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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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27 pages, 1813 KB  
Review
The Review on Adverse Effects of Energy Drinks and Their Potential Drug Interactions
by Lukasz Dobrek
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152435 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 8163
Abstract
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic, functional beverages sold worldwide in more than 165 countries. These products are very popular and often consumed by children, teenagers, and young adults to improve physical performance, reduce drowsiness, and improve memory and concentration with increased intellectual [...] Read more.
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic, functional beverages sold worldwide in more than 165 countries. These products are very popular and often consumed by children, teenagers, and young adults to improve physical performance, reduce drowsiness, and improve memory and concentration with increased intellectual effort. However, their consumption is associated with an increased risk of various health consequences. Objectives: The purpose of this non-systematic review was to discuss the components of EDs and their effects, summarize the AEs reported in the literature associated with the consumption of EDs, and briefly characterize the possible ED-related drug interactions. Methods: Scientific evidence was extracted by searching the databases PubMed and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the retrieved papers were reviewed and cross-referenced to reveal additional relevant scientific evidence. Results: The most common ingredients in EDs are caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, B vitamins, the vitamin-like compound inositol, and sweeteners (sugar, fructose, glucose–fructose syrup or artificial sweeteners). Although it is difficult to conclusively prove a cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of EDs and the observed pathophysiological abnormalities, most scientific evidence (mostly clinical case reports) indicates that both occasional and especially chronic use of EDs is associated with the occurrence of numerous adverse effects (AEs). Among these, the best documented AEs are those on the cardiovascular system. It should also be noted that the components of EDs (primarily caffeine) may have drug interactions; therefore, EDs may be an important factor influencing the safety of pharmacotherapy in patients consuming EDs. Conclusions: Consuming energy drinks lead to various health problems and may interfere with pharmacotherapy due to the potential development of drug interactions. Due to the widespread availability of EDs, their suggestive advertising aimed at the youngest customers, and ambiguous regulations, new legislative policies are required to limit the widespread consumption of such products and their negative health effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Security, Food Insecurity, and Nutritional Health)
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12 pages, 1261 KB  
Article
Sex Differences in the Association Between the Korean Healthy Eating Index and Liver Enzymes Among Korean Adults
by Seong-Uk Baek and Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142372 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 40553
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dietary quality plays a crucial role in maintaining liver function. In this study, we examined sex differences in the association between dietary quality and elevated liver enzyme levels in Korean adults. Methods: This study included a nationwide sample of 15,997 males and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dietary quality plays a crucial role in maintaining liver function. In this study, we examined sex differences in the association between dietary quality and elevated liver enzyme levels in Korean adults. Methods: This study included a nationwide sample of 15,997 males and 22,300 females in South Korea. Dietary assessment was performed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), an evidence-based dietary quality index that quantitatively reflects adherence to Korean dietary guidelines (range 0–100). Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured, with individuals classified as having elevated AST or ALT levels when values were ≥40 IU/L or ≥35 IU/L, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the KHEI and elevated AST or ALT levels stratified by sex. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. Results: Among the males, a 10-point increase in the KHEI score was inversely associated with the likelihood of having elevated AST (OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85–0.96) and ALT (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.92–1.00) levels, respectively. Among the females, there was no clear association between the KHEI and elevated AST (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.91–1.05) or ALT (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.95–1.05) levels. Conclusion: Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the observed sex-specific associations and guide the development of targeted dietary interventions for liver health in males and females. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Improving the Life Quality in Liver Disease)
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27 pages, 733 KB  
Review
The Role of Magnesium in Depression, Migraine, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review
by Péter Varga, Andrea Lehoczki, Mónika Fekete, Tamás Jarecsny, Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa, Virág Zábó, Dávid Major, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő and János Tamás Varga
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132216 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 10610
Abstract
Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in hundreds of biochemical reactions, with particular relevance to maintaining neural homeostasis, modulating neurotransmitter systems, and regulating inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the potential role of magnesium in the pathophysiology and [...] Read more.
Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in hundreds of biochemical reactions, with particular relevance to maintaining neural homeostasis, modulating neurotransmitter systems, and regulating inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms. This comprehensive review aims to evaluate the potential role of magnesium in the pathophysiology and treatment of three prevalent neurological and psychiatric disorders—depression, migraine, and Alzheimer’s disease—as well as its broader implications for cognitive health. Current research suggests that magnesium deficiency is associated with the development of depression, as magnesium influences glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, as well as the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, both of which play critical roles in stress responses and mood regulation. Additionally, magnesium’s anti-inflammatory properties may contribute to the alleviation of depressive symptoms. In the context of migraine’s pathophysiology, magnesium plays a role in regulating cerebral vascular tone, modulating the trigeminovascular system, and reducing neuronal hyperexcitability, which may explain the observed correlation between magnesium levels and the incidence of migraines. Regarding Alzheimer’s disease, preclinical and epidemiological studies suggest that magnesium may contribute to modulating neurodegenerative processes and preserving cognitive function; however, due to the heterogeneity of the current findings, further longitudinal and interventional studies are necessary to determine its precise clinical relevance. This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between magnesium and these disorders through a narrative review of relevant clinical studies. The findings may provide insights into the potential therapeutic applications of magnesium and guide the future directions of the research into the prevention and treatment of depression, migraine, and Alzheimer’s disease and overall cognitive health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)
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15 pages, 1061 KB  
Review
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)—An Essential Health Regulator
by Julia Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Krzysztof Halczuk and Bolesław T. Karwowski
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132206 - 2 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7616
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is key in maintaining cellular health and energy metabolism. Thiamine is required for proper functioning of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, which is critical for providing energy to cells. This energy is essential for various cellular processes, including DNA repair [...] Read more.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is key in maintaining cellular health and energy metabolism. Thiamine is required for proper functioning of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, which is critical for providing energy to cells. This energy is essential for various cellular processes, including DNA repair mechanisms. In addition, it is a prerequisite for the functioning of key enzymes in the biosynthesis of pentose sugars, which are essential in the synthesis of nucleic acids. Additionally, thiamine has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress in cells; thus, by relieving this stress, thiamine indirectly supports the maintenance of DNA integrity. Ensuring adequate thiamine intake through diet or supplements can support overall cellular health and potentially aid in DNA repair processes. This review aims to highlight the essential role of vitamin B1 in supporting metabolic health, especially given that deficiencies can develop in patients with disease-related malnutrition as well as in those with an inadequate diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Habits, Nutritional Knowledge, and Nutrition Education)
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35 pages, 475 KB  
Review
Functional Foods in Modern Nutrition Science: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Public Health Implications
by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa, Virág Zábó, János Tamás Varga, Madarász Bálint, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Elżbieta Rząsa-Duran and Péter Varga
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132153 - 28 Jun 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11990
Abstract
In recent years, functional foods have garnered increasing scientific and public health interest due to their potential to confer physiological benefits beyond basic nutritional value. International bodies such as EFSA, FDA, and WHO define functional foods as those containing bioactive components that may [...] Read more.
In recent years, functional foods have garnered increasing scientific and public health interest due to their potential to confer physiological benefits beyond basic nutritional value. International bodies such as EFSA, FDA, and WHO define functional foods as those containing bioactive components that may contribute to the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The evolving paradigm of “food as medicine” reflects a broader shift in nutritional science towards proactive, health-oriented dietary strategies. This article provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of functional foods by examining their biological mechanisms, clinical evidence, public health significance, regulatory frameworks, and future prospects—particularly in the context of advances in personalized nutrition and nutrigenomics. A thorough literature review was conducted, drawing from recent peer-reviewed studies and guidelines from key health authorities. The review highlights the roles of specific compounds such as probiotics and prebiotics in modulating the gut microbiome, flavonoids and polyphenols in anti-inflammatory processes, omega-3 fatty acids in cardiometabolic regulation, and vitamins and minerals in supporting immune function. While an expanding body of clinical trials and meta-analyses supports the health benefits of these compounds—including reductions in LDL cholesterol, improved insulin sensitivity, and mitigation of oxidative stress—the integration of functional foods into everyday diets remains challenging. Socioeconomic disparities and limited health literacy often impede their accessibility and widespread adoption in public health practice. Functional foods represent a promising component of prevention-focused modern healthcare. To maximize their impact, a coordinated, evidence-based approach is essential, involving collaboration among healthcare professionals, nutrition scientists, policymakers, and the food industry. Looking forward, innovations in artificial intelligence, microbiome research, and genomic technologies may unlock novel opportunities for the targeted and effective application of functional foods in population health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
14 pages, 404 KB  
Review
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Its Effects on Well-Being—A Review
by Michał Wiciński, Anna Fajkiel-Madajczyk, Józef Sławatycki, Monika Szambelan, Paweł Szyperski, Paweł Wojciechowski, Jakub Wójcicki and Michał Gawryjołek
Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132143 - 27 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 15180
Abstract
In recent decades, the mental health and sleep quality of populations have worsened globally, leading healthcare professionals and researchers to seek new, safe therapies that extend beyond traditional pharmacological treatments. Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, appears to be a valuable element [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the mental health and sleep quality of populations have worsened globally, leading healthcare professionals and researchers to seek new, safe therapies that extend beyond traditional pharmacological treatments. Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, appears to be a valuable element for improving overall quality of life due to its abundance of active substances and known multidirectional effects on the human body. This review aims to critically evaluate the available literature on ashwagandha extract and its potential roles in enhancing well-being, with a focus on reducing stress, fatigue, anxiety, and depressive disorders; improving sleep quality; and enhancing cognitive function. Furthermore, an attempt has also been made to highlight the limitations associated with the use of this plant extract in clinical practice and indicate directions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals, Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods: Their Role in Chronic Diseases)
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23 pages, 2525 KB  
Review
Bacopa monnieri: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Neuroactive Effects, Safety of Use and the Search for Improved Bioavailability
by Anna Gościniak, Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, Marta Szeląg, Jakub Pawlak, Izabela Skiera, Hanna Kwiatkowska, Natasza Nowak, Krzysztof Bernady, Piotr Trzaskoma, Oskar Zimak-Krótkopad and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111939 - 5 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 17304
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, is a plant used in Ayurveda for its memory-enhancing properties and control of blood sugar levels. It contains active compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and cucurbitacins, which have various biological activities. The plant has [...] Read more.
Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, is a plant used in Ayurveda for its memory-enhancing properties and control of blood sugar levels. It contains active compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and cucurbitacins, which have various biological activities. The plant has been studied for its potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. Animal studies have shown promising results in reducing symptoms and protecting against neurodegeneration. Concerning safety, Bacopa monnieri has been found to be generally non-toxic, with no serious side effects reported. However, interactions with certain medications and contraindications in conditions like hyperthyroidism should be considered. Further research is needed to determine optimal dosages and ensure safety, especially for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Foods and Nutritional and Botanical Supplements for the Enhancement of Human Health and Performance)
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18 pages, 4177 KB  
Article
Non-Alcoholic Beer Influences Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Changes Body Composition in Healthy, Young, Male Adults
by Henriette Kreimeyer, Svenja Sydor, Lara Buchholz, Cagatay Toskal, Mustafa Özcürümez, Bernd Schnabl, Wing-Kin Syn, Jan-Peter Sowa, Paul Manka and Ali Canbay
Nutrients 2025, 17(10), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17101625 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 9223
Abstract
Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic beers (NABs) are gaining popularity as alternatives to alcoholic beverages, yet their metabolic and health effects compared to no consumption of these drinks remain unclear. Material and Methods: The investigator-blinded, single-center, randomized study compares the effects on the metabolism, [...] Read more.
Background and Aims: Non-alcoholic beers (NABs) are gaining popularity as alternatives to alcoholic beverages, yet their metabolic and health effects compared to no consumption of these drinks remain unclear. Material and Methods: The investigator-blinded, single-center, randomized study compares the effects on the metabolism, health, and gut microbiome of the daily consumption of different NABs—pilsener, mixed beer, and wheat beer—on glucose and fat metabolism, body composition, and liver function in 44 healthy young men. The participants consumed 660 mL of one of these beers or water daily for 4 weeks. We measured indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism, liver enzymes, body composition, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Results: The findings revealed that mixed beer increased fasting glucose and triglycerides, and wheat beer increased insulin, C-peptide, and triglycerides. The intake of pilsener and water decreased cholesterol and LDL levels without significantly affecting glucose metabolism. Biomarkers of liver damage such as M30 lowered in water and pilsener, while ALT and AST lowered in mixed beer. The pattern of the gut microbiota also changed, as pilsener lowered Firmicutes and increased Actinobacteria. Conclusions: In summary, consumption of NABs, especially mixed and wheat beers, exerts an unfavorable metabolic impact on glucose and fat, while pilsener and water are more favorable from a metabolic perspective. We concluded that the metabolic alterations seen are probably due to the caloric and sugar content in NABs, rather than polyphenols. The chronic effects of NABs on health should be evaluated in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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16 pages, 1275 KB  
Article
From Mother–Fetus Dyad to Mother–Milk–Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk
by Maria Lithoxopoulou, Calliope Karastogiannidou, Anastasia Karagkiozi, Iliani Eleni Zafeiriadou, Ekaterini Pilati, Elisavet Diamanti, Stavros Kalogiannis and Emilia Vassilopoulou
Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091422 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 22784
Abstract
Background: The composition of breast milk is influenced by a variety of factors, including maternal anthropometric characteristics, dietary and lifestyle habits, and lactation and feeding parameters. Emerging evidence also suggests that an infant’s sex may play a role in shaping breast milk composition. [...] Read more.
Background: The composition of breast milk is influenced by a variety of factors, including maternal anthropometric characteristics, dietary and lifestyle habits, and lactation and feeding parameters. Emerging evidence also suggests that an infant’s sex may play a role in shaping breast milk composition. Objective: This study aims to investigate the macronutrient composition of early breast milk up to 3 months postpartum, with a particular focus on potential differences related to the infant’s sex. Methods: A total of 102 breast milk samples were collected at four time points across three lactation stages, representing colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, from a cohort consisting of 51 consenting mothers of Mediterranean origin who met the inclusion criteria. The samples were analyzed using mid-infrared spectroscopy to determine their macronutrient composition. Results: Colostrum from mothers of male infants contained approximately 60% higher levels of nitrogenous compounds, crude protein, true protein, and non-protein nitrogen compared to colostrum from mothers of female infants. Transitional milk for female infants contained higher fat, total solids, and energy. No significant differences in macronutrient composition were observed in mature milk between the sexes. For both sexes, colostrum contained more nitrogenous compounds and fewer total solids than mature milk. Male colostrum had lower carbohydrate levels compared to the later stages of lactation, while female samples showed no significant changes. Strong positive correlations between fat and crude protein were found for both sexes during the transitional and mature milk stages. In male colostrum, all macronutrients were interrelated. Conclusions: The observed differences in the composition of colostrum and transitional breast milk for male and female neonates suggest potential sex-specific nutritional adaptations during early lactation. These findings may have implications for personalized infant nutrition strategies in cases where breast feeding is hampered, as well as for understanding early neonatal adaptations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Early Nutrition, Early Environment, and Immunity)
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14 pages, 730 KB  
Review
Nutritional Approach to Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Narrative Review
by Sol Velasco-Aburto, Arancha Llama-Palacios, María Carmen Sánchez, María José Ciudad and Luis Collado
Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091410 - 23 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 12141
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a functional digestive disorder whose incidence has been acknowledged by several medical associations, such as the American Gastroenterological Association. It is estimated that between 14% and 40% of patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome also have SIBO, [...] Read more.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a functional digestive disorder whose incidence has been acknowledged by several medical associations, such as the American Gastroenterological Association. It is estimated that between 14% and 40% of patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome also have SIBO, highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis to enable effective treatment plans. Nutrition and diet therapy play a pivotal role in SIBO management, not only in alleviating symptoms but also in preventing relapses. The objective of this review is to gather updated information on dietary management for SIBO to define the role of the dietitian and determine the most suitable nutritional therapy based on scientific evidence. The review will encompass various strategies, ranging from specific diets to dietary supplements, as well as the potential contribution of dietary treatment to improving SIBO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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33 pages, 1998 KB  
Review
Curcumin: A Natural Warrior Against Inflammatory Liver Diseases
by Olga Obrzut, Aleksandra Gostyńska-Stawna, Karolina Kustrzyńska, Maciej Stawny and Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081373 - 18 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8020
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a bioactive compound found in turmeric, has garnered attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and impact on liver health. Numerous studies suggest that CUR may be crucial in mitigating liver inflammation. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects are believed to be attributed to [...] Read more.
Curcumin (CUR), a bioactive compound found in turmeric, has garnered attention for its potential anti-inflammatory properties and impact on liver health. Numerous studies suggest that CUR may be crucial in mitigating liver inflammation. The compound’s anti-inflammatory effects are believed to be attributed to its ability to modulate various molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response. Research indicates that CUR may suppress the activation of inflammatory cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver. Additionally, it has been observed to inhibit the activity of transcription factors that play a key role in inflammation. By targeting these molecular mechanisms, CUR may help alleviate the inflammatory burden on the liver. Moreover, CUR’s antioxidant properties are thought to contribute to its protective effects on the liver. Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation, and CUR’s ability to neutralize free radicals may further support its anti-inflammatory action. While the evidence is promising, it is essential to note that more research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms through which CUR influences liver inflammation. Nevertheless, these findings suggest that CUR could be a potential therapeutic agent in managing liver inflammatory conditions. In this review, we explore the potential impact of CUR on inflammation, highlighting the key mechanisms involved, as reported in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases)
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17 pages, 1054 KB  
Article
Does Poultry Consumption Increase the Risk of Mortality for Gastrointestinal Cancers? A Preliminary Competing Risk Analysis
by Caterina Bonfiglio, Rossella Tatoli, Rossella Donghia, Pasqua Letizia Pesole and Gianluigi Giannelli
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081370 - 17 Apr 2025
Viewed by 81496
Abstract
Background: Poultry meat is currently among the most widely consumed meats in Italy and worldwide. Poultry is reasonably affordable and accessible, explaining the high global consumption rates. This population-based prospective cohort study investigated the association between meat consumption and gastrointestinal cancers (GCs) [...] Read more.
Background: Poultry meat is currently among the most widely consumed meats in Italy and worldwide. Poultry is reasonably affordable and accessible, explaining the high global consumption rates. This population-based prospective cohort study investigated the association between meat consumption and gastrointestinal cancers (GCs) and other causes of mortality in southern Italy. Methods: Data were collected from 4869 participants in the MICOL and NUTRIHEP cohorts. The EPIC questionnaire was used to elicit information on food and drink consumption. For analytical purposes, weekly meat consumption was grouped into four categories: total meat: <200 g, 201–300 g, 301–400 g, and >400 g red meat: <150 g, 150–250 g, 251–350 g, and >350 g; poultry: <100 g, 100–200 g, 201–300 g, and >300 g. Cox proportional hazard regression and competing risk models were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Analyzing weekly poultry consumption, it was observed that subjects consuming more than 300 g had a 27% higher risk of death from all causes [HR 1.27; 95% CI (1.00; 1.61)] than those consuming less than 100 g. In addition, for GCs, the SHR for weekly poultry consumption above 300 g was 2.27 [95% CI (1.23; 4.17)], a risk that for men increased to 2.61 [95% CI (1.31; 5.19)]. Conclusions: Our study showed that poultry consumption above 300 g/week is associated with a statistically significant increased mortality risk both from all causes and from GCs. The risk is higher for men than for women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 3080 KB  
Review
Small Intestinal Bacterial and Fungal Overgrowth: Health Implications and Management Perspectives
by Natalie Soliman, Caroline Kruithoff, Erin Marie San Valentin, Ahmed Gamal, Thomas S. McCormick and Mahmoud Ghannoum
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081365 - 17 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 10432
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO) are distinct yet often overlapping conditions characterized by an abnormal increase in microbial populations within the small intestine. SIBO results from an overgrowth of colonic bacteria, while SIFO is driven by [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Small Intestinal Fungal Overgrowth (SIFO) are distinct yet often overlapping conditions characterized by an abnormal increase in microbial populations within the small intestine. SIBO results from an overgrowth of colonic bacteria, while SIFO is driven by fungal overgrowth, primarily involving Candida species. Both conditions present with nonspecific gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malabsorption, making differentiation between SIBO and SIFO challenging. This review aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies associated with SIBO and SIFO. Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic approaches for SIBO and SIFO. Results: SIBO is commonly associated with factors such as reduced gastric acid secretion, impaired gut motility, and structural abnormalities like bowel obstruction and diverticula. It is frequently diagnosed using jejunal aspirates (≥105 colony forming units (CFUs)/mL) or breath tests. In contrast, SIFO is linked to prolonged antibiotic use, immunosuppression, and gut microbiome dysbiosis, with diagnosis relying on fungal cultures from small intestinal aspirates due to the absence of standardized protocols. Conclusion: The clinical overlap and frequent misdiagnosis of SIBO and SIFO highlight the need for improved diagnostic tools and a multidisciplinary approach to management. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind SIBO and SIFO, how they relate to other health outcomes, and potential management strategies to optimize patient care and therapeutic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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31 pages, 793 KB  
Review
Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Prevention: Immunological Mechanisms, Inflammatory Pathways, and Nutritional Implications
by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Ágnes Szappanos, Virág Zábó, Csilla Kaposvári, Alpár Horváth, Árpád Farkas, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Dávid Major, Ágnes Lipécz, Tamás Csípő and János Tamás Varga
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081351 - 15 Apr 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 19347
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system, with immunomodulatory effects that are key in the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Over the past decades, research has shown that this steroid hormone impacts much more than bone health, [...] Read more.
