Sustainability

Editorial

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6 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Exploring the Role of Science in Sustainable Landscape Management. An Introduction to the Special Issue

by Paul Opdam

Wageningen University and Research, Land Use Planning Group and Alterra, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020331 - 28 Jan 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4441

Abstract

In this special issue, landscapes are conceptualized as social-ecological systems resulting from the interaction between societal and natural processes. Landscapes produce services and values to stakeholders that share a particular geographical area. In view of landscape sustainability, these stakeholders have common responsibilities to [...] Read more.

In this special issue, landscapes are conceptualized as social-ecological systems resulting from the interaction between societal and natural processes. Landscapes produce services and values to stakeholders that share a particular geographical area. In view of landscape sustainability, these stakeholders have common responsibilities to retain the functioning of landscapes to service future generations. Also, because demands for landscape services overlap and require landscape wide management, users and owners of the landscape have common interests in creating added value and organizing landscape wide coordination of interventions. This interdependency calls for collaborative management, but is also a cause of conflicts. From the point of view of scientific support, there is a need for interdisciplinary and solution-oriented approaches that foster collaboration. This special issue presents innovative interdisciplinary approaches that illustrate the main challenges for science to support community-based landscape governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Landscape Management)

16 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Innovation in the European Energy Sector and Regulatory Responses to It: Guest Editorial Note

by Thomas Hoppe^1,*

, Anna Butenko² and Michiel Heldeweg³

¹ Organisation and Governance (OG), Department of Multi-Actor Systems (MAS), Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management (TPM), Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands

² Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC), Tilburg University, Professor Cobbenhagenlaan 221, Montesquieu Building, 5037 DE Tilburg, The Netherlands

³ Department of Technology and Governance for Sustainability (CSTM), Institute for Innovation and Governance Studies (IGS), Faculty of Behavioral, Management and Social Studies (BMS), University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020416 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3936

Abstract

The European energy sector is an important economic sector that is also traditionally highly regulated. With the increasing tempo in which innovations in technology and markets occur, catalysed inter alia by the energy transition and accompanied by new formats of innovation (disruptive and [...] Read more.

The European energy sector is an important economic sector that is also traditionally highly regulated. With the increasing tempo in which innovations in technology and markets occur, catalysed inter alia by the energy transition and accompanied by new formats of innovation (disruptive and bottom-up), the question arises whether existing regulatory frameworks sufficiently allow for such innovation and support its further development. From an editorial perspective, we argue that decentralization of energy production on the national level and that of regulatory responses to it, need more scholarly attention. In this guest editorial, the contributions of nine articles to our special issue on innovation in the European energy sector and regulatory responses to it, are addressed. First, lessons on regulatory response to innovations in European energy markets are drawn. Second, several types of responses are deduced and discussed. Finally, key observations and suggestions for further research are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in the European Energy Sector and Regulatory Responses to It)

8 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia

by Yongrok Choi

Department of International Trade and Regional Studies, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020548 - 21 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3990

Abstract

The Northeast Asian countries are the most pro-active regions in the world to take on the challenges of sustainable development. With this background, there has been an annual series of Sustainable Asia Conferences (SAC) which date back to the first inaugural meeting in [...] Read more.

The Northeast Asian countries are the most pro-active regions in the world to take on the challenges of sustainable development. With this background, there has been an annual series of Sustainable Asia Conferences (SAC) which date back to the first inaugural meeting in 2009. This special issue consists of selected papers from the SAC 2017, held in Nanjing, China, from 23–25 June. With ten years of accumulated experience, SAC became one of the leading international conferences for presenting innovative or fundamental advances in sustainable development issues for Asia. Over time, SAC introduced more performance-oriented approaches to handle the feasibility of the sustainable development solutions. In this special issue, most of the papers focused on the precise and accurate sustainable governance mechanism in harmonizing economic development with a healthier life, while enhancing the quality of all standards of living. The majority of papers in this special issue also deal with two important pillars of the sustainable development: regional cooperation and regulatory effectiveness. This special edition will propose unique implications and feasible or workable suggestions against global warming and environmental degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

