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15 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Pilot Psychometric Validation of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer—Quality of Life Questionnaire—Sexual Health (EORTC QLQ-SH22) Scale, Moroccan Arabic Version

by Safiya Mahlaq, Ghizlane Rais, Redouane Abouqal and Jihane Belayachi

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181892 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale [...] Read more.

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale is a crucial step in exploring the influence of cancer and its treatment on patients in the Moroccan context. In this regard, this study aimed to validate a Moroccan Arabic version among patients with cancer. Method: A total of 280 Moroccan patients with cancer participated in this study from August 2022 to April 2023. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the QLQ-SH22 was performed following the EORTC guidelines. Psychometric validation was explored using the reliability of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results: The analysis revealed a greater internal consistency for both sexual satisfaction (α = 0.83) and sexual pain (α = 0.86). The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated an excellent level of test–retest reliability (from 0.925 to 0.993). The CFA demonstrated high-performing model fit indices (χ2/df = 1.17, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.035, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.94). The concurrent validity between the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-SH22 confirmed a strong correlation between the fatigue scales in both questionnaires (r = 0.69). This version showed good discrimination between known groups. Conclusions: The QLQ-SH22 Moroccan Arabic version has demonstrated a high level of reliability and validity, and therefore it is now ready for use. Full article

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37 pages, 14338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeological Excavation, Protection, and Display Engineering Design Practice: A Case Study in the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom

by Shihui Zhou, Lei Zhang, Yile Chen, Liang Zheng, Nengzhong Lei and Jiali Zhang

Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091220 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins [...] Read more.

The Han Dynasty Ruins in Chengcun Village of Wuyishan City, also known as the Ruins of the Imperial City of the Minyue Kingdom, are located on the hilly slope southwest of Chengcun Village, Xingtian Town, Wuyishan City, Fujian Province, China. These are ruins of a Han Dynasty city. Wuyi Mountain’s World Cultural and Natural Heritage Committee declared it a World Heritage Site in 1999. It is also the only imperial city site from the Han Dynasty that has been declared a World Heritage Site in China, and it is the most well-preserved large-scale imperial city site from the Middle Ages on the Pacific Rim. This study used comprehensive archaeological techniques, including archaeological excavation work, site information recording, erosion situation analysis, and geological surveys, to design and implement protective engineering projects in response to existing problems. In this study, the researchers conducted a geological survey of the study area to analyze the topography, rock and soil distribution characteristics, groundwater storage conditions, and geotechnical engineering conditions. At the same time, they explored the preservation status of the site, including the preservation status of the East Gate and the East City Wall, and they analyzed the causes of damage. Finally, the investigation and analysis results guided the design of a site display project, which included safeguarding against collapse and erosion, treating trees and shrubs, and designing the exhibition project for the East Gate. This study provides some practical reference for the excavation and archaeological work of the royal city in the surrounding areas. At the same time, in terms of the technical process of the project, it is also hoped to provide ideas for international ancient city excavation, display, and protection projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Surface Characterization and Conservation for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage)

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11 pages, 27086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunological Tumor Microenvironment of Solitary Fibrous Tumors—Associating Immune Infiltrate with Variables of Prognostic Significance

by Emilio Medina-Ceballos, Isidro Machado, Francisco Giner, Álvaro Blázquez-Bujeda, Mónica Espino, Samuel Navarro and Antonio Llombart-Bosch

Cancers 2024, 16(18), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16183222 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Background and objectives: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are morphologically heterogeneous tumors characterized by the NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion. Clinical outcomes may vary widely, and while most cases have favorable outcomes, some can progress to aggressive disease, manifesting as recurrence and metastasis, and ultimately [...] Read more.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are morphologically heterogeneous tumors characterized by the NAB2::STAT6 gene fusion. Clinical outcomes may vary widely, and while most cases have favorable outcomes, some can progress to aggressive disease, manifesting as recurrence and metastasis, and ultimately resulting in patient death. Herein, we analyze the immunological tumor microenvironment (ITME) of SFTs, aiming to determine its prognostic value and correlation with established risk stratification systems (RSSs). Methods: A retrospective observational multicenter study of 52 fusion-confirmed SFTs with clinical follow-up data. Immunohistochemical analysis including CD163, CD68, CD3, CD8, CD20, PDL-1, PD-1, and LAG1 were evaluated in tissue microarrays, using an analog scale with scores ranging from 0 to 3 (0 = ≤9, 1 = 10–49, 2 = 50–99, and 3 = >100 positive cells per 10 high-power fields). The expression of these markers was correlated with clinical outcomes, morphological characteristics previously evaluated in whole slide tissue sections (hypercellularity/hypocellularity, round–oval or spindle dominant constituent cell (DCC) morphology, and necrosis), Ki67, overall survival, and RSS. Results: Only one of the fifty-two cases studied showed progression. In the multivariate analysis, neither the presence nor absence of immune cells (B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages) showed any association with the assessed RSSs (Demicco, Sugita, G-score, and Huang). Interestingly, the case that showed progression had high immune infiltrate with expression of CD68, CD163, CD8, and CD20 markers (score of 3). Round–oval cell morphology was associated with the presence of higher levels of CD163 macrophages. Lastly, the scant presence of CD20+ lymphocytes correlated with less necrosis, and cases with higher PDL-1 expression correlated with increased Ki67 values. All cases were negative for LAG-1 and PD-1. Conclusions: SFT ITME components correlated with independent variables with prognostic significance. Nevertheless, ITME did not correlate with RSS scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas)

