a biomarker of aflatoxin exposure, with the dietary intake among adults in Hulu Langat district, Selangor, Malaysia. Certain food products have higher potential for aflatoxin contamination and these were listed in a Food Frequency Questionnaire, which was given to all study participants. This allowed us to record consumption rates for each food product listed. Concomitantly, urine samples were collected, from adults in selected areas in Hulu Langat district, for the measurement of AFM₁ levels using an ELISA kit. Of the 444 urine samples collected and tested, 199 were positive for AFM₁, with 37 of them exceeding the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.64 ng/mL. Cereal products showed the highest consumption level among all food groups, with an average intake of 512.54 g per day. Chi-square analysis showed that consumption of eggs (X² = 4.77, p = 0.03) and dairy products (X² = 19.36, p < 0.01) had significant associations with urinary AFM₁ but both food groups were having a phi and Cramer’s V value that less than 0.3, which indicated that the association between these food groups’ consumption and AFM₁ level in urine was weak. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Solutions for a Changing World)

16 pages, 5957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritionally Optimized, Culturally Acceptable, Cost-Minimized Diets for Low Income Ghanaian Families Using Linear Programming

by Esa-Pekka A. Nykänen¹

, Hanna E. Dunning¹

, Richmond N. O. Aryeetey²

, Aileen Robertson¹ and Alexandr Parlesak^1,*

¹ Institute for Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Global Nutrition and Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

² Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, University of Ghana, LG 13 Legon, Accra, Ghana

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040461 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7317

Abstract

The Ghanaian population suffers from a double burden of malnutrition. Cost of food is considered a barrier to achieving a health-promoting diet. Food prices were collected in major cities and in rural areas in southern Ghana. Linear programming (LP) was used to calculate [...] Read more.

The Ghanaian population suffers from a double burden of malnutrition. Cost of food is considered a barrier to achieving a health-promoting diet. Food prices were collected in major cities and in rural areas in southern Ghana. Linear programming (LP) was used to calculate nutritionally optimized diets (food baskets (FBs)) for a low-income Ghanaian family of four that fulfilled energy and nutrient recommendations in both rural and urban settings. Calculations included implementing cultural acceptability for families living in extreme and moderate poverty (food budget under USD 1.9 and 3.1 per day respectively). Energy-appropriate FBs minimized for cost, following Food Balance Sheets (FBS), lacked key micronutrients such as iodine, vitamin B12 and iron for the mothers. Nutritionally adequate FBs were achieved in all settings when optimizing for a diet cheaper than USD 3.1. However, when delimiting cost to USD 1.9 in rural areas, wild foods had to be included in order to meet nutritional adequacy. Optimization suggested to reduce roots, tubers and fruits and to increase cereals, vegetables and oil-bearing crops compared with FBS. LP is a useful tool to design culturally acceptable diets at minimum cost for low-income Ghanaian families to help advise national authorities how to overcome the double burden of malnutrition. Full article

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15 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intragastric Administration of Tryptophan on the Blood Glucose Response to a Nutrient Drink and Energy Intake, in Lean and Obese Men

by Sina S. Ullrich¹, Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald¹, Pieter Giesbertz², Robert E. Steinert^1,3, Michael Horowitz¹ and Christine Feinle-Bisset^1,*

¹ Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia

² Department of Nutritional Physiology, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany

³ Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040463 - 8 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4978

Abstract

Tryptophan stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and pyloric pressures, both of which slow gastric emptying. Gastric emptying regulates postprandial blood glucose. Tryptophan has been reported to decrease energy intake. We investigated the effects of intragastric tryptophan on the glycaemic response to, and gastric emptying of, [...] Read more.

Tryptophan stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and pyloric pressures, both of which slow gastric emptying. Gastric emptying regulates postprandial blood glucose. Tryptophan has been reported to decrease energy intake. We investigated the effects of intragastric tryptophan on the glycaemic response to, and gastric emptying of, a mixed-nutrient drink, and subsequent energy intake. Lean and obese participants (n = 16 each) received intragastric infusions of 1.5 g (“Trp-1.5g”) or 3.0 g (“Trp-3.0g”) tryptophan, or control, and 15 min later consumed a mixed-nutrient drink (56 g carbohydrates). Gastric emptying (¹³C-acetate breath-test), blood glucose, plasma C-peptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin and tryptophan concentrations were measured (t = 0–60 min). Energy intake was assessed between t = 60–90 min. In lean individuals, Trp-3.0g, but not Trp-1.5g, slowed gastric emptying, reduced C-peptide_AUC and increased glucagon_AUC (all P < 0.05), but did not significantly decrease the blood glucose response to the drink, stimulate cholecystokinin or reduce mean energy intake, compared with control. In obese individuals, Trp-3.0g, but not Trp-1.5g, tended to slow gastric emptying (P = 0.091), did not affect C-peptide_AUC, increased glucagon_AUC (P < 0.001) and lowered blood glucose at t = 30 min (P < 0.05), and did not affect cholecystokinin or mean energy intake. In obese individuals, intragastrically administered tryptophan may reduce postprandial blood glucose by slowing gastric emptying; the lack of effect on mean energy intake requires further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Appetite, Metabolism and Obesity)

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12 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns Associated with Cognitive Function among the Older People in Underdeveloped Regions: Finding from the NCDFaC Study

by Zhaoxue Yin^1,2, Jing Chen³, Jian Zhang¹, Zeping Ren³, Kui Dong⁴, Virginia B. Kraus⁵, Zhuoqun Wang⁶, Mei Zhang⁶, Yi Zhai², Pengkun Song¹

, Yanfang Zhao⁶, Shaojie Pang¹, Shengquan Mi⁷

and Wenhua Zhao^1,*

¹ National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China

² Division of Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China

³ Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Xiaonanguan Street, Taiyuan 030012, China

⁴ Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1159 Shuangtanan Road, Linyi 044100, China

⁵ Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 North Duke St, Durham, NC 27701, USA

⁶ National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China

⁷ College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, 18 Zone three, Fatouxili, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100023, China

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040464 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5474

Abstract

Although dietary patterns are crucial to cognitive function, associations of dietary patterns with cognitive function have not yet been fully understood. This cross-sectional study explored dietary patterns associated with cognitive function among the older adults in underdeveloped regions, using 1504 community-dwelling older adults [...] Read more.

Although dietary patterns are crucial to cognitive function, associations of dietary patterns with cognitive function have not yet been fully understood. This cross-sectional study explored dietary patterns associated with cognitive function among the older adults in underdeveloped regions, using 1504 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and over. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-h dietary recall. Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Two dietary patterns, a “mushroom, vegetable, and fruits” (MVF) pattern and a “meat and soybean products” (MS) pattern, were identified. The MVF pattern, characterized by high consumption of mushrooms, vegetables, and fruits was significantly positively associated with cognitive function (p < 0.05), with an odds ratio of (95% CIs) 0.60 (0.38, 0.94) for cognitive impairment and β (95% CIs) 0.15 (0.02, 0.29) for –log (31-MMSE score). The MS pattern, characterized by high consumption of soybean products and meat, was also associated with better cognitive function, with an odds ratio of 0.47 (95% CIs 0.30, 0.74) for cognitive impairment and β (95% CIs) 0.34 (0.21, 0.47) for –log (31-MMSE score). Our results suggested that both the MVF and MS patterns were positively associated with better cognitive function among older adults in underdeveloped regions. Full article

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14 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Many Infants and Young Children Are Not Compliant with Mexican and International Complementary Feeding Recommendations for Milk and Other Beverages

by Myriam C. Afeiche¹, Salvador Villalpando-Carrión², Kathleen C. Reidy³, Lisa R. Fries⁴

and Alison L. Eldridge^1,*

¹ Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland

² Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mexico City and Nestlé Infant Nutrition, Av. Ejercito Nacional 453, Delegacion Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Granada, Mexico City 11520, Mexico

³ Nestlé Nutrition Global R&D, 12 Vreeland Road, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA

⁴ Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Science, Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040466 - 10 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5236

Abstract

Mexican and international authorities provide guidelines for milk and beverage consumption for young children. This study classifies beverages as appropriate or inappropriate by age (0–5.9, 6–11.9, and 12–23.9 months) and details consumption patterns, amounts consumed, and the associated socio-demographic characteristics. Analysis of the [...] Read more.

Mexican and international authorities provide guidelines for milk and beverage consumption for young children. This study classifies beverages as appropriate or inappropriate by age (0–5.9, 6–11.9, and 12–23.9 months) and details consumption patterns, amounts consumed, and the associated socio-demographic characteristics. Analysis of the Mexican National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENSANUT 2012) was conducted (n = 949). Among 0–5.9 month olds, 66.7% consumed either breast milk, infant formula, or a combination with no other beverages, whereas 29.3% consumed breast milk and/or infant formula with water (mean = 58 g/day) and/or other beverages (mean = 115 g/day), such as 100% fruit juice, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). For infants 6–11.9 months, appropriate beverages include breast milk, infant formula, and water; only 40.2% met these recommendations. Many 6–11.9 month olds consumed age-inappropriate beverages, including milk (31%) and SSBs (35%). After 12 months of age, appropriate beverages include water, milk, and a limited amount of 100% fruit juice and SSBs; 32.4% complied fully, 18.3% consumed appropriate and inappropriate beverages, and 49.3% consumed only inappropriate beverages. Among 12–23.9 month olds, 58% consumed milk, 18% juice, and 42% water while 63% consumed SSBs. Many infants and young children are not compliant with Mexican and international breastfeeding and complementary feeding guidelines for beverages. Communication and guidance about age-appropriate beverages should be improved. Full article

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12 pages, 2103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Dietary Patterns with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy

by Martina Barchitta¹

, Andrea Maugeri¹, Annalisa Quattrocchi¹, Ottavia Agrifoglio¹

, Aurora Scalisi² and Antonella Agodi^1,*

¹ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 87, 95123 Catania, Italy

² Unità Operativa di Screening Ginecologico, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040469 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 14776

Abstract

Specific foods and nutrients help prevent the progression of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection to cervical cancer (CC). The aim of this study was to investigate dietary patterns which may be associated with hrHPV status and the risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial [...] Read more.

Specific foods and nutrients help prevent the progression of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection to cervical cancer (CC). The aim of this study was to investigate dietary patterns which may be associated with hrHPV status and the risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+). Overall, 539 eligible women, including 127 with CIN2+, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, and tested for hrHPV infection. Food intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were applied. Using the Mediterranean Diet Score, we demonstrated that, among 252 women with a normal cervical epithelium, medium adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreased the odds of hrHPV infection when compared to low adherence (adjOR = 0.40, 95%CI = 0.22–0.73). Using the principal component analysis, we also identified two dietary patterns which explained 14.31% of the variance in food groups intake. Women in the third and fourth quartiles of the “Western pattern” had higher odds of hrHPV infection when compared with first quartile (adjOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.04–3.54 and adjOR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.14–4.18, respectively). Adjusting for hrHPV status and age, women in the third quartile of the “prudent pattern” had lower odds of CIN2+ when compared with those in the first quartile (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.26–0.98). Our study is the first to demonstrate the association of dietary patterns with hrHPV infection and CC and discourages unhealthy habits in favour of a Mediterranean-like diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Quality and Health Outcomes)

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15 pages, 1983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Mediterranean Diet and a Posteriori Derived Dietary Patterns with Breast and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study

by Beata Krusinska^1,*, Iwona Hawrysz¹, Lidia Wadolowska¹

, Malgorzata Anna Slowinska¹, Maciej Biernacki², Anna Czerwinska³ and Janusz Jacek Golota⁴

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland

² Department of Surgery, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland

³ Independent Public Complex of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Olsztyn, 10-357 Olsztyn, Poland

⁴ Clinic of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center Ars Medica, 10-513 Olsztyn, Poland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040470 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8643

Abstract

Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women are the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Poland and worldwide. Results of studies involving dietary patterns (DPs) and breast or lung cancer risk in European countries outside the Mediterranean Sea region are limited and [...] Read more.

Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women are the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Poland and worldwide. Results of studies involving dietary patterns (DPs) and breast or lung cancer risk in European countries outside the Mediterranean Sea region are limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to develop a ‘Polish-adapted Mediterranean Diet’ (‘Polish-aMED’) score, and then study the associations between the ‘Polish-aMED’ score and a posteriori-derived dietary patterns with breast or lung cancer risk in adult Poles. This pooled analysis of two case-control studies involved 560 subjects (280 men, 280 women) aged 40–75 years from Northeastern Poland. Diagnoses of breast cancer in 140 women and lung cancer in 140 men were found. The food frequency consumption of 21 selected food groups was collected using a 62-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)-6. The ‘Polish-adapted Mediterranean Diet’ score which included eight items—vegetables, fruit, whole grain, fish, legumes, nuts and seeds—as well as the ratio of vegetable oils to animal fat and red and processed meat was developed (range: 0–8 points). Three DPs were identified in a Principal Component Analysis: ‘Prudent’, ‘Non-healthy’, ‘Dressings and sweetened-low-fat dairy’. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, two models were created: crude, and adjusted for age, sex, type of cancer, Body Mass Index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES) index, overall physical activity, smoking status and alcohol abuse. The risk of breast or lung cancer was lower in the average (3–5 points) and high (6–8 points) levels of the ‘Polish-aMED’ score compared to the low (0–2 points) level by 51% (odds ratio (OR): 0.49; 95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.30–0.80; p < 0.01; adjusted) and 63% (OR: 0.37; 95% Cl: 0.21–0.64; p < 0.001; adjusted), respectively. In the middle and upper tertiles compared to the bottom tertile of the ‘Prudent’ DP, the risk of cancer was lower by 38–43% (crude) but was not significant after adjustment for confounders. In the upper compared to the bottom tertile of the ‘Non-healthy’ DP, the risk of cancer was higher by 65% (OR: 1.65; 95% Cl: 1.05–2.59; p < 0.05; adjusted). In conclusion, the Polish adaptation of the Mediterranean diet could be considered for adults living in non-Mediterranean countries for the prevention of the breast or lung cancers. Future studies should explore the role of a traditional Mediterranean diet fitted to local dietary patterns of non-Mediterranean Europeans in cancer prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Portion Size in Relation to Diet and Health)

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16 pages, 5824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc Protects Articular Chondrocytes through Changes in Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidants, Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases

by Tzu-Ching Huang^1,2, Wen-Tsan Chang^3,4

, Yu-Chen Hu²

, Bau-Shan Hsieh², Hsiao-Ling Cheng², Jeng-Hsien Yen¹, Pu-Rong Chiu^2,*,† and Kee-Lung Chang^{1,2,5,6,*,†}

¹ Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan

² Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan

³ Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan

⁴ Division of General and Digestive and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan

⁵ Institute of Medical Science and Technology, College of Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan

⁶ Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040471 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6268

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related degenerative joint disease characterized by high oxidative stress, chondrocyte death and cartilage damage. Zinc has been implicated in the antioxidant capacity of the cell, and its deficiency might inhibit chondrocyte proliferation. The present study examined the potential of [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related degenerative joint disease characterized by high oxidative stress, chondrocyte death and cartilage damage. Zinc has been implicated in the antioxidant capacity of the cell, and its deficiency might inhibit chondrocyte proliferation. The present study examined the potential of zinc as a preventive supplement against OA using the in vitro chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353 and an in vivo Wistar rat model to mimic OA progress induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). The results demonstrated that, in SW1353 cells, 5 μM MIA exposure increased oxidative stress and decreased the expression of GPx1 and Mn-SOD but still increased GSH levels and HO-1 expression and enhanced the expression of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. Zinc addition could block these changes. Besides, the expression of Nrf2 and phosphorylated (p)-Akt was dramatically increased, implicating the p-Akt/Nrf2 pathway in the effects of zinc on MIA-treated cells. A rat model achieved similar results as those of cell culture, and 1.6 mg/kg/day of zinc supplementation is sufficient to prevent OA progress, while 8.0 mg/kg/day of zinc supplementation does not have a better effect. These findings indicate that zinc supplementation exerts a preventive effect with respect to MIA-induced OA progress. Full article

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13 pages, 1690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Anti-Periodontitis Effects of Ethanol Extract Prepared Using Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101

by Te-Hua Liu¹, Tsung-Yu Tsai² and Tzu-Ming Pan^1,*

¹ Department of Biochemical Science & Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

² Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040472 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5619

Abstract

Poor oral health and related diseases, including caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer, are highly prevalent across the world, particularly in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the anti-periodontitis activity of fermented skim milk produced using the promising probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. [...] Read more.

Poor oral health and related diseases, including caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer, are highly prevalent across the world, particularly in the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the anti-periodontitis activity of fermented skim milk produced using the promising probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU101FM). An initial analysis found that an ethanol extract of NTU101FM displayed anti-oxidative activities. Further investigation of pathogen growth inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) revealed that the NTU101FM ethanol extract also had anti-periodontal pathogen activities. In addition, the NTU101FM ethanol extract significantly decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Finally, the NTU101FM ethanol extract was found to inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by reducing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts. In summary, our study demonstrated that ethanol extract prepared from NTU101FM has potential use as an anti-periodontitis agent. Full article

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16 pages, 12720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination of GPR40 and Ketogenesis Signaling by Medium Chain Fatty Acids Regulates Beta Cell Function

by Julien Benjamin Pujol¹, Nicolas Christinat², Yann Ratinaud³, Claudia Savoia¹, Siobhan E. Mitchell⁴ and El Hadji M Dioum^1,*

¹ Islet Function, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

² Lipidomics, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

³ Natural Bioactives Screening, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

⁴ Brain Health, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040473 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8805

Abstract

Diabetes prevalence increases with age, and β-cell dysfunction contributes to the incidence of the disease. Dietary lipids have been recognized as contributory factors in the development and progression of the disease. Unlike long chain triglycerides, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) increase fat burning in [...] Read more.

