Nutrients

13 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass with and Without Resistance Training

by Imtiaz Desai, Anurag Pandit, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, David Simar, Darren G. Candow, Nadeem O. Kaakoush and Amanda D. Hagstrom

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061081 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 35641

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is considered to be one of the most effective supplements for enhancing lean body mass during resistance training. However, CrM may influence body water content, potentially confounding lean body mass measurements. Therefore, this randomised controlled trial assessed the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is considered to be one of the most effective supplements for enhancing lean body mass during resistance training. However, CrM may influence body water content, potentially confounding lean body mass measurements. Therefore, this randomised controlled trial assessed the effect of CrM alone on lean body mass following a supplement wash-in, and when combined with a resistance training program. Methods: Sixty-three (34 females, 29 males, 31 ± 8 years) participants were randomised to supplement with CrM (5 g/day for 13 weeks: wash-in + 12-week resistance training) or serve as a control (received no creatine or placebo). Lean body mass was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry at baseline, post 7-day wash-in, and post 12 weeks of resistance training. Both groups began the same training program post CrM wash-in. Results: After the 7-day wash-in, the supplement group gained 0.51 ± 1.79 kg more lean body mass than the control group (p = 0.03). Following the wash-in, both groups gained 2 kg after resistance training (p < 0.0001), with no between-group difference in lean body mass growth (p = 0.71). Sex-disaggregated analysis showed that the supplement group, only in females, gained 0.59 ± 1.61 kg more lean body mass than the controls (p = 0.04). There were no group differences in lean body mass growth following resistance training in females (p = 0.10) or males (p = 0.35). Conclusions: A 7-day CrM wash-in increased lean body mass, particularly in females. Thereafter, CrM did not enhance lean body mass growth when combined with resistance training, likely due to its short-term effects on lean body mass measurements. A maintenance dose of higher than 5 g/day may be necessary to augment lean body mass growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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35 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on Neurological Health: A Critical Review

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Laura Redondo-Flórez, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Agustín Curiel-Regueros, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz and José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050884 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 10997

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting a potential protective effect against systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, despite these benefits, concerns remain regarding their impact on neurological health due to the possible deficiencies of critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron. This review critically evaluates the influence of these dietary patterns on neurological outcomes, emphasizing their nutritional composition, potential deficiencies, and their interplay with inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: A systematic review of the literature published between 2010 and 2023 was conducted, focusing on studies that explore the relationship between vegan and vegetarian diets and neurological health. Key nutrients such as vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, and zinc were analyzed alongside antinutritional factors and their effects on the nervous system. Results: Evidence suggests that vegan and vegetarian diets, when well planned, can be rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings indicate a potential role in reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. However, deficiencies in critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron have been consistently associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the presence of antinutritional factors like phytates and oxalates may further impair nutrient absorption, necessitating careful dietary planning and supplementation. Conclusions: While plant-based diets provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, their neurological implications depend on nutrient adequacy. Proper planning, supplementation, and food preparation techniques are essential to mitigate risks and enhance cognitive health. Further research is needed to explore long-term neurological outcomes and optimize dietary strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuro-Nutrition in Sports: Advances in Functional Neurology and Metabolic Care)

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20 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Detrimental Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Barrier

by Debora Rondinella, Pauline Celine Raoul, Eleonora Valeriani, Irene Venturini, Marco Cintoni, Andrea Severino, Francesca Sofia Galli, Vincenzina Mora, Maria Cristina Mele, Giovanni Cammarota, Antonio Gasbarrini, Emanuele Rinninella and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050859 - 28 Feb 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10055

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs impact the gut microbiome and gut barrier, emphasizing gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. UPFs, [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs impact the gut microbiome and gut barrier, emphasizing gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. UPFs, characterized by a high content of synthetic additives and emulsifiers, and low fiber content, are associated with a decrease in microbial diversity, lower levels of beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and an increase in pro-inflammatory microorganisms. These alterations in the microbial community contribute to persistent inflammation, which is associated with various chronic disorders including metabolic syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer. In addition, UPFs may alter the gut–brain axis, potentially affecting cognitive function and mental health. Dietary modifications incorporating fiber, fermented foods, and probiotics can help mitigate the effects of UPFs. Furthermore, the public needs stricter regulations for banning UPFs, along with well-defined food labels. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms connecting UPFs to gut dysbiosis and systemic illnesses, thereby informing evidence-based dietary guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Immunity)

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26 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium and Migraine

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Shaun Sabico, Nasser M. Al-Daghri and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040725 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 8756

Abstract

Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and [...] Read more.

Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years, and the second cause of disability for adults aged 20–59 years. Magnesium deficiency is also a very common condition resulting from diverse reasons, including insufficient dietary consumption or increased loss through the gastrointestinal or renal system. Accumulated evidence from case reports, case–control studies, observational studies, and randomized, placebo-controlled trials has shown the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation in alleviating migraine, both acutely and chronically. Mechanisms that may help explain these results include the potential link between magnesium deficit and spreading cortical depression, vascular changes, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, nervous excitation, neurotransmitter release, and electrolyte imbalances. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the links between magnesium and migraine, considering the role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of migraine and the utility of magnesium in its prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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12 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Polyphenol-Rich Nutraceuticals on Cognitive Function and Neuroprotective Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Juan Ángel Carrillo, Raúl Arcusa, Raquel Xandri-Martínez, Begoña Cerdá, Pilar Zafrilla and Javier Marhuenda

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040601 - 7 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3470

Abstract

Background: Recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, particularly their role in enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BDNF and CREB levels and cognitive performance in individuals [...] Read more.

Background: Recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, particularly their role in enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BDNF and CREB levels and cognitive performance in individuals undergoing a polyphenol-rich dietary intervention. Methods: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 92 participants. The intervention involved the daily intake of an encapsulated concentrate of fruit, vegetable, and berry juice powders (Juice Plus+ Premium^®) over two 16-week periods, separated by a 4-week washout phase. Cognitive function was assessed using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST). The plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were measured using ELISA. Results: The polyphenol-rich product significantly improved cognitive performance, as evidenced by higher scores in the Stroop Test and RIST, compared to the placebo. Additionally, the plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were notably elevated in the product condition, indicating enhanced neuroprotective activity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that polyphenol-rich nutraceuticals can modulate neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive improvements, primarily through the reduction of oxidative stress and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with synaptic plasticity. These results support the potential of dietary polyphenols in promoting cognitive health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Nutrition and Health Impact on Metabolic and Brain Disorders)

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17 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Consumption of Red Versus White Wine and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Rachel K. Lim, Jongeun Rhee, Megan Hoang, Abrar A. Qureshi and Eunyoung Cho

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030534 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7683

Abstract

Background/Objectives: While alcoholic beverage consumption increases cancer risk, red wine has been touted as a healthier option. To address this unexplored question, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence from observational studies. Methods: A literature search of PubMed and EMBASE through December 2023 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: While alcoholic beverage consumption increases cancer risk, red wine has been touted as a healthier option. To address this unexplored question, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence from observational studies. Methods: A literature search of PubMed and EMBASE through December 2023 identified studies examining wine and cancer risk. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an association between wine intake and overall cancer risk. Results: A total of 20 cohort and 22 case–control studies were included. Wine intake was not associated with overall cancer risk (n = 95,923) when comparing the highest vs. lowest levels of consumption, with no differences observed by wine type (red: summary RR = 0.98 [95% CI = 0.87, 1.10], white: 1.00 [0.91, 1.10]; P_difference = 0.74). However, white wine intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer among women (white: 1.26 [1.05, 1.52], red: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.72, 1.16], P_difference = 0.03) and in analyses restricted to cohort studies (white: 1.12 [1.03, 1.22], red: 1.02 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.09], P_difference = 0.02). For individual cancer sites, there was a significant difference in associations between red and white wine intake only in skin cancer risk [6 studies, white: 1.22 (1.14, 1.30), red: 1.02 (0.95, 1.09); P_difference = 0.0003]. Conclusions: We found no differences in the association between red or white wine consumption and overall cancer risk, challenging the common belief that red wine is healthier than white wine. Our significant results related to white wine intake in subgroup analyses warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epidemiology of Non-communicable Diseases—Feature Papers)

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10 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Egg Consumption: Trends Over 48 Years, Patterns Across the Lifespan, and Predictors of Intake

by Donna Kritz-Silverstein and Ricki Bettencourt

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030533 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 4223

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eggs are an excellent nutritional source. However, historical associations of dietary cholesterol with serum cholesterol and cardiovascular disease, along with restrictive dietary guidelines may have been barriers to egg consumption. This study examines trends over time, patterns, and predictors of egg consumption [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eggs are an excellent nutritional source. However, historical associations of dietary cholesterol with serum cholesterol and cardiovascular disease, along with restrictive dietary guidelines may have been barriers to egg consumption. This study examines trends over time, patterns, and predictors of egg consumption in individuals followed for 48 years, and current barriers to usage. Methods: Participants were 6326 men and women enrolled in the Rancho Bernardo Study in 1972–1974 when asked about the number of eggs consumed/week. Subsequent egg intake was collected with food frequency questionnaires during clinic visits in 1988–1991 (n = 1627) and 1992–1996 (n = 1385), and with the original question on a 2021 mailed survey (n = 710), when barriers to intake were also queried. Results: The mean (±SD) number of eggs consumed was 3.6 ± 3.0 in 1972–1974, 1.8 ± 2.1 in 1988–1991, 1.8 ± 2.2 in 1992–1996, and 3.4 ± 3.5 in 2021. Comparisons within 5-year categories of enrollment age (<20, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, >40) showed no differences in egg intake between 1972 and 1974, and when older in 2021. Men consumed more eggs than women at all timepoints (p’s < 0.0001). High cholesterol and taking cholesterol-lowering medication were associated with lower egg consumption in 1972–1974 (p’s < 0.0001), but were not associated in 2021. Over 22% reported limiting egg intake in 2021; the majority cited cholesterol content of eggs or having high cholesterol as barriers. Conclusions: Egg consumption was responsive to dietary guidelines, decreasing over time then increasing by 2021 to levels similar to those of the early 1970s. Despite the abandonment of these guidelines, they continue to have a negative impact for a segment of society, suggesting the need for additional education on the health benefits of eggs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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17 pages, 1840 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mango Consumption Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Participants with Overweight/Obesity and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation

by Katherine D Pett, Peter Geevarghese Alex, Casey Weisfuss, Amandeep Sandhu, Britt Burton-Freeman and Indika Edirisinghe