24 pages, 2321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Freshwater Discharge from the Gulf of Alaska Drainage Basins

by Peng Xin, Muqing Shi, Humio Mitsudera and Takayuki Shiraiwa

Water 2024, 16(18), 2690; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182690 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The freshwater discharge from catchments along the Gulf of Alaska, termed Alaska discharge, is characterized by significant quantity and variability. Owing to subarctic climate and mountainous topography, the Alaska discharge variations may deliver possible impacts beyond the local hydrology. While short-term and local [...] Read more.

The freshwater discharge from catchments along the Gulf of Alaska, termed Alaska discharge, is characterized by significant quantity and variability. Owing to subarctic climate and mountainous topography, the Alaska discharge variations may deliver possible impacts beyond the local hydrology. While short-term and local discharge estimation has been frequently realized, a longer time span and a discussion on cascading impacts remain unexplored in this area. In this study, the Alaska discharge during 1982–2022 is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The adequate balance between the model complexity and the functional efficiency of SWAT suits the objective well, and discharge simulation is successfully conducted after customization in melting calculations and careful calibrations. During 1982−2022, the Alaska discharge is estimated to be 14,396 ± 819 m³⋅s⁻¹⋅yr⁻¹, with meltwater contributing approximately 53%. Regarding variation in the Alaska discharge, the interannual change is found to be negatively correlated with sea surface salinity anomalies in the Alaska Stream, while the decadal change positively correlates with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, with reasonable time lags in both cases. These new findings provide insights into the relationship between local hydrology and regional climate in this area. More importantly, we provide rare evidence that variation in freshwater discharge may affect properties beyond the local hydrology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Coastal Hydrological and Geological Processes)

13 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells: A Valuable Tool for Marine Fish Genetic Research

by Wanwan Zhang, Huiquan Chen, Wei Liu, Kuntong Jia and Meisheng Yi

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182739 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), [...] Read more.

Haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which combine the properties of haploidy and pluripotency, hold significant potential for advancing developmental biology and reproductive technology. However, while previous research has largely focused on haploid ESCs in freshwater species like Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), little is known about their counterparts in marine species. This study hypothesizes that haploid ESCs from marine fish could offer unique insights and tools for genetic and virological research. To address this, we successfully established and characterized a novel haploid ESC line, hMMES1, derived from marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). The hMMES1 cells contain 24 chromosomes, exhibit core stem cell characteristics, and express key pluripotency markers. In vitro, hMMES1 cells form embryonic bodies (EBs) capable of differentiating into the three germ layers. In vivo, hMMES1 cells were successfully transplanted into marine medaka and zebrafish, resulting in the generation of interspecies and interordinal chimeras. Additionally, hMMES1 cells demonstrate high efficiency in transfection and transduction, and show susceptibility to major aquaculture viruses, nodavirus (NNV) and iridovirus (SGIV). These findings suggest that hMMES1 cells represent a valuable model for genetic manipulation and virological studies in marine fish species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

21 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Epigenetic Regulation of Glutamate Metabolism in Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaves under Salt Stress

by Alexander T. Eprintsev, Galina B. Anokhina, Polina S. Selivanova, Polina P. Moskvina and Abir U. Igamberdiev

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182651 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)–dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity [...] Read more.

The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)–dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity increased continuously under salt stress, being 3-fold higher after 24 h. This was accompanied by the appearance of a second isoform with lower electrophoretic mobility. The expression of the Gdh1 gene strongly increased after 6–12 h of incubation, which corresponded to the demethylation of its promoter, while Gdh2 gene expression slightly increased after 2–6 h and then decreased. GAD activity gradually increased in the first 12 h, and then returned to the control level. This corresponded to the increase of Gad expression and its demethylation. Salt stress led to a 2-fold increase in the activity of 2-OGDH during the first 6 h of NaCl treatment, then the activity returned to the control level. Expression of the genes Ogdh1 and Ogdh3 peaked after 1–2 h of incubation. After 6–8 h with NaCl, the expression of these genes declined below the control levels, which correlated with the higher methylation of their promoters. We conclude that salt stress causes a redirection of the 2-OG flux to the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt via its amination to glutamate, by altering the expression of the Gdh1 and Gdh2 genes, which likely promotes the assembly of the native GDH molecule having a different subunit composition and greater affinity for 2-OG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress)

19 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Supply Chain Finance on the Investment Efficiency of Publicly Listed Companies in China Based on Sustainable Development

by Yixin Dou and Jiaxin Zhao

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8234; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188234 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: The development and utilization of supply chain finance play a pivotal role in both enhancing financial structures and delivering substantial support for the sustainable progress of the real economy. This assistance is essential for promoting high-quality economic growth and ensuring stable, long-term [...] Read more.

