Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Visual Acuity
2.3.2. Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) Task
2.3.3. Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD)
2.3.4. Serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin (Serum L & Z)
2.3.5. Neuroimaging Acquisition
2.3.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. JLO Behavioral Performance
3.2. Whole-Brain Analysis
3.3. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Analysis
3.3.1. MPOD
3.3.2. Serum L & Z
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Registry Information
References
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Age (Years) | Sex (% Female) | Race (% Caucasian) | Education (Years) | JLO Task Accuracy (Max = 60) 1 | MPOD (o.d.) | Serum L & Z (μmol/L) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
71.75 ± 6.16 | 58.8 | 100.0 | 16.1 ± 3.15 | 52.53 ± 4.49 | 0.495 ± 0.177 | 0.321 ± 0.170 |
Region | x | y | z | Extent | T-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L superior lateral occipital cortex | −32 | −88 | 12 | 35,624 | 23.75 |
L inferior lateral occipital cortex | −34 | −88 | 2 | * | 21.38 |
−38 | −86 | 0 | * | 21.21 | |
−42 | −64 | 12 | * | 20.35 | |
R superior lateral occipital cortex | 34 | −80 | 22 | * | 21.63 |
22 | −64 | 52 | * | 21.58 | |
38 | −78 | 12 | * | 20.03 | |
26 | −72 | 36 | * | 18.76 | |
28 | −74 | 30 | * | 18.40 | |
R inferior lateral occipital cortex | 34 | −88 | 0 | * | 19.59 |
38 | −84 | 4 | * | 19.18 | |
40 | −84 | −4 | * | 18.52 | |
R occipital pole | 18 | −96 | 6 | * | 18.81 |
R superior parietal lobule | 32 | −52 | 46 | * | 18.38 |
L cerebellum, vermis VI | −4 | −72 | −26 | * | 18.31 |
R occipital fusiform gyrus | 38 | −70 | −10 | * | 18.06 |
R paracingulate gyrus | 6 | 20 | 44 | 13,072 | 18.85 |
L paracingulate gyrus | −6 | 14 | 46 | * | 14.77 |
−8 | 24 | 38 | * | 12.37 | |
R middle frontal gyrus | 28 | 0 | 52 | * | 17.54 |
46 | 24 | 24 | * | 14.25 | |
50 | 30 | 28 | * | 13.01 | |
L middle frontal gyrus | −26 | −2 | 52 | * | 13.90 |
−38 | 28 | 22 | * | 9.60 | |
R insular cortex | 32 | 20 | −2 | * | 17.48 |
L insular cortex | −34 | 20 | 0 | * | 15.28 |
R precentral gyrus | 42 | 6 | 28 | * | 17.15 |
L precentral gyrus | −32 | −4 | 48 | * | 14.83 |
−46 | 4 | 30 | * | 13.30 | |
R frontal pole | 44 | 44 | −14 | * | 13.23 |
38 | 58 | 0 | * | 11.16 | |
46 | 50 | −8 | * | 10.16 | |
L cingulate gyrus | −6 | 0 | 26 | 75 | 8.24 |
L frontal pole | −46 | 48 | −4 | 30 | 8.05 |
−48 | 44 | −8 | * | 7.63 | |
−42 | 52 | 6 | * | 7.06 |
Region | x | y | z | Extent | T-Score | Effect Size (r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R superior lateral occipital cortex | 54 | −70 | 16 | 19 | 3.08 | 0.403 |
56 | −66 | 16 | * | 2.90 | 0.383 | |
R inferior lateral occipital cortex | 56 | −68 | 12 | * | 2.94 | 0.387 |
R middle frontal gyrus | 48 | 18 | 30 | 59 | 3.03 | 0.397 |
R frontal pole | 0 | 60 | 16 | 31 | 2.93 | 0.386 |
L cingulate gyrus | −2 | 4 | 24 | 30 | 2.85 | 0.377 |