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030490 - 29 Jan 2025

Viewed by 8589

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigated the effect of regular mango intake on inflammation and insulin sensitivity in participants with overweight or [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigated the effect of regular mango intake on inflammation and insulin sensitivity in participants with overweight or obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Methods: A human clinical study was performed using a randomized, controlled, two-arm, parallel design with a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) administered before and after 4 weeks (4 W) of mango or control product intake (1 cup/twice a day). Fasting and time course blood sampling for 2 h post-OGTT were analyzed for effects on plasma metabolic and inflammation endpoints using analysis of covariance and repeated-measure approaches (SAS 9.4). Results: Forty-eight adults (37.6 ± 2.8 years, 30.5 ± 4.1 BMI kg/m²) completed the study. Markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNFα, hs-CRP) were not different at the end of 4 W (p > 0.05). The intervention did not significantly influence fasting glucose concentrations; however, insulin was significantly lowered with the mango compared to the control intervention (8.2 ± 1.2 vs. 15.3 ± 1.2 µIU/mL respectively, p = 0.05). Furthermore, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), along with the disposition index (DI), was significantly improved in the mango compared to the control interventions (HOMA-IR, 2.28 ± 1.19 vs. 4.67 ± 1.21, p = 0.03; DI, 2.76 ± 1.02 vs. 5.37 ± 1.03, p = 0.04). Mean insulin concentrations were also significantly lower at W4 compared to W0 after the OGTT in the mango vs. control intervention (intervention × week effect, p = 0.04). Relative expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a gene regulating endogenous antioxidant defense, was non-significantly increased twofold in the mango intervention (W4 vs. W0). Conclusions: Collectively, the data suggest that mango intake increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with chronic low-grade inflammation, possibly through activating Nrf-2 genes and increasing cellular antioxidant status. The data warrant further research on consuming mango fruit as part of a dietary pattern to address insulin resistance and the mechanisms underpinning the actions of mango intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment—2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 928 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Dietary Supplementation for Fatigue Symptoms in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)—A Systematic Review

by Marie Celine Dorczok, Gloria Mittmann, Nilufar Mossaheb, Beate Schrank, Lucie Bartova, Matthias Neumann and Verena Steiner-Hofbauer

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030475 - 28 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6727

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex neuroimmunological disorder with limited treatment options. Despite the widespread use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) among ME/CFS patients to alleviate fatigue and associated symptoms, evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review aims to provide an [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex neuroimmunological disorder with limited treatment options. Despite the widespread use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) among ME/CFS patients to alleviate fatigue and associated symptoms, evidence remains inconclusive. This systematic review aims to provide an updated synthesis of the efficacy of DS interventions and explore possible mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Several databases (Ebsco Host, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) were used for the systematic search, which was based on the broad search terms ME/CFS and DS with a focus on publications between 1994 and 2024. The primary outcome was fatigue, with additional considerations including psychological well-being, physical activity, and biochemical markers. Two independent researchers screened the studies for eligibility in a multi-stage process and assessed quality and bias using Cochrane’s risk of bias tools (RoB-2, ROBINS-I). Results: Fourteen studies (N = 809) of heterogeneous designs were included, showing a high risk of bias, mostly due to missing data and selection bias. While some interventions (L-carnitine and guanidinoacetic acid, oxaloacetate, CoQ10–selenium combination, NADH and NADH-CoQ10 combination) showed significant reductions in fatigue, methodological limitations, like small sample sizes and missing data, prevent firm conclusions. Mixed results were reported for secondary outcomes like cognitive function and inflammatory markers. Six studies noted adverse effects, including nausea and insomnia. Conclusions: Though some DSs showed potential in reducing fatigue in ME/CFS, methodological limitations and inconsistent results hinder definitive conclusions. Future research should improve diagnostic criteria and include more diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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21 pages, 3591 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Vegetable and Fruit Juicing on Gut and Oral Microbiome Composition

by Maria Luisa Savo Sardaro, Veronika Grote, Jennifer Baik, Marco Atallah, Katherine Ryan Amato and Melinda Ring

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030458 - 27 Jan 2025

Viewed by 19761

Abstract

Background: In recent years, juicing has often been promoted as a convenient way to increase fruit and vegetable intake, with juice-only diets marketed for digestive cleansing and overall health improvement. However, juicing removes most insoluble fiber, which may diminish the health benefits of [...] Read more.

Background: In recent years, juicing has often been promoted as a convenient way to increase fruit and vegetable intake, with juice-only diets marketed for digestive cleansing and overall health improvement. However, juicing removes most insoluble fiber, which may diminish the health benefits of whole fruits and vegetables. Lower fiber intake can alter the microbiota, affecting metabolism, immunity, and mental health, though little is known about juicing’s specific effects on the microbiota. This study addresses this gap by exploring how juicing impacts gut and oral microbiome composition in an intervention study. Methods: Fourteen participants followed one of three diets—exclusive juice, juice plus food, or plant-based food—for three days. Microbiota samples (stool, saliva, and inner cheek swabs) were collected at baseline, after a pre-intervention elimination diet, immediately after juice intervention, and 14 days after intervention. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze microbiota taxonomic composition. Results: The saliva microbiome differed significantly in response to the elimination diet (unweighted UniFrac: F = 1.72, R = 0.06, p < 0.005; weighted UniFrac: F = 7.62, R = 0.23, p-value = 0.0025) with a significant reduction in Firmicutes (p = 0.004) and a significant increase in Proteobacteria (p = 0.005). The juice intervention diets were also associated with changes in the saliva and cheek microbiota, particularly in the relative abundances of pro-inflammatory bacterial families, potentially due to the high sugar and low fiber intake of the juice-related products. Although no significant shifts in overall gut microbiota composition were observed, with either the elimination diet or the juice intervention diets, bacterial taxa associated with gut permeability, inflammation, and cognitive decline increased in relative abundance. Conclusions: These findings suggest that short-term juice consumption may negatively affect the microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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28 pages, 2730 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Minerals and Human Health: From Deficiency to Toxicity

by Mohammed S. Razzaque and Sunil J. Wimalawansa

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030454 - 26 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6437

Abstract

Minerals are essential nutrients that play critical roles in human health by regulating various physiological functions. Examples include bone development, enzyme function, nerve signaling, and the immune response. Both the deficiencies and toxicities of minerals can have significant health implications. Deficiencies in macrominerals [...] Read more.

Minerals are essential nutrients that play critical roles in human health by regulating various physiological functions. Examples include bone development, enzyme function, nerve signaling, and the immune response. Both the deficiencies and toxicities of minerals can have significant health implications. Deficiencies in macrominerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphate can lead to osteoporosis (associated with falls and fractures), cardiovascular events, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Trace mineral deficiencies, such as iron and zinc. Selenium deficiency impairs oxygen transport, immune function, and antioxidant defenses, contributing to anemia, delaying wound healing, and increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases. Conversely, excessive intake of minerals can have severe health consequences. Hypercalcemia can cause kidney stones and cardiac arrhythmias as well as soft-tissue calcification, whereas excessive iron deposition can lead to oxidative stress and organ/tissue damage. Maintaining adequate mineral levels through a balanced diet, guided supplementation, and monitoring at-risk populations is essential for good health and preventing disorders related to deficiencies and toxicities. Public health interventions and education about dietary sources of minerals are critical for minimizing health risks and ensuring optimal well-being across populations. While a comprehensive analysis of all macro and micronutrients is beyond the scope of this article, we have chosen to focus on calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. We summarize the consequences of deficiency and the adverse events associated with the overconsumption of other minerals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Nutrition on Human Health and Disease)

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16 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Chewing Gum on Satiety, Appetite Regulation, Energy Intake, and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review

by Claudia Jiménez-ten Hoevel, Elisabet Llauradó, Rosa M. Valls, Maria Besora-Moreno, Judit Queral, Rosa Solà and Anna Pedret

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030435 - 25 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5207

Abstract

Background: New approaches for the management of obesity, a worldwide problem and a major determinant of disability and mortality, are needed. Mastication influences appetite and satiety mechanisms via actual food or sham feeding. However, the effect of mastication of chewing gum, a type [...] Read more.