19 pages, 4462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Queuing-Network Design for Airport Security Based on the Monte Carlo Method

by Xiangqian Xu¹

, Zhexuan Zhou¹, Yajie Dou^1,*, Yuejin Tan¹ and Tianjun Liao²

¹ College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan, China

² State Key Laboratory of Complex System Simulation, Beijing Institute of System Engineering, 10 An Xiang Bei Li Road, Beijing 100101, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020001 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 223 | Viewed by 9131

Abstract

The design of airport queuing networks is a significant research field currently for researchers. Many factors must to be considered in order to achieve the optimized strategies, including the passenger flow volume, boarding time, and boarding order of passengers. Optimizing these factors lead [...] Read more.

The design of airport queuing networks is a significant research field currently for researchers. Many factors must to be considered in order to achieve the optimized strategies, including the passenger flow volume, boarding time, and boarding order of passengers. Optimizing these factors lead to the sustainable development of the queuing network, which currently faces a few difficulties. In particular, the high variance in checkpoint lines can be extremely costly to passengers as they arrive unduly early or possibly miss their scheduled flights. In this article, the Monte Carlo method is used to design the queuing network so as to achieve sustainable development. Thereafter, a network diagram is used to determine the critical working point, and design a structurally and functionally sustainable network. Finally, a case study for a sustainable queuing-network design in the airport is conducted to verify the efficiency of the proposed model. Specifically, three sustainable queuing-network design solutions are proposed, all of which not only maintain the same standards of security, but also increase checkpoint throughput and reduce passenger waiting time variance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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17 pages, 4039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of User Criteria in the Context of Sustainability of Modern Methods of Construction Based on Wood

by Jozef Švajlenka^*

and Mária Kozlovská

Department of Construction Technology and Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Vysokoškolská 4, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020116 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5617

Abstract

Recent developments in the construction industry have brought more efficient and sustainable technologies, technological procedures, and materials. An example of this are modern methods of construction, which offer larger production volumes with a higher quality and shorter procurement time. The goal of those [...] Read more.

Recent developments in the construction industry have brought more efficient and sustainable technologies, technological procedures, and materials. An example of this are modern methods of construction, which offer larger production volumes with a higher quality and shorter procurement time. The goal of those methods is to improve construction sustainability through quality improvement, customer satisfaction, shortened construction time, and reduced environmental impact. The main goal of this research is to demonstrate, by means of theoretical assumptions, surveys, and analyses, the sustainability of modern methods of construction based on wood. The work focuses on identifying the user criteria for construction sustainability. Selected user criteria of construction sustainability are applied in a socio-economic survey whose purpose is to determine how users perceive the efficiency of selected construction systems. We evaluate certain user parameters in the context of sustainability by relying on the users of buildings (family houses) which have already been built and compare the results with declared design parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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21 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Socio-Economic Indicators on Sustainable Consumption of Domestic Electricity in Lithuania

by Sergej Vojtovic^1,*, Alina Stundziene² and Rima Kontautiene²

¹ Department of Management and Human Resources Development, Alexander Dubcek University, 91150 Trencin, Slovakia

² School of Economics and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 44239 Kaunas, Lithuania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020162 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5494

Abstract

Lithuania is one of the EU Member States, where the rate of energy consumption is comparatively low but consumption of electricity has been gradually increasing over the last few years. Despite this trend, households in only three EU Member States consume less electricity [...] Read more.