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system, with immunomodulatory effects that are key in the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). Over the past decades, research has shown that this steroid hormone impacts much more than bone health, significantly influencing immune responses. Vitamin D enhances immune organ functions such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and boosts T-cell activity, which is essential in defending the body against tumors. Additionally, vitamin D mitigates inflammatory responses closely linked to cancer development, reducing the inflammation that contributes to CRC. It acts via vitamin D receptors (VDRs) expressed on immune cells, modulating immune responses. Adequate vitamin D levels influence gene expression related to inflammation and cell proliferation, inhibiting tumor development. Vitamin D also activates mechanisms that suppress cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of CRC, with deficiency correlating with higher disease incidence. Lifestyle factors, such as a diet high in red meat and calories but low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, as well as physical inactivity, contribute significantly to CRC risk. Insufficient calcium and vitamin D intake are also linked to disease occurrence and poorer clinical outcomes. Maintaining optimal vitamin D levels and adequate dietary intake is crucial in preventing CRC and improving patient prognosis. This review explores the role of vitamin D in immune regulation and summarizes findings from randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation on CRC outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dose–Response Relationships of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Intake with Health Outcomes—2nd Edition)
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28 pages, 2038 KB  
Review
Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus): A Neuroprotective Fungus with Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Potential—A Narrative Review
by Alex Graça Contato and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081307 - 9 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 33314
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion’s mane mushroom, has gained increasing scientific interest due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds and diverse health-promoting properties. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional and therapeutic potential of H. erinaceus, [...] Read more.
Hericium erinaceus, commonly known as lion’s mane mushroom, has gained increasing scientific interest due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds and diverse health-promoting properties. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional and therapeutic potential of H. erinaceus, with a particular focus on its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. A structured literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Studies published in the last two decades focusing on H. erinaceus’ bioactive compounds were included. The chemical composition of H. erinaceus includes polysaccharides, terpenoids (hericenones and erinacines), and phenolic compounds, which exhibit potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducing endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, H. erinaceus shows promising antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, with potential applications in combating antibiotic-resistant infections. The mushroom’s capacity to stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis has highlighted its potential in preventing and managing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Advances in biotechnological methods, including optimized cultivation techniques and novel extraction methods, may further enhance the bioavailability and pharmacological effects of H. erinaceus. Despite promising findings, clinical validation remains limited. Future research should prioritize large-scale clinical trials, the standardization of extraction methods, and the elucidation of pharmacokinetics to facilitate its integration into evidence-based medicine. The potential of H. erinaceus as a functional food, nutraceutical, and adjunct therapeutic agent highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Products)
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23 pages, 962 KB  
Review
Effects of GLP-1 Analogues and Agonists on the Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review
by Krzysztof Ksawery Gofron, Andrzej Wasilewski and Sylwia Małgorzewicz
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081303 - 9 Apr 2025
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8879
Abstract
Background: GLP-1 analogues are a relatively new class of medications that form the cornerstone of diabetes treatment. They possess invaluable glucose-lowering properties without hypoglycemic effects as well as strong cardioprotective effects. The gut microbiome has become the focus of numerous studies, demonstrating its [...] Read more.
Background: GLP-1 analogues are a relatively new class of medications that form the cornerstone of diabetes treatment. They possess invaluable glucose-lowering properties without hypoglycemic effects as well as strong cardioprotective effects. The gut microbiome has become the focus of numerous studies, demonstrating its influence not only on the gut but also on the overall well-being of the entire body. However, the effects of GLP-1 analogs on gut microbiota remain uncertain. Scope of review: Our systematic review (based on PRISMA guidelines) aimed to gather knowledge on the effects of GLP-1 analogue medications on the composition, richness, and abundance of gut microbiota in both animal and human models. Conclusions: Thirty-eight studies were included in this systematic review. GLP-1 analogues have demonstrated a notable impact on the composition, richness, and diversity of gut microbiota. We can conclude, following the obtained research results of our study, that liraglutide promotes the growth of beneficial genera relevant for beneficial metabolic functions. Exenatide and exendin-4 administration showed various effects on the microbiome composition in animal and human studies. In animal models, it increased genera associated with improved metabolism; however, in human models, genera linked to better metabolic functions and escalated inflammation increased. Following dulaglutide administration, increases in Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Ruminococcus, genera connected to an improved metabolic model, were significant. Finally, varied results were obtained after semaglutide treatment, in which A. muciniphila, known for its positive metabolic functions, increased; however, microbial diversity decreased. Semaglutide treatment provided various results indicating many confounding factors in semaglutide’s impact on the gut microbiota. Results varied due to dissimilarities in the studied populations and the duration of the studies. Further research is essential to confirm these findings and to better recognize their implications for the clinical outcomes of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Medication in Shaping Gut Microbiota in Disease)
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18 pages, 1306 KB  
Review
Moringa oleifera and Blood Pressure: Evidence and Potential Mechanisms
by Francesca Menichetti, Chiara Berteotti, Vittoria Schirinzi, Carolina Poli, Roberta Arrighi and Alessandro Leone
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071258 - 3 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 9152
Abstract
The prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, in particular in developing countries. Anti-hypertensive drugs are commonly used to treat hypertension. However, in developing countries, where access to health care is scarce and the supply system is poor, anti-hypertensive drugs may not always be [...] Read more.
The prevalence of hypertension is increasing worldwide, in particular in developing countries. Anti-hypertensive drugs are commonly used to treat hypertension. However, in developing countries, where access to health care is scarce and the supply system is poor, anti-hypertensive drugs may not always be available. Moringa oleifera is a plant widely found in developing countries, with its leaves, seeds, flowers, roots, and pods used both for nutritional purposes and in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including hypertension. This review summarizes the evidence, both in animal and human models, about the antihypertensive effects of different parts of M. oleifera, discusses possible mechanisms of action, explores its bioactive compounds with potential antihypertensive properties, and highlights the limitations of its use as a hypotensive agent. Many preclinical studies attribute antihypertensive properties to M. oleifera, particularly the leaves. However, it is premature to draw firm conclusions, as there is a great lack of randomized controlled trials demonstrating its real efficacy. The mechanisms of action and the compounds responsible for the hypotensive effect have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, further clinical trials showing its efficacy are strongly required before promoting Moringa for therapeutic purposes. At present, Moringa remains a plant with nutritional and pharmacological potential. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods in Human Health)
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28 pages, 1584 KB  
Review
Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Obesity and Related Metabolic and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
by Donia Jerab, Ferdinand Blangero, Paulo César Trindade da Costa, José Luiz de Brito Alves, Rym Kefi, Henda Jamoussi, Beatrice Morio and Assia Eljaafari
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071253 - 3 Apr 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11860
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are known to help resolve inflammation through generation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Through binding to the GPR120/FFAR4 receptor, their beneficial effects result from phospholipid membrane remodeling, impairment [...] Read more.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are known to help resolve inflammation through generation of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Through binding to the GPR120/FFAR4 receptor, their beneficial effects result from phospholipid membrane remodeling, impairment of inflammatory signaling molecules clustering, subsequent inhibition of NF-κB and inflammasome activation, and a reduction in oxidative stress. Obesity, a chronic inflammatory disease that contributes to metabolic disorders, is alleviated by n-3 PUFAs. In the adipose tissue (AT) of individuals with obesity, n-3 PUFAs counteract hypoxia, inhibit immune cell infiltration and AT inflammation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce fat mass. Beyond AT, n-3 PUFAs also alleviate other metabolic disorders such as metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), gut dysbiosis, and/or renal dysfunction. In cardiovascular disease (CVD), they are mainly recommended as a secondary prevention for patients with coronary heart disease risks. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the benefits of n-3 PUFAs in obesity and related metabolic diseases, examining both the mechanistic and clinical aspects. Additionally, it also explores the effects of n-3 PUFAs in obesity-related chronic inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and multiple sclerosis, by targeting specific pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical applications and limitations of n-3 PUFAs are discussed based on findings from human clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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26 pages, 3580 KB  
Article
Barriers and Enablers of Healthy Eating Among University Students in Oaxaca de Juarez: A Mixed-Methods Study
by Patricia Jurado-Gonzalez, Sabina López-Toledo, Anna Bach-Faig and Francesc-Xavier Medina
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071263 - 3 Apr 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7654
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The transition to university life brings significant social, psychological, and environmental changes, making it a critical period for establishing long-term dietary habits. However, many Mexican university students fail to meet national dietary guidelines, increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. This study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The transition to university life brings significant social, psychological, and environmental changes, making it a critical period for establishing long-term dietary habits. However, many Mexican university students fail to meet national dietary guidelines, increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. This study examines the determinants of healthy eating among university students in Oaxaca using a holistic, multi-level approach grounded in the Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating ethnography with a validated self-report questionnaire completed by 411 students at the Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca (UABJO). The ethnographic data included observations, field notes, photographs, informal conversations, and 13 semi-structured interviews. Data triangulation provided a comprehensive understanding of dietary behaviors by capturing both self-reported patterns and real-world eating practices and the food environment, as captured through ethnographic methods. The analysis included descriptive statistics, normality tests, and parametric tests to assess significant differences. Results: The findings revealed a decline in diet quality, characterized by low fruit and vegetable intake, high snack consumption, and irregular meal patterns, particularly among students living independently. Key barriers included academic stress, time constraints, low cooking self-efficacy, limited nutritional knowledge, peer pressure, and negative social norms, which contributed to reliance on convenient, processed foods. The lack of healthy food options on campus and the high perceived cost of nutritious food further led students to prioritize cheap, calorie-dense foods over healthier choices. Conversely, enablers included structured university schedules; peer support; hands-on culinary interventions; and improved access to affordable, healthy food. Conclusions: Addressing these barriers requires multi-level interventions that enhance nutrition literacy, cooking self-efficacy, and peer-led strategies while improving the campus food environment. Future research should explore SCT-based initiatives leveraging social networks and culinary education to foster sustainable dietary behavior change in university settings and assess how these findings can be applied in other socioeconomic and cultural contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Challenges in Adolescents and Young Adults: Implications for Health and Disease)
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13 pages, 609 KB  
Article
Effects of Pomegranate Extract on Inflammatory Markers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults Aged 55–70 Years: A Randomised Controlled Parallel Trial
by Grace Farhat, Jhama Malla, Jay Vadher and Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071235 - 1 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 9851
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation increases morbidity in older adults and significantly impacts healthy ageing. Pomegranate extract (PE), rich in polyphenols, has been suggested to reduce inflammation and could prevent cardiovascular disease. However, there is limited research examining the potential of PE in disease [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic inflammation increases morbidity in older adults and significantly impacts healthy ageing. Pomegranate extract (PE), rich in polyphenols, has been suggested to reduce inflammation and could prevent cardiovascular disease. However, there is limited research examining the potential of PE in disease prevention in ageing. Methods: A two-arm double-blind parallel trial was conducted, in which participants received either placebo capsules (maltodextrin) or pomegranate extract (740 mg) daily for 12 weeks. At baseline, week 6, and week 12, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and blood samples were collected. Serum inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1-α, IL1-β, IL-2, TNF-α, CRP and PAI-1), fasting blood glucose, and lipid levels were also measured. Results: A total of 86 participants met the eligibility criteria, with 76 completing the trial. A significant interaction between treatment and time was observed for the IL-6 (p = 0.02) and IL1-β (p = 0.05) levels, with both parameters significantly decreasing in the PE group. CRP and TNF-α showed a downward trend in the PE group, but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in the PE group (by 5.22 ± 1.26 mmHg (SE), p = 0.04), indicating potential clinical relevance, with diastolic blood pressure showing a similar downward trend (2.94 ± 1.08 mmHg (SE), p = 0.3). Despite being apparently healthy with no diagnosed diseases, a substantial number of participants exhibited elevated levels of inflammatory markers and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: PE can lower inflammatory markers and blood pressure, which can be high in both normal-weight and overweight older adults, making it a cost-effective measure to promote healthy ageing. Further long-term studies are needed to address the limitations of this 3-month study, including the overrepresentation of normal-weight participants, and to gain a better understanding of the impact of weight on the above-mentioned outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in Longevity)
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32 pages, 2117 KB  
Review
An Overview of Sarcopenia: Focusing on Nutritional Treatment Approaches
by Michele Barone, Palmina Baccaro and Alessio Molfino
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071237 - 1 Apr 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7553
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. This condition is associated with physical disability, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia could significantly lower healthcare costs. Sarcopenia [...] Read more.
