Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study
by
, , and
Paweł Więch
1,*
,
Mariusz Dąbrowski
1,2
,
Dariusz Bazaliński
1,
Izabela Sałacińska
1,
Bartosz Korczowski
3 and
Monika Binkowska-Bury
1 1
Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35959 Rzeszów, Poland
2
Diabetic Outpatient Clinic, Medical Center “Beta-Med”, 35073 Rzeszów, Poland
3
Pediatric Department, Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszów, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, 35301 Rzeszów, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499
Submission received: 30 March 2018
/
Revised: 10 April 2018
/
Accepted: 16 April 2018
/
Published: 17 April 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enteral Nutrition)
Abstract
:The phase angle (PhA) seems to be a reliable screening tool for the identification of malnutrition risk in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children and adolescents with IBD by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with phase angle (PhA) calculation, which has not been evaluated in hospitalized children with IBD yet. A total of 59 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years, with IBD: 34 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 25 Crohn’s disease (CD) were included in the study. The control group consisted of healthy children and adolescents, strictly matched for gender and age in a 1:1 case-control manner. In both groups, BIA was performed and PhA was calculated. IBD patients had significantly lower PhA (UC: 5.34 ± 1.34 vs. 5.96 ± 0.76, p = 0.040; CD: 5.16 ± 1.18 vs. 5.90 ± 0.62, p = 0.009) compared to the control subjects. Significant changes in selected body composition parameters were observed particularly in CD, especially in fat free mass components. Lower phase angle score together with lower body composition parameters and selected nutrition indicators in children and adolescents with IBD demonstrate their worse nutritional and functional status compared to healthy subjects.
1. Introduction
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used since the late 1980s as a portable, easy-to-use, inexpensive, non-invasive and safe technique for assessing body composition [1,2,3]. The detection of nutritional status in children with different clinical conditions requires the measurement of both fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM). Body cell mass (BCM) is the metabolically active component of FFM and reflects the functional status of the cellular component of the body [4]. BIA-derived phase angle (PhA) is a variable obtained from the relationship between Resistance (R) and Reactance (Xc) (R/Xc × 180°/π) and seems to be a new promising indicator of nutritional status [2]. Its biological meaning is not completely understood, although it is interpreted as an indicator of membrane integrity and water distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments [5].
PhA score correlates with functional status. PhA is an important predictor of mortality [6,7,8], malnutrition in cancer [8,9,10,11], liver cirrhosis [12], diabetes [13,14], psoriasis [15], in chronic kidney disease treated with hemodialysis [16] and in heart failure [17]. Hence, PhA can be regarded as a reliable prognostic marker and should be considered as a screening tool for the identification of patients at risk of impaired nutritional and functional status [2,18]. Normative values and cut-off points for PhA score in healthy, both pediatric and adult populations, were assessed in two large cross-sectional studies [19,20]. PhA is strongly recommended by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) as a prognostic nutritional measure [4,21].
In children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the extent of tissue loss with the disease, and its accruement with the treatment is unclear [22]. Malnutrition is a common challenge in that group of patients, especially with active Crohn’s disease (CD) [22,23,24]. In the study by Werkstetter et al., the phase angle has been assessed in pediatric IBD patients during clinical remission. In this study a low phase angle score and a reduced lean body mass was revealed [25]. It was also confirmed in our study [26].
The primary objective of our study was to assess PhA score in children and adolescents with IBD compared to healthy controls. To the best our knowledge, it is the first study conducted in hospitalized pediatric IBD patients with different stages of disease activity. While searching EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases, we found only 1 full-text paper assessing PhA in pediatric IBD patients in remission or with only mild disease activity [25]. The secondary objective was to analyze body composition in this group of patients.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
The study was approved by the institutional Bioethics Committee at the University of Rzeszów (Resolution No. 5/02/2012) and by all appropriate administrative bodies. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards laid down in an appropriate version of the Declaration of Helsinki and in Polish national regulations. The study was conducted according to the STROBE criteria and registered www.researchregistry.com (IUN research registry researchregistry3834).
2.2. Subjects
The study group consisted of 59 children and adolescents (25 girls, 42.3%) with non-specific IBD (34 children with UC, and 25 children with CD) hospitalized in the Clinical Department of Pediatrics with the Pediatric Neurology Unit at the Clinical Regional Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow. Patients with both newly diagnosed IBD as well as subjects at different stages of treatment were included.
According to the CD Registry in Poland based on data from 95 centers, there are currently 6112 patients suffering from CD, both adults and children. In the Podkarpackie Province, where our study was conducted, 28 children with CD are currently registered. There is no nationwide register of patients with UC in Poland. However, analysis of the Epidemiological and Social Report on IBD for the year 2016, gives the information that in pre-school age UC is the most frequently diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease, while in the teenagers, CD is roughly three times more prevalent than UC. Taking into account these data, we can assume that almost all pediatric patients with CD and vast majority of children and adolescents with UC from Podkarpackie Region were included in our study.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosed non-specific IBD; age 4 to 18 years, no other autoimmune or chronic disease having impact on height, weight or nutritional status and written informed consent signed by parents or legal guardians, and also by adolescents aged over 16.
