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16 pages, 2175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of XGB, CNN, and ResNet Models for Predicting Moisture Content in Porphyra yezoensis Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

by Wenwen Zhang, Mingxuan Pan, Peng Wang, Jiao Xue, Xinghu Zhou, Wenke Sun, Yadong Hu and Zhaopeng Shen

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193023 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study explored the performance and reliability of three predictive models—extreme gradient boosting (XGB), convolutional neural network (CNN), and residual neural network (ResNet)—for determining the moisture content in Porphyra yezoensis using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. We meticulously selected 380 samples from various sources to [...] Read more.

This study explored the performance and reliability of three predictive models—extreme gradient boosting (XGB), convolutional neural network (CNN), and residual neural network (ResNet)—for determining the moisture content in Porphyra yezoensis using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. We meticulously selected 380 samples from various sources to ensure a comprehensive dataset, which was then divided into training (300 samples) and test sets (80 samples). The models were evaluated based on prediction accuracy and stability, employing genetic algorithms (GA) and partial least squares (PLS) for wavelength selection to enhance the interpretability of feature extraction outcomes. The results demonstrated that the XGB model excelled with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.979, a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.004, and a high ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 4.849, outperforming both CNN and ResNet models. A Gaussian process regression (GPR) was employed for uncertainty assessment, reinforcing the reliability of our models. Considering the XGB model’s high accuracy and stability, its implementation in industrial settings for quality assurance is recommended, particularly in the food industry where rapid and non-destructive moisture content analysis is essential. This approach facilitates a more efficient process for determining moisture content, thereby enhancing product quality and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Advances in Data Handling for Enhanced Food Analysis: From Chemometrics to Machine Learning)

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17 pages, 3048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological Properties and Sensory Profile of Yoghurt Produced with Novel Combination of Probiotic Cultures

by Nebojša Ilić, Miona Belović, Nurgin Memiši, Mladenka Pestorić, Dubravka Škrobot, Lato Pezo, Rada Jevtić-Mučibabić, Yolanda Sanz and Jerome Brouzes

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193021 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Novel probiotic yoghurt was produced using the combination of bacterial cultures Lactobacillus plantarum HA119 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis B94 and yoghurt bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Its basic nutritional composition, colour, texture, rheological properties, and sensory profile were [...] Read more.

Novel probiotic yoghurt was produced using the combination of bacterial cultures Lactobacillus plantarum HA119 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis B94 and yoghurt bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Its basic nutritional composition, colour, texture, rheological properties, and sensory profile were compared with yoghurt produced using the same technological process and standard yoghurt cultures (control sample), as well as other commercially available yoghurts with different milk fat contents. Despite the fat content of the yoghurt made with the new probiotic cultures being 1.44%, its apparent viscosity was similar to that of high-fat yoghurt (2.99%). Other results from rheological measurements indicate that the new yoghurt had a stronger protein network, presumably due to the higher number of exopolysaccharides compared to both control and commercial yoghurts. Sensory analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between the novel probiotic yoghurt and high-fat yoghurt as perceived by panellists. In conclusion, this combination of probiotic cultures can be used to produce yoghurt with rheological and sensory properties similar to high-fat yoghurts, without the need for hydrocolloids or changes in the production process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Evaluation and Physicochemical Characterization of New Functional Food)

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25 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shamans and “Dark Agencies”: War, Magical Parasitism, and Re-Enchanted Spirits in Siberia

by Konstantinos Zorbas

Religions 2024, 15(10), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15101150 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Alleged practices of magical assault and vampirism are a recurrent feature of popular explanations of misfortune in Tuva, South Siberia. Based on a field study of healing practices in an “Association of Shamans”, this article analyses rituals of redressing curse afflictions in the [...] Read more.

Alleged practices of magical assault and vampirism are a recurrent feature of popular explanations of misfortune in Tuva, South Siberia. Based on a field study of healing practices in an “Association of Shamans”, this article analyses rituals of redressing curse afflictions in the context of Russian political domination. A central purpose of this discussion is to foreground the centrality of kinds of parasitical worship and occult threat to structures of political power in—and beyond—the territory of Tuva. Focusing on a “cursescape”, which develops from the combative practices of shamans, occult specialists, and office-holders, the article probes a repertoire of shamanic healing symbols. It is argued that healing efficacy is constructed in the process of engaging with hunting symbols and animal spirits, which appear in Indigenous Siberian cosmologies. The analysis shows that ideas of ritual risk underpin the process of symbolic resolution. Whereas shamanic practices provide refuge to spirits evicted from their natural landscapes, Tibetan Buddhism—the unifying religion of Tuva—offers an alternative path of healing the effects of the shamans’ propagation of spirits. The article highlights indigenous perceptions of a “cursed” landscape as a space where the agencies of “darkness” and their political sponsors are confronted with an emancipating religious modality emerging from local Buddhist rituals. The analysis displays the unsolved drama of itinerant spirits and shamanic ancestral souls, whose agency is revealed through successive—yet inauspicious—forms of reincarnation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion, Ritual, and Healing)

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14 pages, 495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postharvest Quality of Arugula (Eruca sativa) Microgreens Determined by Microbiological, Physico-Chemical, and Sensory Parameters

by Marina R. Komeroski, Thais Beninca, Keyla A. Portal, Patrícia S. Malheiros, Tâmmila V. Klug, Simone H. Flores and Alessandro O. Rios

