The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Socioeconomic Factors: Demographic Data and Area of Residence
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Children (9 to 12 Years)
3.2. Adolescents (13 to 17 Years)
3.3. Adults (18 to 64 Years)
3.4. Seniors (65 to 75 Years)
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Factors Affecting Food Choice: Food Groups and Geographical Disparities in Spanish Geography
4.2. Consumption of Specific Food Groups Which Should Be Moderate According to Spanish Dietary Guidelines
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Northeast | 240 | 11.9 | 121 | 11.9 | 119 | 11.9 |
Levante (East) | 335 | 16.7 | 176 | 17.4 | 159 | 16.0 |
South | 443 | 22.1 | 218 | 21.5 | 225 | 22.6 |
Central | 191 | 9.5 | 107 | 10.6 | 84 | 8.4 |
Northwest | 152 | 7.6 | 77 | 7.6 | 75 | 7.5 |
North Central | 162 | 8.1 | 80 | 7.9 | 82 | 8.2 |
Canary Islands | 93 | 4.6 | 44 | 4.3 | 49 | 4.9 |
Madrid Metropolitan Area | 264 | 13.1 | 133 | 13.1 | 131 | 13.2 |
Barcelona Metropolitan Area | 129 | 6.4 | 57 | 5.6 | 72 | 7.2 |
Barcelona (Metropolitan Area) | Canary Islands | Central | Levante (East) | Madrid (Metropolitan Area) | Northeast | Northwest | North Central | South | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 57 | 44 | 107 | 176 | 133 | 121 | 77 | 80 | 218 |
Oils and fats (g/day) | 24.1 a,b (9.7) | 24.9 a,b (14.3) | 25.3 a,b (11.7) | 24.1 a,b (10.1) | 22.1 a (9.4) | 25.8 a,b (11.7) | 23.1 a,b (12.9) | 27.5 b (11.2) | 26.0 a,b (12.7) |
Appetizers (g/day) | 5.6 (9.5) | 5.9(10.8) | 5.6 (16.3) | 8.3 (13.0) | 2.9 (6.7) | 6.3 (11.5) | 3.8 (9.3) | 6.1 (13.1) | 6.6 (14.9) |
Sugars and sweets (g/day) | 12.9 (11.8) | 17.0 (15.4) | 17.2 (17.2) | 14.9 (16.1) | 16.4 (14.2) | 17.0 (19.0) | 16.5 (16.7) | 18.5 (19.4) | 12.3 (13.9) |
Alcoholic beverages (g/day) | 94. (163.2) | 151.4 (294.9) | 110.1 (184.0) | 154.9 (224.2) | 114.0 (201.2) | 88.2 (225.3) | 130.0 (274.5) | 121.2 (195.5) | 186.0 (290.9) |
Non-alcoholic beverages (g/day) | 805.96 c,d (454.4) | 788.3 c,d (409.7) | 776.9 c,d (472.4) | 977.3 d (630.7) | 883.6 c,d (511.2) | 851.8 c,d (509.6) | 723.0 c (596.8) | 950.1 c,d (527.4) | 757.2 c,d (531.2) |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 170.0 e,f (84.9) | 146.1 e,g (80.2) | 157.3 e,f,g (86.7) | 172.3 e,f (88.1) | 180.1 e,f (92.5) | 179.7 e,f (90.1) | 134.2 g (73.9) | 187.2 g (87.8) | 152.4 e,f,g (85.9) |
Cereals/grains (g/day) | 172.0 (73.6) | 166.4 (55.6) | 164.7 (65.4) | 173.3 (71.6) | 163.6 (71.8) | 175.9 (73.8) | 149.2 (66.8) | 155.4 (64.9) | 154.8 (60.8) |