The control group consisted of the same number of children and adolescents selected from primary, junior high and high schools from urban and rural areas. The inclusion criteria for this group were the same with the exception of non-specific IBD. The IBD and healthy subjects were strictly matched for gender and age (the nearest possible date of birth) in a 1:1 case-control manner. The flow chart demonstrating selection of the study and control groups is presented in Figure 1, while characteristics of all groups is presented in Table 1.
In the CD group, at the time of BIA measurement, 12 children (48.0%), 8 boys and 4 girls were using immunosuppressants; 5-ASA derivatives were used in 3 children (12.0%), 2 boys and 1 girl. Ten children (40.0%) (7 boys and 3 girls) did not take any medication at the time of the BIA measurement (newly diagnosed children). In the UC group 9 children (26.5%), 3 boys and 6 girls were using immunosuppressants. Glycocorticoids were used by 3 children (8.8%), 2 boys and 1 girl. 6 children (17.6%), 3 boys and 3 girls were treated with 5-ASA derivatives. 16 newly diagnosed children (47.1%), 9 boys and 7 girls did not take any drugs.
2.3. Assessments
In all children and adolescents weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Then BIA was performed using AKERN BIA-101 analyzer (Akern SRL, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy) to assess the body composition and nutritional status. The measurements were conducted between 7:00 and 12:00, in a fasting state, in supine position, with abducted upper (30°) and lower (45°) extremities, after at least 5 min of rest. A tetrapolar system with a contralateral mode was used. Amplitude of measured current was 800 μA, sinusoidal, 50 kHz. To ensure reliability and repeatability of the results obtained, two measurements, one after another, were performed. Disposable electrodes were placed on the dorsal surface of the right upper (over the wrist) and right lower limb (on the ankle). The results were analyzed with a specialized software (Bodygram1_31 by AKERN, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy).
BIA analysis included: fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM) (kg and %), total body water (TBW), intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW) (liters and %), body cell mass (BCM) (kg and %) and body cell mass index (BCMI), and, upon resistance and reactance results, phase angle was calculated. In addition, fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Software for the Social Sciences SPSS Statistics 20 (IBM Software Group, San Francisco, CA, USA). Normality of distribution was assessed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. The continuous data are presented as mean ±SD (standard deviation). Differences between groups were analyzed with the two-tail student’s t-test for independent variables in case of parametric distribution, while Mann–Whitney U Test was used in case on non-parametric distribution. The categorical data were compared using χ2 test. A P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical power of our study was 0.88, which is above the lowest recommended power of 0.8.
3. Results
Body mass index was not significantly different between patients with UC and healthy controls, while the patients with CD had significantly lower BMI. This difference appeared to be significant only among boys and not among girls (Table 1).
Phase angle score in the patients with IBD was significantly lower compared to the healthy subjects and it was more pronounced in the patients with CD (Table 2).
Body composition parameters were not significantly different between the UC and control groups. In the CD patients, fat free mass, fat free mass index, muscle mass, total body water, body cell mass and body cell mass index were significantly different compared to the control group. However, variables measured as percent of mass or volume appeared to be different only with regards to body cell mass (Table 2).
In the analysis according to gender, phase angle score was significantly lower in the girls with UC compared to the healthy subjects. They had also lower BCM%. PhA and body composition parameters in the boys with UC were not significantly different in comparison with the healthy boys (Table 3).
Inversely, in the group with CD significant differences between the study and control groups were observed only among boys. Phase angle, muscle mass, body cell mass and total body water were significantly lower in the boys with CD compared to the healthy subjects. Among girls, no significant differences were found (Table 4).
We performed additional analysis of phase angle scores in relation to reference values for healthy population developed by Bosy-Westphal et al. in the study conducted in Germany [20]. One fifth of all the IBD population had phase angle below the 5th percentile and compared to control groups differences were significant both for UC and CD patients. In the analysis of fat mass, fat free mass and their indices (fat mass index and fat free mass index) we observed a significantly higher proportion of participants with FFMI below 9th or 2nd percentile among children and adolescents with CD compared to healthy children using reference values for healthy population obtained by Wells et al. [27,28] (Table 5).
4. Discussion
The primary objective of our study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children and adolescents with IBD by using bioelectrical impedance analysis with phase angle calculation in comparison to healthy subjects, which has not been studied yet. BIA-derived phase angle score consists of the resistance and reactance values and reflects nutritional and functional status. Precisely, PhA in ranges between 5° and 7° indicates higher cellularity cell membrane integrity (20), and it is also one of the best indicators of cell membrane function [29]. In the present case control study, we observed significantly lower PhA in the children and adolescents with IBD compared to the healthy controls. Also, several body composition parameters were significantly different between the IBD and control groups. Obviously, these parameters change in the course of the disease. Previous studies in pediatric IBD patients have reported a lower fat free mass in children with Crohn’s disease compared to healthy controls [30,31]. Furthermore, the study by Sylvester et al. demonstrated persistent deficits of lean mass despite implemented treatment [32]. The long-term consequences of this status are not clear, although a reduced muscle mass may be associated with less physical strain on bones and, therefore, reduced bone growth as well as predisposing to osteopenia and osteoporosis [33]. Thus, growth and nutritional status in pediatric patients with IBD should be considered in terms of body composition rather than a simple anthropometric change [34]. In their cross-sectional study, Pileggi et al. demonstrated that PhA is a sensitive method for identifying malnutrition risk at hospital admission and monitoring nutritional status of children during hospitalization [35].