Foods 2024, 13(19), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193020 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Cultivating microgreens is emerging as an excellent market opportunity. Their easy, short, and sustainable production methods are the main reasons they are approved by growers. However, a feature that still prevents its further spread is the microbiological risk and their rapid [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cultivating microgreens is emerging as an excellent market opportunity. Their easy, short, and sustainable production methods are the main reasons they are approved by growers. However, a feature that still prevents its further spread is the microbiological risk and their rapid senescence. The present study was conducted to evaluate the post-harvest storage and shelf life of arugula microgreens in different packaging through microbiological, physico-chemical, and sensory parameters; (2) Methods: Plants were stored at 5 °C in open air, vacuum sealed, and under modified atmosphere bags and tested at 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days; (3) Results: Microgreens stored in all packaging were safe for consumption within ten days. Regarding physical and chemical parameters, open packaging proved to be promising, with less weight loss and slower chlorophyll degradation. The sensory analysis demonstrated that the microgreens stored in the vacuum-sealed packaging showed a decrease in quality from the fifth day onwards for all attributes. However, the MAP presented good scores with a better visual quality, similar to the fresh microgreens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Storage and Shelf-Life Assessment of Food Products)

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10 pages, 1651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virus-Specific Nanobody-Chimeras Degrade the Human Cytomegalovirus US28 Protein in CD34+ Cells

by Emma Poole, Janika Schmitt, Stephen C. Graham, Bernard T. Kelly and John Sinclair

Pathogens 2024, 13(10), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13100821 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

After primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong persistence, underpinned by latent carriage of the virus with spontaneous reactivation events. In the immune-competent, primary infection or reactivation from latency rarely causes disease. However, HCMV can cause significant disease in immune-compromised individuals such as [...] Read more.

After primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong persistence, underpinned by latent carriage of the virus with spontaneous reactivation events. In the immune-competent, primary infection or reactivation from latency rarely causes disease. However, HCMV can cause significant disease in immune-compromised individuals such as immune-suppressed transplant patients. Latency, where the viral genome is carried in the absence of the production of infectious virions, can be established in undifferentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. A number of stimuli can cause virus reactivation from latency to occur, beginning with the induction of viral immediate-early (IE) lytic gene expression. The suppression of viral IE gene expression to establish and maintain latent infection is known to result from a balance of viral and cellular factors. One key viral factor involved in this is the G protein-coupled receptor US28. Recently, we have shown that US28 is targeted for degradation by a modified nanobody (PCTD-Vun100bv) based on the novel PACTAC (PCSK9-antibody clearance-targeting chimeras) approach for targeted protein degradation. Furthermore, we have shown that this PCTD-Vun100bv-induced degradation of US28 results in IE gene expression in experimentally latently infected CD14+ monocytes. However, HCMV also establishes latency in CD34+ bone marrow cells, the progenitors of CD14+ cells. Here, we show that PCTD-Vun100bv also causes US28 degradation in these CD34+ primary cells, again resulting in the induction of viral IE gene expression. Additionally, we show that PCTD-Vun100bv can target US28 in naturally latently infected CD14+ monocytes from an HCMV-seropositive donor, allowing these latently infected cells to be killed by HCMV-specific cytotoxic T cells from that same donor. These observations support the view that targeting US28 for degradation during natural latency could be a tractable ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to target the latent HCMV reservoir in myeloid cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Human Cytomegalovirus Pathogenesis: Evidence from the Clinic and Laboratory Models)

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17 pages, 5801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Reliability Analysis Using Stochastic Finite Element Method Based on Krylov Subspace

by Jianyun Huang, Qiuwei Yang, Hongfei Cao and Jiwei Ma

Algorithms 2024, 17(10), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17100424 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

The stochastic finite element method is an important tool for structural reliability analysis. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, a stochastic finite element method based on the Krylov subspace is proposed for the static reliability analysis of structures. The first step of [...] Read more.

The stochastic finite element method is an important tool for structural reliability analysis. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, a stochastic finite element method based on the Krylov subspace is proposed for the static reliability analysis of structures. The first step of the proposed method is to preprocess the static response equation considering randomness to reduce the condition number of the coefficient matrix. The second step of the proposed method is to construct a Krylov subspace based on the preprocessed static response equation. Then, the static displacement of random sampling is expressed as a linear combination of subspace basis vectors to achieve the purpose of a fast solution. Finally, statistics and failure probability are calculated according to the static response obtained from thousands of random samples. Three numerical examples are given to compare the proposed method with the stochastic finite element method based on the Neumann series. The results show that the stochastic finite element method based on the Krylov subspace is more accurate and efficient than the stochastic finite element method based on the Neumann series. Full article

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8 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Response of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors with Mean Corpuscular Volume

by Bediz Kurt İnci, Pınar Kubilay Tolunay, Şura Öztekin, Ergin Aydemir, İrem Öner, Öztürk Ateş and Cengiz Karaçin

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(10), 5722-5729; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31100424 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Currently, the combination of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors and endocrine therapy is a first-line treatment for hormone-receptor-positive and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the impact of changes in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) on predicting responses to treatment [...] Read more.