Diabetes prevalence increases with age, and β-cell dysfunction contributes to the incidence of the disease. Dietary lipids have been recognized as contributory factors in the development and progression of the disease. Unlike long chain triglycerides, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) increase fat burning in animal and human subjects as well as serum C-peptide in type 2 diabetes patients. We evaluated the beneficial effects of MCT on β-cells in vivo and in vitro. MCT improved glycemia in aged rats via β-cell function assessed by measuring insulin secretion and content. In β-cells, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA)-C10 activated fatty acid receptor 1 FFAR1/GPR40, while MCFA-C8 induced mitochondrial ketogenesis and the C8:C10 mixture improved β cell function. We showed that GPR40 signaling positively impacts ketone body production in β-cells, and chronic treatment with β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) improves β-cell function. We also showed that BHB and MCFA help β-cells recover from lipotoxic stress by improving mitochondrial function and increasing the expression of genes involved in β-cell function and insulin biogenesis, such as Glut2, MafA, and NeuroD1 in primary human islets. MCFA offers a therapeutic advantage in the preservation of β-cell function as part of a preventative strategy against diabetes in at risk populations. Full article

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12 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MOSH Syndrome (Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism): Clinical Assessment and Possible Therapeutic Approaches

by Antonino De Lorenzo^1,2, Annalisa Noce^3,*

, Eleonora Moriconi^4,5,6, Tiziana Rampello¹, Giulia Marrone^3,7

, Nicola Di Daniele^3,*

and Valentina Rovella³

¹ Section of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

² Casa di Cura Madonna dello Scoglio, Traversa Mola, 88836 Cotronei, Italy

³ Department of Medicine, Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, University Hospital “Tor Vergata”, viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy

⁴ Nutrition Service, “Nuova Clinica Annunziatella”, via Meropia 124, 00147 Rome, Italy

⁵ Specialization School of Food Science, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

⁶ Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO “A. Alesini” Hospital, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

⁷ School of Applied Medical-Surgical Sciences, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040474 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8350

Abstract

Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intervention and physical activity on the MOSH patient’s [...] Read more.

Male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) impairs fertility, sexual function, bone mineralization, fat metabolism, cognitive function, deteriorates muscle mass and alters body composition. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intervention and physical activity on the MOSH patient’s hormonal profile after a 10% weight loss compared to baseline. Fourteen male patients were enrolled. Hormonal, lipid, glycemic profiles and body composition were determined at baseline and after a 10% weight loss. Aging Male Symptoms Scale (AMS) and Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) were administered to patients in order to investigate hypogonadal symptoms and food addiction. Compared to baseline, a significant increase of Total Testosterone (TT) (300.2 ± 79.5 ng/dL vs. 408.3 ± 125.9 ng/dL, p = 0.002, 95% CI 26.8; 167.7) and a reduction of 17-Beta Estradiol level (48.3 ± 14.9 pg/mL vs. 39.2 ± 15.2 pg/mL, p = 0.049, 95% CI 3.1; 0.0) were observed. Total Fat Mass (FM) percentage, android and gynoid fat mass percentage (39.2 ± 6.4% vs. 36.2 ± 5.8%, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 22.5; 62.3; 51.5 ± 6.8% vs. 47.6 ± 6.8%, p = 0.001, 95% CI 0.6; 1.8, vs. 39.2 ± 6.2% vs. 36.5 ± 6.3% p = 0.0001, 95% CI 0.9; 2.0 respectively) were significantly decreased after nutritional intervention. In addition, total Fat Free Mass (FFM) in kg was significantly reduced after 10% weight loss (62.3 ± 2.8 kg vs. 60.3 ± 7.7 kg, p = 0.002, 95% CI 45.0; 93.0). Lifestyle changes, specifically dietotherapy and physical activity, induce positive effects on hypogonadism due to obesity. Full article

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14 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impaired Hematologic Status in Relation to Clinical Outcomes among HIV-Infected Adults from Uganda: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Amara E. Ezeamama^1,*, David Guwatudde², Alla Sikorskii^1,3, Edmond K. Kabagambe⁴, Raybun Spelts⁵, Grace Vahey⁵, Jenifer I. Fenton⁶ and Wafaie W. Fawzi⁷

¹ Department of Psychiatry, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

² School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

³ Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

⁴ Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA

⁵ College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

⁶ Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

⁷ Departments of Global Health and Population, Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040475 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4152

Abstract

Impaired hematologic status (IHS) was investigated as a determinant of immune function defined as cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-helper cell count, quality of life (QOL) weight and hospitalization/mortality over 18-months among 398 adult persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on anti-retroviral therapy. IHS [...] Read more.

Impaired hematologic status (IHS) was investigated as a determinant of immune function defined as cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T-helper cell count, quality of life (QOL) weight and hospitalization/mortality over 18-months among 398 adult persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on anti-retroviral therapy. IHS was defined as having anemia at baseline (Hemoglobin: <12 g/dL for women and <13 g/dL for men), time-updated anemia or having low (<30 μg/L) or high (>200 μg/L for men and >150 μg/L for women) ferritin levels at baseline. Months-to-hospitalization/death or study-end (if no event) was calculated from enrollment. Multivariable linear-mixed models quantified associations between IHS and changes in CD4 cell-count, weight gain and QOL. Cox proportional hazards models calculated hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for IHS-related differences in time-to-hospitalization/death. The prevalences of anemia and high and low ferritin levels at baseline were 48.7% (n = 194), 40.5% (n = 161) and 17% (n = 68), respectively. Most patients (63.4%, n = 123) remained anemic during follow-up. Weight gained (ferritin-time interaction, p < 0.01) and QOL (anemia-time interaction, p = 0.05; ferritin-time interaction, p = 0.01) were lower for PLWHA with versus without IHS. Relative to anemia-free/normal ferritin, the risk of hospitalization/death was elevated for PLWHA with anemia (HR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2–3.6), low or high ferritin (HR: 1.8–1.9, 95% CI: 0.9–4.1) and those that developed new/persistent/progressive anemia (HR: 2.3–6.7, 95% CI: 1.0–12.7). Among PLWHA, IHS predicted deficits in QOL, low weight gain and a high risk of hospitalization/death. Intervention to mitigate persistent IHS may be warranted among PLWHA on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to improve health outcomes. Full article

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11 pages, 1740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postnatal Growth Disadvantage of the Small for Gestational Age Preterm Twins

by Iris Morag^1,2,*

, Orly Stern Levkovitz^1,2, Maya Siman-Tov³, Mor Frisch¹, Orit Pinhas-Hamiel^1,4,†

and Tzipi Strauss^1,2,†

¹ Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel

² Neonatology Department, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Ha’Shomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel

³ Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel

⁴ Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040476 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4873

Abstract

In this study, we examined early growth characteristics among small-for-gestational-age (SGA) preterm twins compared to their appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) counterparts. A retrospective study evaluated all consecutive twins born between 2008 and 2015 at a tertiary referral center whose gestational age ranged from 30.0 to [...] Read more.

In this study, we examined early growth characteristics among small-for-gestational-age (SGA) preterm twins compared to their appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) counterparts. A retrospective study evaluated all consecutive twins born between 2008 and 2015 at a tertiary referral center whose gestational age ranged from 30.0 to 34.86 weeks. Included were twins in which one twin was AGA and the other SGA at birth. Changes of ≥2, 1–1.99, and 0–0.99 in z-score between births and 36 weeks post menstrual age (PMA) were respectively defined as severe, moderate, and mild postnatal growth failure (PNGF) in weight or head circumference (HC). Early neonatal morbidities were documented. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine conditions associated with PNGF and its severity. Out of 666 sets of twins, 83 met the inclusion criteria. Weight PNGF was similar and mild among the SGA and the AGA groups (0.9 ± 0.46 vs. 0.96 ± 0.44 z-score, respectively, p = 0.24). At 36 weeks PMA, a significantly larger proportion of SGAs were below −2 z-scores in weight (84.3%) compared to birth (31.3%) or to the AGAs (8.4%). In both groups, weight PNGF correlated with the time needed to regain birth weight. HC PNGF was mild among both groups, yet significantly more prominent among the AGAs (0.39 ± 0.72 z-score) vs. SGAs (0.75 ± 0.65 z-score, p = 0.001). We suggest that among preterm SGA infants, the absolute z-score should be used to assess the severity of weight PNGF. Individual nutritional strategies to decrease time to regain birth weight may mitigate severe malnutrition among SGAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Nutrition: From Nutrients to Systems)

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11 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intakes of Minerals, Essential and Toxic Trace Elements for Adults from Eragrostis tef L.: A Nutritional Assessment

by Eva Koubová¹, Daniela Sumczynski^1,*

, Lenka Šenkárová², Jana Orsavová³

and Miroslav Fišera¹

¹ Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Náměstí T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic

² Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Náměstí T.G. Masaryka 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic

³ Language Centre, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Štefánikova 5670, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040479 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6212

Abstract

This study analysed the contents of thirty-six mineral and trace elements in teff (Eragrostis tef L.) grains. What is more, dietary intakes were calculated. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to assess mineral and trace element contents. Consequently, the appropriate [...] Read more.

This study analysed the contents of thirty-six mineral and trace elements in teff (Eragrostis tef L.) grains. What is more, dietary intakes were calculated. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to assess mineral and trace element contents. Consequently, the appropriate Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or adequate intake (AI), and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) or provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) values for adults were determined according to the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) and Institute of Medicine (IOM) regulations. Teff is a significant contributor to RDAs and AIs for females in the following order: Mn > Cu > Zn ≥ Mg > Fe ≥ P and Ca. For males, teff contributes in the order, Mn > Cu > Fe > Zn ≥ P ≥ Mg > and Ca. The concentration of arsenic (65.9 µg/kg) in brown teff originating in Bolivia exceeded the average acceptable value set by Reg. No. 1881 of 6–50 µg/kg in cereals consumed in the EU. The PTWIs or PTMIs for Al, Cd, Sn and Hg were all under 7%, which is below the limits of toxic element intake related to the body weight of 65 kg for adult females and 80 kg for males, set by the FAO/WHO. Teff grains can be recommended as a valuable and safe source of minerals and trace elements. Full article

8 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Abdominal Fat Levels on All-Cause Mortality Risk in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

by Takahiro Yajima^1,*, Kumiko Yajima², Hiroshi Takahashi³ and Keigo Yasuda²

¹ Department of Nephrology, Matsunami General Hospital, 185-1 Dendai, Kasamatsu, Gifu 501-6062, Japan

² Department of Internal Medicine, Matsunami General Hospital, 185-1 Dendai, Kasamatsu, Gifu 501-6062, Japan

³ Division of Medical Statistics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi 470-1192, Japan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040480 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4893

Abstract

Although an increased body mass index is associated with lower mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), known as the “obesity paradox,” the relationship of abdominal fat levels with all-cause mortality has rarely been studied. We investigated the impact of computed-tomography-measured abdominal fat levels [...] Read more.

Although an increased body mass index is associated with lower mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), known as the “obesity paradox,” the relationship of abdominal fat levels with all-cause mortality has rarely been studied. We investigated the impact of computed-tomography-measured abdominal fat levels (visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA)) on all-cause mortality in this population. A total of 201 patients undergoing HD were enrolled and cross-classified by VFA and SFA levels according to each cutoff point, VFA of 78.7 cm² and SFA of 93.2 cm², based on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve as following; group 1 (G1): lower VFA and lower SFA, G2: higher VFA and lower SFA, G3: lower VFA and higher SFA, G4: higher VFA and higher SFA. During a median follow-up of 4.3 years, 67 patients died. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed 10-year survival rates of 29.0%, 50.0%, 62.6%, and 72.4% in G1, G2, G3, and G4 (p < 0.0001), respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio was 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05–1.09, p = 0.070) for G2 vs. G1, 0.37 (95% CI 0.18–0.76, p = 0.0065) for G3 vs. G1, and 0.21 (95% CI 0.07–0.62, p = 0.0035) for G4 vs. G1, respectively. In conclusion, combined SFA and VFA levels were negatively associated with risks for all-cause mortality in patients undergoing HD. These results are a manifestation of the “obesity paradox.” Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Renal Function)

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14 pages, 749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Intake on Disease Activity in Female Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The MIRA Randomized Cross-Over Dietary Intervention

by Helen M. Lindqvist^1,*

, Inger Gjertsson², Tove Eneljung² and Anna Winkvist¹

¹ Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

² Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040481 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6361

Abstract

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease. This study evaluates the effect of blue mussel intake on disease activity and quality of life in women with RA. Thirty-nine women with established RA and a disease activity score 28 (DAS28) >3.0 were recruited [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease. This study evaluates the effect of blue mussel intake on disease activity and quality of life in women with RA. Thirty-nine women with established RA and a disease activity score 28 (DAS28) >3.0 were recruited to a randomized 2 × 11-week cross-over dietary intervention. The participants continued with their medication and habitual diet and exchanged one cooked meal a day, five days a week, with a meal including 75 g blue mussels or 75 g meat. Diets were switched after an eight week washout period. Data regarding quality of life (SF-36), blood lipids, erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and tender and swollen joints were examined at the start and end of each dietary period. Thirty women completed one period, and twenty-three completed both. Intake of the blue mussel diet led to a significant reduction of DAS28-CRP (p = 0.048), but not DAS28. The number of EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) criteria moderate and good responders were higher when consuming blue mussel diet (p = 0.036). Blood lipids did not change. To conclude, blue mussel intake reduced disease symptoms in women with RA and improved perceived health. The reported effects need to be confirmed by non-patient reported outcomes, such as inflammation markers. Full article

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15 pages, 3564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Different Flavonoids on Vascular and Renal Function in L-NAME Hypertensive Rats

by M. Dolores Paredes¹, Paola Romecín¹, Noemí M. Atucha¹

, Francisco O’Valle²

, Julián Castillo³, M. Clara Ortiz¹ and Joaquín García-Estañ^1,*

¹ Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina & Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain

² Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, IBIMER, ibs.Granada, Universidad de Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain

³ Instituto Universitario de Envejecimiento & Research and Development Department, Nutrafur SA-FRUTAROM Group, 30820 Alcantarilla (Murcia), Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040484 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5638

Abstract

Background: we have evaluated the antihypertensive effect of several flavonoid extracts in a rat model of arterial hypertension caused by chronic administration (6 weeks) of the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, L-NAME. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats received L-NAME alone or L-NAME plus flavonoid-rich vegetal [...] Read more.

Background: we have evaluated the antihypertensive effect of several flavonoid extracts in a rat model of arterial hypertension caused by chronic administration (6 weeks) of the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, L-NAME. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats received L-NAME alone or L-NAME plus flavonoid-rich vegetal extracts (Lemon, Grapefruit + Bitter Orange, and Cocoa) or purified flavonoids (Apigenin and Diosmin) for 6 weeks. Results: L-NAME treatment resulted in a marked elevation of blood pressure, and treatment with Apigenin, Lemon Extract, and Grapefruit + Bitter Orange extracts significantly reduced the elevated blood pressure of these animals. Apigenin and some of these flavonoids also ameliorated nitric oxide-dependent and -independent aortic vasodilation and elevated nitrite urinary excretion. End-organ abnormalities such as cardiac infarcts, hyaline arteriopathy and fibrinoid necrosis in coronary arteries and aorta were improved by these treatments, reducing the end-organ vascular damage. Conclusions: the flavonoids included in this study, specially apigenin, may be used as functional food ingredients with potential therapeutic benefit in arterial hypertension. Full article

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16 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake of Urban Overweight and Obese Primarily African American Older Adults with Osteoarthritis

by Sevasti Vergis^1,2,3, Linda Schiffer⁴, Tiffany White², Andrew McLeod^2,4, Neda Khudeira^1,2, Andrew Demott⁵

, Marian Fitzgibbon^4,6,7, Susan Hughes^5,8 and Lisa Tussing-Humphreys^1,7,*

¹ Department of Medicine, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

² Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

³ Honors College, University of Illinois at Chicago, 828 S. Halsted Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA

⁴ Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

⁵ Center for Research on Health and Aging, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA

⁶ Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1853 W. Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

⁷ University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 818 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

⁸ Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040485 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4913

Abstract

Diet quality may be a unique target for preventing and managing obesity-related osteoarthritis (OA). Using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), this study examined the nutrient intake and diet quality of 400 urban overweight and obese primarily African American older adults with self-reported lower [...] Read more.

Diet quality may be a unique target for preventing and managing obesity-related osteoarthritis (OA). Using the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), this study examined the nutrient intake and diet quality of 400 urban overweight and obese primarily African American older adults with self-reported lower extremity OA. Associations between sociodemographic and health-related factors and diet quality were explored. Participants (mean age 67.8 years, SD 5.9) were included. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient intake and diet quality were calculated from the FFQ. Results indicated that diet quality needs improvement (HEI-2010: 66.3 (SD 10.5)). Age, body mass index, employment (multivariable model only), and OA severity (bivariate model only) were significant predictors of HEI-2010 total score in linear models. Mean intakes for fiber, calcium, and vitamin D were below recommendations, while percentage of calories as total fat exceeded recommendations. These findings can inform future dietary intervention trials and public health messaging for a sub-population at a high risk for obesity-related OA. Full article

22 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can a Simple Dietary Index Derived from a Sub-Set of Questionnaire Items Assess Diet Quality in a Sample of Australian Adults?

by Alexia Bivoltsis^1,*

, Georgina S. A. Trapp^1,2,3, Matthew Knuiman¹, Paula Hooper³ and Gina L. Ambrosini¹

¹ School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

² Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia

³ School of Agriculture and Environment and the School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040486 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4430

Abstract

Large, longitudinal surveys often lack consistent dietary data, limiting the use of existing tools and methods that are available to measure diet quality. This study describes a method that was used to develop a simple index for ranking individuals according to their diet [...] Read more.

Large, longitudinal surveys often lack consistent dietary data, limiting the use of existing tools and methods that are available to measure diet quality. This study describes a method that was used to develop a simple index for ranking individuals according to their diet quality in a longitudinal study. The RESIDential Environments (RESIDE) project (2004–2011) collected dietary data in varying detail, across four time points. The most detailed dietary data were collected using a 24-item questionnaire at the final time point (n = 555; age ≥ 25 years). At preceding time points, sub-sets of the 24 items were collected. A RESIDE dietary guideline index (RDGI) that was based on the 24-items was developed to assess diet quality in relation to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The RDGI scores were regressed on the longitudinal sub-sets of six and nine questionnaire items at T4, from which two simple index scores (S-RDGI1 and S-RDGI2) were predicted. The S-RDGI1 and S-RDGI2 showed reasonable agreement with the RDGI (Spearman’s rho = 0.78 and 0.84; gross misclassification = 1.8%; correct classification = 64.9% and 69.7%; and, Cohen’s weighted kappa = 0.58 and 0.64, respectively). For all of the indices, higher diet quality was associated with being female, undertaking moderate to high amounts of physical activity, not smoking, and self-reported health. The S-RDGI1 and S-RDGI2 explained 62% and 73% of the variation in RDGI scores, demonstrating that a large proportion of the variability in diet quality scores can be captured using a relatively small sub-set of questionnaire items. The methods described in this study can be applied elsewhere, in situations where limited dietary data are available, to generate a sample-specific score for ranking individuals according to diet quality. Full article

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10 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Glycaemic Response to an Oral Glucose Load in Healthy, Lean, Active and Young Chinese Adults Compared to Matched Caucasians

by Trevor Simper^1,*, Caroline Dalton², David Broom³, Waleed Ibrahim¹, Lingjin Li¹, Charles Bankole¹ and Sisi Chen¹

¹ Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK

² Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB UK

³ Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040487 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4798

Abstract

There are ethnic differences recorded in glycaemic response and rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) between Chinese and Caucasian populations. Whether these differences are evident in matched healthy, lean, active, young adults is unclear. This study compares the postprandial glycaemic response of [...] Read more.