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. This condition is associated with physical disability, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia could significantly lower healthcare costs. Sarcopenia can be classified into primary and secondary sarcopenia. The former is related to aging and begins after the fourth decade of life; after that, there is a muscle loss of around 8% per decade until age 70 years, which subsequently increases to 15% per decade. On the other hand, secondary sarcopenia can affect all individuals and may result from various factors including physical inactivity, malnutrition, endocrine disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cachexia. Understanding the multiple mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of sarcopenia allows for us to develop strategies that can prevent, treat, or at least mitigate muscle loss caused by increased protein breakdown. One potential treatment of sarcopenia is based on nutritional interventions, including adequate caloric and protein intake and specific nutrients that support muscle health. Such nutrients include natural food rich in whey protein and omega-3 fatty acids as well as nutritional supplements like branched-chain amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and vitamin D along with food for special medical purposes. It is important to emphasize that physical exercises, especially resistance training, not only promote muscle protein synthesis on their own but also work synergistically with nutritional strategies to enhance their effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)
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17 pages, 894 KB  
Review
Vitamin B12 and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence
by Mateusz Zwierz, Maria Suprunowicz, Katarzyna Mrozek, Jacek Pietruszkiewicz, Aleksandra Julia Oracz, Beata Konarzewska and Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071220 - 31 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 12436
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood. It is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system function. Maternal B12 levels are particularly important, as they influence fetal brain development. Inadequate maternal [...] Read more.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood. It is essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and nervous system function. Maternal B12 levels are particularly important, as they influence fetal brain development. Inadequate maternal intake during pregnancy may lead to altered neurodevelopmental trajectories and increase the risk of ASD. Postnatally, insufficient dietary cobalamin in infants and young children could further contribute to cognitive and behavioral impairments. One potential mechanism linking low B12 levels to ASD involves its role in the gut microbiota balance. Dysbiosis, commonly observed in individuals with ASD, is associated with increased gut permeability, low-grade inflammation, and disruptions in the gut–brain axis, all of which may contribute to ASD symptoms. Additionally, B12 is essential for neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood, cognition, and behavior. Cobalamin also plays a key role in neuronal myelination, which ensures efficient signal transmission in the nervous system. Disruptions in these processes could underlie some of the cognitive and behavioral features associated with ASD. Despite growing evidence, the link between B12 and ASD remains inconclusive due to inconsistent findings across studies. Research suggests that B12 levels may serve as a potential biomarker for disease progression and treatment response. However, many studies rely on single-time-point measurements, failing to account for individual variability, genetic predispositions, dietary intake, and environmental factors, all of which can influence B12 levels and ASD risk. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify this relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boost Brain Power with the Right Nutrition: Focus on Early Life)
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22 pages, 1050 KB  
Review
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Women with Gestational Diabetes: Current Practice and Future Perspectives
by Louisa Cheong, Lawrence Siu-Chun Law, Li Ying Lyeann Tan, Amal Al-Amri Amal, Chin Meng Khoo and Pei Chia Eng
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071210 - 30 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7483
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complication that affects 20% of pregnancies worldwide. It is associated with adverse short- and long-term cardiometabolic outcomes for both mother and infant. Effective management of GDM involves lifestyle modifications, including medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and physical activity [...] Read more.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complication that affects 20% of pregnancies worldwide. It is associated with adverse short- and long-term cardiometabolic outcomes for both mother and infant. Effective management of GDM involves lifestyle modifications, including medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and physical activity (PA), with the addition of insulin or metformin if glycaemic control remains inadequate. However, substantial gaps persist in the determination of optimal medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for women with GDM. Challenges in MNT include individual variation in glucose tolerance and changing maternal physiology and dietary requirements during pregnancy. Achieving optimal glycaemic control depends on careful macronutrient balance, particularly the distribution and quality of carbohydrate intake and sufficient protein and fat intake. Additionally, micronutrient deficiencies, such as inadequate vitamin D, calcium, and essential minerals, may exacerbate oxidative stress, inflammation, and glycaemic dysregulation, further impacting foetal growth and development. Cultural beliefs and dietary practices among pregnant women can also hinder adherence to recommended nutritional guidelines. Conditions like hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) affect ~1% to 2% of pregnant women can result in unintended energy and nutrient deficits. This special issue explores the current evidence and major barriers to optimising dietary therapy for women with GDM. It also identifies future research priorities to advance clinical practice, improve maternal and foetal outcomes, and address gaps in personalised nutrition interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Gestational Diabetes and Its Impact on Fetal Health)
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16 pages, 936 KB  
Article
Preliminary Evidence Suggests That a 12-Week Treatment with Tirzepatide Plus Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy Is More Effective than Its Combination with a Low-Calorie Diet in Preserving Fat-Free Mass, Muscle Strength, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Patients with Obesity
by Luigi Schiavo, Biagio Santella, Monica Mingo, Gianluca Rossetti, Marcello Orio, Luigi Cobellis, Attilio Maurano, Antonio Iannelli and Vincenzo Pilone
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071216 - 30 Mar 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9702
Abstract
Background: Tirzepatide (TZP), a unimolecular dual agonist targeting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors, is a promising weight loss agent in obesity. The preservation of metabolically active fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength (MS), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) is essential for optimizing [...] Read more.
Background: Tirzepatide (TZP), a unimolecular dual agonist targeting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors, is a promising weight loss agent in obesity. The preservation of metabolically active fat-free mass (FFM), muscle strength (MS), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) is essential for optimizing fat mass (FM) reduction. Although TZP is typically combined with a low-calorie diet (LCD), its impact on FFM is uncertain, and studies on MS and RMR are lacking. Evidence suggests that Low-Energy Ketogenic Therapy (LEKT) may reduce FM while preserving FFM, MS, and RMR. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of an LEKT and an LCD, both combined with TZP, on body weight (BW), FM, FFM, MS, and RMR in patients with obesity. Methods: We prospectively compared the effects of TZP combined with either an LCD or LEKT in 60 patients with obesity (n = 30 per group) over 12 weeks. BW, FM, FFM, MS, and RMR were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. Clinical parameters, an assessment of dietary compliance, and side effects were also evaluated. Results: At 12-week follow-up, both groups showed a significant BW reduction from baseline (TZP+LEKT, p = 0.0289; TZP+LCD, p = 0.0278), with no significant intergroup difference (p = 0.665). Similarly, FM decreased significantly in both cohorts (TZP+LEKT, p < 0.001; TZP+LCD, p = 0.0185), with the TZP+LEKT group achieving a greater FM loss (p = 0.042). However, the TZP+LCD group exhibited significant declines from baseline in FFM (p = 0.0284), MS (p = 0.0341), and RMR (p < 0.001), whereas we did not observe any significant changes in FFM (p = 0.487), MS (p = 0.691), and RMR (p = 0.263) in the TZP+LEKT group. Intergroup direct comparisons confirmed that the TZP+LCD group experienced significantly greater reductions in FFM (p = 0.0388), MS (p = 0.046), and RMR (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Based on the findings of these preliminary data, we are able to support the hypothesis that TZP+LEKT seems to be superior to TZP+LCD in promoting FM reduction while preserving FFM, MS, and RMR in patients with obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)
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22 pages, 884 KB  
Review
The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders
by Ewelina Młynarska, Ewelina Barszcz, Emilian Budny, Agata Gajewska, Kacper Kopeć, Jakub Wasiak, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071135 - 25 Mar 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 12861
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions with a heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology that is not yet fully understood. Among the various factors that may contribute to ASD development, alterations in the gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized. Microorganisms [...] Read more.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental conditions with a heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology that is not yet fully understood. Among the various factors that may contribute to ASD development, alterations in the gut microbiota have been increasingly recognized. Microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a crucial role in the gut–brain axis (GBA), affecting nervous system development and behavior. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the microbiota, has been linked to both behavioral and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in individuals with ASD. The microbiota interacts with the central nervous system through mechanisms such as the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the regulation of neurotransmitters, and immune system modulation. Alterations in its composition, including reduced diversity or an overabundance of specific bacterial taxa, have been associated with the severity of ASD symptoms. Dietary modifications, such as gluten-free or antioxidant-rich diets, have shown potential for improving gut health and alleviating behavioral symptoms. Probiotics, with their anti-inflammatory properties, may support neural health and reduce neuroinflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is being considered, particularly for individuals with persistent GI symptoms. It has shown promising outcomes in enhancing microbial diversity and mitigating GI and behavioral symptoms. However, its limitations should be considered, as discussed in this narrative review. Further research is essential to better understand the long-term effects and safety of these therapies. Emphasizing the importance of patient stratification and phenotype characterization is crucial for developing personalized treatment strategies that account for individual microbiota profiles, genetic predispositions, and coexisting conditions. This approach could lead to more effective interventions for individuals with ASD. Recent findings suggest that gut microbiota may play a key role in innovative therapeutic approaches to ASD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathways Linking Nutrition with Cognitive and Mental Health)