Background: New approaches for the management of obesity, a worldwide problem and a major determinant of disability and mortality, are needed. Mastication influences appetite and satiety mechanisms via actual food or sham feeding. However, the effect of mastication of chewing gum, a type of sham feeding, on appetite regulation has not yet been elucidated. Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the influence of chewing gum on appetite regulation, satiety, energy intake, and weight loss via randomized controlled Trials. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the 2020 PRISMA guidelines, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023432699). Electronic databases MEDLINE^®/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from July 2023 to September 2024. The quality of each included study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, RoB 2. Results: A total of eight articles with nine RCTs were included in this systematic review. Seven out of nine RCTs evaluated appetite regulation. Five out of seven RCTs reported a significant suppressing effect of hunger, three out of five RCTs reported a significant reduction in desire to eat, and three out of four reported a significant reduction in the desire to eat a sweet snack, all of them compared to the control group. However, the effects on satiety, energy intake, and weight loss are not conclusive. Conclusions: Chewing gum could be a promising non-pharmacological tool for obesity management through appetite regulation; however, further research, with sustained RCTs evaluating the sustained effects of gum chewing on appetite and weight management, is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome Concerning the Cardiometabolic Risk

by Stefania Scaglione, Tiziana Di Chiara, Mario Daidone and Antonino Tuttolomondo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020358 - 20 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6004

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL cholesterol levels), and elevated fasting glucose, that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia (intended as an increase in triglyceride levels and a reduction in HDL cholesterol levels), and elevated fasting glucose, that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. With the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome, effective dietary interventions are essential in reducing these health risks. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and olive oil and moderate in fish and poultry, has shown promise in addressing metabolic syndrome and its associated components. This diet’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, primarily due to its unsaturated fats, polyphenols, and fiber, have improved blood pressure, lipid levels, and insulin sensitivity. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been linked to reductions in central obesity and insulin resistance, both key elements in managing metabolic syndrome. Regarding lipid management, the Mediterranean diet lowers triglyceride levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, enhancing lipid profiles. It also helps regulate blood glucose levels, reducing the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the diet promotes weight loss and improves body composition, particularly by decreasing visceral fat, a primary driver of metabolic syndrome according to IDF classification. The Mediterranean diet offers a holistic approach to managing metabolic syndrome and reducing the risk of related chronic diseases. Its positive impact on metabolic health, combined with lifestyle changes like increased physical activity, provides a sustainable method for addressing the global burden of this syndrome. This review aimed to summarize the positive effects of the Mediterranean diet on the component of the metabolic syndrome with subsequent positive effects on cardiometabolic risk profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome)

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16 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Egg Consumption and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study of Australian Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Holly Wild, Danijela Gasevic, Robyn L. Woods, Joanne Ryan, Rory Wolfe, Yuquan Chen, Thara Govindaraju, John J. McNeil, Tracy McCaffrey, Lawrence J. Beilin, Dragan Ilic and Alice J. Owen

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020323 - 17 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 17884

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Egg consumption in adults has been linked with a modestly increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, evidence on adults aged 65 y+ is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between egg intake and mortality in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Egg consumption in adults has been linked with a modestly increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. However, evidence on adults aged 65 y+ is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between egg intake and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 8756 adults aged 70+ years, participants in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) Longitudinal Study of Older Persons, self-reported the frequency of their total egg intake: never/infrequently (rarely/never, 1–2 times/month), weekly (1–6 times/week), and daily (daily/several times per day). All-cause and cause-specific (cardiovascular disease [CVD] and cancer) mortality was established from at least two sources: medical records, death notices, next of kin, or death registry linkage. The association between egg intake and mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, adjusted for socio-demographic, health-related, and clinical factors and overall dietary quality. Results: Over the median 5.9-year follow-up period, a total of 1034 all-cause deaths (11.8%) were documented. A 29% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR (95% CI): 0.71 [0.54–0.92]) and a 17% (HR (95% CI): 0.83 [0.71–0.96]) lower risk of all-cause mortality were observed among those who consumed eggs weekly, compared to those who consumed eggs never/infrequently; no statistically significant association was observed for weekly consumption and cancer mortality. In contrast, compared to those that never or infrequently consumed eggs, daily consumption had slightly higher odds of mortality, though these results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The consumption of eggs 1–6 times per week was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in community-dwelling adults aged 70 years and over. These findings may be important to inform the development of evidence-based guidelines for egg consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Management and Nutritional Health for Age-Related Diseases)

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18 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Breakfast Consumption or Omission on Exercise Performance and Adaptations: A Narrative Review

by Matthew T. Stratton, Shelley L. Holden, Ray Davis and Austin T. Massengale

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020300 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 4846

Abstract

Background: Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption’s impact on [...] Read more.

Background: Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption’s impact on acute and chronic exercise performance and alterations in body composition prior to November 2024 was conducted. To be included in this review, the selected investigations needed to include some aspect of either endurance or resistance training performance and be conducted in humans. Results: These findings suggest that breakfast consumption may benefit acute long-duration (>60 min) but not short-duration (<60 min) morning endurance exercise. Evening time trial performance was consistently inhibited following breakfast omission despite the resumption of eating midday. No or minimal impact of breakfast consumption was found when examining acute morning or afternoon resistance training or the longitudinal adaptations to either resistance or endurance training. Favorable changes in body composition were often noted following the omission of breakfast. However, this was primarily driven by the concomitant reduced kilocalorie intake. Conclusions: Consuming breakfast may aid endurance athletes regularly performing exercise lasting >60 min in length. However, the morning meal’s impact on resistance training and changes in body composition appears to be minimal. Although, as the body of literature is limited, future investigations are needed to truly ascertain the dietary practice’s impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Exercise and Sports)

18 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhanced Vitamin C Delivery: A Systematic Literature Review Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Alternative Supplement Forms in Healthy Adults

by Philip C. Calder, Richard B. Kreider and Diane L. McKay

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020279 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 6042

Abstract

Vitamin C is an antioxidant and is essential for immune function and infection resistance. Supplementation is necessary when a sufficient amount of vitamin C is not obtained through the diet. Alternative formulations of vitamin C may enhance its bioavailability and retention over traditional [...] Read more.

Vitamin C is an antioxidant and is essential for immune function and infection resistance. Supplementation is necessary when a sufficient amount of vitamin C is not obtained through the diet. Alternative formulations of vitamin C may enhance its bioavailability and retention over traditional ascorbic acid. This systematic review consolidates the evidence on this and the effects on immunity and infection. A systematic literature search was conducted in October 2024 in Embase and Medline, focused on healthy adults (Population); oral forms of liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid, liposomal-encapsulated lipid metabolite ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, slow-release ascorbic acid, or lipid metabolite ascorbic acid (Intervention); compared to placebo/others (Comparison); in terms of bioavailability, absorption, vitamin C concentration in plasma, serum, and leukocytes, and impacts on tolerability, immunity, and infection (Outcome); and included randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, single-arm trials, and observational studies (Study design). Thirteen studies were included, several evaluating calcium ascorbate in combination with vitamin C metabolites, including L-threonate, referred to here as Calcium ascorbate EC (Ester C^®; n = 7). No safety or tolerability concerns were noted with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. placebo or ascorbic acid. Calcium ascorbate EC showed better tolerability and fewer epigastric adverse events, improved quality of life, and induced favorable oxalate changes vs. ascorbic acid. Four studies reported leukocyte vitamin C concentration, some showing higher concentrations with Calcium ascorbate EC vs. ascorbic acid; seven reported more favorable plasma concentrations with the alternative forms over ascorbic acid or placebo; one reported higher serum vitamin C levels with vitamin C lipid metabolites than with Calcium ascorbate EC, calcium ascorbate, and ascorbic acid. No study reported retention in tissues. One study reported a favorable impact of Calcium ascorbate EC on immune parameters, and one found an association of Calcium ascorbate EC with fewer colds and a shorter duration of severe symptoms vs. placebo. Findings suggest that alternative vitamin C forms can improve leukocyte vitamin C, sometimes without affecting plasma levels. Most studies (77%) had a low risk of bias. In conclusion, the type and delivery modality of vitamin C can impact its bioavailability and functionality. Studies highlight the advantages of Calcium ascorbate EC over traditional ascorbic acid in terms of its tolerability and its potential to increase leukocyte vitamin C concentrations, crucial for immune function and protection against infection. However, further research is required to conclusively establish its effects on immune health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin C: Challenges and Opportunities)

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15 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome, Tryptophan-Derived Metabolites, and Osteoarthritis-Related Pain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Erika Meléndez-Oliva, Oliver Martínez-Pozas, Pierluigi Sinatti, Carmen Martín Carreras-Presas, Juan Nicolás Cuenca-Zaldívar, Silvia Turroni and Eleuterio A. Sánchez Romero

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020264 - 12 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3351

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and affects over 528 million people worldwide. Degenerative joint disease involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation, leading to chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired joint function. Initially regarded as a “wear [...] Read more.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and affects over 528 million people worldwide. Degenerative joint disease involves cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation, leading to chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired joint function. Initially regarded as a “wear and tear” condition associated with aging and mechanical stress, OA is now recognized as a multifaceted disease influenced by systemic factors such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Recent studies have focused on the gut-joint axis to investigate how the gut microbiome modulates inflammation and pain in OA. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024556265). This review included studies involving adults with symptomatic OA and analyzed the relationship between the gut microbiome and OA-related pain. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials, case reports, editorials, and pilot studies were excluded. Searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science without publication date restrictions, and filtered for “observational studies”. The study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent researchers, and the risk of bias was assessed using appropriate tools. Results: Five observational studies were included in the systematic review, and three were included in the meta-analysis. Two studies reported an association between different tryptophan metabolites and pain levels in patients with OA. Two other studies demonstrated a correlation between lipopolysaccharide levels and pain in OA. A fifth study confirmed the relationship between Streptococcus relative abundance of Streptococcus spp. and knee pain. These results were not supported by a meta-analysis, which found no significant association between the presence of pain in OA and the presence of bacilli of the genus Streptococcus or plasma markers of the tryptophan pathway. Conclusions: Current evidence indicates a potential link between gut microbiome dysbiosis and OA-related pain. However, methodological limitations preclude definitive conclusions. Further research using advanced techniques and larger cohorts is needed to validate and extend these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Targeted manipulation of the gut microbiome may be a valuable strategy for pain management in OA patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association of the Microbiota with Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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24 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Does Creatine Supplementation Enhance Performance in Active Females? A Systematic Review

by Ryan Tam, Lachlan Mitchell and Adrienne Forsyth

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020238 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 10213

Abstract

The use of creatine as a dietary supplement is widespread. However, its reported performance benefit has been largely demonstrated in male populations. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of creatine supplementation in improving exercise performance in active females. A secondary aim was [...] Read more.