There are ethnic differences recorded in glycaemic response and rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) between Chinese and Caucasian populations. Whether these differences are evident in matched healthy, lean, active, young adults is unclear. This study compares the postprandial glycaemic response of a group of Chinese participants (n = 49) with a group of similar Caucasians, (n = 48) aged 23.8 (±4.35 years), body mass index (BMI) 22.7 (±2.6) kg/m², healthy (free from non-communicable disease), and lean (body fat % 23.28% (±5.04)). Participants undertook an oral glucose tolerance test to identify any significant differences in postprandial blood glucose response. Body fat percentage, body mass, age, physical activity, baseline glucose and HbA1c did not significantly differ between groups. Data from food frequency questionnaires indicated that the Chinese participants consumed less starchy foods, candy and “other” sweets and sugary drinks, and more rice than the Caucasians (all p ≤ 0.001), but not a greater overall intake of carbohydrates or any other macronutrient (all p > 0.05). The two groups’ postprandial blood glucose responses and 2-h incremental area under the curve values (iAUC)—156.67 (74.12) mmol/L 120 min for Caucasians versus 214.03 (77.49) mmol/L 120 min for Chinese—indicate significant differences (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001 respectively) between groups. Findings suggest that the difference between the two groups’ iAUC values do not relate to obvious lifestyle factors. The Chinese group were eating the least sugary and starchy food but had the highest iAUC. It is argued that the Chinese group in this investigation have the most favourable BMI, body fat percentage, and body mass, yet “poorest” glycaemic response. Full article

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13 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habitual Flavonoid Intake from Fruit and Vegetables during Adolescence and Serum Lipid Levels in Early Adulthood: A Prospective Analysis

by Katharina J. Penczynski^1,2, Thomas Remer^1,*, Christian Herder^3,4

, Hermann Kalhoff⁵, Johanna Rienks⁶

, Daniel F. Markgraf^3,4, Michael Roden^3,4,7 and Anette E. Buyken^1,2

¹ DONALD Study Dortmund, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 44225 Dortmund, Germany

² Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, University of Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany

³ Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

⁴ German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany

⁵ Pediatric Clinic Dortmund, 44317 Dortmund, Germany

⁶ Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences (IEL), Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany

⁷ Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040488 - 14 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4877

Abstract

Flavonoids have been implicated in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In a prospective approach, we investigated whether habitual flavonoid intake from fruit, vegetables and juices (FlavFVJ) during adolescence is associated with adult levels of serum lipids, one of the main CVD risk [...] Read more.

Flavonoids have been implicated in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In a prospective approach, we investigated whether habitual flavonoid intake from fruit, vegetables and juices (FlavFVJ) during adolescence is associated with adult levels of serum lipids, one of the main CVD risk factors. This analysis included healthy participants from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study, who had provided a fasting blood sample in adulthood (aged 18–39 years), data on FlavFVJ intake during adolescence (females: 9–15 years, males: 10–16 years)—estimated either from multiple 3-day weighed dietary records (n = 257), or from validated biomarker hippuric acid (uHA) excretion from multiple 24-h urine samples (n = 233)—together with information on relevant covariates. In multivariable linear regression analyses, a higher FlavFVJ intake during adolescence was independently associated with higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels among males (P_trend = 0.038); however, the inclusion of adult waist circumference attenuated this association (P_trend = 0.053). FlavFVJ was not associated with triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; all P_trend ≥ 0.1), nor was uHA excretion with any serum lipid outcome among males (all P_trend ≥ 0.5). Neither FlavFVJ intake nor uHA excretion was associated with serum lipids among women (all P_trend ≥ 0.1). However, a higher flavonoid intake from fruit and vegetables was independently related to lower LDL-C levels (P_trend = 0.021), while a higher intake from juices was associated with higher LDL-C levels (P_trend = 0.016) among females. In conclusion, a higher flavonoid intake from fruit, vegetables and/or juices during adolescence may be linked to cholesterol levels in early adulthood in a sex- and food source-specific manner. Full article

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12 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence and Predictors in Early Pregnancy among Arab Women

by Sara Al-Musharaf¹, Mona A. Fouda², Iqbal Z. Turkestani³, Abdulrahman Al-Ajlan⁴, Shaun Sabico^1,5, Abdullah M. Alnaami⁵, Kaiser Wani⁵

, Syed Danish Hussain⁵, Buthaynah Alraqebah⁵, Amal Al-Serehi⁶, Naemah M. Alshingetti⁷, Nasser Al-Daghri^5,*

, Philip G McTernan^1,8, Sunil J. Wimalawansa⁹

and Ponnusamy Saravanan¹

¹ Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

² Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia

³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia

⁴ Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁵ Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁶ Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 59406, Saudi Arabia

⁷ Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia

⁸ Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK

⁹ Department of Medicine, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Cardio Metabolic Institute, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040489 - 15 Apr 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7340

Abstract

Data regarding the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy are limited. This study aims to fill this gap. A total of 578 Saudi women in their 1^st trimester of pregnancy were recruited between January 2014 and December 2015 [...] Read more.

Data regarding the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency during early pregnancy are limited. This study aims to fill this gap. A total of 578 Saudi women in their 1^st trimester of pregnancy were recruited between January 2014 and December 2015 from three tertiary care antenatal clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Information collected includes socio-economic, anthropometric, and biochemical data, including serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, intake of calcium and vitamin D, physical activity, and sun exposure indices. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/L were considered vitamin D deficient. The majority of participants (n = 468 (81%)) were vitamin D deficient. High levels of indoor activity, whole body clothing, multiparity, total cholesterol/HDL ratio(>3.5), low HDL-cholesterol, and living in West Riyadh were significant independent predictors for vitamin D deficiency, with odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of 25.4 (5.5–117.3), 17.8 (2.3–138.5), 4.0 (1.7–9.5), 3.3 (1.4–7.9), 2.8 (1.2–6.4), and 2.0 (1.1–3.5), respectively. Factors like increased physical activity, sun exposure at noon, sunrise or sunset, high educational status, and residence in North Riyadh were protective against vitamin D deficiency with ORs 0.2 (0.1–0.5); 0.2 (0.1–0.6); 0.3 (0.1–0.9); and 0.4 (0.2–0.8), respectively. All ORs were adjusted for age, BMI, sun exposure, parity, summer season, vitamin D intake, multivitamin intake, physical activity, education, employment, living in the north, and coverage with clothing. In conclusion, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi women during early pregnancy was high (81%). Timely detection and appropriate supplementation with adequate amounts of vitamin D should reduce the risks of vitamin D deficiency and its complications during pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Intakes of Women during Pregnancy)

18 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Combined Greenhouse Gas Life Cycle Analysis for Incorporating Canadian Yellow Pea into Cereal-Based Food Products

by Abhishek Chaudhary^1,*

, Christopher P. F. Marinangeli², Denis Tremorin² and Alexander Mathys¹

¹ Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland

² Pulse Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3M 0A5, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040490 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 9072

Abstract

Incorporating low cost pulses, such as yellow peas, that are rich in nutrients and low in fertilizer requirements, into daily food items, can improve the nutritional and sustainability profile of national diets. This paper systematically characterized the effect of using Canadian grown whole [...] Read more.

Incorporating low cost pulses, such as yellow peas, that are rich in nutrients and low in fertilizer requirements, into daily food items, can improve the nutritional and sustainability profile of national diets. This paper systematically characterized the effect of using Canadian grown whole yellow pea and refined wheat flours on nutritional density and carbon footprint in cereal-based food products. Canada-specific production data and the levels of 27 macro- and micronutrients were used to calculate the carbon footprint and nutrient balance score (NBS), respectively, for traditional and reformulated pan bread, breakfast cereal, and pasta. Results showed that partial replacement of refined wheat flour with yellow pea flour increased the NBS of pan bread, breakfast cereal, and pasta by 11%, 70%, and 18%, and decreased the life cycle carbon footprint (kg CO₂ eq/kg) by 4%, 11%, and 13%, respectively. The cultivation stage of wheat and yellow peas, and the electricity used during the manufacturing stage of food production, were the hotspots in the life cycle. The nutritional and greenhouse gas (GHG) data were combined as the nutrition carbon footprint score (NCFS) (NBS/g CO₂ per serving), a novel indicator that reflects product-level nutritional quality per unit environmental impact. Results showed that yellow pea flour increased the NCFS by 15% for pan bread, 90% for breakfast cereal, and 35% for pasta. The results and framework of this study are relevant for food industry, consumers, as well as global and national policy-makers evaluating the effect of dietary change and food reformulation on nutritional and climate change targets. Full article

12 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Diabetic Effects and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Laminaria japonica and Hizikia fusiforme in Skeletal Muscle: In Vitro and In Vivo Model

by Sae-ym Kang^1,†, Eunyoung Kim^2,†, Inhae Kang²

, Myoungsook Lee³ and Yunkyoung Lee^2,*,‡

¹ Dietetics Team, Cheju Halla General Hospital, Jeju 63127, Korea

² Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea

³ Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea

^† Sae-ym Kang and Eunyoung Kim contributed equally to this study.

^‡ Current address: 9-423, Natural Science Building I, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040491 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6712

Abstract

Laminaria japonica (LJ) and Hizikia fusiforme (HF) are brown seaweeds known to have various health-promoting effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic effects and possible mechanism(s) of LJ and HF by using both in vitro and in vivo [...] Read more.

Laminaria japonica (LJ) and Hizikia fusiforme (HF) are brown seaweeds known to have various health-promoting effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic effects and possible mechanism(s) of LJ and HF by using both in vitro and in vivo models. C2C12 myotubes, mouse-derived skeletal muscle cells, treated with LF or HF extracts were used for the in vitro model, and muscle tissues from C57BL/6N mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% LF or HF for 16 weeks were used for the in vivo model. Although both the LF and HF extracts significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner, the HF extract had a superior α-glucosidase inhibition than the LF extract. In addition, glucose uptake was significantly increased by LJ- and HF-treated groups when compared to the control group. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase was induced by LJ and HF in both the vivo and in vitro skeletal muscle models. Furthermore, LJ and HF significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α whereas both extracts increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated C2C12 myotubes. Taken together, these findings imply that the brown seaweeds LJ and HF could be useful therapeutic agents to attenuate muscle insulin resistance due to diet-induced obesity and its associated inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Bioactives and Insulin Resistance)

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11 pages, 1190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Increases Fat Oxidation Rate and Reduces Postprandial Triglyceride Concentrations

by Tsung-Jen Yang¹, Ching-Lin Wu² and Chih-Hui Chiu^3,*

¹ Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan

² Graduate Institute of Sports and Health Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan

³ Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040492 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5696

Abstract

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of acute barehanded whole body high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and moderate intensity and continuous exercise (MICE) at the same quantity of energy expenditure on postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations. (2) Methods: Nine healthy males completed three trials [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study investigated the effect of acute barehanded whole body high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and moderate intensity and continuous exercise (MICE) at the same quantity of energy expenditure on postprandial triglyceride (TG) concentrations. (2) Methods: Nine healthy males completed three trials (HIIE, MICE and control (CON)) in a random order separated by at least 14 days. After each intervention, the participants rested for 12 h and consumed a high-fat test meal on the next day. The blood samples and respiratory exchange ratio were observed in the fasted state and for 4 h after consuming the test meal. (3) Results: The HIIE had a significantly higher area under the curve of postprandial fat oxidation rate than MICE (p = 0.027) and CON (p = 0.035) and exhibited significantly lower postprandial TG concentration than the MICE and CON at 2 and 4 h after the test meal. Moreover, the HIIE displayed a higher postprandial TG concentration area under the curve than MICE (p = 0.013) and CON (p = 0.048). (4) Conclusions: The present study concluded that acute barehanded whole body HIIE could significantly lower postprandial TG concentrations. It possibly can induce a rise in the postprandial fat oxidation rate. Full article

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26 pages, 7850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Game High Protein Intake May Improve Recovery of Football-Specific Performance during a Congested Game Fixture: Results from the PRO-FOOTBALL Study

by Athanasios Poulios¹

, Ioannis G. Fatouros¹

, Magni Mohr^2,3,4, Dimitrios Draganidis¹

, Chariklia K. Deli¹

, Konstantinos Papanikolaou¹

, Apostolos Sovatzidis⁵, Theofano Nakopoulou¹, Georgios Ermidis⁶, Theofanis Tzatzakis¹

, Vasiliki C. Laschou¹

, Kalliopi Georgakouli¹

, Agisilaos Koulouris¹, Panagiotis Tsimeas¹, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou⁷, Leonidas G. Karagounis^8,9

, Dimitrios Batsilas¹, Peter Krustrup^4,10 and Athanasios Z. Jamurtas^1,*

¹ School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece

² Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Jónas Broncksgøta 25, 3rd Floor, Tórshavn 100, Faroe Islands

³ Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sports Science, University of Gothenburg, 411 20 Gothenburg, Sweden

⁴ Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark

⁵ Surgery Department, General Hospital of Thessaloniki “Agios Dimitrios”, 546 34 Thessaloniki, Greece

⁶ Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80133 Napoli, Italy

⁷ School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece

⁸ Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

⁹ Experimental Myology and Integrative Physiology Cluster, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK

¹⁰ Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040494 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 11472

Abstract

The effects of protein supplementation on performance recovery and inflammatory responses during a simulated one-week in-season microcycle with two games (G1, G2) performed three days apart were examined. Twenty football players participated in two trials, receiving either milk protein concentrate (1.15 and 0.26 [...] Read more.

The effects of protein supplementation on performance recovery and inflammatory responses during a simulated one-week in-season microcycle with two games (G1, G2) performed three days apart were examined. Twenty football players participated in two trials, receiving either milk protein concentrate (1.15 and 0.26 g/kg on game and training days, respectively) (PRO) or an energy-matched placebo (1.37 and 0.31 g/kg of carbohydrate on game and training days, respectively) (PLA) according to a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover, double-blind design. Each trial included two games and four daily practices. Speed, jump height, isokinetic peak torque, and muscle soreness of knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE) were measured before G1 and daily thereafter for six days. Blood was drawn before G1 and daily thereafter. Football-specific locomotor activity and heart rate were monitored using GPS technology during games and practices. The two games resulted in reduced speed (by 3–17%), strength of knee flexors (by 12–23%), and jumping performance (by 3–10%) throughout recovery, in both trials. Average heart rate and total distance covered during games remained unchanged in PRO but not in PLA. Moreover, PRO resulted in a change of smaller magnitude in high-intensity running at the end of G2 (75–90 min vs. 0–15 min) compared to PLA (P = 0.012). KE concentric strength demonstrated a more prolonged decline in PLA (days 1 and 2 after G1, P = 0.014–0.018; days 1, 2 and 3 after G2, P = 0.016–0.037) compared to PRO (days 1 after G1, P = 0.013; days 1 and 2 after G2, P = 0.014–0.033) following both games. KF eccentric strength decreased throughout recovery after G1 (PLA: P=0.001–0.047—PRO: P =0.004–0.22) in both trials, whereas after G2 it declined throughout recovery in PLA (P = 0.000–0.013) but only during the first two days (P = 0.000–0.014) in PRO. No treatment effect was observed for delayed onset of muscle soreness, leukocyte counts, and creatine kinase activity. PRO resulted in a faster recovery of protein and lipid peroxidation markers after both games. Reduced glutathione demonstrated a more short-lived reduction after G2 in PRO compared to PLA. In summary, these results provide evidence that protein feeding may more efficiently restore football-specific performance and strength and provide antioxidant protection during a congested game fixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein for Post-Exercise Recovery and Performance)

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15 pages, 4020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blackcurrant Anthocyanins Increase the Levels of Collagen, Elastin, and Hyaluronic Acid in Human Skin Fibroblasts and Ovariectomized Rats

by Naoki Nanashima^1,*

, Kayo Horie¹, Hayato Maeda²

, Toshiko Tomisawa³

, Maiko Kitajima³ and Toshiya Nakamura¹

¹ Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan

² Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan

³ Department of Nursing Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040495 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10460

Abstract

Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) contain high levels of anthocyanin polyphenols, which have beneficial effects on health, owing to their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived substances with estrogenic activity, which could have beneficial effects on the skin. Estradiol secretion decreases during [...] Read more.

Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.) contain high levels of anthocyanin polyphenols, which have beneficial effects on health, owing to their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived substances with estrogenic activity, which could have beneficial effects on the skin. Estradiol secretion decreases during menopause, reducing extracellular matrix (ECM) component production by skin fibroblasts. Using a normal human female skin fibroblast cell line (TIG113) and ovariectomized rats, the present study investigated whether an anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract (BCE) and four blackcurrant anthocyanins have novel phytoestrogenic activities that could benefit the skin in menopausal women. In TIG113 cells, a microarray and the Ingenuity^® Pathway Analysis showed that 1.0 μg/mL of BCE upregulated the expression of many estrogen signaling-related genes. A quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that BCE (1.0 or 10.0 μg/mL) and four types of anthocyanins (10 μM) altered the mRNA expression of ECM proteins and enzymes involved in ECM turnover. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that the anthocyanins stimulated the expression of ECM proteins, such as collagen (types I and III) and elastin. Dietary administration of 3% BCE to ovariectomized rats for 3 months increased skin levels of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. This is the first study to show that blackcurrant phytoestrogens have beneficial effects on skin experimental models. Full article

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13 pages, 13311 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Meeting Vitamin D Requirements in White Caucasians at UK Latitudes: Providing a Choice

by Ann R. Webb^1,*

, Andreas Kazantzidis^1,2, Richard C. Kift¹

, Mark D. Farrar³

, Jack Wilkinson⁴ and Lesley E. Rhodes³

¹ School of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

² Physics Department, University of Patras, 265 00 Patras, Greece

³ Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M6 8HD, UK

⁴ Centre for Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040497 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 8938

Abstract

The body gains vitamin D through both oral intake (diet/supplementation) and synthesis in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Sun exposure is the major source for most people even though sun exposure is complex and limited by climate and culture. We aimed [...] Read more.