Background: Currently, the combination of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors and endocrine therapy is a first-line treatment for hormone-receptor-positive and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the impact of changes in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) on predicting responses to treatment and survival in patients with hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy. Methods: Retrospectively, data on hemoglobin levels, MCV, B12, folate levels, and survival times were collected from 275 patients. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the degree of MCV change (delta MCV ≤ 10 vs. >10). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The average age of the patients was 56.1 ± 12.1 years. In total, 72.7% received CDK4/6 inhibitors as first-line treatment, while 27.3% received them as second-line treatment. Before CDK4/6 inhibitor use, the median MCV level was 87.7 fL (IQR: 83–91), which increased to 98 fL (IQR: 92–103) after treatment (p < 0.001). ECOG performance score, CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment line, type of endocrine therapy, and MCV change were identified as independent predictors of progression-free survival in the Cox regression model. The median progression-free survival for the entire group was 28 months. Patients with MCV delta > 10 had a median progression-free survival of 33 months, compared to 23 months for those with MCV delta ≤ 10 (p = 0.029). There was no significant difference in median overall survival times between the two groups (p = 0.158). Conclusion: This study highlights that patients with MCV delta > 10 had longer median progression-free survival compared to those with MCV delta ≤ 10. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Breast Cancer)

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15 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Genetic Diversity of 69 Widely Used Chinese Sorghum Hybrids Released between the 1970s and 2010s

by Haisheng Yan, Na Lv, Feng Yin, Yubin Wang, Hao Niu, Xin Lv, Jianqiang Chu, Fangfang Fan, Lan Ju, Jizhen Yu, Fuyao Zhang and Junai Ping

Agronomy 2024, 14(10), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102180 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Sorghum has a long history of cultivation in China. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genetic relationships and genetic variation trends in widely used Chinese sorghum hybrids which were released from the 1970s to 2010s and attempted to analyze the changes [...] Read more.

Sorghum has a long history of cultivation in China. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genetic relationships and genetic variation trends in widely used Chinese sorghum hybrids which were released from the 1970s to 2010s and attempted to analyze the changes in sorghum breeding. A total of 257 alleles were detected by 51 polymorphic SSR markers among 69 widely used hybrids; an average of 5.04 alleles were detected by each marker. The average Shannon’s index and polymorphism information content (PIC) of markers were 1.39 and 0.70, respectively. Nei’s genetic diversity index continuously increased in four different breeding development stages (1973–1982, 1983–1992, 1993–2002, and 2003–2014). Genetic diversity gradually increased among the sorghum hybrids. Genetic similarity coefficients in the four breeding development stages first showed an increasing trend, and then a decreasing trend, finally stabilizing with an average value of 0.65. The genetic similarity changes in hybrids in early and late maturing areas were consistent at different breeding development stages. The genetic similarity coefficients in late maturing areas were constantly higher than those in the early maturing areas. This is related to China’s creative utilization of A₂ cytoplasmic male sterile materials in the 1990s. A cluster analysis determined that 69 hybrids were divided into two groups, A and B. Group A could be further subdivided into four subgroups. These findings could provide a reference for parental selection and hybrid breeding in sorghum improvement programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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17 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Detailed Analysis and Gain Derivation of Reconfigurable Voltage Rectifier-Based LLC Converter

by Fahad Alaql, Walied Alfraidi, Abdullah Alhatlani, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a, Hassan M. Hussein Farh and Ahmed Allehyani

Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3788; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193788 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this paper, a complete analysis of an LLC resonant converter with a customized rectifier structure is presented. The converter is intended for wide, low-input, high-output voltage DC bus applications. The performance of the converter is assessed using comprehensive time-domain and fundamental harmonic [...] Read more.

In this paper, a complete analysis of an LLC resonant converter with a customized rectifier structure is presented. The converter is intended for wide, low-input, high-output voltage DC bus applications. The performance of the converter is assessed using comprehensive time-domain and fundamental harmonic approximation (FHA), which demonstrates its capacity to operate across an ample range of voltages by precisely adjusting the rectifier structure. The converter’s capability is illustrated by deriving and discussing detailed mode operation, steady-state analysis, and DC gain equations. In order to verify the theoretical analysis, a prototype with a power output of 250 watts is constructed and subjected to testing. The results of the testing demonstrate that the converter is both feasible and effective. The experimental findings illustrate its capacity to manage vast voltage ranges while upholding high efficiency. In addition, the converter utilizes a frequency switching modulation (FSM) to connect with a photovoltaic (PV) panel and control the high output voltage. This demonstrates its adaptability in renewable energy applications. The validation is in accordance with theoretical predictions, demonstrating the converter’s high-efficiency performance and versatility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Renewable Energy System)

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11 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Organic Acid Coagulants on the Textural and Physical–Chemical Properties of Tofu

by Carolina Paz-Yépez, Mariana Gavilanes-Tomalá, Julio Palmay-Paredes, Grace Medina-Galarza, Sebastián Guerrero-Luzuriaga and Borja Velázquez Martí

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8580; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198580 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Tofu is obtained by heating soymilk, to which a coagulant, such as calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride, is added to make it curdle. This study aimed to parameterize the effects of the following three alternative organic coagulant types: apple, rice, and white vinegars, [...] Read more.