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16 pages, 800 KB  
Article
Influence of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and the Orexinergic System in Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study
by Anna A. Valenzano, Paride Vasco, Gabriella D’Orsi, Raffaella R. R. Marzovillo, Maria Torquato, Giovanni Messina, Rita Polito and Giuseppe Cibelli
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071121 - 24 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 11060
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies, specifically intermittent fasting (IF) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus a low-calorie diet (LCD), on body composition, physical performance, and the orexinergic system in postmenopausal women. Methods: A [...] Read more.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies, specifically intermittent fasting (IF) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus a low-calorie diet (LCD), on body composition, physical performance, and the orexinergic system in postmenopausal women. Methods: A randomized controlled trial involving thirty postmenopausal women (mean age 57.50 ± 6.50 years) was conducted over eight weeks, comparing the two dietary approaches alongside an 8-week HIIT program. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Performance metrics included handgrip strength and the 6-min walking test (6MWT). Salivary samples were analyzed for Orexin-A (OX-A) levels pre- and post-intervention. Results: Significant improvements in health metrics, such as heart rate (HR) and endurance, were found, with mean HR changes showing a significant difference (F = 5.943, p = 0.033) between the groups at T1. Orexin-A levels reflected significant metabolic regulation shifts in relation to other variables, showing a change from baseline to post-intervention values at T1 (F = 10,931, p = 0.033). Flexibility (sit and reach) significantly improved by 6% (p < 0.05), as well as VO2 max (10%, p < 0.05), both highlighted as key predictors of overall health outcomes. Additionally, Cohen’s d analyses indicated that the dietary groups exhibited notable differences in endurance, with the LCD group showing a Cohen’s d of −0.90, suggesting a large effect size compared with the control group. Conclusions: The combination of IF and HIIT is an effective nutritional strategy for enhancing body composition and physical performance in postmenopausal women, potentially mediated by changes in the orexinergic system. Further research is warranted to explore long-term effects and underlying mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
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13 pages, 1676 KB  
Article
The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Lean Body Mass with and Without Resistance Training
by Imtiaz Desai, Anurag Pandit, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, David Simar, Darren G. Candow, Nadeem O. Kaakoush and Amanda D. Hagstrom
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061081 - 19 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 60851
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is considered to be one of the most effective supplements for enhancing lean body mass during resistance training. However, CrM may influence body water content, potentially confounding lean body mass measurements. Therefore, this randomised controlled trial assessed the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate (CrM) is considered to be one of the most effective supplements for enhancing lean body mass during resistance training. However, CrM may influence body water content, potentially confounding lean body mass measurements. Therefore, this randomised controlled trial assessed the effect of CrM alone on lean body mass following a supplement wash-in, and when combined with a resistance training program. Methods: Sixty-three (34 females, 29 males, 31 ± 8 years) participants were randomised to supplement with CrM (5 g/day for 13 weeks: wash-in + 12-week resistance training) or serve as a control (received no creatine or placebo). Lean body mass was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry at baseline, post 7-day wash-in, and post 12 weeks of resistance training. Both groups began the same training program post CrM wash-in. Results: After the 7-day wash-in, the supplement group gained 0.51 ± 1.79 kg more lean body mass than the control group (p = 0.03). Following the wash-in, both groups gained 2 kg after resistance training (p < 0.0001), with no between-group difference in lean body mass growth (p = 0.71). Sex-disaggregated analysis showed that the supplement group, only in females, gained 0.59 ± 1.61 kg more lean body mass than the controls (p = 0.04). There were no group differences in lean body mass growth following resistance training in females (p = 0.10) or males (p = 0.35). Conclusions: A 7-day CrM wash-in increased lean body mass, particularly in females. Thereafter, CrM did not enhance lean body mass growth when combined with resistance training, likely due to its short-term effects on lean body mass measurements. A maintenance dose of higher than 5 g/day may be necessary to augment lean body mass growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)
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30 pages, 601 KB  
Review
Natural Products in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions
by Kayode Komolafe, Titilope Ruth Komolafe, Olamide Olajusi Crown, Basiru Ajiboye, Felicite Noubissi, Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe and Barbara Graham
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061069 - 19 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 16518
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is defined by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, and it results in symptoms such as esophageal inflammation, regurgitation, and indigestion. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are [...] Read more.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is defined by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, and it results in symptoms such as esophageal inflammation, regurgitation, and indigestion. Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists are frequently employed to treat GERD, their prolonged administration is associated with adverse effects, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Natural products are now recognized as promising candidates for the management of GERD due to their bioactive compounds, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal-protective properties. The potential of natural products in the treatment of GERD is comprehensively examined in this review, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, which include acid suppression, esophageal mucosal regeneration, anti-inflammatory activity, and gut microbiota modulation. Also, the efficacy and safety of key natural products, including flavonoids, polyphenols, plant-derived oils, herbal extracts, probiotics, and dietary components, in preclinical and clinical studies, are assessed. Additionally, this review addresses the barriers confronting the translation of natural therapies into clinical practice, such as regulatory obstacles, variability in bioavailability, and the need for dosage standardization. The integration of natural products into the management of GERD has the potential to enhance conventional therapies, providing a more comprehensive and secure approach for patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders)
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16 pages, 2059 KB  
Article
Epigenetic Aging Acceleration in Obesity Is Slowed Down by Nutritional Ketosis Following Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD): A New Perspective to Reverse Biological Age
by Andrea G. Izquierdo, Paula M. Lorenzo, Nicolás Costa-Fraga, David Primo-Martin, Gemma Rodriguez-Carnero, Carolina F. Nicoletti, J. Alfredo Martínez, Felipe F. Casanueva, Daniel de Luis, Angel Diaz-Lagares and Ana B. Crujeiras
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061060 - 18 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8590
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Epigenetic clocks have emerged as a tool to quantify biological age, providing a more accurate estimate of an individual’s health status than chronological age, helping to identify risk factors for accelerated aging and evaluating the reversibility of therapeutic strategies. This study [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Epigenetic clocks have emerged as a tool to quantify biological age, providing a more accurate estimate of an individual’s health status than chronological age, helping to identify risk factors for accelerated aging and evaluating the reversibility of therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the potential association between epigenetic acceleration of biological age and obesity, as well as to determine whether nutritional interventions for body weight loss could slow down this acceleration. Methods: Biological age was estimated using three epigenetic clocks (Horvath (Hv), Hannum (Hn), and Levine (Lv)) based on the leukocyte methylome analysis of individuals with normal weight (n = 20), obesity (n = 24), and patients with obesity following a VLCKD (n = 10). We analyzed differences in biological age estimates, the relationship between age acceleration and obesity, and the impact of VLCKD. Correlations were assessed between age acceleration, BMI, and various metabolic parameters. Results: Analysis of the epigenetic clocks revealed an acceleration of biological age in individuals with obesity (Hv = +3.4(2.5), Hn = +5.7(3.2), Lv = +3.9(2.7)) compared to a slight deceleration in individuals with normal weight. This epigenetic acceleration correlated with BMI (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, patients with obesity following a VLCKD showed a deceleration in estimated biological age, both in nutritional ketosis (Hv = −3.3(4.0), Hn = −6.3(5.3), Lv = −8.8(4.5)) and at endpoint (Hv = −1.1(4.3), Hn = −7.4(5.6), Lv = −8.2(5.3)). Relevantly, this slowdown in age is associated with BMI (p < 0.0001), ketonemia (p ≤ 0.001), and metabolic parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the applicability of epigenetic clocks to monitor obesity-related biological aging in precision medicine and show the potential efficacy of the VLCKD in slowing obesity-related epigenetic aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)
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15 pages, 287 KB  
Article
Early Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss While Preserving Muscle: An 8-Week Trial in Young Women
by Zifu Yu and Takeshi Ueda
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061022 - 14 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 19885
Abstract
Background: Time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained attention as a novel dietary intervention that restricts the daily eating window, potentially offering improved metabolic health and body composition. Nevertheless, whether early TRE (eTRE) or delayed TRE (dTRE) best enhances resistance training (RT) adaptations remains [...] Read more.