The use of creatine as a dietary supplement is widespread. However, its reported performance benefit has been largely demonstrated in male populations. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of creatine supplementation in improving exercise performance in active females. A secondary aim was to appraise the quality of research in this area. Five databases were searched from the earliest record to July 2024. Eligible studies used supplemental creatine as an intervention with physically active female participants and reported an exercise performance-related outcome. Study quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program randomised controlled trials checklist with four additional items related to methodological considerations for research with active females. Performance outcomes were categorised as strength/power, anaerobic, or aerobic. Of the 10,563 records identified, 27 studies were included. Participant calibre ranged from recreationally active to elite. Creatine interventions ranged from five days to 12 weeks and included a range of dosage strategies. Compared to placebo, 3/11 studies showed an improvement in strength/power outcomes, 4/17 showed an improvement in anaerobic outcomes, and 1/5 showed an improvement in aerobic outcomes. Study quality varied, but methodological considerations for research with female athletes were poorly addressed by most studies. Although some benefits were reported, most studies showed no improvement in performance compared to placebo. The heterogeneity in participant characteristics, performance tests, creatine intervention, insufficient consideration of the unique physiological characteristics of females, and an overall small evidence base limits our understanding of how creatine supplementation influences physical performance in active females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplementation Strategies to Enhance Resistance Training Adaptations)

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21 pages, 2529 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Increased Oxidative and Nitrative Stress and Decreased Sex Steroid Relaxation in a Vitamin D-Deficient Hyperandrogenic Rodent Model—And a Validation of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model

by Réka Eszter Sziva, Réka Kollarics, Éva Pál, Bálint Bányai, Ágnes Korsós-Novák, Zoltán Fontányi, Péter Magyar, Anita Süli, György L. Nádasy, Nándor Ács, Eszter Mária Horváth, Leila Hadjadj and Szabolcs Várbíró

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020201 - 7 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Both hyperandrogenism (HA) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) can separately lead to impaired vascular reactivity and ovulatory dysfunction in fertile females. The aim was to examine the early interactions of these states in a rat model of PCOS. Methods: Four-week-old adolescent female [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Both hyperandrogenism (HA) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) can separately lead to impaired vascular reactivity and ovulatory dysfunction in fertile females. The aim was to examine the early interactions of these states in a rat model of PCOS. Methods: Four-week-old adolescent female rats were divided into four groups: vitamin D (VD)-supplemented (n = 12); VD-supplemented and testosterone-treated (n = 12); VDD- (n = 11) and VDD-and-testosterone-treated (n = 11). Animals underwent transdermal testosterone treatment for 8 weeks. Target VD levels were achieved with oral VD supplementation and a VD-free diet. Estrous cycles were followed by vaginal smear, and quantitative histomorphometric measurements of the ovaries were also taken. In the 8th week, testosterone- and estrogen-induced relaxation of coronary arterioles was examined with pressure angiography. Estrogen receptor (ER) density and oxidative and nitrative stress parameters (Poly-(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase and 3-nitrotyrosine) in the vessel wall were investigated with immunohistochemistry. Results: VDD caused impaired estrous cycles, and testosterone caused anovulatory cycles (the cycles were stopped at the diestrous phase). VDD combined with testosterone treatment resulted in reduced testosterone and estrogen vasorelaxation, lower ER density, and higher oxidative and nitrative stress in the vessel wall. Conclusions: PCOS with vitamin D deficiency may be associated with increased oxidative–nitrative stress in coronary arterioles. This oxidative and nitrative stress, potentially caused by hyperandrogenism and/or vitamin D deficiency, could impair estrogen-induced relaxation of the coronary arterioles, possibly by decreasing NO bioavailability and disrupting the estrogen-induced relaxation pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle on Reproductive Health)

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25 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Role of Glycine Metabolism in Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from Human Genetics and Mouse Models

by Subarna Biswas, James R. Hilser, Nicholas C. Woodward, Zeneng Wang, Janet Gukasyan, Ina Nemet, William S. Schwartzman, Pin Huang, Yi Han, Zachary Fouladian, Sarada Charugundla, Neal J. Spencer, Calvin Pan, W. H. Wilson Tang, Aldons J. Lusis, Stanley L. Hazen, Jaana A. Hartiala and Hooman Allayee

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010198 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2631

Abstract

Background: Circulating glycine levels have been associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans but these associations have not been observed in all studies. We evaluated whether the relationship between glycine levels and atherosclerosis was causal using genetic analyses in [...] Read more.

Background: Circulating glycine levels have been associated with reduced risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans but these associations have not been observed in all studies. We evaluated whether the relationship between glycine levels and atherosclerosis was causal using genetic analyses in humans and feeding studies in mice. Methods: Serum glycine levels were evaluated for association with risk of CAD in the UK Biobank. Genetic determinants of glycine levels were identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and used to evaluate the causal relationship between glycine and risk of CAD by Mendelian randomization (MR). A dietary supplementation study was carried out with atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice to determine the effects of increased circulating glycine levels on cardiometabolic traits and aortic lesion formation. Results: Among 105,718 UK Biobank subjects, elevated serum glycine levels were associated with significantly reduced risk of prevalent CAD (Quintile 5 vs. Quintile 1 OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.87; p < 0.0001) and incident CAD (Quintile 5 vs. Quintile 1 HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.65–0.77; p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, anti-hypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, blood pressure, kidney function, and diabetes. A GWAS meta-analysis with 230,947 subjects identified 61 loci for glycine levels, of which 26 were novel. MR analyses provided modest evidence that genetically elevated glycine levels were causally associated with reduced systolic blood pressure and risk of type 2 diabetes, but did not provide significant evidence for an association with decreased risk of CAD. Glycine supplementation in mice had no effects on cardiometabolic traits or atherosclerotic lesion development. Conclusions: While expanding the genetic architecture of glycine metabolism, MR analyses and in vivo feeding studies did not provide evidence that the clinical association of this amino acid with atherosclerosis represents a causal relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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31 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Common Questions and Misconceptions About Energy Drinks: What Does the Scientific Evidence Really Show?

by Jose Antonio, Brandi Antonio, Shawn M. Arent, Darren G. Candow, Guillermo Escalante, Cassandra Evans, Scott Forbes, David Fukuda, Maureen Gibbons, Patrick Harty, Andrew R. Jagim, Douglas S. Kalman, Chad M. Kerksick, Jennifer A. Kurtz, Joseph Lillis, Lonnie Lowery, Gianna F. Mastrofini, Scotty Mills, Michael Nelson, Flavia Pereira, Justin Roberts, Michael Sagner, Jeffrey Stout, Jaime Tartar and Adam Wells Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010067 - 27 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 12477

Abstract

Energy drinks are a commonly consumed beverage, and studies suggest a possible performance-enhancing effect. A Google Scholar search using the keywords “energy drinks” and “exercise” yields numerous results, underscoring the voluminous research on this topic. However, there are questions regarding the effectiveness and [...] Read more.

Energy drinks are a commonly consumed beverage, and studies suggest a possible performance-enhancing effect. A Google Scholar search using the keywords “energy drinks” and “exercise” yields numerous results, underscoring the voluminous research on this topic. However, there are questions regarding the effectiveness and safety of energy drinks. These questions include, but are not limited to: (1) What are the main active ingredients in energy drinks? (2) Do energy drinks assist in weight management? (3) Do energy drinks enhance aerobic performance? (4) Do energy drinks enhance athletic speed? (5) Do energy drinks improve reaction time? (6) Do energy drinks enhance lean tissue mass? (7) Can energy drinks improve cognitive performance? (8) Does the acute consumption of energy drinks elevate resting energy expenditure? (9) Is there any evidence to suggest that energy drinks are more effective than an identical serving of caffeine alone? (10) Are there sex differences in the response to energy drink consumption? (11) Do energy drinks affect sleep or sleepiness? (12) Should pregnant women avoid energy drinks? (13) Do energy drinks adversely affect cardiovascular function? (14) Does consuming energy drinks cause brain damage? (15) What are other safety considerations regarding energy drinks? (16) Is there any evidence to suggest that energy drinks are more effective than an identical serving of caffeine alone? (17) If caffeine is the main active ingredient in energy drinks and coffee, why is there a discrepancy in the adverse events reported for each? To address these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature on energy drink supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

24 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary and Nutritional Interventions for the Management of Endometriosis

by Nour Abulughod, Stefanie Valakas and Fatima El-Assaad

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 3988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233988 - 21 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7682

Abstract

Endometriosis is a chronic, complex, systemic inflammatory condition that impacts approximately 190 million girls and women worldwide, significantly impacting their quality of life. The effective management of endometriosis requires a multi-disciplinary and holistic approach, one that includes surgical and medical management, such as [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a chronic, complex, systemic inflammatory condition that impacts approximately 190 million girls and women worldwide, significantly impacting their quality of life. The effective management of endometriosis requires a multi-disciplinary and holistic approach, one that includes surgical and medical management, such as a laparoscopy and a chronic medical management plan, as well as dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle adjunct interventions, such as pelvic pain physiotherapy and acupuncture. There is growing evidence to support the role of dietary and nutritional interventions in the adjunct management of endometriosis-related pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the implementation of these interventions is often not regulated, as patients with endometriosis often adopt self-management strategies. Diet and nutrition can modulate key players integral to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, such as, but not limited to, inflammation, estrogen, and the microbiome. However, it is unclear as to whether diet plays a role in the prevention or the onset of endometriosis. In this review, we discuss three key players in the pathogenesis of endometriosis—inflammation, estrogen, and the microbiome—and we summarize how diet and nutrition can influence their mechanisms, and consequently, the progression and manifestation of endometriosis. There is a major need for evidence-based, non-invasive adjunct management of this debilitating disease, and diet and nutritional interventions may be suitable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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26 pages, 1512 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Breastfeeding Beyond Six Months: Evidence of Child Health Benefits

by Anita Froń and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz

Nutrients 2024, 16(22), 3891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16223891 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8607

Abstract

Breastfeeding is globally recognized as the optimal method of infant nutrition, offering health benefits for both the child and the mother, making it a public health priority. However, the potential advantages of breastfeeding extend well beyond initial months. Breast milk adapts to the [...] Read more.