Lithuania is one of the EU Member States, where the rate of energy consumption is comparatively low but consumption of electricity has been gradually increasing over the last few years. Despite this trend, households in only three EU Member States consume less electricity than Lithuanian households. The purpose of this research is to analyse the impact of socio-economic factors on the domestic electricity consumption in Lithuania, i.e., to establish whether electricity consumption is determined by socio-economic conditions or population’s awareness to save energy. Cointegration analysis, causality test and error-correction model were used for the analysis. The results reveal that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between residential electricity consumption per capita and GDP at current prices as well as the ratio of the registered unemployed to the working-age population. In consequence, the results of the research propose that improvement of living standards for Lithuanian community calls for the necessity to pay particular attention to the promotion of sustainable electricity consumption by providing consumers with appropriate information and feedback in order to seek new energy-related consumption practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Electric Power Systems Research)

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23 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Historic Waterfront Revitalization Decision Support Tool for Attracting Tourists

by Ali Keyvanfar^1,2,3,4

, Arezou Shafaghat^2,3,4,*, Sapura Mohamad³

, Mu’azu Mohammed Abdullahi⁵

, Hamidah Ahmad³, Nurul Hidayah Mohd Derus³ and Majid Khorami¹

¹ Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Calle Rumipamba s/n y Bourgeois, Quito 170508, Ecuador

² MIT-UTM MSCP Program, Institute Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia

³ Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia

⁴ The School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak Street, Tehran 1684613114, Iran

⁵ Civil Engineering Department, Jubail University College, Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020215 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7636

Abstract

Waterfront revitalization would be an effective strategy to preserve heritages, conserve the contaminated or abandoned site and inspire the identity and authenticity. However, there is no decision support tool to quantify and evaluate the sustainability accreditation of waterfronts in tourism attraction. This research [...] Read more.

Waterfront revitalization would be an effective strategy to preserve heritages, conserve the contaminated or abandoned site and inspire the identity and authenticity. However, there is no decision support tool to quantify and evaluate the sustainability accreditation of waterfronts in tourism attraction. This research aimed to identify the most potential waterfront typology in tourism attraction and develop the waterfront sustainable revitalization (SWR) index assessment model. The SWR index can assist policy makers and urban developers to analyze the heritage waterfronts using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The research found out the historic waterfront has the highest potential in tourism attraction among other typologies. And, pollution moderator is mostly important sub-criterion in tourism absorption (W_C2.2 = 0.1294); followed by Identity (W_C1.2 = 0.1272) and Safety and well-being (W_C1.3 = 0.1043). The SWR index can be applied in any waterfronts in heritage cities around the world, while this research implemented it as a case study in Bandar Maharani, Muar, Malaysia. It resulted Bandar Maharani was ranked as grade C; means, usable waterfront to which extent environmental, social and physical revitalization are needed. The SWR index can be coupled with other decision-making methods in future, to reduce its inconsistencies and increasing accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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14 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Czech Machinery Cluster and Its Role in Sustainable Development of Moravian-Silesian Enterprises during the Post-Transformation Era

by Jan Suchacek^1,*, Hana Stverkova²

and Josef Kasik²

¹ Department of Regional and Environmental Economics, Faculty of Economics, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic

² Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economics, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020239 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5059

Abstract

The paper intends to contribute to the field of geographical economics by an extensive questionnaire survey carried out in Moravian-Silesian region, which represents one of territories of traditional industry in the Czech Republic. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess [...] Read more.

The paper intends to contribute to the field of geographical economics by an extensive questionnaire survey carried out in Moravian-Silesian region, which represents one of territories of traditional industry in the Czech Republic. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess the co-operation among enterprises, educational institutions, and public administration from the perspective of sustainability in the Moravian-Silesian region during its post-transformation era. The article deals specifically with the Czech machinery cluster. The research question that lies behind the survey is as follows: Is the co-operation of entities present in the Czech machinery cluster beneficial to the parties involved? The contribution of the paper is in uncovering the role of this cluster in the sustainable development of Moravian-Silesian enterprises during post-transformation period. Since the Moravian-Silesian region is a typical old industrial region, which moreover underwent a difficult transformation process, there are numerous peculiarities in functioning of its enterprises. Machinery was traditionally one of the supportive pillars of regional industry and it is not surprising that the machinery cluster was created as the first one. Yet, regional characteristics lie behind specific trajectories towards economic sustainability. The above ways toward economic sustainability differ markedly from the concepts that are in vogue in developed western territories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alliances and Network Organizations for Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 8958 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Potential Climate Change Effects on the Rice Yield and Water Footprint in the Nanliujiang Catchment, China

by Mingzhi Yang¹, Weihua Xiao^1,*, Yong Zhao^1,*

, Xudong Li¹, Ya Huang², Fan Lu¹, Baodeng Hou¹

and Baoqi Li¹

¹ State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China

² College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020242 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5902