Background: Time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained attention as a novel dietary intervention that restricts the daily eating window, potentially offering improved metabolic health and body composition. Nevertheless, whether early TRE (eTRE) or delayed TRE (dTRE) best enhances resistance training (RT) adaptations remains unclear. Methods: In this 8-week randomized study, 24 healthy young women with limited RT experience were assigned into one of three groups: eTRE (an 8:00 AM–2:00 PM feeding window), dTRE (12:00 PM–6:00 PM), or the control (8:00 AM–8:00 PM). Apart from the timing restrictions, no further dietary guidance was provided. All of the participants performed standardized knee-supported push-ups (4 sets × 10 reps, three sessions/week). The primary outcomes included body weight, the thickness of the triceps brachii long head (measured via ultrasound), and push-up endurance. Results: The eTRE group achieved a significant reduction in body weight (−2.61 ± 1.06 kg; p < 0.001), which surpassed the changes observed in both the dTRE (−1.44 ± 1.12 kg) and control (−0.48 ± 0.64 kg) groups. However, no significant between-group differences emerged for muscle thickness or push-up performance. All groups showed comparable improvements in triceps brachii thickness (a 1.36–1.55 mm increase) and push-up endurance (62–74 additional repetitions). Conclusions: Early TRE (8:00 AM–2:00 PM) appears to be more beneficial than delayed TRE (12:00 PM–6:00 PM) for weight management when combined with RT, yet both TRE regimens result in similar improvements in muscle thickness and endurance. These findings suggest that optimizing meal timing in alignment with circadian rhythms may enhance weight control without hindering muscle adaptations, providing a practical approach for individuals seeking to lose weight while preserving or increasing their muscular fitness. Future research involving larger samples and diverse populations is warranted to confirm these results and clarify the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrient Intake on Exercise Recovery and Adaptation)
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14 pages, 650 KB  
Article
Vitamin D Status Determines Cardiometabolic Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Late-Onset Hypogonadism
by Robert Krysiak, Karolina Kowalcze, Witold Szkróbka and Bogusław Okopień
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061013 - 13 Mar 2025
Viewed by 10053
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Low testosterone levels and low vitamin D status are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D status determines the cardiometabolic effects of testosterone replacement therapy. Methods: The study population consisted of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Low testosterone levels and low vitamin D status are associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D status determines the cardiometabolic effects of testosterone replacement therapy. Methods: The study population consisted of three groups of men with late-onset hypogonadism: vitamin D-naive individuals with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between 20 and 30 ng/mL (group I), males with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between 30 and 60 ng/mL receiving vitamin D supplementation because of previous low vitamin D status (group II), and vitamin D-naïve subjects with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between 30 and 60 ng/mL (group III). Circulating levels of total testosterone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, glucose, insulin, lipids, uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, fibrinogen, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were assessed before and six months after intramuscular testosterone administration (250 mg every three weeks). Results: Group I differed from the remaining groups in baseline values of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen, UACR, and the Framingham Risk Score. In all three groups, testosterone injections increased plasma testosterone levels and had a neutral effect on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. In groups II and III, the drug improved insulin sensitivity and reduced LDL cholesterol, uric acid, hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and UACR. In group I, the impact of testosterone was limited to a small decrease in HDL cholesterol and hsCRP. Only in groups II and III did testosterone reduce the Framingham Risk Score. There were no differences in the strength of testosterone action between both groups. In groups II and III, the replacement-induced changes in insulin sensitivity, LDL cholesterol, uric acid, hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen, UACR, and the Framingham Risk Score positively correlated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Conclusions: The study results suggest that the cardiometabolic effects of exogenous testosterone in men with testosterone deficiency may be determined by vitamin D status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fat-Soluble Vitamins for Disease Prevention and Management (2nd Edition))
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29 pages, 877 KB  
Review
A Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diet in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: A Narrative Review with Considerations for Cyprus
by Anna Michail and Eleni Andreou
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060970 - 10 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8926
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health challenge, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality due to its strong association with cardiovascular complications, metabolic imbalances, and reduced quality of life. Among the various interventions for CKD management, nutrition therapy plays a critical [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health challenge, significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality due to its strong association with cardiovascular complications, metabolic imbalances, and reduced quality of life. Among the various interventions for CKD management, nutrition therapy plays a critical role in slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. The Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diet (PLADO) has emerged as a promising dietary strategy that prioritizes plant-based protein sources while restricting overall protein intake, offering potential renal, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits. This review evaluates current evidence on the efficacy of PLADO in CKD management, analyzing its impact on renal function, cardiovascular health, and systemic inflammation. Key findings suggest that PLADO can delay CKD progression, reduce dialysis dependence, and mitigate cardiovascular risks through lower dietary acid load, increased fiber intake, and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, PLADO has been shown to support gut microbiota diversity and reduce uremic toxin production, offering metabolic advantages beyond kidney health. While PLADO appears nutritionally adequate, concerns remain regarding protein sufficiency, potassium management, and long-term adherence. Its successful implementation requires tailored meal planning, patient education, and regular clinical monitoring to optimize outcomes and mitigate potential risks. This review highlights the importance of integrating PLADO into CKD management as a holistic, patient-centered dietary approach, particularly in regions like Cyprus, where no studies have evaluated its applicability. By synthesizing existing research, this review provides insights for clinicians, dietitians, and researchers to further explore long-term outcomes, adherence strategies, and feasibility across diverse healthcare settings. Future studies should focus on large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to establish PLADO’s role in CKD dietary guidelines and clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Peptides, and Their Health Benefits)
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10 pages, 202 KB  
Review
The Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Development of Anxiety Symptoms—A Narrative Review
by Kamil Nikel, Michał Stojko, Joanna Smolarczyk and Magdalena Piegza
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060933 - 7 Mar 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 12263
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in mental health, with growing evidence linking its composition to anxiety and depressive disorders. Research on this topic has expanded significantly in recent years. This review explores alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with anxiety [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota plays a key role in mental health, with growing evidence linking its composition to anxiety and depressive disorders. Research on this topic has expanded significantly in recent years. This review explores alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with anxiety disorders and examines the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics. Background/Objectives: This review aims to analyze the alterations in gut microbiota composition in individuals with anxiety disorders and evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics in mitigating symptoms. By examining recent research, this study seeks to highlight the gut–brain connection and its implications for mental health interventions. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies investigating the relationship between gut microbiota and anxiety disorders, as well as the impact of probiotics on symptom severity. Results: The reviewed studies suggest that individuals with anxiety disorders often exhibit gut microbiota alterations, including reduced microbial diversity and a lower abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Additionally, probiotics, particularly those from the Lactobacillus genus, may help alleviate anxiety symptoms by modulating gut microbiota composition. Conclusions: Gut dysbiosis appears to be closely linked to anxiety disorders, and probiotic interventions could represent a promising therapeutic avenue. However, further research is needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrition Interventions on Neuropsychiatric Diseases)
23 pages, 2928 KB  
Article
Short-Term Magnesium Supplementation Has Modest Detrimental Effects on Cycle Ergometer Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Negligible Effects on the Gut Microbiota: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial
by Matthew C. Bomar, Taylor R. Ewell, Reagan L. Brown, David M. Brown, Beatrice S. Kwarteng, Kieran S. S. Abbotts, Hannah M. Butterklee, Natasha N. B. Williams, Scott D. Wrigley, Maureen A. Walsh, Karyn L. Hamilton, David P. Thomson, Tiffany L. Weir and Christopher Bell
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 10949
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although the importance of magnesium for overall health and physiological function is well established, its influence on exercise performance is less clear. The primary study objective was to determine the influence of short-term magnesium supplementation on cycle ergometer exercise performance. The hypothesis [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Although the importance of magnesium for overall health and physiological function is well established, its influence on exercise performance is less clear. The primary study objective was to determine the influence of short-term magnesium supplementation on cycle ergometer exercise performance. The hypothesis was that magnesium would elicit an ergogenic effect. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover design was used to study men and women who were regular exercisers. Fifteen participants ingested either a placebo or magnesium chloride (MgCl2 300 mg) twice per day, for 9 days, separated by a 3-week washout. During days 8 and 9, participants completed a battery of cycle ergometer exercise tests, and whole blood, vastus lateralis, and stools were sampled. The primary outcomes were the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), a simulated 10 km time trial, and the sprint exercise performance. Additional outcomes included skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration, and, on account of the known laxative effects of magnesium, the gut microbiota diversity. Results: Compared with a placebo, MgCl2 supplementation increased the circulating ionized Mg concentration (p < 0.03), decreased the VO2max (44.4 ± 7.7 vs. 41.3 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; p = 0.005), and decreased the mean power output during a 30 s sprint (439 ± 88 vs. 415 ± 88 W; p = 0.03). The 10 km time trial was unaffected (1282 ± 126 vs. 1281 ± 97 s; p = 0.89). In skeletal muscle, MgCl2 decreased mitochondrial respiration in the presence of fatty acids at complex II (p = 0.04). There were no significant impacts on the gut microbiota richness (CHAO1; p = 0.68), Shannon’s Diversity (p = 0.23), or the beta-diversity (Bray–Curtis distances; p = 0.74). Conclusions: In summary, magnesium supplementation had modest ergolytic effects on cycle ergometer exercise performance and mitochondrial respiration. We recommend that regular exercisers, free from hypomagnesemia, should not supplement their diet with magnesium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplementation in Health and Sports Performance)
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35 pages, 1868 KB  
Review
Impact of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on Neurological Health: A Critical Review
by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Laura Redondo-Flórez, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Agustín Curiel-Regueros, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz and José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050884 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 27560
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The global shift towards vegan and vegetarian diets has garnered attention for their ethical, environmental, and potential health benefits. These diets are often rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting a potential protective effect against systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, despite these benefits, concerns remain regarding their impact on neurological health due to the possible deficiencies of critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron. This review critically evaluates the influence of these dietary patterns on neurological outcomes, emphasizing their nutritional composition, potential deficiencies, and their interplay with inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: A systematic review of the literature published between 2010 and 2023 was conducted, focusing on studies that explore the relationship between vegan and vegetarian diets and neurological health. Key nutrients such as vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, and zinc were analyzed alongside antinutritional factors and their effects on the nervous system. Results: Evidence suggests that vegan and vegetarian diets, when well planned, can be rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which have been associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings indicate a potential role in reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are linked to neurodegenerative diseases. However, deficiencies in critical nutrients such as vitamin B12, DHA, EPA, and iron have been consistently associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the presence of antinutritional factors like phytates and oxalates may further impair nutrient absorption, necessitating careful dietary planning and supplementation. Conclusions: While plant-based diets provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, their neurological implications depend on nutrient adequacy. Proper planning, supplementation, and food preparation techniques are essential to mitigate risks and enhance cognitive health. Further research is needed to explore long-term neurological outcomes and optimize dietary strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuro-Nutrition in Sports: Advances in Functional Neurology and Metabolic Care)
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20 pages, 657 KB  
Review
The Detrimental Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Barrier
by Debora Rondinella, Pauline Celine Raoul, Eleonora Valeriani, Irene Venturini, Marco Cintoni, Andrea Severino, Francesca Sofia Galli, Vincenzina Mora, Maria Cristina Mele, Giovanni Cammarota, Antonio Gasbarrini, Emanuele Rinninella and Gianluca Ianiro
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050859 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 29111
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs impact the gut microbiome and gut barrier, emphasizing gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. UPFs, [...] Read more.
Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become a widely consumed food category in modern diets. However, their impact on gut health is raising increasing concerns. This review investigates how UPFs impact the gut microbiome and gut barrier, emphasizing gut dysbiosis and increased gut permeability. UPFs, characterized by a high content of synthetic additives and emulsifiers, and low fiber content, are associated with a decrease in microbial diversity, lower levels of beneficial bacteria like Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and an increase in pro-inflammatory microorganisms. These alterations in the microbial community contribute to persistent inflammation, which is associated with various chronic disorders including metabolic syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer. In addition, UPFs may alter the gut–brain axis, potentially affecting cognitive function and mental health. Dietary modifications incorporating fiber, fermented foods, and probiotics can help mitigate the effects of UPFs. Furthermore, the public needs stricter regulations for banning UPFs, along with well-defined food labels. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms connecting UPFs to gut dysbiosis and systemic illnesses, thereby informing evidence-based dietary guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Immunity)
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16 pages, 1157 KB  
Article
The Effects of Combined Scutellaria and Saffron Supplementation on Mood Regulation in Participants with Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
by Valérie Dormal, Marlène Suchareau, Sylvie Copine, Laurent Simar and Louise Deldicque
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050809 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 16880
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The global prevalence of mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depression, has increased significantly, with rates further elevated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conventional pharmacological treatments, while effective, often lead to side effects that can impact patient adherence and quality of life. This [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The global prevalence of mental health disorders, particularly anxiety and depression, has increased significantly, with rates further elevated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conventional pharmacological treatments, while effective, often lead to side effects that can impact patient adherence and quality of life. This has driven interest in safer, natural adjunctive therapies. Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) (saffron) and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) (scutellaria) have individually shown potential, in humans and animals, respectively, as mood regulators, with bioactive compounds that modulate neurotransmitter systems and possess anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects. This study aimed (1) to explore the efficacy and safety of scutellaria extracts in humans and (2) to test a possible synergistic effect when combining scutellaria and saffron on mood regulation in individuals experiencing mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 180 participants with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms were assigned to receive either scutellaria extract alone (SCUTELL’UP®), saffron extract alone (SAFFR’ACTIV®), a combination of scutellaria and saffron extracts (SAFFR’UP®), or a placebo for six weeks. The primary outcome was assessed using a standardized depression scale (Beck Depression Inventory). The secondary outcomes, including anxiety, emotional state, well-being level, and sleep quality, were all assessed using validated questionnaires. Safety and tolerability were evaluated throughout the study period. Results: The results confirmed the beneficial effects of saffron extract on depressive and anxious symptoms, as well as its role in improving sleep quality. For the first time in humans, scutellaria extract demonstrated a positive effect on mood regulation. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of the combination of these two extracts was identified, leading to enhanced improvements in depressive and anxious symptoms and emotional well-being among individuals with mild-to-moderate depression, compared to the placebo group. Minimal adverse effects were reported across all treatment groups. Conclusions: This natural adjunctive nutritional strategy offers a promising alternative for individuals seeking safer options for mental health support. Further research is warranted to exclude potential long-term side effects and to explore potential mechanisms of this combined supplementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)
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20 pages, 1888 KB  
Article
The Cholesterol Paradox in Long-Livers from a Sardinia Longevity Hot Spot (Blue Zone)
by Alessandra Errigo, Maria Pina Dore, Michele Portoghese and Giovanni Mario Pes
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050765 - 21 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 22039
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia is commonly viewed as a risk factor for coronary heart disease; however, several studies have reported an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in older adults. This “cholesterol paradox” challenges the conventional understanding of lipid metabolism. Despite [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia is commonly viewed as a risk factor for coronary heart disease; however, several studies have reported an inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in older adults. This “cholesterol paradox” challenges the conventional understanding of lipid metabolism. Despite often being dismissed as a result of reverse causality, the precise causes of this paradox remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential existence of the cholesterol paradox in a long-lived population from central Sardinia, Italy. Methods: We recruited 168 baseline nonagenarians (81 males, 87 females) from the longevity Blue Zone area in 2018 and followed them until December 2024. The lipid profile was determined for all participants according to current guidelines, and its impact on survival was analyzed with Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: The median total cholesterol was 199.5 (range 89–314) mg/dL in males and 202.5 (range 89–324) mg/dL in females. Survival time was significantly longer in participants with LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) above 130 mg/dL compared to that in nonagenarians with LDL-C lower than 130 mg/dL (3.82 ± 1.88 years vs. 2.79 ± 1.56 years, p < 0.0001). Cox regression analysis revealed a significant reduction in the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality in participants with mild hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL) compared to that in those with normal cholesterol (OR 0.600, 95%CI 0.405–0.891). Conclusions: In the long-lived population examined, the cholesterol paradox was unlikely to be a reflection of reverse causality. Our results challenge the common view that longevity is invariably associated with low cholesterol levels. Furthermore, moderate hypercholesterolemia does not preclude the oldest adult from attaining advanced ages, contrary to common belief. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)
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19 pages, 664 KB  
Article
In Vitro Evaluation of Bioavailability of Mg from Daily Food Rations, Dietary Supplements and Medicinal Products from the Polish Market
by Piotr Bawiec, Agnieszka Jaworowska, Jan Sawicki, Marcin Czop, Radosław Szalak and Wojciech Koch
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050748 - 20 Feb 2025
Viewed by 13064
Abstract
Background: Nutrients consumed with food undergo the digestion process, and only some of them are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and enter the bloodstream. Minerals, including Mg, are crucial for maintaining the body’s homeostasis, but their beneficial effect depends on their bioavailability, [...] Read more.
Background: Nutrients consumed with food undergo the digestion process, and only some of them are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and enter the bloodstream. Minerals, including Mg, are crucial for maintaining the body’s homeostasis, but their beneficial effect depends on their bioavailability, i.e., the part that can be absorbed and used by the body. The bioavailability of nutrients taken in pharmaceutical form is usually higher than the same nutrients contained in food, because their absorption requires prior release from the food matrix. Objectives: The main objective of the conducted research was to assess the bioavailability of Mg from dietary supplements and medicinal products, considering the influence of the type of diet and pharmaceutical form on bioavailability. Methods: The experiments were conducted using a previously developed and optimized two-stage in vitro digestion model using cellulose dialysis tubes and ICP-OES method. The influence of three types of diets—standard, basic and high-residue—on the bioavailability of Mg was evaluated. Results: The bioavailability of Mg from the studied diets was within the range of 48.74–52.51%. Conclusions: In the models studied, it was observed that the factors influencing bioavailability were the nutritional composition of the diets and the chemical form of Mg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)
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26 pages, 2854 KB  
Review
Magnesium and Migraine
by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Shaun Sabico, Nasser M. Al-Daghri and Mario Barbagallo
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040725 - 18 Feb 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 23884
Abstract
Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and [...] Read more.
Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years, and the second cause of disability for adults aged 20–59 years. Magnesium deficiency is also a very common condition resulting from diverse reasons, including insufficient dietary consumption or increased loss through the gastrointestinal or renal system. Accumulated evidence from case reports, case–control studies, observational studies, and randomized, placebo-controlled trials has shown the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation in alleviating migraine, both acutely and chronically. Mechanisms that may help explain these results include the potential link between magnesium deficit and spreading cortical depression, vascular changes, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, nervous excitation, neurotransmitter release, and electrolyte imbalances. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the links between magnesium and migraine, considering the role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of migraine and the utility of magnesium in its prevention and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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21 pages, 1410 KB  
Review
The Influence of Physical Exercise, Ketogenic Diet, and Time-Restricted Eating on De Novo Lipogenesis: A Narrative Review
by Antonio Paoli
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040663 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 10998
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a metabolic pathway that converts carbohydrates into fatty acids, primarily occurring in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in adipose tissue. While hepatic DNL is highly responsive to dietary carbohydrate intake and regulated by insulin via transcription [...] Read more.
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a metabolic pathway that converts carbohydrates into fatty acids, primarily occurring in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in adipose tissue. While hepatic DNL is highly responsive to dietary carbohydrate intake and regulated by insulin via transcription factors like SREBP-1c, adipose DNL is more modest and less sensitive to dietary overfeeding. Dysregulated DNL contributes to metabolic disorders, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Lifestyle interventions, such as physical exercise, ketogenic diets, and time-restricted eating (TRE) offer promising strategies to regulate DNL and improve metabolic health. Physical exercise enhances glucose uptake in muscles, reduces insulin levels, and promotes lipid oxidation, thereby suppressing hepatic DNL. Endurance and resistance training also improve mitochondrial function, further mitigating hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Ketogenic diets shift energy metabolism toward fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, lower insulin, and directly downregulate lipogenic enzyme activity in the liver. TRE aligns feeding with circadian rhythms by optimizing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation during fasting periods, which suppresses DNL and enhances lipid metabolism. The combined effects of these interventions demonstrate significant potential for improving lipid profiles, reducing hepatic triglycerides, and preventing lipotoxicity. By addressing the distinct roles of the liver and adipose DNL, these strategies target systemic and localized lipid metabolism dysregulation. Although further research is needed to fully understand their long-term impact, these findings highlight the transformative potential of integrating these approaches into clinical practice to manage metabolic disorders and their associated complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary, Nutrition and Physical Activity on Body Composition)
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42 pages, 684 KB  
Review
The Influence of Dietary Patterns on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Management in Women: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials with and Without an Isocaloric Dietary Design
by Yeonjeong Choi, Kyeonghoon Kang, Minkyung Je, Young-Min Lee and Yoona Kim
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040674 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 11689
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that causes cardiometabolic and reproductive disorders in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS are more likely to have obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. There is an inconclusive consensus on which dietary [...] Read more.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that causes cardiometabolic and reproductive disorders in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS are more likely to have obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. There is an inconclusive consensus on which dietary modification could be most effective in PCOS prevention and treatment. This review aimed to examine the effects of diverse dietary patterns on PCOS in women according to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with and without an isocaloric dietary design. A literature search was performed in the PubMed®®/MEDLINE®® database up to 14 November 2024. A total of 21 RCTs were reviewed after screening the records, including 15 RCTs with a calorie-restricted dietary design and 6 RCTs with a non-calorie-restricted dietary design. This review found beneficial effects of the calorie-restricted Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on weight loss and glucose control in women with PCOS in four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design. The calorie-restricted low-glycemic index (GI) diets from three RCTs and high-protein diets from four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design showed no significant differences in anthropometric parameters, glucose control, lipids, and gonadal parameters compared with the control diet in women with PCOS. Non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diets from four RCTs with an isocaloric dietary design showed similar results to the calorie-restricted low-GI diets and high-protein diets. However, the existing number of RCTs is insufficient to conclude the association between dietary patterns and PCOS in women. Further, well-designed dietary intervention studies are needed to assess the role of dietary patterns in PCOS beyond calorie restriction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)
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43 pages, 9268 KB  
Review
L-Arginine and Nitric Oxide in Vascular Regulation—Experimental Findings in the Context of Blood Donation
by Natalia Kurhaluk and Halina Tkaczenko
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040665 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12435
Abstract
This narrative review provides an analysis of the role of nitric oxide (NO) and its precursors, particularly L-arginine, in vascular regulation and health, with an emphasis on findings from our experimental research in animal models. NO serves as a critical mediator of vascular [...] Read more.
This narrative review provides an analysis of the role of nitric oxide (NO) and its precursors, particularly L-arginine, in vascular regulation and health, with an emphasis on findings from our experimental research in animal models. NO serves as a critical mediator of vascular function, contributing to vasodilation, the regulation of blood flow, and the prevention of thrombosis. As a primary precursor of NO, L-arginine is essential for maintaining endothelial integrity, modulating mitochondrial function, and reducing oxidative damage. This review synthesises the data and contextualises these findings within the physiological challenges faced by blood donors, such as repeated blood donation and associated oxidative stress. It examines the effects of L-arginine supplementation on mitochondrial respiration, lipid peroxidation, and microsomal oxidation in different conditions, including differences in age, gender, and dietary interventions. The mechanisms by which L-arginine enhances NO production, improves vascular elasticity, and alleviates endothelial dysfunction caused by reduced NO bioavailability are also investigated. By integrating experimental findings with insights from the existing literature, this review provides a perspective on the potential of L-arginine supplementation to address the specific physiological needs of blood donors. It highlights the importance of personalised nutritional approaches in enhancing donor recovery and vascular resilience. In addition, this review assesses the wider implications of L-arginine supplementation in mitigating oxidative stress and preserving vascular function. The interplay between NO bioavailability, dietary factors, and physiological adaptation in blood donors is highlighted, along with the identification of current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. By presenting both original experimental evidence and a critical synthesis of the literature, this article highlights the therapeutic potential of NO precursors, particularly L-arginine, in promoting vascular health in the context of blood donation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)
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12 pages, 731 KB  
Article
Impact of Polyphenol-Rich Nutraceuticals on Cognitive Function and Neuroprotective Biomarkers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
by Juan Ángel Carrillo, Raúl Arcusa, Raquel Xandri-Martínez, Begoña Cerdá, Pilar Zafrilla and Javier Marhuenda
Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040601 - 7 Feb 2025
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7750
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, particularly their role in enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BDNF and CREB levels and cognitive performance in individuals [...] Read more.