Breastfeeding is globally recognized as the optimal method of infant nutrition, offering health benefits for both the child and the mother, making it a public health priority. However, the potential advantages of breastfeeding extend well beyond initial months. Breast milk adapts to the evolving needs of the growing infant, and its immunological, microbiological, and biochemical properties have been associated with enhanced protection against infections and chronic diseases, improved growth and development, and lower rates of hospitalization and mortality. This review explores the evidence supporting the continuation of breastfeeding beyond six months. More meticulous studies employing consistent methodologies and addressing confounders are essential. This will enable a more accurate determination of the extent and mechanisms of the positive impact of prolonged breastfeeding and allow for the implementation of effective public health strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infant and Pediatric Feeding and Nutrition)

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26 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D Supplementation: Shedding Light on the Role of the Sunshine Vitamin in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications

by Dimitra Vasdeki, Georgios Tsamos, Evangelos Dimakakos, Vasileios Patriarcheas, Theocharis Koufakis, Kalliopi Kotsa, Armand Cholewka and Agata Stanek

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3651; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213651 - 26 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6953

Abstract

As the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase globally, researchers are keen to investigate various interventions to mitigate its impact. Among these, vitamin D supplementation has attracted significant attention due to its influence on insulin secretion from the pancreas [...] Read more.

As the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to increase globally, researchers are keen to investigate various interventions to mitigate its impact. Among these, vitamin D supplementation has attracted significant attention due to its influence on insulin secretion from the pancreas and insulin receptors in body cells. A substantial body of evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation can reduce low-grade inflammation, a critical factor in developing insulin resistance. In addition, vitamin D aids in sustaining low resting concentrations of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, normalizes Ca²⁺ signaling, diminishes the expression of cytokines that are pro-inflammatory, and enhances the production of cytokines that are anti-inflammatory. This review discusses the effects of vitamin D on the glycemic control of individuals with T2DM and evaluates the impact of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic markers in this population. The investigation employs a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature with a special focus on recent studies published in the past decade. Based on the findings in the literature, it can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation alongside anti-diabetic medications may enhance glycemic control and potentially reduce the risk of diabetic complications. The evidence supports the notion that vitamin D supplementation can be a valuable addition to pharmacological agents for the management of T2DM, potentially enhancing glycemic control and overall health outcomes in affected individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus and Nutritional Supplements)

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13 pages, 1887 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health Benefits Beyond the Scale: The Role of Diet and Nutrition During Weight Loss Programmes

by Francisca Contreras, Werd Al-Najim and Carel W. le Roux

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213585 - 22 Oct 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 13815

Abstract

Introduction: Obesity management strategies such as caloric restriction, very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs), and meal replacements can lead to moderate short-term weight loss. However, many patients face significant challenges in maintaining these results. Personalized interventions, including behavioral counseling and physical activity, have been shown to [...] Read more.

Introduction: Obesity management strategies such as caloric restriction, very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs), and meal replacements can lead to moderate short-term weight loss. However, many patients face significant challenges in maintaining these results. Personalized interventions, including behavioral counseling and physical activity, have been shown to improve long-term adherence and success. Current clinical guidelines emphasize the pivotal role of dietitians in enhancing patient outcomes through nutritional therapy. When combined with pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery, the focus shifts from mere weight loss to broader health improvements. Methods: This review explores the evolving role of dietitians in obesity management, advocating for a shift from a weight-centric approach to a more holistic model that prioritizes overall health gains. Key areas of interest include dietetic interventions’ impact on metabolic health, cardiovascular function, gut microbiome balance, inflammation, and psychological well-being. Results: Dietetic interventions have been shown to provide significant health improvements beyond weight loss. These include enhanced metabolic and cardiovascular health, better gut microbiome balance, reduced inflammation, improved sleep quality, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. By focusing on non-scale victories such as improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and mental health, dietitians play a crucial role in driving long-term success in obesity management. These outcomes highlight the need to shift the focus from short-term weight loss to a more comprehensive view of health gains. Conclusions: The role of dietitians in obesity management is expanding to encompass a more comprehensive and individualized approach. Moving beyond a focus on weight reduction, this paradigm promotes long-term, patient-centered strategies that address the multifactorial nature of obesity. By combining dietary changes with regular physical activity and behavioral support, dietitians can contribute to sustained health improvements, treating obesity as a chronic, complex disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition Approaches in Obesity Treatment)

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24 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Supplementation and Mitigating Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With or Without Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Systematic Review

by Qi Fu, Jill DeJager and Elizabeth M. Gardner

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203567 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8700

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This review aims to delineate the relationship between micronutrient supplementation and cognitive decline in older subjects. In carrying out this review, we followed PRISMA, and our literature search was performed on PubMed. This systematic review includes only primary studies that have investigated the efficacy of nutritional interventions for the prevention of dementia and improvement of cognitive function in subjects aged 65 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A gross heterogeneity of studies forbids the possibility of a direct comparison of the results. A review of the inclusion criteria and restrictions has been conducted to check the validity and reliability of the results. In this review, thirty-three primary studies were included. Results have shown that supplementation with vitamin D, probiotics, and PUFAs would most likely reduce cognitive decline, dementia, or AD compared with vitamins A, B, C, and E, which were seen to be relatively ineffective. Of note, when considering vitamin B supplementation, positive effects were only observed in non-aspirin users having high ω-3 fatty acid (ω-3 FA) plasma levels. In some cases, however, there were genotypic differences in subjects in response to vitamin B supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A One-Week Elderberry Juice Intervention Augments the Fecal Microbiota and Suggests Improvement in Glucose Tolerance and Fat Oxidation in a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Christy Teets, Nancy Ghanem, Guoying Ma, Jagrani Minj, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Sarah A. Johnson, Andrea J. Etter, Franck G. Carbonero and Patrick M. Solverson

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203555 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 19066

Abstract

Obesity is a costly and ongoing health complication in the United States and globally. Bioactive-rich foods, especially those providing polyphenols, represent an emerging and attractive strategy to address this issue. Berry-derived anthocyanins and their metabolites are of particular interest for their bioactive effects, [...] Read more.

Obesity is a costly and ongoing health complication in the United States and globally. Bioactive-rich foods, especially those providing polyphenols, represent an emerging and attractive strategy to address this issue. Berry-derived anthocyanins and their metabolites are of particular interest for their bioactive effects, including weight maintenance and protection from metabolic aberrations. Earlier findings from small clinical trials suggest modulation of substrate oxidation and glucose tolerance with mediation of prospective benefits attributable to the gut microbiota, but mixed results suggest appropriate anthocyanin dosing poses a challenge. The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to determine if anthocyanin-dense elderberry juice (EBJ) reproduces glucoregulatory and substrate oxidation effects observed with other berries and if this is mediated by the gut microbiota. Overweight or obese adults (BMI > 25 kg/m²) without chronic illnesses were randomized to a 5-week crossover study protocol with two 1-week periods of twice-daily EBJ or placebo (PL) separated by a washout period. Each treatment period included 4 days of controlled feeding with a 40% fat diet to allow for comparison of measurements in fecal microbiota, meal tolerance testing (MTT), and indirect calorimetry between test beverages. Eighteen study volunteers completed the study. At the phylum level, EBJ significantly increased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and decreased Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, EBJ increased Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Bifidobacterium and decreased Bacteroides and lactic acid-producing bacteria, indicating a positive response to EBJ. Supporting the changes to the microbiota, the EBJ treatment significantly reduced blood glucose following the MTT. Fat oxidation also increased significantly both during the MTT and 30 min of moderate physical activity with the EBJ treatment. Our findings confirm the bioactivity of EBJ-sourced anthocyanins on outcomes related to gut health and obesity. Follow-up investigation is needed to confirm our findings and to test for longer durations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake of Phytochemicals, Gut Microbiota and Appetite Control)

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15 pages, 2400 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Is Fasting Superior to Continuous Caloric Restriction for Weight Loss and Metabolic Outcomes in Obese Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Víctor Siles-Guerrero, Jose M. Romero-Márquez, Rosa Natalia García-Pérez, Cristina Novo-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel Guardia-Baena, María Hayón-Ponce, Carmen Tenorio-Jiménez, Martín López-de-la-Torre-Casares and Araceli Muñoz-Garach

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203533 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 18030

Abstract

Background: fasting-based strategies (FBS) and continuous caloric restriction (CCR) are popular methods for weight loss and improving metabolic health. FBS alternates between eating and fasting periods, while CCR reduces daily calorie intake consistently. Both aim to create a calorie deficit, but it is [...] Read more.