Tofu is obtained by heating soymilk, to which a coagulant, such as calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride, is added to make it curdle. This study aimed to parameterize the effects of the following three alternative organic coagulant types: apple, rice, and white vinegars, used in different proportions. Six treatments were established with three concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%), evaluating the coagulation time and curd yield. The treatments with the lowest coagulation time were analyzed for texture by TPA, color through the CIEL*a*b scale, protein content, and moisture. The results showed that the rice vinegar + 3% white vinegar (T6C3) treatment showed the lowest coagulation time (0.78 min). The 5% apple vinegar (T1C5) treatment provided the highest curd yield, averaging 23.73%. This treatment’s protein and moisture contents were 3.93% protein and 69.73% moisture, confirming that better texture characteristics are recorded in tofu at lower pH values. The TPA results showed that using apple and rice vinegars as coagulants provided a challenging, less cohesive, more adhesive, and less elastic tofu. White vinegar provided a soft, more cohesive, less adhesive, and more elastic tofu. In the color analysis, it was observed that tofu coagulated with apple vinegar showed a tendency toward a yellow color, and tofu coagulated with rice and white vinegars showed a tendency toward a white color. These findings parameterize the effects of using each type of vinegar as a coagulant. These organic coagulants provide faster coagulation times and desirable texture characteristics, thus offering a practical alternative to traditional coagulants in tofu manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Food Processing Technologies and Approaches)

22 pages, 11161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Intelligent Control of Redundant Degrees-of-Freedom Manipulators via the Fusion of Deep Reinforcement Learning and Forward Kinematics Models

by Yushuo Chen, Shijie Su, Kai Ni and Cunjun Li

Machines 2024, 12(10), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12100667 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Redundant degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulators offer increased flexibility and are better suited for obstacle avoidance, yet precise control of these systems remains a significant challenge. This paper addresses the issues of slow training convergence and suboptimal stability that plague current deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based [...] Read more.

Redundant degree-of-freedom (DOF) manipulators offer increased flexibility and are better suited for obstacle avoidance, yet precise control of these systems remains a significant challenge. This paper addresses the issues of slow training convergence and suboptimal stability that plague current deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based control strategies for redundant DOF manipulators. We propose a novel DRL-based intelligent control strategy, FK-DRL, which integrates the manipulator’s forward kinematics (FK) model into the control framework. Initially, we conceptualize the control task as a Markov decision process (MDP) and construct the FK model for the manipulator. Subsequently, we expound on the integration principles and training procedures for amalgamating the FK model with existing DRL algorithms. Our experimental analysis, applied to 7-DOF and 4-DOF manipulators in simulated and real-world environments, evaluates the FK-DRL strategy’s performance. The results indicate that compared to classical DRL algorithms, the FK-DDPG, FK-TD3, and FK-SAC algorithms improved the success rates of intelligent control tasks for the 7-DOF manipulator by 21%, 87%, and 64%, respectively, and the training convergence speeds increased by 21%, 18%, and 68%, respectively. These outcomes validate the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness and advantages in redundant manipulator control using DRL and FK models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)

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28 pages, 4102 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Advancement in Forest Property Rights: A Thematic Review over Half a Decade Using Natural Language Processing

by Olegas Beriozovas, Dalia Perkumienė, Mindaugas Škėma, Abdellah Saoualih, Larbi Safaa and Marius Aleinikovas

Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8280; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198280 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper proposes a thematic literature review of advances in the literature on forest property rights over the first half of this decade. From a methodological point of view, we exploited a corpus of scientific articles published between 2019 and 2023, extracted from [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a thematic literature review of advances in the literature on forest property rights over the first half of this decade. From a methodological point of view, we exploited a corpus of scientific articles published between 2019 and 2023, extracted from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. We then performed a co-word analysis using the Louvain algorithm to reveal thematic clusters. This approach enabled us to identify seven distinct trends over the past half-decade, each highlighting specific aspects and geographical diversity of forest property rights, which were then evaluated using a thematic map. The main findings revealed that (policies, livelihoods and agroforestry) and (institutions, sustainability and non-timber forest products) stand out as central and influential themes, which have a significant impact and present notable advances that have shaped recent discussions and practices. Furthermore, themes (forest policy and resource management) and (conservation and the rights of indigenous communities) are well developed, which have a solid research base, offering an in-depth understanding of the relevant research questions. Conversely, themes (institutional change and forest conservation) and (deforestation, indigenous rights and community management) represent emerging themes, which are receiving increasing attention and are likely to become major of focus. In contrast, (forest governance, community management and land conflict resolution) which indicates a waning influence in terms of miscellaneous implications. The findings of this thematic literature review will help guide policymakers, researchers, and practitioners based on recent developments in international forest property rights, during a half-decade marked by a break with previous trends, leading to legislative changes and strategic adaptations essential for the sustainable management of forest resources, bolstered by technological advancements and environmental efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainability)

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21 pages, 3944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescent Suicides in the Western Pacific Region Have Become a More Serious Public Health Problem than in Other Regions

by Ruri Okubo, Ryusuke Matsumoto, Eishi Motomura and Motohiro Okada

Psychiatry Int. 2024, 5(4), 564-584; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint5040041 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Globally, suicide mortality rates have decreased in this century; however, it has been reported that the decreasing trends of some subgroups were attenuated in the late 2010s. These tendencies are pronounced among adolescents. In this study, the temporal fluctuations of the age-standardized death [...] Read more.