The body gains vitamin D through both oral intake (diet/supplementation) and synthesis in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Sun exposure is the major source for most people even though sun exposure is complex and limited by climate and culture. We aimed to quantify the sun exposure required to meet vitamin D targets year-round and determine whether this can be safely achieved in a simply defined manner in the UK as an alternative to increasing vitamin D oral intake. Data from observation (sun exposure, diet, and vitamin D status) and UVR intervention studies performed with white Caucasian adults were combined with modeled all-weather UVR climatology. Daily vitamin D effective UVR doses (all-weather) were calculated across the UK based on ten-year climatology for pre-defined lunchtime exposure regimes. Calculations then determined the time necessary to spend outdoors for the body to gain sufficient vitamin D levels for year-round needs without being sunburnt under differing exposure scenarios. Results show that, in specified conditions, white Caucasians across the UK need nine minutes of daily sunlight at lunchtime from March to September for 25(OH)D levels to remain ≥25 nmol/L throughout the winter. This assumes forearms and lower legs are exposed June-August, while in the remaining, cooler months only hands and face need be exposed. Exposing only the hands and face throughout the summer does not meet requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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9 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Hepcidin Concentration in Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia: Basis for the Dietary Recommendation of Iron

by Juliana Omena¹, Cláudia Dos Santos Cople-Rodrigues¹

, Jessyca Dias do Amaral Cardoso¹, Andrea Ribeiro Soares², Marcos Kneip Fleury³

, Flávia Dos Santos Barbosa Brito¹

, Josely Correa Koury¹ and Marta Citelli^1,*

¹ Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil

² Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil

³ Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040498 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5775

Abstract

Dietary iron requirements in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) remain unclear. SCD is a neglected hemoglobinopathy characterized by intense erythropoietic activity and anemia. Hepcidin is the hormone mainly responsible for iron homeostasis and intestinal absorption. Intense erythropoietic activity and anemia may reduce [...] Read more.

Dietary iron requirements in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) remain unclear. SCD is a neglected hemoglobinopathy characterized by intense erythropoietic activity and anemia. Hepcidin is the hormone mainly responsible for iron homeostasis and intestinal absorption. Intense erythropoietic activity and anemia may reduce hepcidin transcription. By contrast, iron overload and inflammation may induce it. Studies on SCD have not evaluated the role of hepcidin in the presence and absence of iron overload. We aimed to compare serum hepcidin concentrations among individuals with sickle cell anemia, with or without iron overload, and those without the disease. Markers of iron metabolism and erythropoietic activity such as hepcidin, ferritin, and growth differentiation factor 15 were evaluated. Three groups participated in the study: the control group, comprised of individuals without SCD (C); those with the disease but without iron overload (SCDw); and those with the disease and iron overload (SCDio). Results showed that hepcidin concentration was higher in the SCDio > C > SCDw group. These data suggest that the dietary iron intake of the SCDio group should not be reduced as higher hepcidin concentrations may reduce the intestinal absorption of iron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fe Deficiency, Dietary Bioavailbility and Absorption)

10 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study

by Paweł Więch^1,*

, Mariusz Dąbrowski^1,2

, Dariusz Bazaliński¹, Izabela Sałacińska¹, Bartosz Korczowski³

and Monika Binkowska-Bury¹

¹ Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35959 Rzeszów, Poland

² Diabetic Outpatient Clinic, Medical Center “Beta-Med”, 35073 Rzeszów, Poland

³ Pediatric Department, Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszów, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35301 Rzeszów, Poland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6956

Abstract

The phase angle (PhA) seems to be a reliable screening tool for the identification of malnutrition risk in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children [...] Read more.

The phase angle (PhA) seems to be a reliable screening tool for the identification of malnutrition risk in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children and adolescents with IBD by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with phase angle (PhA) calculation, which has not been evaluated in hospitalized children with IBD yet. A total of 59 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years, with IBD: 34 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 25 Crohn’s disease (CD) were included in the study. The control group consisted of healthy children and adolescents, strictly matched for gender and age in a 1:1 case-control manner. In both groups, BIA was performed and PhA was calculated. IBD patients had significantly lower PhA (UC: 5.34 ± 1.34 vs. 5.96 ± 0.76, p = 0.040; CD: 5.16 ± 1.18 vs. 5.90 ± 0.62, p = 0.009) compared to the control subjects. Significant changes in selected body composition parameters were observed particularly in CD, especially in fat free mass components. Lower phase angle score together with lower body composition parameters and selected nutrition indicators in children and adolescents with IBD demonstrate their worse nutritional and functional status compared to healthy subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

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12 pages, 2225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diets and Feeding Practices during the First 1000 Days Window in the Phnom Penh and North Eastern Districts of Cambodia

by Somphos Vicheth Som¹, Sophonneary Prak², Arnaud Laillou^3,*, Ludovic Gauthier¹, Jacques Berger⁴, Etienne Poirot³ and Frank T. Wieringa⁴

¹ Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fisheries Administration, 186 Preah Norodom Boulevard, Phnom Penh 12101, Cambodia

² National Nutrition Program, Ministry of Health, 31A Rue de France (St. 47), Phnom Penh 12202, Cambodia

³ United Nations Children’s Fund Cambodia, Department of Child Survival and Development, 19&20 street 106, Exchange Square Building, Phnom Penh 12101, Cambodia

⁴ Institut de recherche pour le dévelopment, IRD/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, 911, avenue d’Agropolis, 34394 CEDEX 5 Montpellier, France

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040500 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6259

Abstract

Although several health and development indicators have improved significantly in Cambodia, inadequate breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices leave many children at high risk of malnutrition during the early stages of life. In 2014, the prevalence of wasting and stunting among Cambodian children [...] Read more.

Although several health and development indicators have improved significantly in Cambodia, inadequate breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices leave many children at high risk of malnutrition during the early stages of life. In 2014, the prevalence of wasting and stunting among Cambodian children under 5 were 10% and 32%, respectively. Thus, a strong focus on improving feeding practices within the first 1000 days window to reduce child malnutrition prevalence in Cambodia is needed. This cross-sectional study assessed the current feeding practices among of women of reproductive age, pregnant women, lactating women and children less than 24 months living in six districts from Phnom Penh and two rural provinces in the North East of Cambodia. The nutritional status of pregnant women was poor, with 21.4% having a Middle Upper arm circumference below 23 cm. While breastfeeding was predominant within the first 6 months of age in every district, feeding practices of pregnant women and children were a concern, as >70% of the children were not meeting the minimum acceptable diet, and most of the women did not improve their diet during pregnancy. Inadequate nutrition during the first 1000 days is highly prevalent in Cambodia. A comprehensive national Mother, Infant and Young Child Nutrition strategy needs to be developed and operationalized to improve feeding practices of Cambodian women and children. Full article

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30 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining ‘Unhealthy’: A Systematic Analysis of Alignment between the Australian Dietary Guidelines and the Health Star Rating System

by Alexandra Jones^1,2,*

, Karin Rådholm^1,3 and Bruce Neal^1,2,4

¹ The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney 2042, Australia

² Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia

³ Division of Community Medicine, Primary Care, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Local Care West, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden

⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040501 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 16351

Abstract

The Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs) and Health Star Rating (HSR) front-of-pack labelling system are two national interventions to promote healthier diets. Our aim was to assess the degree of alignment between the two policies. Methods: Nutrition information was extracted for 65,660 packaged foods [...] Read more.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs) and Health Star Rating (HSR) front-of-pack labelling system are two national interventions to promote healthier diets. Our aim was to assess the degree of alignment between the two policies. Methods: Nutrition information was extracted for 65,660 packaged foods available in The George Institute’s Australian FoodSwitch database. Products were classified ‘core’ or ‘discretionary’ based on the ADGs, and a HSR generated irrespective of whether currently displayed on pack. Apparent outliers were identified as those products classified ‘core’ that received HSR ≤ 2.0; and those classified ‘discretionary’ that received HSR ≥ 3.5. Nutrient cut-offs were applied to determine whether apparent outliers were ‘high in’ salt, total sugar or saturated fat, and outlier status thereby attributed to a failure of the ADGs or HSR algorithm. Results: 47,116 products (23,460 core; 23,656 discretionary) were included. Median (Q1, Q3) HSRs were 4.0 (3.0 to 4.5) for core and 2.0 (1.0 to 3.0) for discretionary products. Overall alignment was good: 86.6% of products received a HSR aligned with their ADG classification. Among 6324 products identified as apparent outliers, 5246 (83.0%) were ultimately determined to be ADG failures, largely caused by challenges in defining foods as ‘core’ or ‘discretionary’. In total, 1078 (17.0%) were determined to be true failures of the HSR algorithm. Conclusion: The scope of genuine misalignment between the ADGs and HSR algorithm is very small. We provide evidence-informed recommendations for strengthening both policies to more effectively guide Australians towards healthier choices. Full article

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11 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Sodium and Other Nutrient Intakes among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in New Zealand

by Zhengxiu Xie¹, Rachael McLean^2,*

and Mark Marshall^3,4,5

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

² Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

³ Department of Renal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand

⁴ Department of Renal Medicine, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland 2025, New Zealand

⁵ Baxter Healthcare (Asia) Pte Ltd., Singapore 189720, Singapore

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040502 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5611

Abstract

This study describes baseline intakes of sodium and other nutrients in a multi-ethnic sample of hemodialysis patients in New Zealand participating in the SoLID Trial between May/2013 to May/2016. Baseline 3-day weighed food record collections were analyzed using Foodworks 8 Professional food composition [...] Read more.

This study describes baseline intakes of sodium and other nutrients in a multi-ethnic sample of hemodialysis patients in New Zealand participating in the SoLID Trial between May/2013 to May/2016. Baseline 3-day weighed food record collections were analyzed using Foodworks 8 Professional food composition database, supplemented by other sources of nutrient information. Intakes of dietary sodium and other nutrients were compared with relevant guidelines and clinical recommendations. Eighty-five participants completed a 3-day weighed food record. The mean (SD) sodium intake was 2502 (957) mg/day at and more than half of the participants exceeded recommended intake levels. Sodium intake was positively associated with energy intake. Only 5% of participants met the recommended calorie density; nine percent of participants ate the recommended minimum of 1.2 g/kg of protein per day; 68% of participants were consuming inadequate fiber at baseline. A high proportion of dialysis patients in SoLID Trial did not meet current renal-specific dietary recommendations. The data show excess sodium intake. It is also evident that there was poor adherence to dietary guidelines for a range of other nutrients. A total diet approach is needed to lower sodium intake and improve total diet quality among hemodialysis patients in New Zealand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Renal Function)

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15 pages, 17049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taiwanese Green Propolis Ethanol Extract Delays the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Treated with Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet

by Li-Han Chen¹

, Yi-Wen Chien^2,3,4

, Mei-Ling Chang⁵, Chia-Chung Hou⁶, Ching-Hung Chan⁶, Hung-Wei Tang⁶ and Hui-Yu Huang^4,6,*

¹ Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan

² School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan

³ Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan

⁴ Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 10462, Taiwan

⁶ Department of Research & Development, NatureWise Biotech & Medicals Corporation, Taipei City 10559, Taiwan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040503 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 7264

Abstract

Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) is produced only in Taiwan and has a different composition from other types of propolis. TGPE is known for its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-microbial properties, but the effects and mechanisms of TGPE in the modulation of diabetes [...] Read more.

Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) is produced only in Taiwan and has a different composition from other types of propolis. TGPE is known for its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-microbial properties, but the effects and mechanisms of TGPE in the modulation of diabetes are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGPE on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a streptozotocin/high-fat-diet (STZ/HFD)-induced T2DM rat model. The results revealed that TGPE delayed the development and progression of T2DM and reduced the severity of β-cell failure. TGPE also attenuated inflammation and reactive oxygen species ROS in the rats. Moreover, there were higher levels of oxidant cytokines, leptin, and adiponectin in the serum of the TGPE-treated group. Unlike Brazilian propolis, TGPE promoted hepatic genes PPAR-α and CYP7A1, which were related to lipid catabolism and removal. TGPE may thus delay the progression of T2DM through anti-inflammation effects, anti-oxidation effects, and balancing lipid metabolism. It is suggested that TGPE can be a potential alternative medicine for T2DM. Full article

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15 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Fiber Intake and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Young South African Adults

by Machoene D. Sekgala^1,2,*

, Zandile J. Mchiza³

, Whadi-ah Parker¹ and Kotsedi D. Monyeki²

¹ Population Health, Health Systems and Innovations, Human Science Research Council, Cape Town 8001, South Africa

² Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Polokwane 0727, South Africa

³ Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040504 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9092

Abstract

This study attempts to bridge the research gap regarding the importance of dietary fiber in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in young rural South Africans. A total of 627 individuals (309 males and 318 females) aged 18–30 years participated in the study. [...] Read more.

This study attempts to bridge the research gap regarding the importance of dietary fiber in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in young rural South Africans. A total of 627 individuals (309 males and 318 females) aged 18–30 years participated in the study. Dietary intake was measured using a validated 24-h recall method. The consumption of different types of dietary fiber (total, soluble, and insoluble) was calculated and presented as grams. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were measured according to standard protocols. According to the definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the prevalence of MetS was 23.1%. Overall, the total median [interquartile range (IQR)] values for total, insoluble, and soluble fiber consumed were 4.6 g [0.0–48.9], 0.0 g [0.0–18.0], and 0.0 g [0.0–15.0], respectively. Females had a higher median [IQR] intake of total (5.1 g [0.0–48.9] vs. 4.3 g [0.0–43.9]), insoluble (0.0 g [0.0–18.0] vs. 0.0 g [0.0–12.0]), and soluble fiber (0.0 g [0.0–14.9] vs. 0.0 g [0.0–7.3]) than males, respectively. The mean values for waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol were higher in females than males (82.20 cm vs. 75.07 cm; 5.59 mmol/L vs. 5.44 mmol/L; and 4.26 mmol/L vs. 4.03 mmol/L, respectively), with significant differences observed for waist circumference and total cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). More than 97% of participants had fiber intakes below the recommended levels. After adjusting for all potential confounders (age, gender, and energy), log total fiber was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose (β = −0.019, 95% CI [−0.042 to 0.003], p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (β = −0.002, 95% CI [−0.050 to 0.002], p < 0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = −0.085, 95% CI [−0.173 to 0.002], p = 0.051) This study may be of public health relevance, providing a potential link between less dietary fiber intake and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Therefore, this observational data encourages public health policy measures to increase the consumption of dietary fiber in rural communities in order to lower the burden of MetS and its associated risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fiber in the Prevention and Management of Human Obesity and Related Chronic Diseases)

12 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Factors Associated with Hypermetabolism and Hypometabolism in Critically Ill AKI Patients

by Cassiana R. de Góes^*

, André Luis Balbi and Daniela Ponce

Internal Medicine Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University “UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista”, Paranapanema Avenue, 165, Avaré, São Paulo 18701240, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040505 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6220

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious condition with high mortality. The presence of hypermetabolism may be a factor related to poorer prognosis. This study evaluated the resting energy expenditure (REE) of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe AKI using [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious condition with high mortality. The presence of hypermetabolism may be a factor related to poorer prognosis. This study evaluated the resting energy expenditure (REE) of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe AKI using indirect calorimetry (IC) and identified factors associated with metabolism categories. Patients were evaluated through measurement of REE and estimation of basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Harris–Benedict equation. Metabolism categories were as follows: hypermetabolism (REE/BEE > 1.3) and hypometabolism (REE/BEE < 0.9). The metabolism categories were compared using ANOVA and the chi-square test. Variables were analyzed by multiple logistic regression tests. Also, survivors and non-survivors were compared using Student’s t-tests along with Cox regression tests. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were also performed. We evaluated 124 patients with a mean age of 61.08 ± 16.6 years. Sixty-four patients were hypermetabolic (62%) and 18 were hypometabolic (14%). Vasoactive drug (VAD) dose and younger age were independently associated with hypermetabolism. The survival analysis was not associated with metabolism categorization. In conclusion, patients with severe AKI are mostly hypermetabolic and hypermetabolic patients of a lower age receiving treatment with higher VAD doses. The only factors associated with death were protein intake and VAD dose. Full article

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13 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity

by Dominique S. M. Ten Haaf^1,†

, Ellen J. I. Van Dongen^2,†

, Malou A. H. Nuijten¹, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels¹

, Lisette C. P. G. M. De Groot³

and Maria T. E. Hopman^1,3,*

¹ Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

² Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Food, Health & Consumer Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

³ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040506 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 12540

Abstract

Increasing total protein intake and a spread protein intake distribution are potential strategies to attenuate sarcopenia related loss of physical function and quality of life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether protein intake and protein intake distribution are associated [...] Read more.

Increasing total protein intake and a spread protein intake distribution are potential strategies to attenuate sarcopenia related loss of physical function and quality of life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether protein intake and protein intake distribution are associated with muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in community-dwelling elderly people with a wide range of physical activity. Dietary and physical activity data were obtained from two studies (N = 140, age 81 ± 6, 64% male), with the following outcome measures: physical functioning (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), comprising balance, gait speed and chair rise tests), handgrip strength and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Protein intake distribution was calculated for each participant as a coefficient of variance (CV = SD of grams of protein intake per main meal divided by the average total amount of proteins (grams) of the main meals). Based on the CV, participants were divided into tertiles and classified as spread, intermediate or pulse. The average total protein intake was 1.08 ± 0.29 g/kg/day. Total protein intake was not associated with outcome measures using multivariate regression analyses. Individuals with a spread protein diet during the main meals (CV < 0.43) had higher gait speed compared to those with an intermediate diet (CV 0.43–0.62) (β = −0.42, p = 0.035), whereas a spread and pulse protein diet were not associated with SPPB total score, chair rise, grip strength and Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). The interaction of higher physical activity and higher total protein intake was significantly associated with higher quality of life (β = 0.71, p = 0.049). While this interaction was not associated with SPPB or grip strength, the association with quality of life emphasizes the need for a higher total protein intake together with an active lifestyle in the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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11 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ingestion on Postprandial Aminoacidemia Compared with a Free Amino Acid Mixture in Young Men

by Kyosuke Nakayama^*, Chiaki Sanbongi and Shuji Ikegami

Food Science & Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachiouji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040507 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10846

Abstract

To stimulate muscle protein synthesis, it is important to increase the plasma levels of essential amino acids (EAA), especially leucine, by ingesting proteins. Protein hydrolysate ingestion can induce postprandial hyperaminoacidemia; however, it is unclear whether protein hydrolysate is associated with higher levels of [...] Read more.