Background: fasting-based strategies (FBS) and continuous caloric restriction (CCR) are popular methods for weight loss and improving metabolic health. FBS alternates between eating and fasting periods, while CCR reduces daily calorie intake consistently. Both aim to create a calorie deficit, but it is still uncertain as to which is more effective for short- and long-term weight and metabolic outcomes. Objectives: this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of FBS and CCR on these parameters in obese adults. Methods: after screening 342 articles, 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 623 participants were included. Results: both interventions led to weight loss, with a reduction of 5.5 to 6.5 kg observed at the six-month mark. However, the results showed that FBS led to slightly greater short-term reductions in body weight (−0.94 kg, p = 0.004) and fat mass (−1.08 kg, p = 0.0001) compared to CCR, although these differences are not clinically significant. Both interventions had similar effects on lean mass, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and glucose metabolism. However, FBS improved insulin sensitivity, with significant reductions in fasting insulin (−7.46 pmol/L, p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (−0.14, p = 0.02). Conclusions: despite these short-term benefits, FBS did not show superior long-term outcomes compared to CCR. Both strategies are effective for weight management, but more research is needed to explore the long-term clinical relevance of FBS in obese populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Lifestyle and Eating Habits on Obesity)

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29 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intestinal Barrier Impairment, Preservation, and Repair: An Update

by Ayah Matar, John A. Damianos, Kara J. Jencks and Michael Camilleri

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203494 - 15 Oct 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7724

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Our objective was to review published studies of the intestinal barrier and permeability, the deleterious effects of dietary components (particularly fat), the impact of altered intestinal permeability in disease models and human diseases, the role of the microbiome and epigenomics in control of barrier function, and the opportunities to restore normal barrier function with dietary interventions and products of the microbiota. Methods: We conducted a literature review including the following keywords alone or in combination: intestinal barrier, permeability, microbiome, epigenomics, diet, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, probiotics. Results: Intestinal permeability is modified by a diet including fat, which increases permeability, and nutrients such as fiber, glutamine, zinc, vitamin D, polyphenols, emulsifiers, and anthocyanins, which decrease permeability. There is significant interaction of the microbiome and barrier function, including the inflammatory of luminal/bacterial antigens, and anti-inflammatory effects of commensals or probiotics and their products, including short-chain fatty acids. Epigenomic modification of barrier functions are best illustrated by effects on junction proteins or inflammation. Detailed documentation of the protective effects of diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota is provided. Conclusion: intestinal permeability is a critical factor in protection against gastrointestinal diseases and is impacted by nutrients that preserve or heal and repair the barrier and nurture anti-inflammatory effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health)

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16 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cognitive Functions in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa during Nutritional Rehabilitation

by Katarzyna Jowik-Krzemińska, Dagmara Dylewska, Aleksandra Pawlińska-Maćkowiak, Agnieszka Słopień and Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203435 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7871

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate cognitive function and laboratory parameters in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after nutritional rehabilitation (NR) compared to healthy female peers (CG). Methods: We evaluated 36 girls with AN at two-time points, during acute [...] Read more.

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate cognitive function and laboratory parameters in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) before and after nutritional rehabilitation (NR) compared to healthy female peers (CG). Methods: We evaluated 36 girls with AN at two-time points, during acute malnutrition (AN1) and after NR, in a partially normalized weight status (AN2). We compared their cognitive functions and laboratory parameters to 48 healthy CG subjects. Cognitive function was assessed using a Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) assessment, depressive symptom levels were assessed using a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessment, and eating disorders were assessed using an Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). Results: The AN1 group scored better in total cognition, attention, estimation, and spatial perception than the CG group (p < 0.05), with scores increasing in the AN2 group. Shifting and visual perception values did not differ between the study groups (p = 0.677, p = 0.506, respectively). Laboratory tests showed no significant abnormalities and did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). There was a negative correlation for EAT-26 and CAB in the AN1 group (rho = −0.43, p = 0.01), but not for BDI. Conclusions: Cognitive function in adolescent girls with AN was better than CG and correlated with EAT-26 score. These results highlight the high compensatory capacity of the adolescent body to maintain cognitive function despite severe malnutrition. Our results suggest that although normalization of body weight is crucial, other factors can significantly influence improvements in cognitive function. Cognitive deficits and laboratory tests may not be biomarkers of early forms of AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

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13 pages, 1199 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Six-Week Supplementation with Creatine in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Feasibility Study at 3 Tesla

by Beata R. Godlewska, Amy L. Sylvester, Uzay E. Emir, Ann L. Sharpley, William T. Clarke, Marieke A. G. Martens and Philip J. Cowen

Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193308 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 10340

Abstract

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic medical condition with no specific pharmacological treatment. Creatine, a nutrient essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the cells, is a candidate for interventions in ME/CFS. Methods: Fourteen participants with ME/CFS received supplementation with 16 [...] Read more.

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic medical condition with no specific pharmacological treatment. Creatine, a nutrient essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the cells, is a candidate for interventions in ME/CFS. Methods: Fourteen participants with ME/CFS received supplementation with 16 g creatine monohydrate for 6 weeks. Before starting creatine and on the last day of treatment, participants underwent brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) scanning of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), followed by symptom, cognition, and hand-grip strength assessments. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. Creatine treatment increased creatine concentration in both the pgACC and DLPFC (p = 0.004 and 0.012, respectively), decreased fatigue and reaction time (RT) on congruent and incongruent trials of the Stroop test (p = 0.036 and 0.014, respectively), and increased hand-grip strength (p = 0.0004). There was a positive correlation between increases in pgACC creatine and changes in RT on Stroop congruent and incongruent trials (p = 0.048 and p = 0.022, respectively). Creatine was well tolerated, and none of the participants stopped treatment. Conclusion: Creatine supplementation over six weeks in ME/CFS patients increased brain creatine and improved fatigue and some aspects of cognition. Despite its methodological limitations, this study encourages placebo-controlled investigations of creatine treatment in ME/CFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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16 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Use of Artificial Sweeteners: Pros and Cons

by Lydia Kossiva, Kostas Kakleas, Foteini Christodouli, Alexandra Soldatou, Spyridon Karanasios and Kyriaki Karavanaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183162 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 18996

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, the scientific community has been highly concerned about the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners are compounds that mimic the sweet taste of sugar but have no calories or carbohydrates; hence, they are very popular among patients suffering from diabetes or obesity, aiming to achieve glycemic and/or weight control. There are four different types of sweeteners: artificial, natural, rare sugars, and polyols. Artificial and natural sweeteners are characterized as non-nutritional sweeteners (NNSs) since they do not contain calories. The extended use of sweeteners has been reported to have a favorable impact on body weight and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and on tooth decay prevention. However, there is concern regarding their side effects. Several studies have associated artificial sweeteners’ consumption with the development of insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), gastrointestinal symptoms, and certain types of cancer. The present review focuses on the description of different types of sweeteners and the benefits and possible deleterious effects of the chronic consumption of NNSs on children’s health. Additionally, possible underlying mechanisms of the unfavorable effects of NNSs on human health are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, Energy Transformation and Metabolism)

15 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Coffee on Gut Microbiota and Bowel Functions in Health and Diseases: A Literature Review

by Sena Saygili, Shrilakshmi Hegde and Xuan-Zheng Shi

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183155 - 18 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11551

Abstract

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut–brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn’s disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Microbiome Interaction in Gastrointestinal Disorders)

19 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet Has Similar Efficiency as Low FODMAP in IBS—A Randomized Non-Inferiority Study

by Bodil Roth, Mohamed Nseir, Håkan Jeppsson, Mauro D’Amato, Kristina Sundquist and Bodil Ohlsson

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 3039; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16173039 - 9 Sep 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 13749

Abstract

A diet with low content of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) is established treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with well-documented efficiency. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) has shown similar promising effects. The primary aim of this randomized, non-inferiority [...] Read more.

A diet with low content of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) is established treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with well-documented efficiency. A starch- and sucrose-reduced diet (SSRD) has shown similar promising effects. The primary aim of this randomized, non-inferiority study was to test SSRD against low FODMAP and compare the responder rates (RR = ∆Total IBS-SSS ≥ −50) to a 4-week dietary intervention of either diet. Secondary aims were to estimate responders of ≥100 score and 50% reduction; effects on extraintestinal symptoms; saturation; sugar craving; anthropometric parameters; and blood pressure. 155 IBS patients were randomized to SSRD (n = 77) or low FODMAP (n = 78) for 4 weeks, with a follow-up 5 months later without food restrictions. The questionnaires Rome IV, IBS-severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS-IBS) were completed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks and 6 months. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressures were measured. Comparisons were made within the groups and between changes in the two groups. There were no differences between groups at baseline. The responder rate of SSRD was non-inferior compared with low FODMAPs at week 2 (79.2% vs. 73.1%; p = 0.661;95% confidence interval (CI) = −20–7.2) and week 4 (79.2% vs. 78.2%; p = 1.000;95%CI = −14–12). Responder rate was still high when defined stricter. All gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms were equally improved (p < 0.001 in most variables). SSRD rendered greater reductions in weight (p = 0.006), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.005), and sugar craving (p = 0.05), whereas waist circumference and blood pressure were equally decreased. Weight and BMI were regained at follow-up. In the SSRD group, responders at 6 months still had lowered weight (−0.7 (−2.5–0.1) vs. 0.2 (−0.7–2.2) kg; p = 0.005) and BMI (−0.25 (−0.85–0.03) vs. 0.07 (−0.35–0.77) kg/m²; p = 0.009) compared with baseline in contrast to non-responders. Those who had tested both diets preferred SSRD (p = 0.032). In conclusion, a 4-week SSRD intervention was non-inferior to low FODMAP regarding responder rates of gastrointestinal IBS symptoms. Furthermore, strong reductions of extraintestinal symptoms were found in both groups, whereas reductions in weight, BMI, and sugar craving were most pronounced following SSRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 8564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Natural Astragalus-Based Nutritional Supplement Lengthens Telomeres in a Middle-Aged Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

by Christophe de Jaeger, Saskia Kruiskamp, Elena Voronska, Carla Lamberti, Hani Baramki, Jean Louis Beaudeux and Patrick Cherin

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172963 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 9841

Abstract

Telomeres are ribonucleoprotein structures that form a protective buffer at the ends of chromosomes, maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle. A decrease in average telomere length is associated with with age and with aging-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In [...] Read more.