Globally, suicide mortality rates have decreased in this century; however, it has been reported that the decreasing trends of some subgroups were attenuated in the late 2010s. These tendencies are pronounced among adolescents. In this study, the temporal fluctuations of the age-standardized death rate of suicide (ASDR-suicide), crude mortality rate of suicide (CMR-suicide), and percentage of suicides per total deaths (PTD-suicide) among adolescents (10–24 years) in the global high-income and middle-income countries and in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) from 1990 to 2019, as well as the fixed effects of communication factors (penetration of cellular telephones and the Internet) on the ASDR-suicide/CMR-suicide/PTD-suicide of adolescents, were analyzed using the WHO Mortality Database. The male ASDR-suicide in global middle-income countries decreased, and those of males in global high-income countries and females in middle-income countries were unchanged, while the rate of other groups (males in the WPR and females in high-income countries and the WPR) increased. The ASDR-suicide of adolescent males in the WPR was almost equivalent to that of males in global high-income and middle-income countries in the 1990s but was higher than the rate in the 2010s. The ASDR-suicide of adolescent females in the WPR was consistently higher than that of females in global high-income and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2019, but the differences widened over time. The PTD-suicide of both males and females in middle-income countries was unchanged, whereas the PTD-suicide in global high-income countries and the WPR increased over time. The PTD-suicide in the WPR markedly increased by >40% in the late 2010s. The fixed effects of cellular telephone and Internet penetrations were negatively and positively related to adolescent suicide in the WPR, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest that, in this century, suicide prevention in adolescent health activities has been increasing in importance in the WPR compared with other regions. Full article

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10 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Defence against the Problem of Evil

by Daniel Molto

Religions 2024, 15(10), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15101149 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this paper, I propose a defence against the problem of evil. This defence does not involve either free will or soul-making, but, rather, is intended as a replacement for the traditional theodicies. The defence will have two components: firstly, a proposal for [...] Read more.

In this paper, I propose a defence against the problem of evil. This defence does not involve either free will or soul-making, but, rather, is intended as a replacement for the traditional theodicies. The defence will have two components: firstly, a proposal for why a good God would not intervene to eliminate the evil (natural or moral) in the world; and second, a proposal for why a good God would need to allow evil to exist in the world in the first place. I identify four desiderata for defences against the problem of evil and I argue that this new defence achieves all of these at least as well as traditional defences involving free will and/or soul-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theodicy and Challenges of Science: Understanding God, Evil and Evolution (Volume II))

26 pages, 7939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Forces through Four-Dimensional-Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging (4D-Flow MRI) in Evaluating Mitral Regurgitation with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Seeking Novel Biomarkers

by Monisha Ghosh Srabanti, Corey Adams, Lyes Kadem and Julio Garcia

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8577; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198577 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the systolic retrograde flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium. Despite the recognized importance of hemodynamic force (HDF) in cardiology, its exploration in MR has been limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore non-invasively assessed HDF as [...] Read more.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the systolic retrograde flow from the left ventricle (LV) to the left atrium. Despite the recognized importance of hemodynamic force (HDF) in cardiology, its exploration in MR has been limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore non-invasively assessed HDF as a novel biomarker for evaluating MR utilizing 4D-flow MRI. The study cohort comprised 15 healthy controls (19–61 years, 53% men) and 26 MR patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF) (33–75 years, trivial–severe, 54% men). The HDF analysis involved the semi-automatic calculation of systolic–diastolic root mean square (RMS), average, and transverse/longitudinal ratio across three directions (S-L: septal–lateral, I-A: inferior–anterior, and B-A: basal–apical) using Segment, v2.2 R6410 (Lund, Sweden, Medviso). A noticeable trend shift emerged in HDF as the MR severity increased (p-value < 0.05). The MR severity demonstrated a noteworthy correlation with systolic RMS B-A, average B-A, diastolic average B-A, systolic average S-L, B-A, and systolic–diastolic ratio (rho = 0.621, 0.457, 0.317, 0.318, 0.555, −0.543, −0.35, respectively; p-value < 0.05). HDF significantly correlated with LV function (end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, EF, and mass; p-value < 0.05). Systolic RMS B-A and diastolic RMS S-L emerged as significant predictors of MR (Beta, 95% CI [3.253, 1.204–5.301], [5.413, 0.227–10.6], p-value < 0.05). This study emphasizes HDF as a potential hemodynamic biomarker for evaluating MR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Imaging Technologies for Cardiovascular Disease—3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Descriptive Study of the Influence of Foot Type on Physical Characteristics, Laxity, Strength and Baropodometry in Children Aged 5 to 10 Years

by Cristina Molina-García, Francisco Álvarez-Salvago, Clara Pujol-Fuentes, Andrés López-del-Amo-Lorente, Laura Ramos-Petersen, Carlos Martínez-Sebastián, Antonio Martínez-Amat, José Daniel Jiménez-García and Manuel De Diego-Moreno

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8578; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198578 (registering DOI) - 24 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Foot morphology in children is a crucial factor influencing multiple aspects of their physical development. Between the ages of 5 and 10 years, the critical period of child development is when the movement and stability patterns are consolidated that can affect their [...] Read more.

Background: Foot morphology in children is a crucial factor influencing multiple aspects of their physical development. Between the ages of 5 and 10 years, the critical period of child development is when the movement and stability patterns are consolidated that can affect their long-term physical performance and quality of life. The aim of this study is to analyze how the type of foot influences different physical characteristics, laxity, strength, motor tests, and baropodometric variables in children aged 5 to 10 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 196 children was conducted. Different physical characteristics, laxity, strength, motor tests, and baropodometric variables of the sample were analyzed for age and Foot Posture Index (FPI). Results: Differences in all variables were examined by age and FPI. Statistical analysis showed a moderate to high correlation (r > 0.6, p < 0.01) between FPI and the relaxed calcaneal stance position (RCSP) test. Some significant differences were also found in variables related to foot pronation and supination. These results provide valuable information for understanding differences in motor and functional development during childhood and pre-adolescence. Conclusions: The findings highlight the variability in physical and functional development between age and foot type groups, highlighting the importance of considering these differences in the assessment and management of foot-related conditions and biomechanics in childhood. Foot type significantly influences children’s growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motor Control on Human Movement Analysis)

26 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recommendation-Based Trust Evaluation Model for the Internet of Underwater Things

by Abeer Almutairi, Xavier Carpent and Steven Furnell

Future Internet 2024, 16(9), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16090346 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) represents an emerging and innovative field with the potential to revolutionize underwater exploration and monitoring. Despite its promise, IoUT faces significant challenges related to reliability and security, which hinder its development and deployment. A particularly critical issue [...] Read more.