Fruits (g/day) | 153.9 h,i (151.7) | 216.7 i (236.2) | 151.9 h,i (170.0) | 161.8 h,i (170.8) | 153.7 h,i (193.4) | 145.9 h,i (178.7) | 122.9 h (159.0) | 193.1 h,i (200.3) | 117.0 h (139.4) |
Eggs (g/day) | 27.0 j (27.4) | 31.8 j,k (26.5) | 38.4 j,k (31.6) | 29.1 j,k (31.0) | 31.4 j,k (30.1) | 33.4 j,k (45.5) | 32.1 j,k (32.4) | 43.5 k (34.2) | 31.7 j,k (29.4) |
Milk and dairy products (g/day) | 233.1 (165.6) | 310.6 (219.8) | 267.2 (141.6) | 245.3 (193.6) | 288.6 (164.2) | 256.8 (191.5) | 248.0 (161.0) | 283.4 (152.8) | 237.5 (152.9) |
Pulses (g/day) | 10.7 (14.6) | 15.7 (19.2) | 15.8 (20.9) | 10.2 (14.5) | 14.9 (21.9) | 15.1 (21.89 | 13.3 (16.5) | 15.1 (18.7) | 16.0 (18.2) |
Fish and shellfish (g/day) | 72.7 (84.7) | 45.4 (63.9) | 62.4 (61.9) | 64.3 (67.7) | 56.0 (60.2) | 49.8 (67.1) | 72.9 (79.6) | 70.5 (80.7) | 58.4 (62.6) |
Ready-to-eat meals (g/day) | 89.6 (90.8) | 76.2 (102.5) | 77.9 (94.5) | 75.9 (86.0) | 88.2 (86.6) | 91.6 (99.8) | 65.9 (81.7) | 60.5 (69.3) | 80.6 (74.7) |
Sauces and condiments (g/day) | 15.6 (17.9) | 11.4 (11.4) | 12.9 (12.7) | 17.5 (16.9) | 14.0 (13.3) | 15.2 (18.5) | 11.3 (11.5) | 13.8 (14.7) | 14.1 (15.3) |
Supplements and meal replacements (g/day) | 0.1 (0.9) | 1.7 (6.1) | 0.5 (3.3) | 0.0 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.5 (13.1) | 0.2 (1.2) | 0.3 (1.8) | 0.5 (3.6) |
Vegetables (g/day) | 165.7 (94.2) | 194.9 (112.2) | 178.4 (114.9) | 176.3 (120.8) | 161.9 (101.4) | 195.0 (134.8) | 172.4 (107.8) | 208.4 (142.8) | 157.7 (104.0) |
Barcelona (Metropolitan Area) | Canary Islands | Central | Levante (East) | Madrid (Metropolitan Area) | Northeast | Northwest | North Central | South | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 72 | 49 | 84 | 159 | 131 | 119 | 75 | 82 | 225 |
Oils and fats (g/day) | 25.7 a,b,c (11.5) | 19.2 d (8.5) | 21.9 a,d (10.5) | 23.0 a,b,d (9.3) | 22.8 a,b,d (11.1) | 24.1 a,b,c (11.2) | 21.8 a,d (7.9) | 26.7 b,c (9.3) | 27.6 c (12.1) |
Appetizers (g/day) | 5.8 (14.6) | 4.1 (8.8) | 4.3 (12.5) | 7.1 (14.3) | 2.0 (6.1) | 6.0 (14.1) | 3.8 (8.1) | 6.4 (12.4) | 5.2 (11.5) |
Sugars and sweets (g/day) | 13.4 e (12.8) | 16.3 e,f (15.6) | 20.1 e,f (19.1) | 17.0 e,f (17.2) | 14.0 e (13.7) | 17.1 e,f (16.2) | 18.1 e,f (15.5) | 21.2 f (18.2) | 14.1 e (14.6) |
Alcoholic beverages (g/day) | 28.1g (53.3) | 60.4 g,h (116.8) | 82.9 g,h (135.4) | 90.5 h (158.3) | 46.9 g,h (144.6) | 69.0 g,h (147.4) | 40.8 g,h (80.2) | 40.6 g,h (94.1) | 66.8 g,h (131.0) |
Non-alcoholic beverages (g/day) | 838.4 i,j,k (496.4) | 900.0 j,k (464.8) | 843.7 i,j,k (444.7) | 1042.9 k (523.8) | 851.9 i,j,k (463.8) | 934.3 j,k (591.2) | 684.5 i (416.4) | 880.0 i,j,k (592.0) | 750.4 i,j (425.7) |