The results of the present study showed that selected body composition parameters (fat mass, fat free mass, muscle mass, total, intracellular and extracellular body water and body cell mass) and nutritional indicators (fat mass index, fat free mass index, body cell mass index and phase angle) are lower in children and adolescents with IBD than in healthy controls. The significantly lower BIA parameters and nutritional indicators were seen predominantly in children with Crohn’s disease. In our study, PhA score was significantly lower in patients with both UC (P = 0.040) and CD (P = 0.009) groups. Wiskin et al. observed nutritional deficits in IBD children, particularly in the CD group. In these children recruited from the regional pediatric gastroenterology service, fat free mass was related to disease activity regardless of changes in weight [22]. Also, in a German study conducted in thirty-nine children and adolescents with IBD (27 Crohn’s disease, 12 ulcerative colitis), phase angle α z-score was significantly lower compared to controls in both CD and UC patients as well as among boys and girls with IBD. Interestingly, although z-score in UC patients did not differ significantly from their healthy matches regarding height, weight, BMI and grip strength, phase angle α was significantly lower (p = 0.002) [25]. Our findings demonstrated significantly lower PhA in girls with UC (P = 0.038) and in boys with CD (P = 0.001). These differences were associated with lower body cell mass (P = 0.031 for girls with UC and P = 0.020 for boys with CD). A relatively high number of children and adolescents with PhA score below the 5th percentile in both UC and CD, and almost half of children below the 2nd percentile of FFMI score in patients with CD indicate high risk of malnutrition among children and adolescents hospitalized due to IBD. Also, BCM can be considered as a useful indicator of nutritional status in pediatric patients with IBD, due to its independency of hydration changes which occur with the disease [4].
Despite our best efforts and inclusion to our study, almost all pediatric patients with IBD from the Podkarpackie Region, one of the most important limitation of our study is relatively low number of study participants. It did not allow us to find other significant differences between study and control groups. Also, due to the fact that assessment of important markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP) and nutritional status (albumin and/or pre-albumin level) was not done in all the children, we were not able to analyze association of these variables with BIA and PhA results. Searching for such relationships would be an intriguing implication for further research.
According to our findings and ESPEN recommendations, we suggest that phase angle score should be used mandatorily by clinicians, especially in IBD children and adolescents hospitalized in pediatric gastroenterology units to identify children at high risk of malnutrition. The predictive and prognostic value of our results needs to be determined in further, long-term prospective studies to assess its role in the IBD population.
5. Conclusions
Lower phase angle score together with lower body composition parameters and selected nutrition indicators in IBD children and adolescents demonstrate their worse nutritional and functional status compared to healthy subjects. To assess the predictive and prognostic value of these findings, further prospective studies in this population are required.
Acknowledgments
The study was conducted as the project of the Natural and Medical Center for Innovative Research in the University of Rzeszów, and it was co-financed by the Regional Operational Program for the Podkarpackie Province for the years 2007–2013, contract number UDA-RPPK.01.03.00-18-004/12-00.
Author Contributions
P.W. and B.K. conceived and designed the study; P.W., D.B., M.D analyzed the data; P.W., D.B., M.D., I.S. and M.B.-B. wrote the paper; all authors approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest in the field covered by this paper.
References
- Cardinal, T.R.; Wazlawik, E.; Bastos, J.L.; Nakazora, L.M.; Scheunemann, L. Standardized phase angle indicates nutritional status in hospitalized preoperative patients. Nutr. Res. 2010, 30, 594–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Norman, K.; Stobäus, N.; Pirlich, M.; Bosy-Westphal, A. Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis--clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 31, 854–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F.; Cristi-Montero, C.; González-Ruíz, K.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Ramírez-Vélez, R. Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2016, 8, 407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rinninella, E.; Ruggiero, A.; Maurizi, P.; Triarico, S.; Cintoni, M.; Mele, M.C. Clinical tools to assess nutritional risk and malnutrition in hospitalized children and adolescents. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2017, 21, 2690–2701. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kyle, U.G.; Soundar, E.P.; Genton, L.; Pichard, C. Can phase angle determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis assess nutritional risk? A comparison between healthy and hospitalized subjects. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 31, 875–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Genton, L.; Norman, K.; Spoerri, A.; Pichard, C.; Karsegard, V.L.; Herrmann, F.R.; Graf, C.E. Bioimpedance-Derived Phase Angle and Mortality Among Older People. Rejuv. Res. 2017, 20, 118–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Genton, L.; Herrmann, F.R.; Spörri, A.; Graf, C.E. Association of mortality and phase angle measured by different bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 23, S0261-561430114-0. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kovarik, M.; Hronek, M.; Zadak, Z. Clinically relevant determinants of body composition, function and nutritional status as mortality predictors in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2014, 84, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schulz, K.H.; Patra, S.; Spielmann, H.; Klapdor, S.; Schlüter, K.; van Eckert, S. Physical condition, nutritional status, fatigue, and quality of life in oncological out-patients. SAGE Open Med. 2017, 21, 2050312117743674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hui, D.; Dev, R.; Pimental, L.; Park, M.; Cerana, M.A.; Liu, D.; Bruera, E. Association Between Multi-frequency Phase Angle and Survival in Patients With Advanced Cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2017, 53, 571–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, S.Y.; Lee, Y.J.; Yang, J.H.; Kim, C.M.; Choi, W.S. The Association between Phase Angle of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Survival Time in Advanced Cancer Patients: Preliminary Study. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2014, 35, 251–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cichoż-Lach, H.; Michalak, A.A. Comprehensive Review of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Other Methods in the Assessment of Nutritional Status in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2017, 2017, 6765856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jun, M.H.; Kim, S.; Ku, B.; Cho, J.; Kim, K.; Yoo, H.R.; Kim, J.U. Glucose-independent segmental phase angles from multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis to discriminate diabetes mellitus. Sci. Rep. 2018, 12, 648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dittmar, M.; Reber, H.; Kahaly, G.J. Bioimpedance phase angle indicates catabolism in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015, 32, 1177–1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrea, L.; Macchia, P.E.; Di Somma, C.; Napolitano, M.; Balato, A.; Falco, A.; Savanelli, M.C.; Balato, N.; Colao, A.; Savastano, S. Bioelectrical phase angle and psoriasis: A novel association with psoriasis severity, quality of life and metabolic syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 2016, 10, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Beberashvili, I.; Azar, A.; Sinuani, I.; Kadoshi, H.; Shapiro, G.; Feldman, L.; Sandbank, J.; Averbukh, Z. Longitudinal changes in bioimpedance phase angle reflect inverse changes in serum IL-6 levels in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nutrition 2014, 30, 297–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colín-Ramírez, E.; Castillo-Martínez, L.; Orea-Tejeda, A.; Vázquez-Durán, M.; Rodríguez, A.E.; Keirns-Davis, C. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle as a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure. Nutrition 2012, 28, 901–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caccialanza, R.; Cereda, E.; Klersy, C.; Bonardi, C.; Cappello, S.; Quarleri, L.; Turri, A.; Montagna, E.; Iacona, I.; Valentino, F.; et al. Phase angle and handgrip strength are sensitive early markers of energy intake in hypophagic, non-surgical patients at nutritional risk, with contraindications to enteral nutrition. Nutrients 2015, 11, 1828–1840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuchnia, A.J.; Teigen, L.M.; Cole, A.J.; Mulasi, U.; Gonzalez, M.C.; Heymsfield, S.B.; Vock, D.M.; Earthman, C.P. Phase angle and impedance ratio: Reference cut-points from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 from bioimpedance spectroscopy data. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 2017, 41, 1310–1315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bosy-Westphal, A.; Danielzik, S.; Dörhöfer, R.P.; Later, W.; Wiese, S.; Müller, M.J. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: Population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 2006, 30, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cederholm, T.; Barazzoni, R.; Austin, P.; Ballmer, P.; Biolo, G.; Bischoff, S.C.; Compher, C.; Correia, I.; Higashiguchi, T.; Holst, M.; et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 49–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiskin, A.E.; Wootton, S.A.; Hunt, T.M.; Cornelius, V.R.; Afzal, N.A.; Jackson, A.A.; Beattie, R.M. Body composition in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 30, 112–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mijac, D.D.; Jankovi´c, G.L.; Jorga, J.; Krstić, M.N. Nutritional status in patients withactive inflammatory bowel disease: Prevalence of malnutrition and meth-ods for routine nutritional assessment. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2010, 21, 315–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emerenziani, S.; Biancone, L.; Guarino, M.P.L.; Balestrieri, P.; Stasi, E.; Ribolsi, M.; Rescio, M.P.; Altomare, A.; Cocca, S.; Pallone, F.; et al. Nutritional status and bioelectrical phase angle assessment in adult Crohn disease patients receiving anti-TNFα therapy. Dig. Liver Dis. 2017, 49, 495–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Werkstetter, K.J.; Ullrich, J.; Schatz, S.B.; Prell, C.; Koletzko, B.; Koletzko, S. Lean body mass, physical activity andquality of life in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease and in healthy controls. J. Crohns Colitis. 2012, 6, 665–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Więch, P.; Binkowska-Bury, M.; Korczowski, B. Body composition as an indicator of the nutritional status in children with newly diagnosed ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—A prospective study. Prz Gastroenterol. 2017, 12, 55–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wells, J.C. Toward body composition reference data for infants, children, and adolescents. Adv. Nutr. 2014, 5, 320S–329S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wells, J.C.; Williams, J.E.; Chomtho, S.; Darch, T.; Grijalva-Eternod, C.; Kennedy, K.; Haroun, D.; Wilson, C.; Cole, T.J.; Fewtrell, M.S. Body-composition reference data for simple and reference techniques and a 4-component model: A new UK reference child. Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 96, 1316–1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kabiri, L.S.; Hernandez, D.C.; Mitchell, K. Reliability, validity, and diagnostic value of a pediatric bioelectrical impedance analysis scale. Child. Obes. 2015, 11, 650–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burnham, J.M.; Shults, J.; Semeao, E.; Foster, B.J.; Zemel, B.S.; Stallings, V.A.; Leonard, M.B. Body-composition alterations consistent with cachexia in children and young adults with Crohn disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 413–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thayu, M.; Shults, J.; Burnham, J.M.; Zemel, B.S.; Baldassano, R.N.; Leonard, M.B. Gender differences in body composition deficits at diagnosis in children and adolescents with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2007, 13, 1121–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sylvester, F.A.; Leopold, S.; Lincoln, M.; Hyams, J.S.; Griffiths, A.M.; Lerer, T. A two-year longitudinal study of persistent lean tissue deficits in children with Crohn’s disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 7, 452–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klaus, J.; Armbrecht, G.; Steinkamp, M.; Bruckel, J.; Rieber, A.; Adler, G.; Reinshagen, M.; Felsenberg, D.; von Tirpitz, C. High prevalence of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gut 2002, 51, 654–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hill, R.J. Update on nutritional status, body composition and growth in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 3191–3197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pileggi, V.N.; Monteiro, J.P.; Margutti, A.V.; Camelo, J.S., Jr. Prevalence of child malnutrition at a university hospital using the World Health Organization criteria and bioelectrical impedance data. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2016, 49, e5012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Figure 1.