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) represents an emerging and innovative field with the potential to revolutionize underwater exploration and monitoring. Despite its promise, IoUT faces significant challenges related to reliability and security, which hinder its development and deployment. A particularly critical issue is the establishment of trustworthy communication networks, necessitating the adaptation and enhancement of existing models from terrestrial and marine systems to address the specific requirements of IoUT. This work explores the problem of dishonest recommendations within trust modelling systems, a critical issue that undermines the integrity of trust modelling in IoUT networks. The unique environmental and operational constraints of IoUT exacerbate the severity of this issue, making current detection methods insufficient. To address this issue, a recommendation evaluation method that leverages both filtering and weighting strategies is proposed to enhance the detection of dishonest recommendations. The model introduces a filtering technique that combines outlier detection with deviation analysis to make initial decisions based on both majority outcomes and personal experiences. Additionally, a belief function is developed to weight received recommendations based on multiple criteria, including freshness, similarity, trustworthiness, and the decay of trust over time. This multifaceted weighting strategy ensures that recommendations are evaluated from different perspectives to capture deceptive acts that exploit the complex nature of IoUT to the advantage of dishonest recommenders. To validate the proposed model, extensive comparative analyses with existing trust evaluation methods are conducted. Through a series of simulations, the efficacy of the model in capturing dishonest recommendation attacks and improving the accuracy rate of detecting more sophisticated attack scenarios is demonstrated. These results highlight the potential of the model to significantly enhance the trustworthiness of IoUT establishments. Full article

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15 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonparametric Test for Logistic Regression with Application to Italian Enterprises’ Propensity for Innovation

by Stefano Bonnini and Michela Borghesi

Mathematics 2024, 12(18), 2955; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12182955 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this work, a nonparametric method is proposed to jointly test the significance of the regression coefficient estimates in a logistic regression model and identify which explanatory variables are effective in predicting the binary response. The motivating example is related to the factors [...] Read more.

In this work, a nonparametric method is proposed to jointly test the significance of the regression coefficient estimates in a logistic regression model and identify which explanatory variables are effective in predicting the binary response. The motivating example is related to the factors affecting the propensity of Italian Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to innovate. The explanatory variables of the model represent firms’ characteristics, such as size and age, and the possible effect of the sector of economic activity is taken into account by including a set of binary variables as control factors. The dependent variable indicates whether a company, in the period under study, introduced at least one product or process innovation. Therefore, it is also dichotomous, and the logistic regression model is appropriate for representing the relationship between explanatory variables and dependent variable. Specifically, the logit transformation of the firm’s propensity to innovate, i.e., the probability that a company randomly chosen from the population of Italian SMEs has introduced an innovation or, equivalently, the proportion of innovative companies among the Italian SMEs, is expressed as a linear function of the predictors (explanatory and control variables). The proposed test is based on the permutation approach and satisfies important statistical properties, proved in a simulation study. The test is more flexible and robust than the classic parametric approach, and is preferable to typical stepwise regression procedures for the selection of a parsimonious and effective model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonparametric Statistical Methods and Their Applications)

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16 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Multi-Scale Wavelet Approach for Dehazing and Denoising Ultrasound Images Using Fractional-Order Filtering

by Li Wang, Zhenling Yang, Yi-Fei Pu, Hao Yin and Xuexia Ren

Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(9), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8090549 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ultrasound imaging is widely used in medical diagnostics due to its non-invasive and real-time capabilities. However, existing methods often overlook the benefits of fractional-order filters for denoising and dehazing. Thus, this work introduces an efficient multi-scale wavelet method for dehazing and denoising ultrasound [...] Read more.

Ultrasound imaging is widely used in medical diagnostics due to its non-invasive and real-time capabilities. However, existing methods often overlook the benefits of fractional-order filters for denoising and dehazing. Thus, this work introduces an efficient multi-scale wavelet method for dehazing and denoising ultrasound images using a fractional-order filter, which integrates a guided filter, directional filter, fractional-order filter, and haze removal to the different resolution images generated by a multi-scale wavelet. In the directional filter stage, an eigen-analysis of each pixel is conducted to extract structural features, which are then classified into edges for targeted filtering. The guided filter subsequently reduces speckle noise in homogeneous anatomical regions. The fractional-order filter allows the algorithm to effectively denoise while improving edge definition, irrespective of the edge size. Haze removal can effectively eliminate the haze caused by attenuation. Our method achieved significant improvements, with PSNR reaching 31.25 and SSIM 0.905 on our ultrasound dataset, outperforming other methods. Additionally, on external datasets like McMaster and Kodak24, it achieved the highest PSNR (29.68, 28.62) and SSIM (0.858, 0.803). Clinical evaluations by four radiologists confirmed its superiority in liver and carotid artery images. Overall, our approach outperforms existing speckle reduction and structural preservation techniques, making it highly suitable for clinical ultrasound imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Life Science, Biophysics)

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21 pages, 8044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Trajectory Planning Control Strategy for Hydropower Plant Bridge Crane Based on Evaluation Algorithm

by Tiehua Chen, Ming Xu, Guangxin Wu, Shihao Dong and Xinze Liu

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3770; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183770 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Currently, the research on crane trajectory planning mostly aims to, first, plan the trajectories of the crane and the trolley, and then to use a trial-and-error method or optimization algorithm to iteratively calculate the optimal trajectory parameters under the control of the optimal [...] Read more.