To stimulate muscle protein synthesis, it is important to increase the plasma levels of essential amino acids (EAA), especially leucine, by ingesting proteins. Protein hydrolysate ingestion can induce postprandial hyperaminoacidemia; however, it is unclear whether protein hydrolysate is associated with higher levels of aminoacidemia compared with a free amino acid mixture when both are ingested orally. We assessed the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) ingestion on postprandial aminoacidemia, especially plasma leucine levels, compared to ingestion of a free amino acid mixture. This study was an open-label, randomized, 4 × 4 Latin square design. After 12–15 h of fasting, 11 healthy young men ingested the WPH (3.3, 5.0, or 7.5 g of protein) or the EAA mixture (2.5 g). Blood samples were collected before ingestion and at time points from 10 to 120 min after ingestion, and amino acids, insulin, glucose and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in plasma were measured. Even though the EAA mixture and 5.0 g of the WPH contained similar amounts of EAA and leucine, the WPH was associated with significantly higher plasma EAA and leucine levels. These results suggest that the WPH can induce a higher level of aminoacidemia compared with a free amino acid mixture when both are ingested orally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sport and Performance Nutrition)

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20 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression Analysis to Identify Factors Associated with Household Salt Iodine Content at the Sub-National Level in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal

by Jacky Knowles¹, Roland Kupka², Sam Dumble³, Greg S. Garrett⁴, Chandrakant S. Pandav⁵, Kapil Yadav⁵, Baitun Nahar⁶, Ndeye Khady Touré⁷, Esi Foriwa Amoaful⁸ and Jonathan Gorstein^9,*

¹ Iodine Global Network, Ottawa, ON K1N 5C8, Canada

² UNICEF, New York, NY 10017, USA

³ Statistics for Sustainable Development, Reading RG1 4QS, UK

⁴ Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India

⁶ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh

⁷ Cellule de Lutte Contre la Malnutrition, B.P. 45001 Dakar-Fann, Senegal

⁸ Nutrition Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

⁹ Iodine Global Network, Seattle, WA 98107, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040508 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6546

Abstract

Regression analyses of data from stratified, cluster sample, household iodine surveys in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal were conducted to identify factors associated with household access to adequately iodised salt. For all countries, in single variable analyses, household salt iodine was significantly different [...] Read more.

Regression analyses of data from stratified, cluster sample, household iodine surveys in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal were conducted to identify factors associated with household access to adequately iodised salt. For all countries, in single variable analyses, household salt iodine was significantly different (p < 0.05) between strata (geographic areas with representative data, defined by survey design), and significantly higher (p < 0.05) among households: with better living standard scores, where the respondent knew about iodised salt and/or looked for iodised salt at purchase, using salt bought in a sealed package, or using refined grain salt. Other country-level associations were also found. Multiple variable analyses showed a significant association between salt iodine and strata (p < 0.001) in India, Ghana and Senegal and that salt grain type was significantly associated with estimated iodine content in all countries (p < 0.001). Salt iodine relative to the reference (coarse salt) ranged from 1.3 (95% CI 1.2, 1.5) times higher for fine salt in Senegal to 3.6 (95% CI 2.6, 4.9) times higher for washed and 6.5 (95% CI 4.9, 8.8) times higher for refined salt in India. Sub-national data are required to monitor equity of access to adequately iodised salt. Improving household access to refined iodised salt in sealed packaging, would improve iodine intake from household salt in all four countries in this analysis, particularly in areas where there is significant small-scale salt production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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19 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Parental Engagement in an Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Program Implemented at Scale: The Infant Program

by Penelope Love^1,2,*

, Rachel Laws^1,2, Eloise Litterbach³ and Karen J. Campbell^1,2

¹ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3222, Australia

² Centre of Research Excellence, Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH), Deakin University, Geelong 3222, Australia

³ School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3222, Australia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040509 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9388

Abstract

The ‘early years’ is a crucial period for the prevention of childhood obesity. Health services are well placed to deliver preventive programs to families, however, they usually rely on voluntary attendance, which is challenging given low parental engagement. This study explored factors influencing [...] Read more.

The ‘early years’ is a crucial period for the prevention of childhood obesity. Health services are well placed to deliver preventive programs to families, however, they usually rely on voluntary attendance, which is challenging given low parental engagement. This study explored factors influencing engagement in the Infant Program: a group-based obesity prevention program facilitated by maternal and child health nurses within first-time parent groups. Six 1.5 h sessions were delivered at three-month intervals when the infants were 3–18 months. A multi-site qualitative exploratory approach was used, and program service providers and parents were interviewed. Numerous interrelated factors were identified, linked to two themes: the transition to parenthood, and program processes. Personal factors enabling engagement included parents’ heightened need for knowledge, affirmation and social connections. Adjusting to the baby’s routine and increased parental self-efficacy were associated with diminished engagement. Organisational factors that challenged embedding program delivery into routine practice included aspects of program promotion, referral and scheduling and workforce resources. Program factors encompassed program content, format, resources and facilitators, with the program being described as meeting parental expectations, although some messages were perceived as difficult to implement. The study findings provide insight into potential strategies to address modifiable barriers to parental engagement in early-year interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Nutrition: From Nutrients to Systems)

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14 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dose-Response Relationship between Serum Retinol Levels and Survival in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Results from the DACHS Study

by Haifa Maalmi^1,2,3

, Viola Walter¹, Lina Jansen¹

, Robert W. Owen⁴

, Alexis Ulrich⁵, Ben Schöttker^1,2

, Jenny Chang-Claude⁶, Michael Hoffmeister¹ and Hermann Brenner^1,2,4,7,*

¹ Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

² Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Strasse 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany

³ Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

⁴ Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

⁵ Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

⁶ Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

⁷ German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040510 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5557

Abstract

Current knowledge on the role of retinol in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is very limited. We investigated the association of serum retinol levels with survival outcomes in a large cohort of 2908 CRC patients from Germany. Retinol concentrations were [...] Read more.

Current knowledge on the role of retinol in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is very limited. We investigated the association of serum retinol levels with survival outcomes in a large cohort of 2908 CRC patients from Germany. Retinol concentrations were determined in serum collected shortly after diagnosis by mass spectrometry. Associations between serum retinol levels and survival outcomes were assessed using multivariable Cox regression and dose-response analyses. The joint association of serum retinol and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) with survival outcomes was also examined. During a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 787 deaths occurred, 573 of which were due to CRC. Dose-response curves showed an inverse relationship between serum retinol levels and survival endpoints in the range of <2.4 µmol/L, but no associations at higher levels. Low (<1.2 µmol/L) versus high (≥2.4 µmol/L) serum retinol levels were associated with poorer overall survival (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19–1.78, P-trend = 0.0003) and CRC-specific survival (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.33–2.15, P-trend < 0.0001). Joint presence of low serum retinol (<1.2 µmol/L) and low 25(OH)D₃ (<30 nmol/L) was associated with a particularly strong decrease in overall and CRC-specific survival. Low serum retinol levels were identified as a predictor of poor survival in CRC patients, in particular when co-occurring with low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D₃. The clinical implications of these findings require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer)

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11 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and High Muscular Fitness Are Associated with a Healthier Cardiometabolic Profile in Collegiate Students

by Robinson Ramírez-Vélez^1,*

, Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista¹, Mónica Liliana Ojeda-Pardo², Carolina Sandoval-Cuellar², Antonio García-Hermoso³

, Hugo Alejandro Carrillo^4,5

, Katherine González-Ruíz⁶, Daniel Humberto Prieto-Benavides¹, Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders¹, Arvydas Martinkėnas⁷ and César Agostinis-Sobrinho^7,8

¹ Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia

² Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Boyacá, Boyacá 150003, Colombia

³ Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 7500618, Chile

⁴ Grupo GRINDER, Programa de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia

⁵ Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad (GIESS), Institución Universitaria Escuela Nacional del Deporte, Santiago de Cali 76001, Colombia

⁶ Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá DC 110231, Colombia

⁷ Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda LT-91274, Lithuania

⁸ Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the South of Brazil, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040511 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5611

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the combined association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and muscular fitness (MF) with cardiometabolic health in collegiate students. The present cross-sectional analysis consisted of 1248 (714 females) healthy collegiate students (20.1 ± 2.7 [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate the combined association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and muscular fitness (MF) with cardiometabolic health in collegiate students. The present cross-sectional analysis consisted of 1248 (714 females) healthy collegiate students (20.1 ± 2.7 years old). Adherence to a MedDiet was assessed by a KIDMED (Mediterranean Diet Quality Index) questionnaire. Standing broad jump, standing vertical jump, and isometric handgrip dynamometry were used as indicators of MF. The cardiometabolic profile was assessed using the following components: triglycerides, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, glucose, and waist circumference. Analysis of covariance shows a significant difference in the cardiometabolic profile of both genders between the high MF/low MedDiet and high MF/optimal MedDiet groups, and the low MF/low MedDiet and low MF/optimal MedDiet groups (p < 0.001). No difference was found on cardiometabolic profile between high MF/optimal MedDiet and high MF/low MedDiet, both in males and females. Additionally, logistic regression shows that both female (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.8–3.7); p = 0.02) and male (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: (1.9–5.8); p < 0.001) participants in the optimal MedDiet/high MF group had the highest odds of expressing a healthier cardiometabolic profile as compared to those in the low MF/low MedDiet group. In conclusion, a combination of high MF levels and optimal adherence to a MedDiet is associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile; however, high MF levels seem to circumvent the deleterious effects of having a low adherence to a MedDiet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Physical Activity and Nutrition for Human Health)

14 pages, 1430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iodine Deficiency in a Study Population of Norwegian Pregnant Women—Results from the Little in Norway Study (LiN)

by Lisbeth Dahl^1,*

, Maria Wik Markhus¹, Perla Vanessa Roldan Sanchez^1,2, Vibeke Moe³, Lars Smith³, Helle Margrete Meltzer⁴ and Marian Kjellevold¹

¹ Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway

² Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway

³ Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway

⁴ Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040513 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10683

Abstract

Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150–250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status [...] Read more.

Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150–250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status in pregnant Norwegian women. The study comprises a cross-sectional population-based prospective cohort of pregnant women (Little in Norway (LiN)). Median UIC in 954 urine samples was 85 µg/L and 78.4% of the samples (n = 748) were ≤150 µg/L. 23.2% (n = 221) of the samples were ≤50 µg/L and 5.2% (n = 50) were above the requirements of iodine intake (>250 µg/L). Frequent iodine-supplement users (n = 144) had significantly higher UIC (120 µg/L) than non-frequent users (75 µg/L). Frequent milk and dairy product consumers (4–9 portions/day) had significantly higher UIC (99 µg/L) than women consuming 0–1 portion/day (57 µg/L) or 2–3 portions/day (83 µg/L). Women living in mid-Norway (n = 255) had lowest UIC (72 µg/L). In conclusion, this study shows that the diet of the pregnant women did not necessarily secure a sufficient iodine intake. There is an urgent need for public health strategies to secure adequate iodine nutrition among pregnant women in Norway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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18 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prophylactic Neuroprotection of Total Glucosides of Paeoniae Radix Alba against Semen Strychni-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Reducing the Absorption of Toxic Components

by Shujuan Li¹, Yanjie Chu², Ruowen Zhang³, Linjia Sun¹ and Xiaohui Chen^1,*

¹ School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110000, China

² School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110000, China

³ Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave. s., Birmingham 35205, AL, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040514 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5705

Abstract

Strychnos alkaloids (SAs) are the main toxic constituents in Semen Strychni, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is known for its fatal neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of the total [...] Read more.

Strychnos alkaloids (SAs) are the main toxic constituents in Semen Strychni, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is known for its fatal neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of the total glucosides of Paeoniae Radix Alba (TGP). An SA brain damage model was firstly established. The neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of TGP were confirmed by physical and behavioral testing, biochemical assay, and histological examination. Then, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to investigate the time-course change and distribution of strychnine and brucine (two main SAs) in the brain after oral SA administration with or without TGP pretreatment. Biochemical analysis results indicated that TGP could ameliorate the oxidative stress status caused by SAs. Time-course change and distribution studies demonstrated that strychnine and brucine were rapidly absorbed into the brain, peaked early at 0.5 h, and were mainly located in the hippocampus and cerebellum. TGP showed a pre-protective effect against neurotoxicity by reducing the absorption of toxic alkaloids into the brain. These findings could provide beneficial information in facilitating future studies of Semen Strychni neurotoxicity and developing herbal medicines to alleviate neurotoxicity in the clinic. Full article

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15 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Role of Overweight and Obesity in the Prospective Association between Overall Dietary Quality and Healthy Aging

by Karen E. Assmann^1,*,†, Indunil Ruhunuhewa^1,†, Moufidath Adjibade¹, Zhen Li^2,3,4, Raphaëlle Varraso^2,3, Serge Hercberg^1,5, Pilar Galan¹ and Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot¹

¹ Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93017 Bobigny, France

² INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, F-94807 Villejuif, France

³ Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, F-78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France

⁴ School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Sud, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

⁵ Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, 93017 Bobigny, France

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040515 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

Background: Our objective was to quantify to what extent the association between adherence to the French nutritional recommendations at midlife, measured by the Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), and healthy aging (HA) is mediated by body mass index (BMI) status. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Our objective was to quantify to what extent the association between adherence to the French nutritional recommendations at midlife, measured by the Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), and healthy aging (HA) is mediated by body mass index (BMI) status. Methods: We analyzed data from 2249 participants of the French ‘Supplementation with Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants’ (SU.VI.MAX-‘SUpplémentation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants’) cohort. At baseline (1994–1995), data on BMI status (<25 vs. ≥25 and <30 vs. ≥30) and diet were collected. At follow-up (2007–2009), HA status (yes/no) was evaluated via a multidimensional concept focusing on chronic disease incidence, physical and cognitive functioning, mental and social health, pain, and perceived health. Relative risks (RR) were estimated by extensively adjusted robust-error-variance Poisson regression, and counterfactual-based mediation analysis was performed. Results: Our HA criteria were met by 39% of participants. We identified a positive direct relation of a greater adherence to the French nutritional recommendations, with the probability of HA (RR_{Quartile 4 vs. quartile 1} = 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 1.53)), and an indirect relation mediated by BMI status (1.01 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.02)), accounting for 5% of the total relation. Conclusion: These results indicate that high dietary quality may contribute to the preservation of overall health during aging, partly via obesity prevention and partly via other mechanisms. Full article

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19 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression Analysis to Identify Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration at the Sub-National Level in India, Ghana, and Senegal

by Jacky Knowles^1,*, Roland Kupka², Sam Dumble³, Greg S. Garrett⁴, Chandrakant S. Pandav⁵, Kapil Yadav⁵, Ndeye Khady Touré⁶, Esi Foriwa Amoaful⁷ and Jonathan Gorstein⁸

¹ Iodine Global Network, Ottawa, ON K1N 5C8, Canada

² United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY 10017, USA

³ Statistics for Sustainable Development, Reading RG1 4QS, UK

⁴ Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India

⁶ Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition, B.P. 45001 Dakar-Fann, Senegal

⁷ Nutrition Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana

⁸ Iodine Global Network, Seattle, WA 98107, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040516 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5940

Abstract

Single and multiple variable regression analyses were conducted using data from stratified, cluster sample design, iodine surveys in India, Ghana, and Senegal to identify factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age (WRA) at the national and sub-national level. [...] Read more.