Abstract: The development and utilization of supply chain finance play a pivotal role in both enhancing financial structures and delivering substantial support for the sustainable progress of the real economy. This assistance is essential for promoting high-quality economic growth and ensuring stable, long-term development. This study empirically examines the effects of supply chain finance on investment efficiency, exploring the underlying mechanisms involved. Additionally, it assesses whether financing constraints and information asymmetry serve as mediating variables in the relationship between supply chain finance and investment efficiency among enterprises. The analysis is based on data from publicly listed companies in China covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The results indicate that supply chain finance effectively addresses both overinvestment and underinvestment issues, leading to a notable improvement in overall investment efficiency. Utilizing a two-way fixed effects model to analyze the role of financing constraints and information asymmetry as mediating variables, the study demonstrates that both factors significantly mediate the relationship between supply chain finance and investment efficiency within enterprises. Supply chain finance improves investment efficiency by mitigating financing constraints and lessening information asymmetry between enterprises and external stakeholders. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive impact of supply chain finance on investment efficiency is notably greater in non-state-owned enterprises and in regions with more advanced development. Full article

17 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Social Media and Socio-Cultural Attitudes toward Body Image on the Risk of Orthorexia among Female Football Players of Different Nationalities

by Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Kommi Kalpana, Samet Aktaş, Gulshan Lal Khanna, Grzegorz Zydek, Marek Kardas and Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183199 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is an emerging behavioral pattern characterized by an obsessive focus on healthy eating. Despite its prevalence, ON lacks formal diagnostic criteria in major classification systems like the DSM-5 and the ICD-10. This study aims to investigate the impact of socio-cultural attitudes towards body image and the role of social media on the risk of ON among female football players from Poland, Turkey, and India. This study hypothesizes that socio-cultural pressures and media usage significantly influence the risk of developing ON, particularly in cultures more exposed to Western beauty ideals. Methods: The study was conducted from May to August 2024, employing the Computer-Assisted Web Interview method. A total of 142 female football players aged 16–36 from Poland, Turkey, and India participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information and health metrics, the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire, and the Duesseldorf Orthorexia Scale. Statistical analyses included an ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, the chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The study found that nearly half of the participants were at risk of or presented with ON, with the highest prevalence being among Indian athletes. Statistically significant relationships were observed between the risk of ON and factors such as age, dietary exclusions, social media usage, and sources of nutritional information. However, no significant correlation was found between socio-cultural attitudes and the risk of ON, suggesting that other factors may play a more critical role. Conclusions: While socio-cultural pressures and media use are contributing factors to the risk of ON, psychological factors and individual behaviors appear to be equally, if not more, significant. This study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs and psychological support for young athletes, with a focus on promoting healthy dietary practices and positive body image perceptions across varying cultural contexts. Additionally, the results suggest the need for further research into the specific psychological and behavioral mechanisms underlying ON. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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10 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pedigree-Based Description of Danubia Alba Rabbit Breed Lines

by János Posta, Csongor Demeter, Zoltán Német, Máté Sándor, Zsolt Gerencsér and Zsolt Matics

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182740 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The diversity of livestock animal breeds is an integral part of global biodiversity and requires careful management for sustainability and future availability. Avoiding inbreeding is a crucial aspect of mating of breeding animals. Our aims were to describe the quality of the pedigree, [...] Read more.

The diversity of livestock animal breeds is an integral part of global biodiversity and requires careful management for sustainability and future availability. Avoiding inbreeding is a crucial aspect of mating of breeding animals. Our aims were to describe the quality of the pedigree, generation interval, gene origin, inbreeding, and effective population size of Danubia Alba rabbit lines. Line “D” is the maternal, whereas lines “C” and “X” are used as the paternal lines. The pedigree information was followed back from the actual breeding rabbits up to the founder animals. The rabbits having offspring in 2023 were chosen as reference populations for each line. The complete generation equivalent (GenCom) was 17.68 for line “C”, 18.32 for line “D”, and 17.49 for line “X”, respectively. The maximum number of generations (GenMax) was above 30 for each line. The estimated bottleneck effect is mostly the result of selection and not a real genetic loss. The Wright inbreeding coefficient (F_Wright) was the highest for the “X” line rabbits, whereas it was the lowest for the line “D”. Kalinowski’s decomposition of inbreeding showed that it originated mostly from the past; the current fixation of alleles was quite similar for the line “C” and “D”. Based on the predicted effective population sizes, it seems that there is no problem in maintaining of Danubia Alba lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

32 pages, 13382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Targets of Minor Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: In Silico and In Vitro Studies

by Cristina Ferreira Almeida, Andreia Palmeira, Maria João Valente, Georgina Correia-da-Silva, Anne Marie Vinggaard, Maria Emília Sousa, Natércia Teixeira and Cristina Amaral

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091245 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer therapy has been facing remarkable changes. Classic treatments are now combined with other therapies to improve efficacy and surpass resistance. Indeed, the emergence of resistance demands the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Due to key estrogen signaling, estrogen receptor-positive (ER [...] Read more.