Abstract

The Nanliujiang catchment is one of major rice production bases of South China. Irrigation districts play an important role in rice production which requires a large quantity of water. There are potential risks on future climate change in response to rice production, agricultural [...] Read more.

The Nanliujiang catchment is one of major rice production bases of South China. Irrigation districts play an important role in rice production which requires a large quantity of water. There are potential risks on future climate change in response to rice production, agricultural irrigation water use and pollution control locally. The SWAT model was used to quantify the yield and water footprint (WF) of rice in this catchment. A combined method of automatic and manual sub-basin delineation was used for the model setup in this work to reflect the differences between irrigation districts in yield and water use of rice. We validated our simulations against observed leaf area index, biomass and yield of rice, evapotranspiration and runoff. The outputs of three GCMs (GFDL-ESM2M, IPSL-CM5A-LR and HadGEM2-ES) under three RCPs (RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5) were fed to the SWAT model. The results showed that: (a) the SWAT model is an ideal tool to simulate rice development as well as hydrology; (b) there would be increases in rice yield ranged from +1.4 to +10.6% under climate projections of GFDL-ESM2M and IPSL-CM5A-LR but slight decreases ranged from −3.5 to −0.8% under that of HadGEM2-ES; (c) the yield and WFs of rice displayed clear differences in the catchment, with a characteristic that high in the south and low in the north, mainly due to the differences in climatic conditions, soil quality and fertilization amount; (d) there would be a decrease by 45.5% in blue WF with an increase by 88.1% in green WF, which could provide favorable conditions to enlarge irrigated areas and take technical measures for improving green water use efficiency of irrigation districts; (e) a clear rise in future grey WF would present enormous challenges for the protection of water resources and environmental pollution control in this catchment. So it should be to improved nutrient management strategies for the agricultural non-point source pollution control in irrigation districts, especially for the Hongchaojiang and Hepu irrigation districts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology, Water Quality and Ecology)

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12 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Traceability System for Improved Utilization of Solid Biofuel from Agricultural Prunings

by Techane Bosona^1,*

, Girma Gebresenbet¹ and Sven-Olof Olsson²

¹ Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 75651 Uppsala, Sweden

² Mobitron AB, P.O. Box 56146 Huskvarna, Sweden

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020258 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3973

Abstract

Biomass production and supply for renewable energy generation should be managed well and carried out in a sustainable manner. An effective traceability system (TS) is required to provide sufficient information and assure the quality of the biomass. The objective of this study is [...] Read more.

Biomass production and supply for renewable energy generation should be managed well and carried out in a sustainable manner. An effective traceability system (TS) is required to provide sufficient information and assure the quality of the biomass. The objective of this study is to define and develop a TS to assure the pruning biomass quality for the production of solid biofuels and to provide guarantee to the final user that the biomass is in good condition according to recommended quality criteria. It is designed for an agricultural pruning supply chain in which farmers, biomass traders, transporters, and end users are major actors. It is based on the biofuel quality requirements required by final users and other standards such as the new European standards EN 14961-1, EN15234:1-2011, and EN14961-1:2010, which describe solid fuel quality parameters. Traceable quality parameters include origin and source of product, traded form, bale dimension, chips size distribution, moisture content, ash content, and density of biomass. In this TS, a unique product label is introduced and integrated into a smart logistics system (SLS). The TS uses information captured at different stages of the product supply chain. It enables the management of the whole pruning biomass supply chain with the support of a centralized web-based information platform, an integral part of the SLS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Conversion into Biofuels and Carbon-based Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