Currently, the research on crane trajectory planning mostly aims to, first, plan the trajectories of the crane and the trolley, and then to use a trial-and-error method or optimization algorithm to iteratively calculate the optimal trajectory parameters under the control of the optimal trajectory parameters to achieve the suppression of the swing angle. However, research on the fusion application of multi-trajectory planning algorithms is very rare. In addition, the existing methods are not suitable for the special operation control of hydropower plant bridge cranes. Based on the application scenario of hydropower plant bridge cranes, this paper proposes a comprehensive multi-trajectory control strategy based on the entropy weight technique for order preference, similarly to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) evaluation method. Specifically, the kinematic analysis of the crane is carried out and the trajectory evaluation index system is established. Secondly, under the walking constraint condition, four different trajectory planning algorithms are used to obtain the crane trajectory curve. In order to ensure the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the evaluation, the evaluation data are obtained through the Adams motion simulation platform. Finally, based on the entropy weight TOPSIS evaluation method, the optimal walking trajectory for each displacement is selected. The simulation and experimental results show that the evaluation method can select the optimal trajectory based on the motion characteristics of the trajectory algorithm in different displacement conditions, effectively reducing the load swing during the walking process of the crane and improving the positioning accuracy. Full article

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23 pages, 3926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Citrus Species’ Flavonoid Metabolism, Gene Expression Profiling, and Their Antioxidant Capacity under Drought Stress

by Muhammad Junaid Rao, Mingzheng Duan, Momina Eman, Huwei Yuan, Anket Sharma and Bingsong Zheng

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091149 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Citrus species are widely cultivated across the globe and frequently encounter drought stress during their growth and development phases. Previous research has indicated that citrus species synthesize flavonoids as a response mechanism to drought stress. This study aimed to comprehensively quantify and analyze [...] Read more.

Citrus species are widely cultivated across the globe and frequently encounter drought stress during their growth and development phases. Previous research has indicated that citrus species synthesize flavonoids as a response mechanism to drought stress. This study aimed to comprehensively quantify and analyze the presence of 85 distinct flavonoids in the leaf and root tissues of lemon (drought susceptible) and sour orange (drought tolerant). In drought-stressed sour orange roots, flavonoids, such as isosakuranin, mangiferin, trilobatin, liquiritigenin, avicularin, silibinin, and glabridin, were more elevated than control sour orange roots and drought-stressed lemon roots. Additionally, hydroxysafflor yellow A, cynaroside, tiliroside, and apigenin 7-glucoside were increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves. Under drought stress, flavonoids such as (-)-epigallocatechin, silibinin, benzylideneacetophenone, trilobatin, isorhamnetin, 3,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone, and liquiritigenin were significantly increased, by 3.01-, 3.01-, 2.59-, 2.43-, 2.07-, 2.05-, and 2.01-fold, in sour orange roots compared to control sour orange roots. Moreover, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves and root tissues compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves and root tissues. The expression levels of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were highly expressed in sour orange leaves and roots, compared to lemon leaves and root tissues, post-drought stress. These findings indicate that lemons fail to synthesize protective flavonoids under drought conditions, whereas sour orange leaves and root tissues enhance flavonoid synthesis, with higher antioxidant activities to mitigate the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species generated during drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Methods: Antioxidant Activity in Plant Extracts)

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13 pages, 1986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Follow-Up of the Quality of Life of Endometriosis Patients after Surgery: A Comparative Study

by Alice Wenzl, Rene Wenzl, Manuela Gstoettner, Lorenz Kuessel, Heinrich Husslein, Jana Heine, Lejla Sandrieser, Christine Bekos and Alexandra Perricos-Hess

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5641; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185641 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the long-term effects of the surgical removal of endometriotic lesions on quality of life in endometriosis patients. A sub-analysis explored different subtypes of endometriosis, hormonal influence, and the need for reoperation. Methods: The study was conducted at the Certified [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the long-term effects of the surgical removal of endometriotic lesions on quality of life in endometriosis patients. A sub-analysis explored different subtypes of endometriosis, hormonal influence, and the need for reoperation. Methods: The study was conducted at the Certified Endometriosis Center of the Medical University of Vienna. Included in the study were patients who had undergone the complete surgical removal of endometriotic lesions between 2014 and 2018. Patients were asked to complete the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 preoperatively, at the short-term follow-up (six to ten weeks postoperatively), and at the long-term follow-up (median of 48 months postoperatively). Results: A total of 87 patients completed the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 at the three time points. At the long-term follow-up, the reoperation rate was 8.0%. Significant improvements in the overall quality of life (p < 0.001; median decrease from 45.0 to 11.7) and in the categories of “pain”, “control and powerlessness”, “social support”, “emotional well-being”, and “self-image” at the long-term follow-up compared to preoperative values were observed (p-values < 0.01). The sub-analysis showed that patients with deep-infiltrating endometriosis (p < 0.001; median decrease from 49.2 to 10.0) and adenomyosis (p < 0.02; median decrease from 37.5 to 0.0) had the most pronounced long-term postsurgical benefits in terms of quality of life. Patients with (p < 0.001; median decrease from 45.0 to 1.7) and without (p < 0.001; median decrease from 45.42 to 12.5) hormonal influence showed significant improvements in overall quality of life compared to preoperative values. Patients without reoperation demonstrated improved long-term quality of life compared to the preoperative (p < 0.001; median decrease from 45.8 to 9.6) and short-term follow-up results (p < 0.005; median decrease from 19.2 to 9.6). Participants who underwent reoperation showed no improvement in quality of life at the long-term follow-up. Conclusions: The surgical removal of endometriotic lesions has a positive long-term impact on the quality of life, as measured by Endometriosis Health Profile-30. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