Background: Breast cancer therapy has been facing remarkable changes. Classic treatments are now combined with other therapies to improve efficacy and surpass resistance. Indeed, the emergence of resistance demands the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Due to key estrogen signaling, estrogen receptor-positive (ER⁺) breast cancer treatment has always been focused on aromatase inhibition and ER modulation. Lately, the effects of phytocannabinoids, mainly Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have been evaluated in different cancers, including breast. However, Cannabis sativa contains more than 120 phytocannabinoids less researched and understood. Methods: Here, we evaluated, both in silico and in vitro, the ability of 129 phytocannabinoids to modulate important molecular targets in ER⁺ breast cancer: aromatase, ER, and androgen receptor (AR). Results: In silico results suggested that some cannabinoids may inhibit aromatase and act as ERα antagonists. Nine selected cannabinoids showed, in vitro, potential to act either as ER antagonists with inverse agonist properties, or as ER agonists. Moreover, these cannabinoids were considered as weak aromatase inhibitors and AR antagonists with inverse agonist action. Conclusions: Overall, we present, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the actions of the phytocannabinoids in targets of ER⁺ breast tumors, pointing out their therapeutic potential in cancer and in other diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential for Cannabinoid and Its Receptor)

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26 pages, 7193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-UAV Assisted Air–Ground Collaborative MEC System: DRL-Based Joint Task Offloading and Resource Allocation and 3D UAV Trajectory Optimization

by Mingjun Wang, Ruishan Li, Feng Jing and Mei Gao

Drones 2024, 8(9), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090510 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In disaster-stricken areas that were severely damaged by earthquakes, typhoons, floods, mudslides, and the like, employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as airborne base stations for mobile edge computing (MEC) constitutes an effective solution. Concerning this, we investigate a 3D air–ground collaborative MEC scenario [...] Read more.

In disaster-stricken areas that were severely damaged by earthquakes, typhoons, floods, mudslides, and the like, employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as airborne base stations for mobile edge computing (MEC) constitutes an effective solution. Concerning this, we investigate a 3D air–ground collaborative MEC scenario facilitated by multi-UAV for multiple ground devices (GDs). Specifically, we first design a 3D multi-UAV-assisted air–ground cooperative MEC system, and construct system communication, computation, and UAV flight energy consumption models. Subsequently, a cooperative resource optimization (CRO) problem is proposed by jointly optimizing task offloading, UAV flight trajectories, and edge computing resource allocation to minimize the total energy consumption of the system. Further, the CRO problem is decoupled into two sub-problems. Among them, the MATD3 deep reinforcement learning algorithm is utilized to jointly optimize the offloading decisions of GDs and the flight trajectories of UAVs; subsequently, the optimal resource allocation scheme at the edge is demonstrated through the derivation of KKT conditions. Finally, the simulation results show that the algorithm has good convergence compared with other algorithms and can effectively reduce the system energy consumption. Full article

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17 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virus-Induced galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase 2 Silencing Delays Tomato Fruit Ripening

by Pengcheng Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Yajie Yang, Jingjing Pan, Xuelian Bai, Ting Zhou and Tongfei Lai

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182650 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Tomato fruit ripening is an elaborate genetic trait correlating with significant changes at physiological and biochemical levels. Sugar metabolism plays an important role in this highly orchestrated process and ultimately determines the quality and nutritional value of fruit. However, the mode of molecular [...] Read more.

Tomato fruit ripening is an elaborate genetic trait correlating with significant changes at physiological and biochemical levels. Sugar metabolism plays an important role in this highly orchestrated process and ultimately determines the quality and nutritional value of fruit. However, the mode of molecular regulation is not well understood. Galactinoal-sucrose galactosyltransferase (GSGT), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), can transfer the galactose unit from 1-α-D-galactosyl-myo-inositol to sucrose and yield raffinose, or catalyze the reverse reaction. In the present study, the expression of SlGSGT2 was decreased by Potato Virus X (PVX)-mediated gene silencing, which led to an unripe phenotype in tomato fruit. The physiological and biochemical changes induced by SlGSGT2 silencing suggested that the process of fruit ripening was delayed as well. SlGSGT2 silencing also led to significant changes in gene expression levels associated with ethylene production, pigment accumulation, and ripening-associated transcription factors (TFs). In addition, the interaction between SlGSGT2 and SlSPL-CNR indicated a possible regulatory mechanism via ripening-related TFs. These findings would contribute to illustrating the biological functions of GSGT2 in tomato fruit ripening and quality forming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

26 pages, 1480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Intelligent Drone Management System for Integration into Smart City Transportation Networks

by Dinh-Dung Nguyen and Quoc-Dat Dang

Drones 2024, 8(9), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090512 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Drones have experienced rapid technological advancements, leading to the proliferation of small, low-cost, remotely controlled, and autonomous aerial vehicles with diverse applications, from package delivery to personal transportation. However, integrating these drones into the existing air traffic management (ATM) system poses significant challenges. [...] Read more.