Flow chart demonstrating study participants selection.
Table 1.
Demographic and anthropometric parameters of the study participants.
| Parameter | Ulcerative Colitis (UC) (Mean ± SD) (n = 34) | Control for UC (Mean ± SD) (n = 34) | p | Crohn’s Disease (CD) (Mean ± SD) (n = 25) | Control for CD (Mean ± SD) (n = 25) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 13.5 ± 3.41 | 13.5 ± 3.41 | 1.000 | 13.8 ± 3.12 | 13.8 ± 3.12 | 1.000 |
| Girls | 13.1 ± 3.41 | 13.1 ± 3.41 | 1.000 | 13.1 ± 3.94 | 13.1 ± 3.94 | 1.000 |
| Boys | 13.9 ± 3.46 | 13.9 ± 3.46 | 1.000 | 14.1 ± 2.74 | 14.1 ± 2.74 | 1.000 |
| Body weight (kg) | 47.9 ± 15.33 | 49.2 ± 15.82 | 0.731 | 43.6 ± 14.14 | 54.9 ± 17.35 | 0.015 |
| Girls | 42.7 ± 13.25 | 45.1 ± 11.47 | 0.560 | 43.8 ± 15.99 | 51.0 ± 18.59 | 0.411 |
| Boys | 53.1 ± 15.85 | 53.3 ± 18.69 | 0.984 | 42.6 ± 13.72 | 56.8 ± 17.00 | 0.018 |
| Height (cm) | 156.7 ± 18.24 | 156.6 ± 17.68 | 0.981 | 155.9 ± 18.26 | 160.9 ± 17.64 | 0.316 |
| Girls | 150.8 ± 16.69 | 152.3 ± 14.73 | 0.783 | 148.4 ± 17.05 | 154.1 ± 20.84 | 0.551 |
| Boys | 162.6 ± 18.27 | 160.9 ± 19.71 | 0.795 | 159.4 ± 18.20 | 164.1 ± 15.58 | 0.411 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.1 ± 3.55 | 19.6 ± 3.46 | 0.418 | 17.5 ± 3.41 | 20.6 ± 4.00 | 0.004 * |
| Girls | 18.6 ± 3.98 | 19.2 ± 3.17 | 0.339 | 19.1 ± 4.14 | 20.7 ± 4.56 | 0.645 |
| Boys | 19.6 ± 3.11 | 20.0 ± 3.79 | 0.786 | 16.7 ± 2.82 | 20.6 ± 3.86 | 0.002 * |
| BMI z-score | −0.01 ± 0.928 | 0.13 ± 0.887 | 0.351 | −0.42 ± 0.892 | 0.41 ± 1.050 | 0.003 * |
| Girls | −0.15 ± 1.045 | 0.05 ± 0.829 | 0.231 | −0.03 ± 1.126 | 0.46 ± 1.211 | 0.505 |
| Boys | 0.14 ± 0.799 | 0.22 ± 0.959 | 0.812 | −0.61 ± 0.725 | 0.38 ± 1.004 | 0.002 * |
| Disease activity, n (boys.girls) (PUCAI/PCDAI): Lack Mild Moderate Severe | 12 (8/4) 8 (4/4) 10 (5/5) 4 (0/4) | n/a | n/a | 7 (4/3) 5 (2/3) 9 (8/1) 4 (3/1) | n/a | n/a |
| Duration of the disease: New diagnosis Up to 1 year More than 1 year | 16 4 14 | n/a | n/a | 10 3 12 | n/a | n/a |
| Location of lesions (Paris classification): | 27P 3L 4E | n/a | n/a | 1L1 2L2 3L3 1L4b 2L1/L4b 6L1/L4a 10L3/L4a | n/a | n/a |
SD—standard deviation; BMI—body mass index; z-score-standard score; PUCAI—Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index; PCDAI—Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; P—Pancolitis; L—Left-sided; E—Extensive; L1—1/3 of distal section of ileum; L2—The colon; L3—The ileum and colon; L4b—The upper section distally to the ligament of Treitz and proximally to 1/3 of the distal section of ileum; L1/L4b—1/3 of the distal section of ileum and the upper section distally to the ligament of Treitz and proximally to 1/3 of the distal section of ileum; L1/L4a—1/3 of the distal section of ileum and the upper section of the alimentary canal proximally to the ligament of Treitz; L3/L4a—The ileum, colon and the upper section of alimentary canal proximally to the ligament of Treitz; n/a—not applicable. * indicate significant values (p < 0.05).