Single and multiple variable regression analyses were conducted using data from stratified, cluster sample design, iodine surveys in India, Ghana, and Senegal to identify factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age (WRA) at the national and sub-national level. Subjects were survey household respondents, typically WRA. For all three countries, UIC was significantly different (p < 0.05) by household salt iodine category. Other significant differences were by strata and by household vulnerability to poverty in India and Ghana. In multiple variable regression analysis, UIC was significantly associated with strata and household salt iodine category in India and Ghana (p < 0.001). Estimated UIC was 1.6 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.3, 2.0) times higher (India) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2, 1.6) times higher (Ghana) among WRA from households using adequately iodised salt than among WRA from households using non-iodised salt. Other significant associations with UIC were found in India, with having heard of iodine deficiency (1.2 times higher; CI 1.1, 1.3; p < 0.001) and having improved dietary diversity (1.1 times higher, CI 1.0, 1.2; p = 0.015); and in Ghana, with the level of tomato paste consumption the previous week (p = 0.029) (UIC for highest consumption level was 1.2 times lowest level; CI 1.1, 1.4). No significant associations were found in Senegal. Sub-national data on iodine status are required to assess equity of access to optimal iodine intake and to develop strategic responses as needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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15 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Automatic Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat and Calorie Counting Based on Voice Descriptions of Meals in People with Type 1 Diabetes

by Piotr Ladyzynski^1,*

, Janusz Krzymien², Piotr Foltynski¹

, Monika Rachuta² and Barbara Bonalska²

¹ Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 4 Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland

² Department of Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040518 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7119

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy of automatic macronutrient and calorie counting based on voice descriptions of meals provided by people with unstable type 1 diabetes using the developed expert system (VoiceDiab) in comparison with reference counting made by [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy of automatic macronutrient and calorie counting based on voice descriptions of meals provided by people with unstable type 1 diabetes using the developed expert system (VoiceDiab) in comparison with reference counting made by a dietitian, and to evaluate the impact of insulin doses recommended by a physician on glycemic control in the study’s participants. We also compared insulin doses calculated using the algorithm implemented in the VoiceDiab system. Meal descriptions were provided by 30 hospitalized patients (mean hemoglobin A1c of 8.4%, i.e., 68 mmol/mol). In 16 subjects, the physician determined insulin boluses based on the data provided by the system, and in 14 subjects, by data provided by the dietitian. On one hand, differences introduced by patients who subjectively described their meals compared to those introduced by the system that used the average characteristics of food products, although statistically significant, were low enough not to have a significant impact on insulin doses automatically calculated by the system. On the other hand, the glycemic control of patients was comparable regardless of whether the physician was using the system-estimated or the reference content of meals to determine insulin doses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Dietary Assessment and Self-Monitoring Using Technology)

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25 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On a Molecular Basis, Investigate Association of Molecular Structure with Bioactive Compounds, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Chemical and Nutrient Profiles of Canola Seeds and Co-Products from Canola Processing: Comparison Crusher Plants within Canada and within China as well as between Canada and China

by Walaa M. S. Gomaa^1,2, Gamal M. Mosaad² and Peiqiang Yu^1,*

¹ Ministry of Strategic Research Chair Program, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada

² Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040519 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4712

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to: (1) Use molecular spectroscopy as a novel technique to quantify protein molecular structures in relation to its chemical profiles and bioenergy values in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. (2) Determine and compare: (a) protein molecular [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) Use molecular spectroscopy as a novel technique to quantify protein molecular structures in relation to its chemical profiles and bioenergy values in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. (2) Determine and compare: (a) protein molecular structure using Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR-ATR) molecular spectroscopy technique; (b) bioactive compounds, anti-nutritional factors, and chemical composition; and (c) bioenergy values in oil seeds (canola seeds), co-products (meal or pellets) from bio-oil processing plants in Canada in comparison with China. (3) Determine the relationship between protein molecular structural features and nutrient profiles in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. Our results showed the possibility to characterize protein molecular structure using FT/IR molecular spectroscopy. Processing induced changes between oil seeds and co-products were found in the chemical, bioenergy profiles and protein molecular structure. However, no strong correlation was found between the chemical and nutrient profiles of oil seeds (canola seeds) and their protein molecular structure. On the other hand, co-products were strongly correlated with protein molecular structure in the chemical profile and bioenergy values. Generally, comparisons of oil seeds (canola seeds) and co-products (meal or pellets) in Canada, in China, and between Canada and China indicated the presence of variations among different crusher plants and bio-oil processing products. Full article

15 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infant Feeding Attitudes and Practices of Spanish Low-Risk Expectant Women Using the IIFAS (Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale)

by María Del Carmen Suárez Cotelo^1,*, María Jesús Movilla-Fernández²

, Paula Pita-García³ and Silvia Novío^4,*

¹ Research Group GRINCAR, Obstetrics Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, C/Clara Campoamor, 341, 36312 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain

² Research Group GRINCAR, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of A Coruña, Campus de Esteiro, C/ Naturalista López Seoane, s/n (esquina San Ramón), 15403 Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain

³ Obstetrics Department, Hospital Arquitecto Marcide-Novoa Santos, Avda. de la Residencia s/n, 15405 Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain

⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine; Faculty of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/San Francisco, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040520 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 10138

Abstract

The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been shown to have good psychometric properties for English-speaking populations, but it has not been validated among low-risk pregnant women in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of [...] Read more.

The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been shown to have good psychometric properties for English-speaking populations, but it has not been validated among low-risk pregnant women in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the translated version of the IIFAS in order to examine infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Low-risk expectant women (n = 297) were recruited from eight primary public health care centres in Galicia (Spain). Questionnaires including both socio-demographic and breastfeeding characteristics and items about infant feeding were administered during the third trimester. Participants were contacted by telephone during the postpartum period to obtain information regarding their infant feeding status. Prediction validity and internal consistency were assessed. The translated IIFAS (69.76 ± 7.75), which had good psychometric properties (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.785; area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve = 0.841, CI_95% = 0.735–0.948), showed more positive attitudes towards breastfeeding than towards formula feeding, especially among mothers who intended to exclusively breastfeed. This scale was also useful for inferring the intent to breastfeed and duration of breastfeeding. This study provides evidence that the IIFAS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Full article

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15 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Antiradical Activity of Protein Extracts and Hydrolysates from Dry-Cured Pork Loins with Probiotic Strains of LAB

by Paulina Kęska

and Joanna Stadnik^*

Department of Animal Raw Materials Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040521 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5811

Abstract

The application of starter cultures to improve quality and safety has become a very common practice in the meat industry. Probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can also bring health benefits by releasing bioactive peptides. The aim of this work was to [...] Read more.

The application of starter cultures to improve quality and safety has become a very common practice in the meat industry. Probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can also bring health benefits by releasing bioactive peptides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of antiradical activity of protein extracts from LAB-inoculated dry-cured pork loins during long-term aging and evaluate their hydrolysates after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Analyses of hydrolysates by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were strengthened with in silico analysis. The highest antiradical activity of the protein extracts was observed after 180 days of aging. The influence of the strain used (LOCK, BAUER, or BB12) on the inactivation ability of ABTS radicals varied during long-term aging. The IC₅₀ values indicated the higher antiradical properties of salt-soluble (SSF) compared to water-soluble fraction (WSF) of proteins. The peptides generated by in vitro digestion have MW between 700 and 4232 Da and their length ranged from 5 to 47 amino acids in a sequence where Leu, Pro, Lys, Glu, and His had the largest share. This study demonstrates that the degradation of pork muscle proteins during gastrointestinal digestion may give rise to a wide variety of peptides with antiradical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Bioactive Peptides on Human Health)

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11 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethanol Extract of Evodia rutaecarpa Attenuates Cell Growth through Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-1 Cells

by Eunsook Park¹

, Mee-Young Lee¹, Chang-Seob Seo¹

, Ji-Hye Jang¹, Yong-ung Kim^2,* and Hyeun-Kyoo Shin^1,*

¹ Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea

² Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Biomedical Science, Daegu Haany University, 1 Hanuidae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Korea

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040523 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5837

Abstract

The dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham have been used widely as a herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and abdominal pain. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant disease characterized by overgrowth of prostates. Despite the pharmacological efficacy of the [...] Read more.

The dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham have been used widely as a herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and abdominal pain. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant disease characterized by overgrowth of prostates. Despite the pharmacological efficacy of the fruits of E. rutaecarpa against various diseases, their effects against BPH have not been reported. Here, we investigated the inhibitory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa (EEER) against BPH, and its underlying mechanisms regarding cell growth of BPH using BPH-1 cells. An in vitro 5α-reductase activity assay showed that EEER exhibited inhibitory activity against 5α-reductase. In BPH-1 cells, EEER treatment inhibited cell viability and reduced the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, and phosphor-ERK1/2 proteins. Moreover, EEER also induced apoptosis, with chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Regarding its underlying mechanisms, EEER exacerbated the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in a concentration-dependent manner and eventually caused the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these data demonstrated that EEER had a potent 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and that EEER treatment in BPH-1 cells inhibited cell viability via caspase-8- and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, EEER may be a potential phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment of BPH. Full article

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16 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Reproducibility of a Mini-Survey to Evaluate the Quality of Food Intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican Population

by María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco^1,2,3

, Nayeli Badillo-Camacho^1,2

, Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda^1,2,3

, Montserrat González-Gómez^1,3, Jaime Fernando Orozco-Gutiérrez¹, Ruth Jackelyne Prado-Arriaga¹, Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval^1,2,3, Martha Betzaida Altamirano-Martínez¹ and Barbara Vizmanos^1,2,3,*

¹ Bachelor of Nutrition, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Sierra Mojada 950, Building “N”, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara ZC 44340, Mexico

² Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, CUCS, UdeG, Juan Díaz Covarrubias and Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta, Building “C”, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara ZC 44340, Mexico

³ Doctorate in Public Health Sciences, CUCS, UdeG, Sierra Mojada 950, Building “N”, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara ZC 44340, Mexico

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040524 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6968

Abstract

Evaluating food intake quality may contribute to the development of nutrition programs. In Mexico, there are no screening tools that can be administered quickly for the evaluation of this variable. The aim was to determine the reproducibility of a mini-survey designed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Evaluating food intake quality may contribute to the development of nutrition programs. In Mexico, there are no screening tools that can be administered quickly for the evaluation of this variable. The aim was to determine the reproducibility of a mini-survey designed to evaluate the quality of food intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican population. Mini-ECCA consists of 12 questions that are based on Mexican and international recommendations for food and non-alcoholic beverage intake, with the support of photographs for food quantity estimation. Each question scores as 0 (unhealthy) or 1 (healthy), and the final score undergoes a classification procedure. Through the framework of a nutritional study, 152 employees of the municipal water company in Guadalajara, Mexico (April–August 2016), were invited to participate. The survey was administered in two rounds (test and retest) with a 15-day interval between them. We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and weighted kappa for score classification agreement (SPSS versus 14 p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The survey obtained a “good” reproducibility (ρ = 0.713, p < 0.001), and an excellent concordance (ICC = 0.841 Confidence Interval 95% 0.779, 0.885). It can thus be said that the Mini-ECCA displayed acceptable reproducibility and is suitable for the purpose of dietary assessment and guidance. Full article

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10 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched and Hydroxyhydroquinone-Reduced Coffee on Postprandial Fat Oxidation and Antioxidative Capacity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

by Shun Katada^1,*, Takuya Watanabe¹, Tomohito Mizuno¹, Shinichi Kobayashi², Masao Takeshita², Noriko Osaki¹, Shigeru Kobayashi³ and Yoshihisa Katsuragi²

¹ Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan

² Health Care Food Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan

³ Department of Surgery, Tokyo Rinkai Hospital, 1-4-2 Rinkai-cho, Edogawa, Tokyo 134-0086, Japan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040525 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7981

Abstract

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) reduce blood pressure and body fat, and enhance fat metabolism. In roasted coffee, CGAs exist together with the oxidant component hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ). HHQ counteracts the antihypertensive effects of CGA, but its effects on CGA-induced fat oxidation (FOX) are unknown. Here [...] Read more.

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) reduce blood pressure and body fat, and enhance fat metabolism. In roasted coffee, CGAs exist together with the oxidant component hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ). HHQ counteracts the antihypertensive effects of CGA, but its effects on CGA-induced fat oxidation (FOX) are unknown. Here we assessed the effects of CGA-enriched and HHQ-reduced coffee on FOX. Fifteen healthy male volunteers (age: 38 ± 8 years (mean ± SD); BMI: 22.4 ± 1.5 kg/m²) participated in this crossover study. Subjects consumed the test beverage (coffee) containing the same amount of CGA with HHQ (CGA-HHQ(+)) or without HHQ (CGA-HHQ(−)) for four weeks. Postprandial FOX and the ratio of the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) to the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) as an indicator of oxidative stress were assessed. After the four-week intervention, postprandial FOX and the postprandial BAP/d-ROMs ratio were significantly higher in the CGA-HHQ(−) group compared with the CGA-HHQ(+) group (4 ± 23 mg/min, group effect: p = 0.040; 0.27 ± 0.74, group effect: p = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, reducing the amount of HHQ facilitated the postprandial FOX effects of CGA in coffee. Our findings also suggest that the mechanism underlying the inhibition of FOX by HHQ is related to postprandial oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives and Human Health)

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11 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protein-Amino Acid Metabolism Disarrangements: The Hidden Enemy of Chronic Age-Related Conditions

by Evasio Pasini^1,†, Giovanni Corsetti^2,*,†

, Roberto Aquilani³, Claudia Romano², Anna Picca⁴

, Riccardo Calvani⁴

and Francesco Saverio Dioguardi⁵

¹ Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, IRCCS Lumezzane, Cardiac Rehabilitation Division, 25065 Lumezzane (Brescia), Italy

² Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11-25124 Brescia, Italy

³ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

⁴ Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00198 Rome, Italy

⁵ Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy

^† These authors contribute equally to this work.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040391 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 22670

Abstract

Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed [...] Read more.

Proteins are macro-molecules crucial for cell life, which are made up of amino acids (AAs). In healthy people, protein synthesis and degradation are well balanced. However, in the presence of hypercatabolic stimulation (i.e., inflammation), protein breakdown increases as the resulting AAs are consumed for metabolic proposes. Indeed, AAs are biochemical totipotent molecules which, when deaminated, can be transformed into energy, lipids, carbohydrates, and/or biochemical intermediates of fundamental cycles, such as the Krebs’ cycle. The biochemical consequence of hyper-catabolism is protein disarrangement, clinically evident with signs such as sarcopenia, hypalbuminemia, anaemia, infection, and altered fluid compartmentation, etc. Hypercatabolic protein disarrangement (HPD) is often underestimated by clinicians, despite correlating with increased mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity quite independent of the primary disease. Simple, cheap, repeatable measurements can be used to identify HPD. Therefore, identification and treatment of proteins’ metabolic impairment with appropriate measurements and therapy is a clinical strategy that could improve the prognosis of patients with acute/chronic hypercatabolic inflammatory disease. Here, we describe the metabolism of protein and AAs in hypercatabolic syndrome, illustrating the clinical impact of protein disarrangement. We also illustrate simple, cheap, repeatable, and worldwide available measurements to identify these conditions. Finally, we provide scientific evidence for HPD nutritional treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People)

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14 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids in Pancreatic Beta Cell Metabolism, Implications in Homeostasis

by Paloma Acosta-Montaño

and Víctor García-González^*

Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 21000, Mexico

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040393 - 22 Mar 2018

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 10456

Abstract

Fatty acids are involved in several metabolic processes, including the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years a disease that has received escalated interest is type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many contributing factors including a high-caloric diet rich in dietary saturated fats [...] Read more.

Fatty acids are involved in several metabolic processes, including the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years a disease that has received escalated interest is type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many contributing factors including a high-caloric diet rich in dietary saturated fats have been broadly characterized as triggers of T2D. Insulin resistance resulting from a high saturated fat diet leads to alterations in lipid cellular intake and accumulation which generate lipotoxic conditions, a key phenomenon in the metabolism of β-cells. Alternatively, unsaturated fatty acids have been described to show opposite effects in pancreatic β-cells. The purpose of this work is to perform a critical analysis of the complex role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in β-cell metabolism. We discuss the diverse effects main dietary fatty acids have upon pancreatic β-cell metabolism as a key factor to maintain homeostasis by focusing in the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of T2D. For instance, modifications in protein homeostasis as well as the intracellular management of lipid metabolism which are associated with inflammatory pathways. These conditions initiate critical metabolic rearrangements, that in turn have repercussions on insulin β-cell metabolism. This review allows an integral and broad understanding of different functions of fatty acids inside β-cells, being important metabolites for novel therapeutic targets in T2D treatment. Full article

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19 pages, 8335 KiB

Open AccessReview

Efficacy of Nutritional Interventions on Inflammatory Markers in Haemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Limited Meta-Analysis

by Ban-Hock Khor¹

, Sreelakshmi Sankara Narayanan¹, Sharmela Sahathevan¹

, Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor², Zulfitri Azuan Mat Daud³

, Pramod Khosla⁴

, Alice Sabatino⁵

, Enrico Fiaccadori⁵, Karuthan Chinna⁶ and Tilakavati Karupaiah^1,7,*

¹ Dietetics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia

² Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia

³ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

⁴ Department of Nutrition & Food Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA

⁵ Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy

⁶ Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

⁷ School of BioSciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040397 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8687

Abstract

Low-grade chronic inflammation is prevalent in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) treatment and is linked to the development of premature atherosclerosis and mortality. The non-pharmacological approach to treat inflammation in HD patients through nutritional intervention is well cited. We aimed to assess the efficacy [...] Read more.

Low-grade chronic inflammation is prevalent in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) treatment and is linked to the development of premature atherosclerosis and mortality. The non-pharmacological approach to treat inflammation in HD patients through nutritional intervention is well cited. We aimed to assess the efficacy of different nutritional interventions at improving inflammatory outcomes in HD patients, based on markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase for randomized controlled trials (RCT) published before June 2017. Inclusion criteria included RCTs on adult patients on maintenance HD treatment with duration of nutritional interventions for a minimum 4 weeks. Risk of bias was assessed using the Jadad score. In total, 46 RCTs experimenting different nutritional interventions were included in the review and categorized into polyphenols rich foods, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamin D, fibres, and probiotics. Meta-analyses indicated significant reduction in CRP levels by omega-3 fatty acids (Random model effect: −0.667 mg/L, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (fixed model effect: −0.257 mg/L, p = 0.005). Evidence for other groups of nutritional interventions was inconclusive. In conclusion, our meta-analysis provided evidence that omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E could improve inflammatory outcomes in HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Renal Function)

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20 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance

by Kenneth D’Souza

, Geena V. Paramel and Petra C. Kienesberger^*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040399 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 10613

Abstract

Although simple in structure, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that profoundly influences cellular signaling and function upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The majority of circulating LPA is produced by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Alterations in LPA signaling, [...] Read more.

Although simple in structure, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that profoundly influences cellular signaling and function upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The majority of circulating LPA is produced by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Alterations in LPA signaling, in conjunction with changes in autotaxin (ATX) expression and activity, have been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes our current understanding of the sources and metabolism of LPA with focus on the influence of diet on circulating LPA. Furthermore, we explore how the ATX-LPA pathway impacts obesity and obesity-associated disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Bioactives and Insulin Resistance)

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22 pages, 5584 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceuticals for Skin Care: A Comprehensive Review of Human Clinical Studies

by Almudena Pérez-Sánchez¹, Enrique Barrajón-Catalán^1,2,*

, María Herranz-López^1,2

and Vicente Micol^1,2,3

¹ Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Edificio Torregaitán, 03202 Elche, Spain

² Ilice Effitech, UMH Scientific Park, 03202 Elche, Spain

³ CIBER: CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 07122 Palma Sola, Spain

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040403 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 136 | Viewed by 36216

Abstract

The skin is the body’s largest organ, it participates in sensitivity and offers protection against microorganisms, chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Consequently, the skin may suffer alterations such as photo-ageing, immune dysfunction and inflammation which may significantly affect human health. Nutraceuticals represent a [...] Read more.