Drones have experienced rapid technological advancements, leading to the proliferation of small, low-cost, remotely controlled, and autonomous aerial vehicles with diverse applications, from package delivery to personal transportation. However, integrating these drones into the existing air traffic management (ATM) system poses significant challenges. The current ATM infrastructure, designed primarily for traditionally manned aircraft, requires enhanced capacity, workforce, and cost-effectiveness to coordinate the large number of drones expected to operate at low altitudes in complex urban environments. Therefore, this study aims to develop an intelligent, highly automated drone management system for integration into smart city transportation networks. The key objectives include the following: (i) developing a conceptual framework for an intelligent total transportation management system tailored for future smart cities, focusing on incorporating drone operations; (ii) designing an advanced air traffic management and flight control system capable of managing individual drones and drone swarms in complex urban environments; (iii) improving drone management methods by leveraging drone-following models and emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Drones (IoD); and (iv) investigating the landing processes and protocols for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enable safe and efficient operations. Full article

23 pages, 10758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Spatial and Seasonal Details of Heat Health Risks in Different Local Climate Zones: A Case Study of Shanghai, China

by Lilong Yang, Chaobin Yang, Weiqi Zhou, Xueye Chen, Chao Wang and Lifeng Liu

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3513; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183513 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the context of global climate change and rapid population growth, more people in cities are facing heat threats. Although health risk assessment is critical for reducing heat-related morbidity and mortality, previous studies have not accurately identified the spatial details of heat risk [...] Read more.

In the context of global climate change and rapid population growth, more people in cities are facing heat threats. Although health risk assessment is critical for reducing heat-related morbidity and mortality, previous studies have not accurately identified the spatial details of heat risk levels on a fine scale within a complete framework. Therefore, this study developed a systematic method to conduct a spatially explicit assessment of heat-related health risks using local climate zones (LCZs) in Shanghai, China. First, multisource data were used to map LCZs in Shanghai. Second, a modified temperature-humidity index, population density, and ecological parameters were employed to construct a heat hazard–exposure–vulnerability framework for heat risk assessment. Finally, the differences in heat-related health risks among LCZs were compared. The results indicate that in Shanghai (1) the LCZ concept could help estimate the heat health risk (HHR) at the fine block level, and the area proportion of LCZ5 (open mid-rise buildings) accounted for more than 50%; (2) detailed spatial patterns of heat risk levels were similar in spring, summer, and autumn, but different in winter due to seasonal variations in heat hazards; and (3) the built LCZs usually had higher heat risk levels than natural land cover LCZs, with LCZ2 (compact mid-rise), LCZ3 (compact low-rise), and LCZ5 facing the most serious heat risks. The high-rise LCZs might reduce the heat risk level in hot seasons owing to shading effects but add to this risk in winter. These findings contribute to our understanding of HHR assessment. Full article

24 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Road Roughness and Driver Comfort in ‘Long-Haul’ Road Transportation Using Random Forest Approach

by Olusola O. Ajayi, Anish M. Kurien, Karim Djouani and Lamine Dieng

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6115; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186115 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Global trade depends on long-haul transportation, yet comfort for drivers on lengthy trips is sometimes neglected. Rough roads have a major negative influence on driver comfort and increase the risk of weariness, distracted driving, and accidents. Using Random Forest regression, a machine learning [...] Read more.

Global trade depends on long-haul transportation, yet comfort for drivers on lengthy trips is sometimes neglected. Rough roads have a major negative influence on driver comfort and increase the risk of weariness, distracted driving, and accidents. Using Random Forest regression, a machine learning technique well-suited to examining big datasets and nonlinear relationships, this study examines the relationship between road roughness and driver comfort. Using the MIRANDA mobile application, data were gathered from 1,048,576 rows, including vehicle acceleration and values for the International Roughness Index (IRI). The Support Vector Regression (SVR) and XGBoost models were used for comparative analysis. Random Forest was preferred because of its ability to be deployed in real time and use less memory, even if XGBoost performed better in terms of training time and prediction accuracy. The findings showed a significant relationship between driver discomfort and road roughness, with rougher roads resulting in increased vertical acceleration and lower comfort levels (Road Roughness: SD—0.73; Driver’s Comfort: Mean—10.01, SD—0.64). This study highlights how crucial it is to provide smooth surfaces and road maintenance in order to increase road safety, lessen driver weariness, and promote long-haul driver welfare. These results offer information to transportation authorities and policymakers to help them make data-driven decisions that enhance the efficiency of transportation and road conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

19 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Chromosomal Fusion and Transposable Elements on the Genomic Evolution and Genetic Diversity of Ilex Species

by Zhenxiu Xu, Haikun Wei, Mingyue Li, Yingjie Qiu, Lei Li, Ke-Wang Xu and Zhonglong Guo

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182649 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The genus Ilex belongs to the sole family and is the single genus within the order Aquifoliales, exhibiting significant phenotypic diversity. However, the genetic differences underlying these phenotypic variations have rarely been studied. In this study, collinearity analyses of three Ilex genomes, Ilex [...] Read more.