Meat and meat products (g/day) | 131.6 l (84.7) | 94.2 m (59.0) | 113.3 l,m (68.6) | 123.7 l (68.4) | 135.0 l (71.3) | 125.1 l (76.0) | 136.3 l (83.4) | 137.2 l (71.6) | 126.5 l (67.2) |
Cereals/grains (g/day) | 131.7 (54.0) | 134.8 (51.2) | 139.2 (58.4) | 142.9 (57.4) | 121.3 (51.5) | 133.4 (57.3) | 128.6 (62.1) | 133.1 (56.4) | 135.3 (51.4) |
Fruits (g/day) | 196.5 (159.2) | 167.3 (182.0) | 143.1 (144.1) | 188.5 (178.0) | 182.5 (176.8) | 131.1 (156.1) | 187.0 (196.1) | 206.2 (264.4) | 137.9 (145.8) |
Eggs (g/day) | 25.5 (28.3) | 20.9 (21.8) | 29.5 (25.3) | 25.4(25.2) | 25.1 (20.9) | 23.0 (21.3) | 30.6 (25.7) | 30.4 (29.8) | 23.9 (25.7) |
Milk and dairy products (g/day) | 230.2 n (123.1) | 265.2 n,o (180.2) | 267.0 n,o (144.6) | 248.3 n (139.4) | 272.2 n,o (147.7) | 230.3 n,o (142.6) | 268.1 n (160.6) | 310.6 o (165.4) | 244.3 n (137.0) |
Pulses (g/day) | 16.1 (20.1) | 13.2 (18.4) | 12.1 (14.4 | 12.4 (16.3) | 11.9 (15.8) | 11.0 (16.0) | 15.0 (22.1) | 11.6 (16.1) | 13.3 (15.6) |
Fish and shellfish (g/day) | 88.2 p (88.0) | 43.4 q (51.7) | 60.2 p,q (95.6) | 58.4 p,q (64.2) | 69.8 p,q (71.0) | 53.6 q (63.4) | 66.6 p,q (66.3) | 72.8 p,q (72.8) | 63.7 p,q (68.0) |
Ready-to-eat meals (g/day) | 47.7 (67.7) | 50.3 (53.0) | 67.4 (70.4) | 58.3 (63.8) | 54.6 (59.3) | 76.2 (75.0) | 55.7 (57.1) | 55.0 (61.6) | 66.3 (71.5) |
Sauces and condiments (g/day) | 9.5 (10.0) | 13.2 (11.0) | 12.5 (15.4) | 12.8 (15.1) | 9.0 (11.7) | 10.9 (12.5) | 10.5 (14.9) | 12.0 (13.6) | 12.1 (13.9) |
Supplements and meal replacements (g/day) | 0.5 (2.0) | 0.2 (1.4) | 0.1 (1.1) | 0.2 (1.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.2 (10.8) | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.5 (3.4) | 0.0 (0.2) |
Vegetables (g/day) | 212.6 r (125.3 | 181.7 (115.0) | 156.4 r,s (106.9) | 181.3 r,s (112.3) | 175.7 s (102.6) | 201.4 r,s (122.8) | 176.0 r,s (98.3) | 202.5 r,s (123.6) | 162.8 s (91.3) |
Rural | Semi-Urban | Urban | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
n | 345.0 | 337.0 | 358.0 | 337.0 | 325.0 | 334.0 |
Oils and fats | 25.6 * (11.1) | 24.7 (11.7) | 25.7 * (12.0) | 24.7 (9.6) | 23.9 (11.2) | 24.2 (11.1) |
Appetizers | 7.6 ^ ^ (13.9) | 5.4 (11.8) | 5.5 (12.2) | 5.4 (12.1) | 5.2 (11.3) | 4.6 (11.9) |
Sugars and sweets | 15.4 (17.2) | 18.1 + (16.8) | 16.0 (16.1) | 18.1 (16.9) | 15.9 (14.9) | 15.2 (14.0) |
Alcoholic beverages | 153.2 (269.4) | 71.3 (146.2) | 119.6 (204.6) | 71.3 (97.5) | 50.7 (235.9) | 64.7 (141.7) |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 785.4 ▪ (522.0) | 862.5 (555.4) | 886.4 (538.0) | 862.5 (477.3) | 844.9 (559.7) | 871.3 (465.7) |