The skin is the body’s largest organ, it participates in sensitivity and offers protection against microorganisms, chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Consequently, the skin may suffer alterations such as photo-ageing, immune dysfunction and inflammation which may significantly affect human health. Nutraceuticals represent a promising strategy for preventing, delaying, or minimising premature ageing of the skin and also to alleviate certain skin disorders. Among them, bioactive peptides and oligosaccharides, plant polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids are the most widely used ingredients. Supplementation with these products has shown evidence of having an effect on the signs of ageing and protection against UV radiation ageing in several human trials. In this review, the most relevant human studies on skin nutraceuticals are evaluated and the statistical resolution, biological relevance of their results, and, the trial protocols are discussed. In conclusion, quality and rigorousness of the trials must be improved to build credible scientific evidence for skin nutraceuticals and to establish a cause-effect relationship between the ingredients the beneficial effects for the skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and the Skin: Roles in Health and Disease)

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20 pages, 421 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rationale for Dietary Antioxidant Treatment of ADHD

by Annelies A. J. Verlaet^1,*, Carlijn M. Maasakkers^1,2,3

, Nina Hermans¹

and Huub F. J. Savelkoul³

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (A104), 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium

² Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands

³ Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1 Building 122, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040405 - 24 Mar 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 21301

Abstract

Increasing understanding arises regarding disadvantages of stimulant medication in children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). This review presents scientific findings supporting dietary antioxidant treatment of ADHD and describes substantial alterations in the immune system, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and oxidative stress regulation [...] Read more.

Increasing understanding arises regarding disadvantages of stimulant medication in children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). This review presents scientific findings supporting dietary antioxidant treatment of ADHD and describes substantial alterations in the immune system, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, and oxidative stress regulation in ADHD. As a result, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress could develop, which can lead to ADHD symptoms, for example by chronic T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation, as well as by neuronal oxidative damage and loss of normal cerebral functions. Therefore, modulation of immune system activity and oxidant-antioxidant balance using nutritional approaches might have potential in ADHD treatment. The use of natural antioxidants against oxidative conditions is an emerging field in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary polyphenols, for example, have antioxidant capacities as well as immunoregulatory effects and, therefore, appear appropriate in ADHD therapy. This review can stimulate the development and investigation of dietary antioxidant treatment in ADHD, which is highly desired. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System)

18 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Is Matrix Gla Protein Associated with Vascular Calcification? A Systematic Review

by Hilary Barrett¹, Mary O’Keeffe², Eamon Kavanagh³, Michael Walsh^1,4 and Eibhlís M. O’Connor^2,4,5,*

¹ Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research (CABER), School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 F858, UK

² School of Natural Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 F858, UK

³ Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick V94 F858, UK

⁴ Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 F858, UK

⁵ Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040415 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 10985

Abstract

Specific patient cohorts are at increased risk of vascular calcification. Functional matrix-gla protein (MGP), a tissue-derived vitamin K dependent protein, is reported to be an important inhibitor of vascular calcification and may have clinical potential to modify the progression of vascular calcification through [...] Read more.

Specific patient cohorts are at increased risk of vascular calcification. Functional matrix-gla protein (MGP), a tissue-derived vitamin K dependent protein, is reported to be an important inhibitor of vascular calcification and may have clinical potential to modify the progression of vascular calcification through regulation of functional MGP fractions. This systematic review examines twenty-eight studies which assess the relationship between circulating protein expressions of MGP species and vascular calcification in different arterial beds. The included studies examined participants with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, healthy participants, vitamin K supplementation, measured plasma vitamin K levels and vitamin K antagonist usage. The current review reports conflicting results regarding MGP fractions with respect to local calcification development indicating that a multifaceted relationship exists between the MGP and calcification. A primary concern regarding the studies in this review is the large degree of variability in the calcification location assessed and the fraction of MGP measured. This review suggests that different underlying molecular mechanisms can accelerate local disease progression within the vasculature, and specific circulating fractions of MGP may be influenced differently depending on the local disease states related to vascular calcification development. Further studies examining the influence of non-functional MGP levels, with respect to specific calcified arterial beds, are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin K in Human Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 4244 KiB

Open AccessReview

The In Ovo Feeding Administration (Gallus Gallus)—An Emerging In Vivo Approach to Assess Bioactive Compounds with Potential Nutritional Benefits

by Tao Hou¹

and Elad Tako^2,*

¹ College of Food Science and Technology, HuaZhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

² USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040418 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 8670

Abstract

In recent years, the in ovo feeding in fertilized broiler (Gallus gallus) eggs approach was further developed and currently is widely applied in the evaluation process of the effects of functional foods (primarily plant origin compounds) on the functionality of the [...] Read more.

In recent years, the in ovo feeding in fertilized broiler (Gallus gallus) eggs approach was further developed and currently is widely applied in the evaluation process of the effects of functional foods (primarily plant origin compounds) on the functionality of the intestinal brush border membrane, as well as potential prebiotic properties and interactions with the intestinal microbial populations. This review collates the information of potential nutrients and their effects on the mineral absorption, gut development, brush border membrane functionality, and immune system. In addition, the advantages and limitations of the in ovo feeding method in the assessment of potential prebiotic effects of plant origin compounds is discussed. Full article

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10 pages, 3550 KiB

Open AccessReview

Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Amanda V. Sardeli^1,2,*

, Tiemy R. Komatsu², Marcelo A. Mori^3,4, Arthur F. Gáspari¹

and Mara Patrícia T. Chacon-Mikahil^1,2

¹ Laboratory of Exercise Physiology—FISEX, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-851, Brazil

² Gerontology Program—Faculty of Medical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil

³ Laboratory of Aging Biology (LaBE), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil

⁴ Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-862, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 24396

Abstract

It remains unclear as to what extent resistance training (RT) can attenuate muscle loss during caloric restriction (CR) interventions in humans. The objective here is to address if RT could attenuate muscle loss induced by CR in obese elderly individuals, through summarized effects [...] Read more.

It remains unclear as to what extent resistance training (RT) can attenuate muscle loss during caloric restriction (CR) interventions in humans. The objective here is to address if RT could attenuate muscle loss induced by CR in obese elderly individuals, through summarized effects of previous studies. Databases MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were used to perform a systematic search between July and August 2017. Were included in the review randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing the effects of CR with (CRRT) or without RT on lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), and total body mass (BM), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, on obese elderly individuals. The six RCTs included in the review applied RT three times per week, for 12 to 24 weeks, and most CR interventions followed diets of 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. RT reduced 93.5% of CR-induced LBM loss (0.819 kg [0.364 to 1.273]), with similar reduction in FBM and BM, compared with CR. Furthermore, to address muscle quality, the change in strength/LBM ratio tended to be different (p = 0.07) following CRRT (20.9 ± 23.1%) and CR interventions (−7.5 ± 9.9%). Our conclusion is that CRRT is able to prevent almost 100% of CR-induced muscle loss, while resulting in FBM and BM reductions that do not significantly differ from CR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein and Muscle in Aging People)

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12 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Lipids, and Heart Disease: Are Eggs Working for or Against You?

by Christopher N. Blesso^*

and Maria Luz Fernandez

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040426 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 52860

Abstract

The relationship between blood cholesterol and heart disease is well-established, with the lowering of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol being the primary target of preventive therapy. Furthermore, epidemiological studies report lower risk for heart disease with higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. There has [...] Read more.

The relationship between blood cholesterol and heart disease is well-established, with the lowering of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol being the primary target of preventive therapy. Furthermore, epidemiological studies report lower risk for heart disease with higher concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. There has also been considerable interest in studying the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and heart disease risk. Eggs are one of the richest sources of cholesterol in the diet. However, large-scale epidemiological studies have found only tenuous associations between the intake of eggs and cardiovascular disease risk. Well-controlled, clinical studies show the impact of dietary cholesterol challenges via egg intake on serum lipids is highly variable, with the majority of individuals (~2/3 of the population) having only minimal responses, while those with a significant response increase both LDL and HDL-cholesterol, typically with a maintenance of the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio. Recent drug trials targeting HDL-cholesterol have been unsuccessful in reducing cardiovascular events, and thus it is unclear if raising HDL-cholesterol with chronic egg intake is beneficial. Other important changes with egg intake include potentially favorable effects on lipoprotein particle profiles and enhancing HDL function. Overall, the increased HDL-cholesterol commonly observed with dietary cholesterol feeding in humans appears to also coincide with improvements in other markers of HDL function. However, more investigation into the effects of dietary cholesterol on HDL functionality in humans is warranted. There are other factors found in eggs that may influence risk for heart disease by reducing serum lipids, such as phospholipids, and these may also modify the response to dietary cholesterol found in eggs. In this review, we discuss how eggs and dietary cholesterol affect serum cholesterol concentrations, as well as more advanced lipoprotein measures, such as lipoprotein particle profiles and HDL metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Cholesterol:Is It Related to Chronic Disease)

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19 pages, 5834 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids

by Marcelo Macedo Rogero^1,2,*

and Philip C. Calder^3,4

¹ Nutritional Genomics and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brazil

² Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Centers São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo 05468-140, Brazil

³ Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK

⁴ National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040432 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 549 | Viewed by 32477

Abstract

Obesity leads to an inflammatory condition that is directly involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. The classic inflammatory response is an acute reaction to infections or to tissue injuries, and it tends to [...] Read more.

Obesity leads to an inflammatory condition that is directly involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. The classic inflammatory response is an acute reaction to infections or to tissue injuries, and it tends to move towards resolution and homeostasis. However, the inflammatory process that was observed in individuals affected by obesity and metabolic syndrome differs from the classical inflammatory response in certain respects. This inflammatory process manifests itself systemically and it is characterized by a chronic low-intensity reaction. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is acknowledged as one of the main triggers of the obesity-induced inflammatory response. The aim of the present review is to describe the role that is played by the TLR4 signaling pathway in the inflammatory response and its modulation by saturated and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies indicate that saturated fatty acids can induce inflammation by activating the TLR4 signaling pathway. Conversely, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, exert anti-inflammatory actions through the attenuation of the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway by either lipopolysaccharides or saturated fatty acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Immune Function)

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28 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rebelling against the (Insulin) Resistance: A Review of the Proposed Insulin-Sensitizing Actions of Soybeans, Chickpeas, and Their Bioactive Compounds

by Jaime L. Clark^1,2

, Carla G. Taylor^1,2,3

and Peter Zahradka^1,2,3,*

¹ Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada

² Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada

³ Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040434 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 13408

Abstract

Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Current methods for management of insulin resistance include pharmacological therapies and lifestyle modifications. Several clinical studies have shown that leguminous plants such as soybeans and pulses [...] Read more.

Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Current methods for management of insulin resistance include pharmacological therapies and lifestyle modifications. Several clinical studies have shown that leguminous plants such as soybeans and pulses (dried beans, dried peas, chickpeas, lentils) are able to reduce insulin resistance and related type 2 diabetes parameters. However, to date, no one has summarized the evidence supporting a mechanism of action for soybeans and pulses that explains their ability to lower insulin resistance. While it is commonly assumed that the biological activities of soybeans and pulses are due to their antioxidant activities, these bioactive compounds may operate independent of their antioxidant properties and, thus, their ability to potentially improve insulin sensitivity via alternative mechanisms needs to be acknowledged. Based on published studies using in vivo and in vitro models representing insulin resistant states, the proposed mechanisms of action for insulin-sensitizing actions of soybeans, chickpeas, and their bioactive compounds include increasing glucose transporter-4 levels, inhibiting adipogenesis by down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, reducing adiposity, positively affecting adipokines, and increasing short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the gut. Therefore, this review will discuss the current evidence surrounding the proposed mechanisms of action for soybeans and certain pulses, and their bioactive compounds, to effectively reduce insulin resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Bioactives and Insulin Resistance)

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25 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Patterns of Children and Adolescents from High, Medium and Low Human Development Countries and Associated Socioeconomic Factors: A Systematic Review

by Patrícia De Fragas Hinnig^1,*

, Jordanna Santos Monteiro²

, Maria Alice Altenburg De Assis¹

, Renata Bertazzi Levy³

, Marco Aurélio Peres⁴, Fernanda Machado Perazi¹

, André Luís Porporatti⁵ and Graziela De Luca Canto⁵

¹ Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, CCS/UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil

² Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil

³ Preventive Medicine Department, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil

⁴ Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia

⁵ Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina CCS/UFSC, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis 88040-900, Brazil

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040436 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 9239

Abstract

The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the associations among education, income and dietary pattern (DP) in children and adolescents from high, medium and low human development countries (HHDC, MHDC and LHDC, respectively). Observational studies that evaluated the association between family [...] Read more.

The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the associations among education, income and dietary pattern (DP) in children and adolescents from high, medium and low human development countries (HHDC, MHDC and LHDC, respectively). Observational studies that evaluated the association between family income or education with the DP are obtained through electronic database searches. Forty articles are selected for review. In HHDC, education is inversely associated with “unhealthy” DP and positively associated with “healthy” DP. In cross-sectional studies from HHDC, higher income is negatively associated with “unhealthy” DP. In MHDC, there is no association between the socioeconomic variables (SE) and the DPs, although, in some studies, the unhealthy diet is positively associated with SE. Only one study conducted in LHDC showed an inverse association between income/education with “unhealthy” DP and there is no association between the SE and “healthy” DP. In conclusion, children and adolescents living in HHDC with high parental education tend to have a healthier diet. In MHDC, although an unhealthy diet is found among the high-income and educated population, the associations are not clear. Additional research is needed to clarify the associations between income and education with “unhealthy” and “healthy” DPs in MHDC and LHDC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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33 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Flavonoids in the Prevention of T2D: An Overview

by Hana Alkhalidy^1,2

, Yao Wang¹ and Dongmin Liu^1,*

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA

² Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040438 - 31 Mar 2018

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 11100

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive metabolic disease that is increasing in prevalence globally. It is well established that insulin resistance (IR) and a progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are hallmarks of developing T2D. Obesity is a leading pathogenic factor for [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive metabolic disease that is increasing in prevalence globally. It is well established that insulin resistance (IR) and a progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are hallmarks of developing T2D. Obesity is a leading pathogenic factor for developing IR. Constant IR will progress to T2D when β-cells are unable to secret adequate amounts of insulin to compensate for decreased insulin sensitivity. Recently, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to identifying naturally occurring anti-diabetic compounds that are abundant in certain types of foods. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenols that have drawn great interest for their various health benefits. Results from many clinical and animal studies demonstrate that dietary intake of flavonoids might be helpful in preventing T2D, although cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still not completely understood. This review discusses our current understanding of the pathophysiology of T2D and highlights the potential anti-diabetic effects of flavonoids and mechanisms of their actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients, Bioactives and Insulin Resistance)

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18 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Fermented Food and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Review

by Doreen Gille^1,2, Alexandra Schmid¹, Barbara Walther¹ and Guy Vergères^1,*

¹ Agroscope, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Berne, Switzerland

² Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040448 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 116 | Viewed by 14749

Abstract

Fermented foods represent a significant fraction of human diets. Although their impact on health is positively perceived, an objective evaluation is still missing. We have, therefore, reviewed meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the relationship between fermented foods and non-transmissible chronic diseases. [...] Read more.

Fermented foods represent a significant fraction of human diets. Although their impact on health is positively perceived, an objective evaluation is still missing. We have, therefore, reviewed meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the relationship between fermented foods and non-transmissible chronic diseases. Overall, after summarizing 25 prospective studies on dairy products, the association of fermented dairy with cancer was found to be neutral, whereas it was weakly beneficial, though inconsistent, for specific aspects of cardio-metabolic health, in particular stroke and cheese intake. The strongest evidence for a beneficial effect was for yoghurt on risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Although mechanisms explaining this association have not been validated, an increased bioavailability of insulinotropic amino acids and peptides as well as the bacterial biosynthesis of vitamins, in particular vitamin K2, might contribute to this beneficial effect. However, the heterogeneity in the design of the studies and the investigated foods impedes a definitive assessment of these associations. The literature on fermented plants is characterized by a wealth of in vitro data, whose positive results are not corroborated in humans due to the absence of RCTs. Finally, none of the RCTs were specifically designed to address the impact of food fermentation on health. This question should be addressed in future human studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Fermentation)

10 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessReview

Almonds and Cardiovascular Health: A Review

by Soumik Kalita^1,*, Shweta Khandelwal²

, Jagmeet Madan³, Himanshu Pandya⁴, Boindala Sesikeran⁵ and Kamala Krishnaswamy⁵

¹ FamPhy, Gurgaon 122101, India

² Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon 122001, India

³ Sir Vithaldas Thackersey College of Home Science, SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai 400049, India

⁴ Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat 388325, India

⁵ Former Directors National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040468 - 11 Apr 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 26769

Abstract

Several preventive strategies to reduce dyslipidemia have been suggested, of which dietary modification features as an important one. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and strategies to manage dyslipidemia have been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease [...] Read more.

Several preventive strategies to reduce dyslipidemia have been suggested, of which dietary modification features as an important one. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and strategies to manage dyslipidemia have been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there are proven pharmacological therapies to help manage this condition, nutritional interventions are a safer option to help prevent and manage dyslipidemia. Addition of almonds in the daily diet has been proposed to beneficially impact the lipid profile. This review critically examines the available evidence assessing the effect of almonds on dyslipidemia in the South Asian (particularly Indian) context. An extensive review comprised of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews was conducted from published literature from across the world. Studies examining the effect of almonds on different aspects of dyslipidemia viz. high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceridaemia, and high total cholesterol levels have been included. In several studies, almonds have been shown to reduce LDL-C—which is a known risk factor for CHD—and the effect of almonds has been well documented in systematic reviews and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Addition of almonds in the diet has been shown to not only to reduce LDL-C levels, but also to maintain HDL-C levels. This review provides information about the use of this simple nutritional strategy which may help manage known major risk factors for heart disease, such as high LDL-C and low HDL-C levels especially in the context of South Asians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nut Consumption for Human Health)

30 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Is the Evidence for “Food Addiction?” A Systematic Review

by Eliza L. Gordon^1,*

, Aviva H. Ariel-Donges¹, Viviana Bauman¹ and Lisa J. Merlo²

¹ Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA

² Center for Addiction Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040477 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 194 | Viewed by 49076

Abstract

The diagnostic construct of “food addiction” is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the construct of “food addiction” in humans and animals. Studies were included if they were quantitative, peer-reviewed, and in the [...] Read more.