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11 pages, 2116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin B Complex in Peripheral Nerve Injury Recovery: An Experimental Rat Model Study

by Ahmet Kahraman, Metin Temel, Numan Atilgan, Ahmet Saray and Recep Dokuyucu

Medicina 2024, 60(9), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60091556 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Vitamin B complexes are frequently used in clinical practice for peripheral nerve trauma. However, there is a lack of scientific data on their effectiveness. This study aims to investigate the impact of the vitamin B complex on nerve recovery in a [...] Read more.

Objectives: Vitamin B complexes are frequently used in clinical practice for peripheral nerve trauma. However, there is a lack of scientific data on their effectiveness. This study aims to investigate the impact of the vitamin B complex on nerve recovery in a rat model of peripheral nerve paralysis. Materials and Methods: Sixty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into six groups. Models of nerve injury, including blunt trauma, nerve incision, and autograft, were performed on all rats approximately 1 cm distal to the sciatic notch. B-complex vitamins were injected intraperitoneally at 0.2 mL/day to the treatment groups. The control groups were given 0.2 mL/day saline. After 1 month, the study was terminated, electromyography (EMG) was performed to measure the conduction velocity, and nerve tissue was taken from the repair line. The sciatic function indexes (SFIs) were calculated and analyzed. The histopathological samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Toluidine blue and examined with a light microscope. Pathologically, myelination, fibrosis, edema, and mast cell densities in the nervous tissue were evaluated. Results: The vitamin B treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in SFI compared to the control groups, indicating functional improvement in nerve damage (p < 0.05). In the nerve graft group, the vitamin B group showed a shorter latency, higher velocity, and larger peak-to-peak compared to the controls (p < 0.05). In the nerve transection group, the vitamin B group had better latency, velocity, and peak-to-peak values than the controls (p < 0.05). In the crush injury group, the vitamin B group exhibited an improved latency, velocity, and peak-to-peak compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Better myelination, less fibrosis, edema, and mast cells were also in the vitamin B group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Vitamin B treatment significantly improves nerve healing and function in peripheral nerve injuries. It enhances nerve conduction, reduces fibrosis, and promotes myelination, indicating its therapeutic potential in nerve regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Therapies for Trauma and Surgical Critical Care)

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24 pages, 6128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Easy and Fast Obtention of ZnO by Thermal Decomposition of Zinc Acetate and Its Photocatalytic Properties over Rhodamine B Dye

by Dalete Araujo de Souza, Pedro Hyug de Almeida da Silva, Francisco Paulino da Silva, Yonny Romaguera-Barcelay, Robson Dantas Ferreira, Edgar Alves Araujo Junior, José Fábio de Lima Nascimento, Fagner Ferreira da Costa, Litiko Lopes Takeno, Yurimiler Leyet Ruiz, Lianet Aguilera Dominguez, Walter Ricardo Brito and Francisco Xavier Nobre

Colorants 2024, 3(3), 229-252; https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants3030016 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study presents a simple, low-cost, and efficient route to obtain zinc oxide by adopting the thermal decomposition method of zinc acetate at 300 (Gr@ZnO_300), 400 (Gr@ZnO_400), 500 (Gr@ZnO_500), and 600 °C (Gr@ZnO_600) for 1 h. The diffraction patterns collected for the samples [...] Read more.

This study presents a simple, low-cost, and efficient route to obtain zinc oxide by adopting the thermal decomposition method of zinc acetate at 300 (Gr@ZnO_300), 400 (Gr@ZnO_400), 500 (Gr@ZnO_500), and 600 °C (Gr@ZnO_600) for 1 h. The diffraction patterns collected for the samples indicated the majority formation of the hexagonal phase (P63mc) for zinc oxide and residual amounts for graphitic carbon, which has a hexagonal structure of space group P63/mmc. The images collected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of sub-microcrystals with elongated rod-shaped morphology, with dimensions between 0.223 and 1.09 μm. The optical and colourimetric properties of the obtained materials indicate the presence of graphitic carbon in the samples, corroborating the analysis by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, with an optical bandgap close to 3.21 eV, and energies of the valence (E_VB) and conduction (E_CB) bands of 2.89 eV and −0.31 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic performance at 20 min of exposure time under UV light of all prepared samples in the decolourisation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye solutions follows the order Gr@ZnO_300 (95.6%) > Gr@ZnO_600 (92.8%) > Gr@ZnO_400 (84.0%) > Gr@ZnO_500 (78.1%), where the photocatalytic performance of Gr@ZnO_300 sample was 16.5 times more effective than the photolysis test. Moreover, the results confirmed that the best performance was archived at pH = 10, and the holes (h⁺) and superoxide (O₂^•−) radicals are the main species involved in the discolouration of RhB dye molecules in an aqueous medium. Finally, the reusability experiment shows high stability of the Gr@ZnO_300 sample as a solid photocatalyst and cycling capability, which obtained total discolouration of RhB of a solution under five cycling experiments of 60 min of exposure to UV light at room temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Colorant Chemistry)

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