Telomeres are ribonucleoprotein structures that form a protective buffer at the ends of chromosomes, maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle. A decrease in average telomere length is associated with with age and with aging-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial over six months to compare the effects of the Astragalus-based supplement versus a placebo on telomere length (TL) in 40 healthy volunteers (mean age 56.1 ± 6.0 years). Twenty subjects received the supplement, and 20 received placebo capsules. All participants completed the study, and no adverse side effects were reported at six months. Subjects taking the Astragalus-based supplement exhibited significantly longer median TL (p = 0.01) and short TL (p = 0.004), along with a lower percentage of short telomeres, over the six-month period, while the placebo group showed no change in TL. This trial confirmed that the supplement significantly lengthens both median and short telomeres by increasing telomerase activity and reducing the percentage of short telomeres (<3 Kbp) in a statistically and possibly clinically significant manner. These results align with a previous open prospective trial, which found no toxicity associated with the supplement’s intake. These findings suggest that this Astragalus-based supplement warrants further investigation for its potential benefits in promoting health, extending life expectancy, and supporting healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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17 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms of Healthy Aging: The Role of Caloric Restriction, Intermittent Fasting, Mediterranean Diet, and Ketogenic Diet—A Scoping Review

by Roxana Surugiu, Mihaela Adela Iancu, Ștefănița Bianca Vintilescu, Mioara Desdemona Stepan, Daiana Burdusel, Amelia Valentina Genunche-Dumitrescu, Carmen-Adriana Dogaru and Gheorghe Gindrovel Dumitra

Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172878 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 14757

Abstract

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging [...] Read more.

As the population ages, promoting healthy aging through targeted interventions becomes increasingly crucial. Growing evidence suggests that dietary interventions can significantly impact this process by modulating fundamental molecular pathways. This review focuses on the potential of targeted dietary strategies in promoting healthy aging and the mechanisms by which specific nutrients and dietary patterns influence key pathways involved in cellular repair, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, the Mediterranean diet, as well as the ketogenic diet showed promising effects on promoting healthy aging, possibly by modulating mTORC1 AMPK, an insulin signaling pathway. By understanding the intricate interplay between diet and molecular pathways, we can develop personalized dietary strategies that not only prevent age-related diseases, but also promote overall health and well-being throughout the aging process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of the Nutritional and Promotional Profile of Commercial Foods for Infants and Toddlers in the United States

by Daisy H. Coyle, Maria Shahid, Kiana Parkins, Monica Hu, Marina Padovan and Elizabeth K. Dunford

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162782 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 26980

Abstract

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model [...] Read more.

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model (NPPM) to provide guidance and regulation for commercially produced infant and toddler foods. This study assessed the nutritional and promotional profile of infant and toddler foods (6–36 months of age) collected from the top 10 grocery chains in 2023. Products were assessed against the WHO NPPM nutritional and promotional requirements. The type and number of claims across packaging type were also assessed. Of the 651 products examined, 60% failed to meet the nutritional requirements of the NPPM, and 0% met the promotional requirements. Almost 100% of products had at least 1 claim on-pack that was prohibited under the NPPM, with some products displaying up to 11 prohibited claims. Snack-size packages had the lowest compliance with nutrient requirements. These findings highlight that urgent work is needed to improve the nutritional quality of commercially produced infant and toddler foods in the United States. The high use of prohibited claims also suggests the need to regulate the type and number of claims allowed on-pack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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12 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Creatine Improves Total Sleep Duration Following Resistance Training Days versus Non-Resistance Training Days among Naturally Menstruating Females

by Ariel J. Aguiar Bonfim Cruz, Samantha J. Brooks, Katelyn Kleinkopf, C. J. Brush, Gena L. Irwin, Malayna G. Schwartz, Darren G. Candow and Ann F. Brown

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162772 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 14029

Abstract

Females historically experience sleep disturbances and overall poor sleep compared to males. Creatine has been proposed to impact sleep; however, the effects are not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on sleep among naturally [...] Read more.

Females historically experience sleep disturbances and overall poor sleep compared to males. Creatine has been proposed to impact sleep; however, the effects are not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of creatine supplementation on sleep among naturally menstruating females. Twenty-one participants completed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which they consumed 5 g creatine + 5 g maltodextrin or placebo, 10 g maltodextrin, daily for 6 weeks. Participants completed resistance training 2x/week using the TONAL^® (Tonal Systems Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) at-home gym. Pre- and post-testing assessed body composition, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dietary intake, and muscular strength. Sleep was assessed nightly using an ŌURA^® (Oulu, Finland) ring. Compared to the placebo group, those consuming creatine experienced significant increases in total sleep on training days (p = 0.013). No significant changes in chronic sleep and PSQI (pre–post) were observed. There was a significant increase in TONAL^® strength score over time (p < 0.001), with no between-group differences. Participants reduced their total calorie (kcal) (p = 0.039), protein (g/kg) (p = 0.009), carbohydrate (g/kg) (p = 0.023), and fat (g) (p = 0.036) intake over time. Creatine supplementation increases sleep duration on resistance training days in naturally menstruating females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Nutrition: Current and Novel Insights)

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12 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

by Donna Kritz-Silverstein and Ricki Bettencourt

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162765 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 29043

Abstract

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N [...] Read more.

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N = 357 men; N = 533 women) aged ≥55 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study who attended clinic visits in 1988–1991 and 1992–1996. Egg intake was obtained in 1988–1991 with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails B, and category fluency were administered at both visits to assess cognitive performance. Sex-specific multiple regression analyses tested associations of egg intake with changes in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders. The mean time between visits was 4.1 ± 0.5 years; average ages were 70.1 ± 8.4 in men and 71.5 ± 8.8 in women (p = 0.0163). More men consumed eggs at higher levels than women; while 14% of men and 16.5% of women reported never eating eggs, 7.0% of men and 3.8% of women reported intakes ≥5/week (p = 0.0013). In women, after adjustment for covariates, egg consumption was associated with less decline in category fluency (beta = −0.10, p = 0.0241). Other associations were nonsignificant in women, and no associations were found in men. Results suggest that egg consumption has a small beneficial effect on semantic memory in women. The lack of decline observed in both sexes suggests that egg consumption does not have detrimental effects and may even have a role in the maintenance of cognitive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyle on Healthy Aging)

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22 pages, 944 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evaluating Phthalates and Bisphenol in Foods: Risks for Precocious Puberty and Early-Onset Obesity

by Valeria Calcaterra, Hellas Cena, Federica Loperfido, Virginia Rossi, Roberta Grazi, Antonia Quatrale, Rachele De Giuseppe, Matteo Manuelli and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162732 - 16 Aug 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9487

Abstract

Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on [...] Read more.

Recent scientific results indicate that diet is the primary source of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their use in food processing, pesticides, fertilizers, and migration from packaging to food, particularly in plastic or canned foods. Although EDCs are not listed on nutrition labels, their migration from packaging to food could inadvertently lead to food contamination, affecting individuals by inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact. The aim of our narrative review is to investigate the role of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) in foods, assessing their risks for precocious puberty (PP) and early-onset obesity, which are two clinical entities that are often associated and that share common pathogenetic mechanisms. The diverse outcomes observed across different studies highlight the complexity of phthalates and BPA effects on the human body, both in terms of early puberty, particularly in girls, and obesity with its metabolic disruptions. Moreover, obesity, which is independently linked to early puberty, might confound the relationship between exposure to these EDCs and pubertal timing. Given the potential public health implications, it is crucial to adopt a precautionary approach, minimizing exposure to these EDCs, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bromatology—All We Should Know about Food and Nutrition)

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18 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Personalized Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Recommendations through Genetic Insights

by Saiful Singar, Ravinder Nagpal, Bahram H. Arjmandi and Neda S. Akhavan

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162673 - 13 Aug 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 21471

Abstract

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary [...] Read more.

Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene–diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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18 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases—A Narrative Review

by Sophie M. van Zonneveld, Ellen J. van den Oever, Benno C. M. Haarman, Emmy L. Grandjean, Jasper O. Nuninga, Ondine van de Rest and Iris E. C. Sommer

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162646 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9820

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines [...] Read more.

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Nutritional Intervention)

26 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Antioxidants in the Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases—A Literature Review

by Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Hajdys, Witold Czarnik, Piotr Fularski, Klaudia Leszto, Gabriela Majchrowicz, Wiktoria Lisińska, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162587 - 6 Aug 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7411

Abstract

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, [...] Read more.

Antioxidants are endogenous and exogenous substances with the ability to inhibit oxidation processes by interacting with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, in turn, are small, highly reactive substances capable of oxidizing a wide range of molecules in the human body, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even small inorganic compounds. The overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which constitutes a significant factor contributing to the development of disease, not only markedly diminishing the quality of life but also representing the most common cause of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effect of selected antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), flavonoids, carotenoids, and resveratrol, as well as to introduce new antioxidant therapies utilizing miRNA and nanoparticles, in reducing the incidence and progression of CVD. In addition, new antioxidant therapies in the context of the aforementioned diseases will be considered. This review emphasizes the pleiotropic effects and benefits stemming from the presence of the mentioned substances in the organism, leading to an overall reduction in cardiovascular risk, including coronary heart disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)

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29 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating the Quality and Comparative Validity of Manual Food Logging and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Food Image Recognition in Apps for Nutrition Care

by Xinyi Li, Annabelle Yin, Ha Young Choi, Virginia Chan, Margaret Allman-Farinelli and Juliana Chen

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152573 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8106

Abstract

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The [...] Read more.