The genus Ilex belongs to the sole family and is the single genus within the order Aquifoliales, exhibiting significant phenotypic diversity. However, the genetic differences underlying these phenotypic variations have rarely been studied. In this study, collinearity analyses of three Ilex genomes, Ilex latifolia Thunb., Ilex polyneura (Hand.-Mazz.) S. Y. Hu, and Ilex asprella Champ. ex Benth., indicated a recent fusion event contributing to the reduction of chromosomes in I. asprella. Comparative genome analyses showed slight differences in gene annotation among the three species, implying a minimal disruption of genes following chromosomal fusion in I. asprella. Comprehensive annotation of transposable elements (TEs) revealed that TEs constitute a significant portion of the Ilex genomes, with LTR transposons being predominant. TEs exhibited an inverse relationship with gene density, potentially influencing gene regulation and chromosomal architecture. TE insertions were shown to affect the conformation and binding sites of key genes such as 7-deoxyloganetin glucosyltransferase and transmembrane kinase (TMK) genes, highlighting potential functional impacts. The structural variations caused by TE insertions suggest significant roles in the evolutionary dynamics, leading to either loss or gain of gene function. This study underscores the importance of TEs in shaping the genomic landscape and evolutionary trajectories of Ilex species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Biological Diversity of Plants)

27 pages, 15576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Power-Angle and Excitation Dual Loop Virtual Power System Stabilizer for Enhanced MMC-VSG Control and Low-Frequency Oscillation Suppression

by Mu Yang, Xiaojie Wu, Dongsheng Yu, Maxwell Chiemeka Loveth and Samson S. Yu

Energies 2024, 17(18), 4711; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184711 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Modular Multilevel Converter Virtual Synchronous Generator (MMC-VSG) technology is gaining widespread attention for its ability to enhance the inertia and frequency stability of the power grid integrated with converter-interfaced renewable energy sources. However, the excitation voltage regulation in the MMC-VSG can generate equivalent [...] Read more.

Modular Multilevel Converter Virtual Synchronous Generator (MMC-VSG) technology is gaining widespread attention for its ability to enhance the inertia and frequency stability of the power grid integrated with converter-interfaced renewable energy sources. However, the excitation voltage regulation in the MMC-VSG can generate equivalent negative damping torque and cause low-frequency oscillation problems similar to those in synchronous machines. This article aims to improve the system’s damping torque and minimize low-frequency oscillations by introducing a Virtual Power System Stabilizer (VPSS) into the power control loop. Building on the study of dynamic interactions between various control links of the MMC, this research establishes a reduced-order model (ROM) and a Phillips–Heffron state equation for the MMC-VSG single machine infinite bus system, using a hybrid modeling approach and a zero-pole truncation method. It also analyzes the mechanism of low-frequency oscillations in the MMC-VSG system through the damping torque method. The analysis reveals that the negative damping torque produced during the excitation voltage regulation process causes changes in the virtual power angle, which in turn increases the risk of low-frequency oscillation in the MMC-VSG. To address this issue, the article proposes an optimized control method for the MMC-VSG dual power loop architecture (power-angle/excitation) VPSS. This strategy compensates for the inadequate damping torque of a single loop VPSS and effectively suppresses low-frequency oscillations in the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)

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14 pages, 4458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Genomic Analyses of dsDNA Vibriophage vB_VpaM_XM1, Representing a New Viral Family

by Zuyun Wei, Xuejing Li, Chunxiang Ai and Hongyue Dang

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(9), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090429 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

A novel vibriophage vB_VpaM_XM1 (XM1) was described in the present study. Morphological analysis revealed that phage XM1 had Myovirus morphology, with an oblate icosahedral head and a long contractile tail. The genome size of XM1 is 46,056 bp, with a G + C [...] Read more.