R cingulate gyrus | 4 | 2 | 30 | * | 2.56 | 0.343 |
R angular gyrus | 60 | −50 | 38 | 15 | 2.84 | 0.376 |
62 | −50 | 34 | * | 2.81 | 0.373 | |
R precentral gyrus | 62 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 2.82 | 0.374 |
R superior frontal gyrus | 6 | 56 | 25 | 10 | 2.62 | 0.351 |
Region | x | y | z | Extent | T-Score | Effect Size (r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R precentral gyrus | 16 | −18 | 48 | 62 | 3.75 | 0.492 |
L middle temporal gyrus | −56 | −8 | −12 | 51 | 3.55 | 0.472 |
L superior parietal lobule | −36 | −42 | 50 | 199 | 3.46 | 0.462 |
−28 | −56 | 58 | * | 3.29 | 0.444 | |
L superior lateral occipital cortex | −20 | −74 | 40 | 61 | 3.42 | 0.458 |
−16 | −88 | 36 | 12 | 2.73 | 0.381 | |
R temporal fusiform cortex | 36 | −30 | −16 | 33 | 3.36 | 0.452 |
L precentral gyrus | −20 | −40 | 44 | 68 | 3.32 | 0.448 |
R superior lateral occipital cortex | 26 | −84 | 30 | 67 | 3.21 | 0.436 |
24 | −62 | 56 | 51 | 3.04 | 0.417 | |
L superior frontal gyrus | −22 | 30 | 54 | 28 | 3.16 | 0.430 |
L posterior superior temporal gyrus | −60 | −32 | 4 | 49 | 2.92 | 0.403 |
L planum temporale | −62 | −22 | 6 | * | 2.70 | 0.377 |
L superior temporal gyrus | −52 | −38 | 2 | * | 2.56 | 0.360 |
L occipital pole | −28 | −96 | 6 | 9 | 2.99 | 0.411 |
L temporal fusiform cortex | 44 | −16 | −16 | 9 | 2.95 | 0.406 |
R thalamus | 24 | −22 | 4 | 36 | 2.93 | 0.404 |
L planum polare | −36 | −8 | −10 | 19 | 2.87 | 0.397 |
R posterior supramarginal gyrus | 46 | −38 | 10 | 21 | 2.58 | 0.362 |
R posterior superior temporal gyrus | 54 | −36 | 8 | * | 2.87 | 0.397 |
L Heschl’s gyrus | −46 | −22 | 2 | 12 | 2.83 | 0.392 |
L parahippocampal gyrus | −32 | −36 | −18 | 22 | 2.83 | 0.392 |
R postcentral gyrus | 6 | −40 | 62 | 22 | 2.66 | 0.372 |
L central opercular cortex | −48 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 2.75 | 0.383 |
R anterior middle temporal gyrus | 58 | −2 | −22 | 19 | 2.70 | 0.377 |
R anterior superior temporal gyrus | 50 | −2 | −16 | * | 2.62 | 0.367 |
L temporal pole | −52 | 6 | −18 | 10 | 2.67 | 0.373 |
R lingual gyrus | 18 | −60 | −16 | 8 | 2.61 | 0.366 |
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Mewborn, C.M.; Lindbergh, C.A.; Robinson, T.L.; Gogniat, M.A.; Terry, D.P.; Jean, K.R.; Hammond, B.R.; Renzi-Hammond, L.M.; Miller, L.S. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040458
Mewborn CM, Lindbergh CA, Robinson TL, Gogniat MA, Terry DP, Jean KR, Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM, Miller LS. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040458
Chicago/Turabian StyleMewborn, Catherine M., Cutter A. Lindbergh, Talia L. Robinson, Marissa A. Gogniat, Douglas P. Terry, Kharine R. Jean, Billy Randy Hammond, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond, and Lloyd Stephen Miller. 2018. "Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study" Nutrients 10, no. 4: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040458