Table 2.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis results in study participants.
| Parameter | Ulcerative Colitis (UC) (Mean ± SD) (n = 34) | Control for UC (Mean ± SD) (n = 34) | p | Crohn’s Disease (CD) (Mean ± SD) (n = 25) | Control for CD (Mean ± SD) (n = 25) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM (kg) | 9.83 | 5.02 | 10.02 | 5.88 | 0.893 | 8.58 | 4.72 | 12.00 | 6.77 | 0.054 |
| FM (%) | 20.9 | 7.5 | 20.4 | 9.5 | 0.826 | 19.8 | 6.2 | 21.4 | 8.2 | 0.440 |
| FMI | 4.05 | 1.98 | 4.14 | 2.52 | 0.787 | 3.53 | 1.77 | 4.57 | 2.40 | 0.123 |
| FFM (kg) | 38.10 | 12.94 | 39.21 | 13.38 | 0.727 | 35.02 | 11.70 | 42.93 | 13.53 | 0.032 * |
| FFM (%) | 79.1 | 7.5 | 79.6 | 9.5 | 0.826 | 80.2 | 6.2 | 78.6 | 8.2 | 0.440 |
| FFMI | 15.00 | 2.59 | 15.41 | 2.46 | 0.503 | 13.94 | 2.44 | 16.02 | 2.54 | 0.005 * |
| MM (kg) | 24.24 | 9.86 | 26.15 | 10.01 | 0.432 | 21.80 | 8.39 | 28.39 | 9.90 | 0.015 * |
| MM (%) | 49.5 | 8.2 | 52.4 | 7.9 | 0.137 | 49.1 | 5.9 | 51.5 | 7.2 | 0.199 |
| TBW (liters) | 29.51 | 8.90 | 30.24 | 9.31 | 0.741 | 27.86 | 7.69 | 32.97 | 9.37 | 0.040 * |
| TBW (%) | 62.1 | 6.4 | 62.2 | 9.3 | 0.956 | 65.2 | 8.5 | 61.1 | 7.8 | 0.078 |
| ECW (liters) | 13.25 | 4.72 | 13.26 | 4.31 | 0.996 | 12.02 | 3.98 | 14.37 | 4.54 | 0.058 |
| ECW (%) | 44.7 | 6.7 | 43.8 | 3.4 | 0.552 | 43.0 | 5.4 | 43.4 | 3.0 | 0.779 |
| ICW (liters) | 16.24 | 5.05 | 16.98 | 5.18 | 0.345 | 15.83 | 4.11 | 18.60 | 5.02 | 0.038 * |
| ICW (%) | 55.3 | 6.7 | 56.2 | 3.4 | 0.552 | 57.0 | 5.4 | 56.6 | 3.0 | 0.779 |
| BCM (kg) | 19.58 | 8.20 | 21.26 | 8.27 | 0.405 | 17.60 | 6.92 | 23.08 | 8.13 | 0.013 * |
| BCM (%) | 49.4 | 8.8 | 53.3 | 3.9 | 0.066 | 49.3 | 5.3 | 53.1 | 3.2 | 0.004 * |
| BCMI | 7.63 | 2.01 | 8.31 | 1.78 | 0.149 | 6.98 | 1.80 | 8.57 | 1.74 | 0.003 * |
| Resistance (ohm) | 654.15 | 130.36 | 623.71 | 106.30 | 0.295 | 700.68 | 118.50 | 606.56 | 103.74 | 0.004 * |
| Reactance (ohm) | 61.74 | 13.12 | 64.18 | 8.17 | 0.361 | 63.36 | 10.39 | 61.88 | 6.89 | 0.556 |
| PhA | 5.34 | 1.34 | 5.96 | 0.76 | 0.040* | 5.16 | 1.18 | 5.90 | 0.62 | 0.009 * |
SD—standard deviation; FM—fat mass; FMI—fat mass index; FFM—fat free mass; FFMI—fat free mass index; MM—muscle mass; TBW—total body water; ECW—extracellular water; ICW—intracellular water; BCM—body cell mass; BCMI—body cell mass index; PA—phase angle. * indicate significant values (p < 0.05).
Table 3.
BIA results in UC participants according to gender.