Meat and meat products | 164.0 (89.9) | 121.3 (69.3) | 164.6 (83.0) | 121.3 (72.8) | 126.7 (91.0) | 131.0 (74.4) |
Cereals/grains | 165.7 (64.4) | 136.5 (53.8) | 167.7 (70.5) | 136.5 (56.1) | 134.2 (68.4) | 130.7 (56.0) |
Fruits | 154.1 (176.3) | 162.8 (167.4) | 151.5 (168.9) | 162.8 (180.8) | 162.7 (177.3) | 173.9 (181.8) |
Eggs | 33.4 (36.9) | 24.8 (24.7) | 33.3 (29.5) | 24.8 (24.3) | 26.2 (31.7) | 26.1 (25.9) |
Milk and dairy products | 242.3 (176.5) | 255.5 (150.7) | 271.0 (159.4) | 255.5 (144.8) | 269.0 (177.0) | 244.2 (144.5) |
Pulses | 15.0 # (18.9) | 13.0 (16.9) | 15.3 # (20.4) | 13.0 (15.8) | 12.8 (16.3) | 12.5 (17.6) |
Fish and shellfish | 59.1 (66.4) | 61.7 (65.7) | 65.0 (72.6) | 61.7 (62.6) | 60.2 (64.9) | 69.7 (84.3) |
Ready to eat meal | 72.6 (79.7) | 62.6 (65.0) | 81.6 (90.1) | 62.6 (67.0) | 61.3 (88.2) | 58.9 (67.6) |
Sauces and condiments | 13.6 (15.8) | 11.1 (13.6) | 14.0 (13.7) | 11.1 (12.9) | 12.1 (16.3) | 11.1 (13.9) |
Supplements and meal replacements | 0.7 (8.1) | 0.1 (0.7) | 0.6 (3.4) | 0.1 (2.2) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (6.5) |
Vegetables | 179.3 (121.0) | 178.2 (107.9) | 173.1 (119.6) | 178.2 (106.5) | 176.3 (106.0) | 186.4 (114.2) |
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Samaniego-Vaesken, M.D.L.; Partearroyo, T.; Ruiz, E.; Aranceta-Bartrina, J.; Gil, Á.; González-Gross, M.; Ortega, R.M.; Serra-Majem, L.; Varela-Moreiras, G. The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040392
Samaniego-Vaesken MDL, Partearroyo T, Ruiz E, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gil Á, González-Gross M, Ortega RM, Serra-Majem L, Varela-Moreiras G. The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):392. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040392
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamaniego-Vaesken, María De Lourdes, Teresa Partearroyo, Emma Ruiz, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina, Ángel Gil, Marcela González-Gross, Rosa M. Ortega, Lluis Serra-Majem, and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras. 2018. "The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study" Nutrients 10, no. 4: 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040392
APA StyleSamaniego-Vaesken, M. D. L., Partearroyo, T., Ruiz, E., Aranceta-Bartrina, J., Gil, Á., González-Gross, M., Ortega, R. M., Serra-Majem, L., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2018). The Influence of Place of Residence, Gender and Age Influence on Food Group Choices in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients, 10(4), 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040392