A novel vibriophage vB_VpaM_XM1 (XM1) was described in the present study. Morphological analysis revealed that phage XM1 had Myovirus morphology, with an oblate icosahedral head and a long contractile tail. The genome size of XM1 is 46,056 bp, with a G + C content of 42.51%, encoding 69 open reading frames (ORFs). Moreover, XM1 showed a narrow host range, only lysing Vibrio xuii LMG 21346 (T) JL2919, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1.1997, and V. parahaemolyticus MCCC 1H00029 among the tested bacteria. One-step growth curves showed that XM1 has a 20-min latent period and a burst size of 398 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell. In addition, XM1 exhibited broad pH, thermal, and salinity stability, as well as strong lytic activity, even at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001. Multiple genome comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that phage XM1 is grouped in a clade with three other phages, including Vibrio phages Rostov 7, X29, and phi 2, and is distinct from all known viral families that have ratified by the standard genomic analysis of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Therefore, the above four phages might represent a new viral family, tentatively named Weiviridae. The broad physiological adaptability of phage XM1 and its high lytic activity and host specificity indicated that this novel phage is a good candidate for being used as a therapeutic bioagent against infections caused by certain V. parahaemolyticus strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Bacteriophages and Their Applications)

29 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessReview

Controllable Design of Polyamide Composite Membrane Separation Layer Structures via Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Review

by Yanjun Jia, Xiaowen Huo, Lu Gao, Wei Shao and Na Chang

Membranes 2024, 14(9), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes14090201 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Optimizing the structure of the polyamide (PA) layer to improve the separation performance of PA thin-film composite (TFC) membranes has always been a hot topic in the field of membrane preparation. As novel crystalline materials with high porosity, multi-functional groups, and good [...] Read more.

Abstract: Optimizing the structure of the polyamide (PA) layer to improve the separation performance of PA thin-film composite (TFC) membranes has always been a hot topic in the field of membrane preparation. As novel crystalline materials with high porosity, multi-functional groups, and good compatibility with membrane substrate, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been introduced in the past decade for the modification of the PA structure in order to break through the separation trade-off between permeability and selectivity. This review begins by summarizing the recent progress in the control of MOF-based thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane structures. The review also covers different strategies used for preparing TFN membranes. Additionally, it discusses the mechanisms behind how these strategies regulate the structure and properties of PA. Finally, the design of a competent MOF material that is suitable to reach the requirements for the fabrication of TFN membranes is also discussed. The aim of this paper is to provide key insights into the precise control of TFN-PA structures based on MOFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Fabrication and Characterization)

66 pages, 14659 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Metal Processing Additive Technologies: Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

by Neetesh Soni, Gilda Renna and Paola Leo

Metals 2024, 14(9), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091081 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Nowadays, the use of metal processing additive technologies is a rapidly growing field in the manufacturing industry. These technologies, such as metal 3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) and laser cladding, allow for the production of complex geometries and intricate designs that [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the use of metal processing additive technologies is a rapidly growing field in the manufacturing industry. These technologies, such as metal 3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) and laser cladding, allow for the production of complex geometries and intricate designs that would be impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. They also offer the ability to create parts with customized properties, such as improved strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In other words, these technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we design and produce products, reducing costs and increasing efficiency to improve product quality and functionality. One of the significant advantages of these metal processing additive technologies is a reduction in waste and environmental impact. However, there are also some challenges associated with these technologies. One of the main challenges is the cost of equipment and materials, which can be prohibitively expensive for small businesses and individuals. Additionally, the quality of parts produced with these technologies can be affected by factors such as printing speed, temperature, and post-processing methods. This review article aims to contribute to a deep understanding of the processing, properties, and applications of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in the context of SLM to assist readers in obtaining high-quality AM components. Simultaneously, it emphasizes the importance of further research, optimization, and cost-effective approaches to promote the broader adoption of SLM technology in the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 3D Printing Technologies of Metals—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UAV Swarm Target Identification and Quantification Based on Radar Signal Independency Characterization

by Jia Liu, Qun-Yu Xu, Min Su and Wei-Shi Chen

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183512 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Radar surveillance of noncooperative UAV swarm is challenging and is involved in many critical surveillance scenarios. The multimodality property of dynamic UAV swarm targets presents larger radar signature complexity and elevates the radar detection difficulty. The swarm unit number ambiguity from dense UAV [...] Read more.

Radar surveillance of noncooperative UAV swarm is challenging and is involved in many critical surveillance scenarios. The multimodality property of dynamic UAV swarm targets presents larger radar signature complexity and elevates the radar detection difficulty. The swarm unit number ambiguity from dense UAV grouping also inhibits radar monitoring accuracy. Inspired by the coherent integration essence of swarm target signals, this paper proposes a radar signal processing framework based on complex valued independent component analysis (cICA) for swarm target identification and quantification. The target detection threshold is determined from pure clutter signals after cICA processing. A customized clustering algorithm is applied on independent components for swarm target quantification. Target detection and quantification methods are verified with various multimodality UAV swarm flight plans. The results indicate that the detection performance of the proposed method is comparable with conventional CFAR algorithms with better stability performance. The target quantification procedure could estimate swarm unit numbers with acceptable numerical deviations. More discussions are given on the relevance between quantification accuracy and swarm configurations with respect to signal independency mechanisms. Efficiency discussions reveal the bottleneck of the proposed method for future optimization works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technical Developments in Radar—Processing and Application)