Background: Recent studies have highlighted the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, particularly their role in enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activity. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BDNF and CREB levels and cognitive performance in individuals undergoing a polyphenol-rich dietary intervention. Methods: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 92 participants. The intervention involved the daily intake of an encapsulated concentrate of fruit, vegetable, and berry juice powders (Juice Plus+ Premium®) over two 16-week periods, separated by a 4-week washout phase. Cognitive function was assessed using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST). The plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were measured using ELISA. Results: The polyphenol-rich product significantly improved cognitive performance, as evidenced by higher scores in the Stroop Test and RIST, compared to the placebo. Additionally, the plasma levels of CREB and BDNF were notably elevated in the product condition, indicating enhanced neuroprotective activity. Conclusions: The findings suggest that polyphenol-rich nutraceuticals can modulate neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive improvements, primarily through the reduction of oxidative stress and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with synaptic plasticity. These results support the potential of dietary polyphenols in promoting cognitive health and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Nutrition and Health Impact on Metabolic and Brain Disorders)
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40 pages, 673 KB  
Systematic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Quality of Life in Adults: A Systematic Review
by Justyna Godos, Monica Guglielmetti, Cinzia Ferraris, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Irma Domínguez Azpíroz, Vivian Lipari, Andrea Di Mauro, Fabrizio Furnari, Sabrina Castellano, Fabio Galvano, Licia Iacoviello, Marialaura Bonaccio and Giuseppe Grosso
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030577 - 5 Feb 2025
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 18548
Abstract
Background/Objectives: With the increasing life expectancy and, as a result, the aging of the global population, there has been a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, which can significantly impact individuals’ health-related quality of life, a multidimensional concept that comprises an individual’s [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: With the increasing life expectancy and, as a result, the aging of the global population, there has been a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions, which can significantly impact individuals’ health-related quality of life, a multidimensional concept that comprises an individual’s physical, mental, and social wellbeing. While a balanced, nutrient-dense diet, such as Mediterranean diet, is widely recognized for its role in chronic disease prevention, particularly in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, its potential benefits extend beyond these well-known effects, showing promise in improving physical and mental wellbeing, and promoting health-related quality of life. Methods: A systematic search of the scientific literature in electronic databases (Pubmed/Medline) was performed to identify potentially eligible studies reporting on the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and health-related quality of life, published up to December 2024. Results: A total of 28 studies were included in this systematic review, comprising 13 studies conducted among the general population and 15 studies involving various types of patients. Overall, most studies showed a significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and HRQoL, with the most significant results retrieved for physical domains of quality of life, suggesting that diet seems to play a relevant role in both the general population and people affected by chronic conditions with an inflammatory basis. Conclusions: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet provides significant benefits in preventing and managing various chronic diseases commonly associated with aging populations. Furthermore, it enhances the overall health and quality of life of aging individuals, ultimately supporting more effective and less invasive treatment approaches for chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Chronic Diseases)
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26 pages, 861 KB  
Review
Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila
by Ezinne Aja, Amber Zeng, Weston Gray, Kaden Connelley, Anil Chaganti and Jonathan P. Jacobs
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030562 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9383
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract that has received considerable interest as a potential probiotic for the improvement of gut health and overall metabolic function. A. muciniphila is enriched in the mucus layer of the intestinal lining, [...] Read more.
Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract that has received considerable interest as a potential probiotic for the improvement of gut health and overall metabolic function. A. muciniphila is enriched in the mucus layer of the intestinal lining, where it degrades mucin and plays a significant role in gut barrier maintenance and immune regulation. A higher abundance of A. muciniphila has been observed in the gut of healthy individuals relative to those with metabolic disorders, and multiple metabolic benefits, including improved glucose management, reduced body fat, and reduced inflammation have been linked to A. muciniphila. Current research on A. muciniphila primarily relies on mouse models, with limited human interventional studies available. While these animal studies offer valuable insights into the potential roles of A. muciniphila in health and disease, further clinical investigations in humans are needed to fully understand its impact. Here, we explore the current scope of A. muciniphila research and its potential as a therapeutic agent to improve gut and metabolic health while also emphasizing the need to optimize techniques to further improve studies of this organism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)
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28 pages, 3873 KB  
Review
Management of Fibromyalgia: Novel Nutraceutical Therapies Beyond Traditional Pharmaceuticals
by Antonella Antonelli, Marzia Bianchi, Elizabeth Jane Fear, Luca Giorgi and Luigia Rossi
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030530 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 9401
Abstract
The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia, a condition that causes chronic pain throughout the body, involves abnormal pain signaling, genetic predispositions, and abnormal neuroendocrine function, significantly impairing quality of life. Fibromyalgia is commonly characterized by musculoskeletal pain, chronic fatigue, and severe sleep alterations. Changes in [...] Read more.
The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia, a condition that causes chronic pain throughout the body, involves abnormal pain signaling, genetic predispositions, and abnormal neuroendocrine function, significantly impairing quality of life. Fibromyalgia is commonly characterized by musculoskeletal pain, chronic fatigue, and severe sleep alterations. Changes in the central processing of sensory input and defects in endogenous pain inhibition could be the basis of enhanced and persistent pain sensitivity in individuals with fibromyalgia. The term central sensitivity syndrome was chosen as an umbrella term for fibromyalgia and related illnesses, including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, migraine, and irritable bowel syndrome. Given the substantial impact of fibromyalgia on health, there is a need for new prevention and treatment strategies, particularly those involving bioavailable nutraceuticals and/or phytochemicals. This approach is particularly important considering the adverse effects of current fibromyalgia pharmaceutical treatments, such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants, which can lead to physical dependence and tolerance. Natural products have recently been considered for the design of innovative analgesics and antinociceptive agents to manage fibromyalgia pain. Polyphenols show promise in the management of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia, especially considering how anti-inflammatory treatments, including corticosteroids and nonsteroidal medical drugs, are effective only when inflammatory processes coexist and are not recommended as the primary treatment for fibromyalgia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Supplements in Human Health)
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27 pages, 4544 KB  
Systematic Review
Dietary Patterns, Oxidative Stress, and Early Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean, Vegan, and Vegetarian Diets
by Sara Ilari, Stefania Proietti, Francesca Milani, Laura Vitiello, Carolina Muscoli, Patrizia Russo and Stefano Bonassi
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030548 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10770
Abstract
Background: Dietary habits influenced by lifestyle and cultural factors play a critical role in health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. While diets offer significant benefits, they may also pose risks, such as nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. Exploring [...] Read more.
Background: Dietary habits influenced by lifestyle and cultural factors play a critical role in health by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. While diets offer significant benefits, they may also pose risks, such as nutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach. Exploring Mediterranean and plant-based diet effects on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers may help improve health outcomes and disease prevention strategies. Methods: This study analyzed 65 studies following PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the effects of Mediterranean and plant-based diets on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in healthy individuals. Results: The Mediterranean diet was weakly associated with reductions in oxidative stress markers, including MDA (ROM: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.57–1.13; p = 0.2092) and 8OHdG (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59–1.11; p = 0.1847), as well as inflammation markers such as CRP (ROM: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.42–1.23; p = 0.1545) and IL-6 (ROM: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.97–1.55; p = 0.08). The vegetarian diet significantly reduced CRP (ROM: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69–0.98; p = 0.0297), while the vegan diet showed a borderline reduction (ROM: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.56–1.17; p = 0.2544), suggesting lower systemic inflammation compared to omnivorous diets. Conclusions: Although all three diets demonstrate potential in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, the antioxidant effects—especially for the Mediterranean diet—are lower than anticipated, indicating alternative mechanisms. Further research is essential to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms to enhance preventive health strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)
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17 pages, 13800 KB  
Review
Low-FODMAP Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Insights from Microbiome
by Haoshuai Zhang and Qi Su
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030544 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 14292
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Low-FODMAP diets, which involve restricting fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, have emerged as an effective dietary intervention for alleviating IBS symptoms. This review [...] Read more.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Low-FODMAP diets, which involve restricting fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, have emerged as an effective dietary intervention for alleviating IBS symptoms. This review paper aims to synthesize current insights into the impact of a low-FODMAP diet on the gut microbiome and its mechanisms of action in managing IBS. We explore the alterations in microbial composition and function associated with a low-FODMAP diet and discuss the implications of these changes for gut health and symptom relief. Additionally, we examine the balance between symptom improvement and potential negative effects on microbial diversity and long-term gut health. Emerging evidence suggests that while a low-FODMAP diet can significantly reduce IBS symptoms, it may also lead to reductions in beneficial microbial populations. Strategies to mitigate these effects, such as the reintroduction phase and the use of probiotics, are evaluated. This review highlights the importance of a personalized approach to dietary management in IBS, considering individual variations in microbiome responses. Understanding the intricate relationship between diet, the gut microbiome, and IBS symptomatology will guide the development of more effective, sustainable dietary strategies for IBS patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Therapy of Intestinal Diseases and Intestinal Microecology)
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17 pages, 948 KB  
Review
Consumption of Red Versus White Wine and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
by Rachel K. Lim, Jongeun Rhee, Megan Hoang, Abrar A. Qureshi and Eunyoung Cho
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030534 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 14170
Abstract
Background/Objectives: While alcoholic beverage consumption increases cancer risk, red wine has been touted as a healthier option. To address this unexplored question, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence from observational studies. Methods: A literature search of PubMed and EMBASE through December 2023 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: While alcoholic beverage consumption increases cancer risk, red wine has been touted as a healthier option. To address this unexplored question, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize evidence from observational studies. Methods: A literature search of PubMed and EMBASE through December 2023 identified studies examining wine and cancer risk. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an association between wine intake and overall cancer risk. Results: A total of 20 cohort and 22 case–control studies were included. Wine intake was not associated with overall cancer risk (n = 95,923) when comparing the highest vs. lowest levels of consumption, with no differences observed by wine type (red: summary RR = 0.98 [95% CI = 0.87, 1.10], white: 1.00 [0.91, 1.10]; Pdifference = 0.74). However, white wine intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer among women (white: 1.26 [1.05, 1.52], red: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.72, 1.16], Pdifference = 0.03) and in analyses restricted to cohort studies (white: 1.12 [1.03, 1.22], red: 1.02 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.09], Pdifference = 0.02). For individual cancer sites, there was a significant difference in associations between red and white wine intake only in skin cancer risk [6 studies, white: 1.22 (1.14, 1.30), red: 1.02 (0.95, 1.09); Pdifference = 0.0003]. Conclusions: We found no differences in the association between red or white wine consumption and overall cancer risk, challenging the common belief that red wine is healthier than white wine. Our significant results related to white wine intake in subgroup analyses warrant further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epidemiology of Non-communicable Diseases—Feature Papers)
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