For artificial intelligence (AI) to support nutrition care, high quality and accuracy of its features within smartphone applications (apps) are essential. This study evaluated popular apps’ features, quality, behaviour change potential, and comparative validity of dietary assessment via manual logging and AI. The top 200 free and paid nutrition-related apps from Australia’s Apple App and Google Play stores were screened (n = 800). Apps were assessed using MARS (quality) and ABACUS (behaviour change potential). Nutritional outputs from manual food logging and AI-enabled food-image recognition apps were compared with food records for Western, Asian, and Recommended diets. Among 18 apps, Noom scored highest on MARS (mean = 4.44) and ABACUS (21/21). From 16 manual food-logging apps, energy was overestimated for Western (mean: 1040 kJ) but underestimated for Asian (mean: −1520 kJ) diets. MyFitnessPal and Fastic had the highest accuracy (97% and 92%, respectively) out of seven AI-enabled food image recognition apps. Apps with more AI integration demonstrated better functionality, but automatic energy estimations from AI-enabled food image recognition were inaccurate. To enhance the integration of apps into nutrition care, collaborating with dietitians is essential for improving their credibility and comparative validity by expanding food databases. Moreover, training AI models are needed to improve AI-enabled food recognition, especially for mixed dishes and culturally diverse foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combining Artificial Intelligence for Nutrition Applications: Recent Advancements)

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19 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ashwagandha’s Multifaceted Effects on Human Health: Impact on Vascular Endothelium, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Review

by Michał Wiciński, Anna Fajkiel-Madajczyk, Zuzanna Kurant, Sara Liss, Paweł Szyperski, Monika Szambelan, Bartłomiej Gromadzki, Iga Rupniak, Maciej Słupski and Iwona Sadowska-Krawczenko

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152481 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 15110

Abstract

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha, has been popular for many years. Numerous studies have shown that the extract of this plant, due to its wealth of active substances, can induce anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, adaptogenic, anti-arthritic, anti-stress, and antimicrobial effects. This review examines the impact of Ashwagandha extract on the vascular endothelium, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular outcomes. Studies have shown that Ashwagandha extracts exhibit an anti-angiogenic effect by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced capillary sprouting and formation by lowering the mean density of microvessels. Furthermore, the results of numerous studies highlight the anti-inflammatory role of Ashwagandha extract, as the action of this plant causes a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, withanolides, present in Ashwagandha root, have shown the ability to inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. Research results have also proved that W. somnifera demonstrates cardioprotective effects due to its antioxidant properties and reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. It seems that this plant can be successfully used as a potential treatment for several conditions, mainly those with increased inflammation. More research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which the substances contained in W. somnifera extracts can act in the human body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health)

39 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols

by Federica Conti, Jackson J. McCue, Paul DiTuro, Andrew J. Galpin and Thomas R. Wood

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152430 - 26 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 17018

Abstract

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI. For example, evidence suggests that creatine monohydrate and omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) help decrease inflammation, reduce neural damage and maintain adequate energy supply to the brain following injury. Similarly, melatonin supplementation may improve some of the sleep disturbances often experienced post-TBI. The scope of this narrative review is to summarise the available literature on the neuroprotective effects of selected nutrients in the context of TBI-related outcomes and provide an evidence-based overview of supplementation and dietary protocols that may be considered in individuals affected by—or at high risk for—concussion and more severe head traumas. Prophylactic and/or therapeutic compounds under investigation include creatine monohydrate, omega-3 fatty acids, BCAAs, riboflavin, choline, magnesium, berry anthocyanins, Boswellia serrata, enzogenol, N-Acetylcysteine and melatonin. Results from this analysis are also placed in the context of assessing and addressing important health-related and physiological parameters in the peri-impact period such as premorbid nutrient and metabolic health status, blood glucose regulation and thermoregulation following injury, caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours. As clinical evidence in this research field is rapidly emerging, a comprehensive approach including appropriate nutritional interventions has the potential to mitigate some of the physical, neurological, and emotional damage inflicted by TBIs, promote timely and effective recovery, and inform policymakers in the development of prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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14 pages, 1067 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of the Caffeine Content in Servings of Popular Coffees in Terms of Its Safe Intake—Can We Drink 3–5 Cups of Coffee per Day, as Experts Advise?

by Regina Ewa Wierzejska and Iwona Gielecińska

Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152385 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7186

Abstract

The spreading knowledge of the health benefits of coffee and the development of gastronomy with a wide range of coffees prompt an evaluation of their caffeine content in terms of safe intake. The study analyzed the caffeine content of popular coffees in comparison [...] Read more.

The spreading knowledge of the health benefits of coffee and the development of gastronomy with a wide range of coffees prompt an evaluation of their caffeine content in terms of safe intake. The study analyzed the caffeine content of popular coffees in comparison with recommendations for a safe single dose (200 mg) and daily caffeine intake (400 mg), and guidelines for drinking 3–5 cups of coffee per day. A total of 299 coffee samples from franchise shops and homemade coffees were tested. The “takeaway” coffees had a three times higher mean caffeine content (p < 0.005) compared to homemade coffees. Americano coffee was the “strongest” (143 mg caffeine/serving on average), while coffee prepared by pouring hot water over one teaspoon of ground coffee was the “lightest” (23 mg caffeine/serving on average) (p < 0.05). Over 200 mg of caffeine per serving was found in 4% of samples. Over 400 mg of caffeine would be consumed by people drinking “on the go” 4–5 servings of many types of coffee, except espresso. In this respect, homemade coffees are safer. Therefore, recommendations on drinking coffee should be more practical, and indicate not only the number of cups, but also the “strength” of various types of coffee, in order to avoid the regular intake of high amounts of caffeine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals: Implications for Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Manuka Honey Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models

by Diana C. Márquez-Garbán, Cristian D. Yanes, Gabriela Llarena, David Elashoff, Nalo Hamilton, Mary Hardy, Madhuri Wadehra, Susan A. McCloskey and Richard J. Pietras

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142369 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 25426

Abstract

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast [...] Read more.

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, but anti-proliferative effects of MH were less pronounced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Effects of MH were also tested on non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) at 2.5% w/v, and it was found that MH reduced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells but not that of HMECs. Notably, the antitumor activity of MH was in the range of that exerted by treatment of MCF-7 cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Further, MH treatment stimulated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in vitro, with most cells exhibiting acute and significant levels of apoptosis that correlated with PARP activation. Additionally, the effects of MH induced the activation of AMPK and inhibition of AKT/mTOR downstream signaling. Treatment of MCF7 cells with increased concentrations of MH induced AMPK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner that was accompanied by inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR downstream effector protein S6. In addition, MH reduced phosphorylated STAT3 levels in vitro, which may correlate with MH and AMPK-mediated anti-inflammatory properties. Further, in vivo, MH administered alone significantly inhibited the growth of established MCF-7 tumors in nude mice by 84%, resulting in an observable reduction in tumor volume. Our findings highlight the need for further research into the use of natural compounds, such as MH, for antitumor efficacy and potential chemoprevention and investigation of molecular pathways underlying these actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 1741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chrononutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: An Overview of Epidemiological Evidence and Key Future Research Directions

by Oluwatimilehin E. Raji, Esther B. Kyeremah, Dorothy D. Sears, Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Nour Makarem

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142332 - 19 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7981

Abstract

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this topical review is to summarize epidemiological evidence from observational and intervention studies regarding the role of chrononutrition metrics related to eating timing and regularity in cardiometabolic health preservation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Observational studies are limited due to the lack of time-stamped diet data in most population-based studies. Findings from cohort studies generally indicate that breakfast skipping or the later timing of the first eating occasion, a later lunch and dinner, and a greater proportion of caloric intake consumed in the evening are associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including higher risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Randomized controlled trials are also limited, as most in the field of chrononutrition focus on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding. Overall, interventions that shift eating timing patterns to earlier in the day and that restrict evening caloric intake tend to have protective effects on cardiometabolic health, but small sample sizes and short follow-up are notable limitations. Innovation in dietary assessment approaches, to develop low-cost validated tools with acceptable participant burden that reliably capture chrononutrition metrics, is needed for advancing observational evidence. Culturally responsive pragmatic intervention studies with sufficiently large and representative samples are needed to understand the impact of fixed and earlier eating timing schedules on cardiometabolic health. Additional research is warranted to understand the modifiable determinants of temporal eating patterns, to investigate the role of chrononutrition in the context of other dimensions of diet (quantity, quality, and food and nutrition security) in achieving cardiometabolic health equity, and to elucidate underlying physiological mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Independent and Joint Roles of Nutrition, Sleep, and Lifestyle in Human Health)

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15 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Haley Barrong, Hannah Coven, Alexandra Lish, Samantha N. Fessler, Paniz Jasbi and Carol S. Johnston

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142305 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 25494

Abstract

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as a healthful dietary supplement linked to favorable outcomes for blood glucose management, heart disease risk, and adiposity reduction, and a recent report suggests vinegar may improve symptoms of depression. This randomized controlled study examined the 4-week change in scores for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in healthy overweight adults ingesting 2.95 g acetic acid (4 tablespoons vinegar) vs. 0.025 g acetic acid (one vinegar pill) daily. A secondary objective explored possible underlying mechanisms using metabolomics analyses. At week 4, mean CES-D scores fell 26% and 5% for VIN and CON participants respectively, a non-significant difference between groups, and mean PHQ-9 scores fell 42% and 18% for VIN and CON participants (p = 0.036). Metabolomics analyses revealed increased nicotinamide concentrations and upregulation of the NAD+ salvage pathway for VIN participants compared to controls, metabolic alterations previously linked to improved mood. Thus, daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks improved self-reported depression symptomology in healthy overweight adults, and enhancements in niacin metabolism may factor into this improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health — 2nd Edition)

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