| Parameter | Girls (Mean ± SD) | p | Boys (Mean ± SD) | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | Control | Ulcerative Colitis (UC) | Control | |||||||
| (Mean ± SD) (N = 17) | (Mean ± SD) (N = 17) | (Mean ± SD) (N = 17) | (Mean ± SD) (N = 17) | |||||||
| FM (kg) | 9.98 | 5.79 | 11.25 | 4.57 | 0.274 | 9.69 | 4.28 | 8.79 | 6.87 | 0.193 |
| FM (%) | 23.0 | 8.1 | 24.6 | 7.2 | 0.838 | 18.7 | 6.5 | 16.2 | 9.9 | 0.160 |
| FMI | 4.45 | 2.40 | 4.85 | 2.17 | 0.496 | 3.66 | 1.40 | 3.42 | 2.70 | 0.218 |
| FFM (kg) | 32.68 | 9.86 | 33.89 | 8.64 | 0.518 | 43.52 | 13.63 | 44.54 | 15.31 | 0.786 |
| FFM (%) | 77.0 | 8.1 | 75.4 | 7.2 | 0.838 | 81.3 | 6.5 | 83.8 | 9.9 | 0.160 |
| FFMI | 14.08 | 2.19 | 14.31 | 1.84 | 0.563 | 15.91 | 2.68 | 16.50 | 2.56 | 0.474 |
| MM (kg) | 19.58 | 6.95 | 22.05 | 6.20 | 0.182 | 28.91 | 10.30 | 30.25 | 11.51 | 0.658 |
| MM (%) | 45.7 | 8.1 | 48.7 | 5.3 | 0.114 | 53.2 | 6.6 | 56.1 | 8.5 | 0.122 |
| TBW (liters) | 25.10 | 6.24 | 25.85 | 5.67 | 0.474 | 33.91 | 9.13 | 34.63 | 10.28 | 0.658 |
| TBW (%) | 59.9 | 6.2 | 58.1 | 7.1 | 0.474 | 64.4 | 6.1 | 66.3 | 9.7 | 0.290 |
| ECW (liters) | 11.68 | 4.70 | 11.29 | 2.79 | 0.865 | 14.82 | 4.30 | 15.23 | 4.73 | 0.658 |
| ECW (%) | 45.6 | 8.0 | 43.5 | 2.9 | 0.322 | 43.7 | 5.3 | 44.1 | 3.8 | 1.000 |
| ICW (liters) | 13.42 | 2.97 | 14.56 | 3.04 | 0.092 | 19.05 | 5.18 | 19.40 | 5.80 | 0.892 |
| ICW (%) | 54.4 | 8.0 | 56.5 | 2.9 | 0.322 | 56.3 | 5.3 | 55.9 | 3.8 | 1.000 |
| BCM (kg) | 15.69 | 5.79 | 17.92 | 5.11 | 0.170 | 23.48 | 8.54 | 24.59 | 9.55 | 0.658 |
| BCM (%) | 46.0 | 10.6 | 52.4 | 3.3 | 0.031 * | 52.9 | 4.7 | 54.2 | 4.4 | 0.433 |
| BCMI | 6.77 | 1.76 | 7.55 | 1.25 | 0.114 | 8.49 | 1.92 | 9.06 | 1.94 | 0.339 |
| Resistance (ohm) | 700.12 | 110.30 | 685.18 | 79.06 | 0.433 | 608.18 | 135.63 | 562.24 | 95.00 | 0.322 |
| Reactance (ohm) | 61.59 | 14.35 | 68.94 | 8.19 | 0.140 | 61.88 | 12.20 | 59.41 | 4.74 | 0.786 |
| PhA | 5.06 | 1.23 | 5.76 | 0.63 | 0.038 * | 5.61 | 1.43 | 6.15 | 0.85 | 0.290 |
BIA— Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis; UC—Ulcerative Colitis; SD—standard deviation; FM—fat mass; FMI—fat mass index; FFM—fat free mass; FFMI—fat free mass index; MM—muscle mass; TBW—total body water; ECW—extracellular water; ICW—intracellular water; BCM—body cell mass; BCMI—body cell mass index; PhA—phase angle. * indicate significant values (p < 0.05).
Table 4.
BIA results in CD participants according to gender.
| Parameter | Girls (Mean ± SD) | p | Boys (Mean ± SD) | p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crohn’s Disease (CD) | Control | Crohn’s Disease (CD) | Control | |||||||
| (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | |||||||
| (N = 8) | (N = 8) | (N = 17) | (N = 17) | |||||||
| FM (kg) | 11.69 | 6.76 | 14.85 | 7.22 | 0.279 | 7.12 | 2.51 | 10.66 | 6.32 | 0.099 |
| FM (%) | 25.7 | 5.3 | 28.2 | 4.4 | 0.279 | 17.0 | 4.5 | 18.2 | 7.6 | 0.865 |
| FMI | 5.06 | 2.29 | 5.99 | 2.24 | 0.279 | 2.80 | 0.82 | 3.90 | 2.23 | 0.339 |
| FFM (kg) | 31.95 | 10.21 | 36.15 | 11.95 | 0.382 | 36.46 | 12.36 | 46.12 | 13.36 | 0.062 |
| FFM (%) | 74.3 | 5.3 | 71.8 | 4.4 | 0.279 | 83.0 | 4.5 | 81.8 | 7.6 | 0.865 |
| FFMI | 14.03 | 2.12 | 14.68 | 2.44 | 0.721 | 13.90 | 2.63 | 16.65 | 2.40 | 0.007 * |
| MM (kg) | 20.63 | 7.31 | 22.74 | 7.69 | 0.505 | 22.36 | 9.02 | 31.05 | 9.89 | 0.022 * |
| MM (%) | 47.3 | 5.7 | 44.9 | 3.2 | 0.382 | 50.0 | 5.9 | 54.6 | 6.4 | 0.045 * |
| TBW (liters) | 24.51 | 6.84 | 27.01 | 7.98 | 0.382 | 29.43 | 7.74 | 35.78 | 8.82 | 0.038 * |
| TBW (%) | 57.9 | 7.0 | 54.4 | 6.1 | 0.234 | 68.7 | 6.8 | 64.2 | 6.4 | 0.099 |
| ECW (liters) | 10.51 | 2.92 | 11.90 | 3.73 | 0.382 | 12.74 | 4.29 | 15.54 | 4.51 | 0.106 |