The diagnostic construct of “food addiction” is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the construct of “food addiction” in humans and animals. Studies were included if they were quantitative, peer-reviewed, and in the English language. The 52 identified studies (35 articles) were qualitatively assessed to determine the extent to which their findings indicated the following addiction characteristics in relation to food: brain reward dysfunction, preoccupation, risky use, impaired control, tolerance/withdrawal, social impairment, chronicity, and relapse. Each pre-defined criterion was supported by at least one study. Brain reward dysfunction and impaired control were supported by the largest number of studies (n = 21 and n = 12, respectively); whereas risky use was supported by the fewest (n = 1). Overall, findings support food addiction as a unique construct consistent with criteria for other substance use disorder diagnoses. The evidence further suggests that certain foods, particularly processed foods with added sweeteners and fats, demonstrate the greatest addictive potential. Though both behavioral and substance-related factors are implicated in the addictive process, symptoms appear to better fit criteria for substance use disorder than behavioral addiction. Future research should explore social/role impairment, preoccupation, and risky use associated with food addiction and evaluate potential interventions for prevention and treatment. Full article

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15 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D Deficiency and Antenatal and Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review

by Fariba Aghajafari^1,*

, Nicole Letourneau², Newsha Mahinpey³, Nela Cosic⁴ and Gerald Giesbrecht⁵

¹ Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Sunridge Family Medicine Teaching Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

² Faculty of Nursing and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

³ Life Science Program, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

⁴ Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

⁵ Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040478 - 12 Apr 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 17297

Abstract

Vitamin D has been implicated in antenatal depression (AD) and postpartum depression (PPD) in many studies; however, results have been inconsistent due to the complexity of this association. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Maternity and Infant Care databases for literature addressing [...] Read more.

Vitamin D has been implicated in antenatal depression (AD) and postpartum depression (PPD) in many studies; however, results have been inconsistent due to the complexity of this association. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Maternity and Infant Care databases for literature addressing associations between vitamin D and AD and PPD. Two independent authors reviewed titles and abstracts of the search results and selected studies for full review. Data were extracted, and a quality rating was done using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) on the selected studies. A total of 239 studies were identified; 14 were included in the review. The quality assessment of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Of the studies on PPD, five of nine (55%) showed a significant association between vitamin D and PPD. Five of seven (71%) studies on AD showed a significant association with vitamin D status. As the included studies used different effect estimates and statistical analyses to report the association, it was not possible to transform the existing data into one single effect measure to employ meta-analytic techniques. While results of this systematic review vary, they indicate a significant association between vitamin D status and AD and PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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16 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessReview

The When, What & How of Measuring Vitamin D Metabolism in Clinical Medicine

by Niek F. Dirks¹, Mariëtte T. Ackermans², Paul Lips³, Renate T. De Jongh³, Marc G. Vervloet⁴

, Robert De Jonge^1,2 and Annemieke C. Heijboer^1,2,*

¹ Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

² Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, 1100 DDAmsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands

³ Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040482 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7315

Abstract

We now have the ability to measure a number of different vitamin D metabolites with very accurate methods. The most abundant vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is currently the best marker for overall vitamin D status and is therefore most commonly measured in [...] Read more.

We now have the ability to measure a number of different vitamin D metabolites with very accurate methods. The most abundant vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is currently the best marker for overall vitamin D status and is therefore most commonly measured in clinical medicine. The added value of measuring metabolites beyond 25-hydroxyvitamin D, like 1,25-, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is not broadly appreciated. Yet, in some more complicated cases, these metabolites may provide just the information needed for a legitimate diagnosis. The problem at present, is knowing when to measure, what to measure and how to measure. For 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the most frequently used automated immunoassays do not meet the requirements of today’s standards for certain patient groups and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is the desired method of choice in these individuals. The less frequently measured 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite enables us to identify a number of conditions, including 1α-hydroxylase deficiency, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets and a number of granulomatous diseases or lymphoproliferative diseases accompanied by hypercalcaemia. Furthermore, it discriminates between the FGF23-mediated and non-FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic syndromes. The 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite has proven its value in the diagnosis of idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia and has the potential of having value in identifying other diseases. For both metabolites, the understanding of the origin of differences between assays is limited and requires further attention. Nonetheless, in every way, appropriate measurement of vitamin D metabolism in the clinical laboratory hinges eminently on the comprehension of the value of the different metabolites, and the importance of the choice of method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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8 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selenium in Radiation Oncology—15 Years of Experiences in Germany

by Ralph Muecke^1,2,*, Oliver Micke³, Lutz Schomburg⁴

, Jens Buentzel⁵, Klaus Kisters⁶, Irenaeus A. Adamietz² and On behalf of AKTE^‡

¹ Radiotherapy RheinMainNahe, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany

² Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany

³ Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Franziskus Hospital, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany

⁴ Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charité Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany

⁵ Department of Otolaryngology, Südharz Hospital Nordhausen, 99734 Nordhausen, Germany

⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, 44649 Herne, Germany

^‡ The German Working Group Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology.

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040483 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5694

Abstract

Introduction: Se measurement and supplementation in radiation oncology is a controversial issue. The German Working Group Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology (AKTE) has conducted a number of studies on this issue, which are summarized in this review. Strategies have been tested and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Se measurement and supplementation in radiation oncology is a controversial issue. The German Working Group Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology (AKTE) has conducted a number of studies on this issue, which are summarized in this review. Strategies have been tested and developed, aiming to stratify the patients with a potential need for supplemental Se and how best to monitor Se supplementation with respect to health effects and risks. Methods: We analyzed blood and tissue Se-levels of different tumor patients (n = 512). Two randomized phase III clinical studies were conducted for testing a potential radioprotective effect of supplemental Se during radiation therapy in patients with uterine cancer (n = 81) and head and neck tumor patients (n = 39). Results: A relative Se deficit in whole blood or serum was detected in the majority of tumor patients (carcinomas of the uterus, head and neck, lung, rectal or prostate cancer). In prostate cancer, tissue Se concentrations were relatively elevated in the carcinoma centre as compared to the surrounding compartment or as compared to tumor samples from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adjuvant Se supplementation successfully corrected Se-deficiency in the patients analyzed and decreased radiotherapy-induced diarrhea in a randomized study of radiotherapy patients with carcinomas of the uterus. Survival data imply that Se supplementation did not interfere with radiation success. Some positive effects of supplemental Se in the prevention of ageusia (loss of taste) and dysphagia due to radiotherapy were noted in a second randomized trial in patients with head and neck cancer. We have not observed any adverse effects of supplemental Se in our studies. Conclusions: Se supplementation yielded promising results concerning radioprotection in tumor patients and should be considered as a promising adjuvant treatment option in subjects with a relative Se deficit. Full article

16 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Management of Low Vitamin D: A Scoping Review of Physicians’ Practices

by Michelle Rockwell^1,*, Vivica Kraak¹

, Matthew Hulver¹ and John Epling²

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

² Department of Family and Community Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040493 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7779

Abstract

The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of non-skeletal health issues has received significant media and research attention in recent years. Costs associated with clinical management of low vitamin D (LVD) have increased exponentially. However, no clear evidence supports vitamin [...] Read more.

The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of non-skeletal health issues has received significant media and research attention in recent years. Costs associated with clinical management of low vitamin D (LVD) have increased exponentially. However, no clear evidence supports vitamin D screening to improve health outcomes. Authoritative bodies and professional societies do not recommend population-wide vitamin D screening in community-dwelling adults who are asymptomatic or at low risk of LVD. To assess patterns of physicians’ management of LVD in this conflicting environment, we conducted a scoping review of three electronic databases and the gray literature. Thirty-eight records met inclusion criteria and were summarized in an evidence table. Thirteen studies published between 2006 and 2015 across seven countries showed a consistent increase in vitamin D lab tests and related costs. Many vitamin D testing patterns reflected screening rather than targeted testing for individuals at high risk of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Interventions aimed at managing inappropriate clinical practices related to LVD were effective in the short term. Variability and controversy were pervasive in many aspects of vitamin D management, shining a light on physicians’ practices in the face of uncertainty. Future research is needed to inform better clinical guidelines and to assess implementation practices that encourage evidence-based management of LVD in adult populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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19 pages, 5408 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D and the Liver—Correlation or Cause?

by Jeremy T. Keane¹, Harendran Elangovan², Rebecca A. Stokes^1,2 and Jenny E. Gunton^1,2,3,*

¹ Centre for Diabetes, Obesity & Endocrinology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research (WIMR), Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia

² The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia

³ Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040496 - 16 Apr 2018

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 13486

Abstract

Vitamin D is becoming increasingly accepted as an important physiological regulator outside of its classical role in skeletal homeostasis. A growing body of evidence connects vitamin D with hepatic disease. This review summarises the role of vitamin D in liver homeostasis and disease [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is becoming increasingly accepted as an important physiological regulator outside of its classical role in skeletal homeostasis. A growing body of evidence connects vitamin D with hepatic disease. This review summarises the role of vitamin D in liver homeostasis and disease and discusses the therapeutic potential of vitamin D-based treatments to protect against hepatic disease progression and to improve response to treatment. While pre-clinical experimental data is promising, clinical trials around liver diseases have mostly been under-powered, and further studies will be required to clarify whether vitamin D or vitamin D analogues have beneficial effects on liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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8 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Roswitha Siener

University Stone Centre, Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040512 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13210

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease and reduced glomerular filtration rate are risk factors for the development of chronic metabolic acidosis. The prevention or correction of chronic metabolic acidosis has been found to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Dietary composition can strongly affect acid–base balance. [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease and reduced glomerular filtration rate are risk factors for the development of chronic metabolic acidosis. The prevention or correction of chronic metabolic acidosis has been found to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Dietary composition can strongly affect acid–base balance. Major determinants of net endogenous acid production are the generation of large amounts of hydrogen ions, mostly by animal-derived protein, which is counterbalanced by the metabolism of base-producing foods like fruits and vegetables. Alkali therapy of chronic metabolic acidosis can be achieved by providing an alkali-rich diet or oral administration of alkali salts. The primary goal of dietary treatment should be to increase the proportion of fruits and vegetables and to reduce the daily protein intake to 0.8–1.0 g per kg body weight. Diet modifications should begin early, i.e., even in patients with moderate kidney impairment, because usual dietary habits of many developed societies contribute an increased proportion of acid equivalents due to the high intake of protein from animal sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Prevention and Acid Base Status)

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9 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acid Balance, Dietary Acid Load, and Bone Effects—A Controversial Subject

by Lynda Frassetto^*, Tanushree Banerjee, Neil Powe and Anthony Sebastian

Deparment of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040517 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 17472

Abstract

Modern Western diets, with higher contents of animal compared to fruits and vegetable products, have a greater content of acid precursors vs. base precursors, which results in a net acid load to the body. To prevent inexorable accumulation of acid in the body [...] Read more.

Modern Western diets, with higher contents of animal compared to fruits and vegetable products, have a greater content of acid precursors vs. base precursors, which results in a net acid load to the body. To prevent inexorable accumulation of acid in the body and progressively increasing degrees of metabolic acidosis, the body has multiple systems to buffer and titrate acid, including bone which contains large quantities of alkaline salts of calcium. Both in vitro and in vivo studies in animals and humans suggest that bone base helps neutralize part of the dietary net acid load. This raises the question of whether decades of eating a high acid diet might contribute to the loss of bone mass in osteoporosis. If this idea is true, then additional alkali ingestion in the form of net base-producing foods or alkalinizing salts could potentially prevent this acid-related loss of bone. Presently, data exists that support both the proponents as well as the opponents of this hypothesis. Recent literature reviews have tended to support either one side or the other. Assuming that the data cited by both sides is correct, we suggest a way to reconcile the discordant findings. This overview will first discuss dietary acids and bases and the idea of changes in acid balance with increasing age, then review the evidence for and against the usefulness of alkali therapy as a treatment for osteoporosis, and finally suggest a way of reconciling these two opposing points of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Prevention and Acid Base Status)

12 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Sergio Davinelli^1,*

, Michael E. Nielsen²

and Giovanni Scapagnini¹

¹ Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy

² FB Dermatology, Borupvang 5C, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040522 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 367 | Viewed by 42720

Abstract

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source [...] Read more.

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Due to its collective diverse functions in skin biology, there is mounting evidence that astaxanthin possesses various health benefits and important nutraceutical applications in the field of dermatology. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption. Full article

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12 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Elucidating Adverse Nutritional Implications of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Mycotoxins through Stable Isotope Techniques

by Victor O. Owino^*, Carolin Cornelius and Cornelia U. Loechl

Nutrition and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040401 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5995

Abstract

Multiple drivers of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) include a rapid shift from predominantly plant-based diets to energy-dense foods based on meats, milk, animal fats and vegetable oils. The shift to overweight and obesity is driven by increased exposure to mass media, [...] Read more.

Multiple drivers of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) include a rapid shift from predominantly plant-based diets to energy-dense foods based on meats, milk, animal fats and vegetable oils. The shift to overweight and obesity is driven by increased exposure to mass media, urbanization, technological advances in food processing, rising income and increased population density associated with increased access to cheap foods. At the same time, undernutrition persists mainly due to food insecurity and lack of access to safe water, sanitation and adequate health care. All known nutrition interventions result in only one third reduction in stunting. Little consideration has been given to hazardous exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and microbial toxins as major components of the malnutrition-causal framework. These hazards include microbial toxins, for example, mycotoxins, and environmental pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of which are known to disrupt the endocrine system. These hazards sit at the cross road of undernutrition and overweight and obesity since the exposure cuts across the critical window of opportunity (the first 1000 days). In this review, we update on the role of food and environmental contaminants, especially EDCs and aflatoxins, in child growth and on the implications for metabolic dysfunction and disease risk in later life, and discuss potential applications of nuclear and isotopic techniques to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms, outcome indicators, as well as occurrence levels. Full article

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8 pages, 1578 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Should We Prescribe More Protein to Critically Ill Patients?

by Daren K. Heyland^1,2,3,*

, Renee Stapleton⁴ and Charlene Compher⁵

¹ Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada

² Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada

³ Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada

⁴ Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA

⁵ Biobehavioral Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040462 - 7 Apr 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8067

Abstract

In the context of critical illness, evidence suggests that exogenous protein/amino acid supplementation has the potential to favorably impact whole-body protein balance. Whether this translates into retention of muscle, greater muscle strength, and improved survival and physical recovery of critically ill patients remains [...] Read more.

In the context of critical illness, evidence suggests that exogenous protein/amino acid supplementation has the potential to favorably impact whole-body protein balance. Whether this translates into retention of muscle, greater muscle strength, and improved survival and physical recovery of critically ill patients remains uncertain. The purpose of this brief commentary is to provide an overview of the clinical evidence for and against increasing protein doses and to introduce two new trials that will add considerably to our evolving understanding of protein requirements in the critically ill adult patient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

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20 pages, 4562 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

A Mediterranean Diet Model in Australia: Strategies for Translating the Traditional Mediterranean Diet into a Multicultural Setting

by Elena S. George^1,2,*

, Teagan Kucianski¹, Hannah L. Mayr¹

, George Moschonis¹

, Audrey C. Tierney^1,3 and Catherine Itsiopoulos¹

¹ Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Health Sciences 3, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia

² School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Building J, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia

³ School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040465 - 9 Apr 2018

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 26197

Abstract

Substantial evidence supports the effect of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) for managing chronic diseases, although trials have been primarily conducted in Mediterranean populations. The efficacy and feasibility of the Mediterranean dietary pattern for the management of chronic diseases has not been extensively evaluated [...] Read more.

Substantial evidence supports the effect of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) for managing chronic diseases, although trials have been primarily conducted in Mediterranean populations. The efficacy and feasibility of the Mediterranean dietary pattern for the management of chronic diseases has not been extensively evaluated in non-Mediterranean settings. This paper aims to describe the development of a MD model that complies with principles of the traditional MD applied in a multiethnic context. Optimal macronutrient and food-based composition was defined, and a two-week menu was devised incorporating traditional ingredients with evidence based on improvements in chronic disease management. Strategies were developed for the implementation of the diet model in a multiethnic population. Consistent with the principles of a traditional MD, the MD model was plant-based and high in dietary fat, predominantly monounsaturated fatty acids from extra virgin olive oil. Fruits, vegetables and wholegrains were a mainstay, and moderate amounts of nuts and seeds, fish, dairy and red wine were recommended. The diet encompassed key features of the MD including cuisine, biodiversity and sustainability. The MD model preserved traditional dietary components likely to elicit health benefits for individuals with chronic diseases, even with the adaptation to an Australian multiethnic population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Mediterranean Diet)

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1 pages, 148 KiB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Long-Term Dexamethasone Exposure Down-Regulates Hepatic TFR1 and Reduces Liver Iron Concentration in Rats; Nutrients 2017, 9, 617

by Nutrients Editorial Office

MDPI, St. Alban-Anlage 66, 4052 Basel, Switzerland

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040467 - 10 Apr 2018

Viewed by 2555

Abstract

The Editorial Office of Nutrients would like to report an error in the published paper [1] [...] Full article

8 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Neurotensin Is a Lipid-Induced Gastrointestinal Peptide Associated with Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity

by Ilaria Barchetta¹

, Flavia Agata Cimini¹, Danila Capoccia¹, Laura Bertoccini¹, Valentina Ceccarelli¹, Caterina Chiappetta², Frida Leonetti¹, Claudio Di Cristofano², Gianfranco Silecchia², Marju Orho-Melander³, Olle Melander³ and Maria Gisella Cavallo^1,*

¹ Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy

² Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy

³ Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 20502 Malmoe, Sweden

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040526 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7260

Abstract

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide localized in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine, which promotes fat absorption and fatty acids translocation in response to lipid ingestion. NT-knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, and [...] Read more.

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide localized in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine, which promotes fat absorption and fatty acids translocation in response to lipid ingestion. NT-knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, and the development of insulin-resistance. In humans, higher plasma levels of pro-NT, which is the stable circulating precursor of NT, predict obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease. In obesity, the presence of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation leads to unfavorable metabolic outcomes and is associated with the development of T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the relationship between plasma pro-NT levels and the presence of VAT inflammation in biopsies from 40 morbidly obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. We demonstrated that higher proNT levels are significantly associated with greater macrophages infiltration, HIF-1α, WISP-1, and UNC5B expression in VAT (all p < 0.01) due to the diagnosis of T2D and NAFLD. The overall results show that, in obesity, pro-NT is a biomarker of VAT inflammation and insulin-resistance. Additionally, NT may be involved in the development of dysmetabolic conditions likely mediated by increased gut fat absorption and the presence of a proinflammatory milieu in the adipose tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation- An Ancient Battle. What are the Roles of Nutrients?)

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