25 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Impact of COVID-19 on Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights from Two Romanian Hospitals—Preliminary Results

by Andreea-Iulia Vlădulescu-Trandafir, Gelu Onose, Constantin Munteanu, Ioana Iancu, Andra-Rodica Bălănescu, Daniela Opriș-Belinski, Florian Berghea, Cristiana Prefac, Elena Grădinaru, Sorina Aurelian, Vlad Ciobanu and Violeta-Claudia Bojincă

Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092145 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at heightened risk of Coronavirus Disease—19 (COVID-19) complications due to immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and treatment with immunosuppressive therapies. This study aims to characterize the clinical and laboratory parameters of RA patients diagnosed with COVID-19, identify predictive [...] Read more.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at heightened risk of Coronavirus Disease—19 (COVID-19) complications due to immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and treatment with immunosuppressive therapies. This study aims to characterize the clinical and laboratory parameters of RA patients diagnosed with COVID-19, identify predictive risk factors for severe forms of this infection for RA patients, and determine if any RA immunosuppressive therapy is associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Methods: A retrospective observational case-control study included 86 cases (43 diagnosed with RA and 43 cases without any inflammatory or autoimmune disease) that suffered from SARS-CoV-2 in two Romanian hospitals between March 2020 and February 2024. Data on demographics, RA disease characteristics, COVID-19 severity, treatment regimens, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: RA patients exhibited a distinct symptom profile compared to non-RA controls, with higher incidences of neurological, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal symptoms, while the control group showed more respiratory and systemic manifestations. Severe COVID-19 is correlated with age and laboratory markers like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), leucocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum creatinine, and urea. Additionally, RA treatments, particularly rituximab (RTX), were associated with more severe COVID-19 outcomes (but with no statistical significance), potentially due to the advanced disease stage and comorbidities in these patients. Post-infection, a significant number of RA patients experienced disease flares, necessitating adjustments in their treatment regimens. Conclusions: This study underscores the complex interplay between RA and COVID-19, highlighting significant clinical heterogeneity and the need for tailored management strategies. Limitations include sample size constraints, possible selection, and information bias, as well as the lack of adjustments for potential confounding variables that hinder the ability to formulate definitive conclusions. Future research plans to expand the research group size and further elucidate these relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Diseases: From Molecular Basis to Therapy (Volume II))

17 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radio Frequency Signal-Based Drone Classification with Frequency Domain Gramian Angular Field and Convolutional Neural Network

by Yuanhua Fu and Zhiming He

Drones 2024, 8(9), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090511 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Over the past few years, drones have been utilized in a wide range of applications. However, the illegal operation of drones may pose a series of security risks to sensitive areas such as airports and military bases. Hence, it is vital to develop [...] Read more.

Over the past few years, drones have been utilized in a wide range of applications. However, the illegal operation of drones may pose a series of security risks to sensitive areas such as airports and military bases. Hence, it is vital to develop an effective method of identifying drones to address the above issues. Existing drone classification methods based on radio frequency (RF) signals have low accuracy or a high computational cost. In this paper, we propose a novel RF signal image representation scheme that incorporates a convolutional neural network (CNN), named the frequency domain Gramian Angular Field with a CNN (FDGAF-CNN), to perform drone classification. Specifically, we first compute the time–frequency spectrum of raw RF signals based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Then, the 1D frequency spectrum series is encoded as 2D images using a modified GAF transform. Moreover, to further improve the recognition performance, the images obtained from different channels are fused to serve as the input of a CNN classifier. Finally, numerous experiments were conducted on the two available open-source DroneRF and DroneRFa datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed FDGAF-CNN can achieve a relatively high classification accuracy of 98.72% and 98.67% on the above two datasets, respectively, confirming the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Detection, Security, and Communication for UAV)

14 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BMI, Dental Caries, and Risk Factors among Elementary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Deema J. Farsi

Children 2024, 11(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091145 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases with high prevalence amongst Saudi children. The aim of the study was to determine their association with common risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 300 children attending elementary schools. After taking their height and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases with high prevalence amongst Saudi children. The aim of the study was to determine their association with common risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 300 children attending elementary schools. After taking their height and weight, their body mass indices (BMIs) were calculated. Oral examination was performed to record the decayed, missed, and filled scores (dmft/DMFT). A thorough questionnaire was compiled and validated to gather information on diet and physical activity (PA). The KIDMED score was calculated from a 16-item questionnaire to assess diet. Junk food and PA scores were also calculated based on relevant questions. Nonparametric tests were used to assess the associations between the scores and health outcomes (dmft/DMFT and BMI). Results: Fifty-eight of the children had poor diets, which was associated with higher dmft/DMFT (p = 0.012). PA levels were very low, and the average PA score was 2.12 0.61. No association was found between BMI percentiles and PA level, nor between BMI percentiles and diet quality. Older children had lower BMI percentiles compared with younger children (coefficient = −9.35, 95% CI: −17.05, −1.65), and a borderline significant negative association was observed between dmft/DMFT and BMI percentile. Conclusions: Poor diets and chips consumption were related to dental caries. Obesity was not related to diet quality nor PA level. Full article

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