| ECW (%) | 43.6 | 5.2 | 44.1 | 2.9 | 0.328 | 42.8 | 5.6 | 43.0 | 3.1 | 0.892 |
| ICW (liters) | 14.00 | 4.12 | 15.11 | 4.36 | 0.328 | 16.69 | 3.93 | 20.24 | 4.54 | 0.012 * |
| ICW (%) | 56.5 | 5.2 | 55.9 | 2.9 | 0.328 | 57.2 | 5.6 | 57.0 | 3.1 | 0.892 |
| BCM (kg) | 16.76 | 6.07 | 18.44 | 6.28 | 0.645 | 17.99 | 7.44 | 25.26 | 8.13 | 0.020 * |
| BCM (%) | 51.5 | 5.2 | 50.7 | 2.4 | 0.505 | 48.3 | 5.2 | 54.2 | 2.9 | <0.001 * |
| BCMI | 7.30 | 1.51 | 7.46 | 1.39 | 0.959 | 6.82 | 1.94 | 9.09 | 1.68 | 0.003 * |
| Resistance (ohm) | 711.13 | 82.97 | 682.75 | 92.97 | 0.574 | 695.76 | 134.06 | 570.71 | 89.97 | 0.004 * |
| Reactance (ohm) | 69.75 | 11.63 | 64.75 | 8.31 | 0.645 | 60.35 | 8.53 | 60.53 | 5.91 | 0.865 |
| PhA | 5.65 | 0.92 | 5.44 | 0.44 | 0.442 | 4.94 | 1.24 | 6.12 | 0.59 | 0.001 * |
SD—standard deviation; FM—fat mass; FMI—fat mass index; FFM—fat free mass; FFMI—fat free mass index; MM—muscle mass; TBW—total body water; ECW—extracellular water; ICW—intracellular water; BCM—body cell mass; BCMI—body cell mass index; PhA—phase angle. * indicate significant values (p < 0.05).
Table 5.
BIA results in UC vs. CD participants according to percentiles.
| Parameter | Ulcerative Colitis (UC) (n = 34) | Control for UC (n = 34) | p | Crohn’s Disease (CD) (n = 25) | Control for CD (n = 25) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| FM (kg) > 9.P * | 32 | 94.1 | 30 | 88.2 | 25 | 100.0 | 24 | 96.0 | ||
| FM (kg) < 9.P * | - | - | 1 | 2.9 | 0.531 | - | - | - | - | 0.312 |
| FM (kg) < 2.P * | 2 | 5.9 | 3 | 8.8 | - | - | 1 | 4.0 | ||
| FFM (kg) > 9.P * | 34 | 100.0 | 34 | 100.0 | 24 | 96.0 | 24 | 96 | ||
| FFM (kg) < 9.P * | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 4.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 0.755 |
| FFM (kg) < 2.P * | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| FMI > 9.P ** | 23 | 67.6 | 26 | 76.5 | 20 | 80.0 | 22 | 88.0 | ||
| FMI < 9.P ** | 8 | 23.5 | 4 | 11.8 | 0.436 | 4 | 16.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 0.538 |
| FMI < 2.P ** | 3 | 8.8 | 4 | 11.8 | 1 | 4.0 | - | - | ||
| FFMI > 9.P ** | 25 | 73.5 | 30 | 88.2 | 12 | 48.0 | 22 | 88.0 | ||
| FFMI < 9.P ** | 4 | 11.8 | 3 | 8.8 | 0.196 | 2 | 8.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 0.009 † |
| FFMI < 2.P ** | 5 | 14.7 | 1 | 2.9 | 11 | 44.0 | 2 | 8.0 | ||
| PhA > 10.P *** | 26 | 76.5 | 20 | 58.8 | 18 | 72.0 | 24 | 96.0 | ||
| PhA < 10.P *** | 1 | 2.9 | 13 | 38.2 | <0.001 † | - | - | 1 | 4.0 | 0.012 † |
| PhA < 5.P *** | 7 | 20.6 | 1 | 2.9 | 7 | 28.0 | - | - | ||
FM—fat mass; FMI—fat mass index; FFM—fat free mass; FFMI—fat free mass index; PhA—phase angle; P—percentile; * According to Wells et al. reference values [27]; ** According to Wells et al. reference values [28]; *** According to Bosy-Westhpal et al. reference values [20]. † indicate significant values (p < 0.05).
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Więch, P.; Dąbrowski, M.; Bazaliński, D.; Sałacińska, I.; Korczowski, B.; Binkowska-Bury, M. Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499
AMA Style
Więch P, Dąbrowski M, Bazaliński D, Sałacińska I, Korczowski B, Binkowska-Bury M. Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499
Chicago/Turabian StyleWięch, Paweł, Mariusz Dąbrowski, Dariusz Bazaliński, Izabela Sałacińska, Bartosz Korczowski, and Monika Binkowska-Bury. 2018. "Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study" Nutrients 10, no. 4: 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499
APA StyleWięch, P., Dąbrowski, M., Bazaliński, D., Sałacińska, I., Korczowski, B., & Binkowska-Bury, M. (2018). Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study. Nutrients, 10(4), 499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