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19 pages, 5016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses of Urban Land Surface Temperature on Land Cover: A Comparative Study of Vienna and Madrid

by Han Xiao^1,2, Monika Kopecká³

, Shan Guo¹, Yanning Guan^1,*, Danlu Cai¹

, Chunyan Zhang¹, Xiaoxin Zhang^1,2 and Wutao Yao^1,2

¹ Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ Institute of Geography, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 814 73, Slovakia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020260 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5393

Abstract

The relationship between the land cover (LC) characteristics and the land surface temperature (LST) is significant for surface urban heat island (SUHI) study and for sustainability research. To better understand how the land surface temperature (LST) responds to LC, two urban areas, Vienna [...] Read more.

The relationship between the land cover (LC) characteristics and the land surface temperature (LST) is significant for surface urban heat island (SUHI) study and for sustainability research. To better understand how the land surface temperature (LST) responds to LC, two urban areas, Vienna and Madrid, with different climatic conditions are selected and compared, using Landsat-8 OLI data and urban atlas data. To determine a suitable scale for analyzing the relationship between LC and LST, a correlation analysis at different sizes of spatial analytical scales is applied. To demonstrate the LC composition effects on LST, a regression analysis of the whole study area and in the specific circumstance is undertaken. The results show that: (1) In the summer, Vienna presents high temperature in the urban areas and low temperature in the surrounding rural areas, while Madrid displays the opposite appearance, being relatively cooler in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas, with the main different factors affecting elevated urban LST; (2) Suitable analytical scales are suggested in studying the LC–LST relationship between different LC characteristics in the two study areas; (3) Negative effects on the LST appear when the area of cooling sources, such as water or urban greenery, reaches 10% at a 990 × 990 m² scale in Vienna. Built-up area is the main factor affecting elevated urban LST where such areas cover the majority at a 990 × 990 m² scale in Madrid. These findings provide a valuable view regarding how to balance the urban surface thermal environment through urban planning. Full article

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17 pages, 4767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adapting Bioretention Construction Details to Local Practices in Finland

by Outi Tahvonen

Bioeconomy Research Unit, Häme University of Applied Sciences (HAMK), Lepaantie 129, FI-14610 Lepaa, Finland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020276 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7437

Abstract

Bioretention is a method of storm water management that includes several processes following the natural hydrological cycle. Bioretention, or variations of it, include rain gardens and bioswales, infiltrates, filtrates, evapotranspirates, and help to store and manage storm water run-off. A bioretention cell retains [...] Read more.

Bioretention is a method of storm water management that includes several processes following the natural hydrological cycle. Bioretention, or variations of it, include rain gardens and bioswales, infiltrates, filtrates, evapotranspirates, and help to store and manage storm water run-off. A bioretention cell retains water, removes pollutants, and provides water elements for urban green areas. Although bioretention is a promising method for multifunctional storm water management, its construction details should not be copied from other climatic areas. A direct application may dismiss local conditions, materials, and construction practices. This study aimed to adapt construction details for bioretention to Finnish local practices and conditions and to formulate bioretention constructions that balance water, soil, and vegetation. First, construction details were reviewed, then local adaptations were applied, and finally, the application and two variations of growing media in two construction depths were tested in a test field in Southern Finland. Sandy growing media allowed the efficient retention of water during the first year, but failed to provide vital growth. The use of topsoil and compost in the growing media improved growth, but held high electrical conductivity after infiltration. All the experimental cells in the test field showed activity during the melting periods, both during winter and spring. If bioretention plays a multifunctional role in urban design and engineered ecology, the design parameters should not only focus on storm water quantity, but also on quality management and vegetation growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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12 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Feasibility Study on the Application of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Steel Slag for Railway Ballast Material

by Taehoon Koh^1,*, Sung-Woo Moon²

, Hyuksang Jung³, Yeonung Jeong⁴

and Sukhoon Pyo¹

¹ New Transportation Systems Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Railroad Museum Road, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do 16105, Korea

² Department of Civil Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 53 Qabanbay Batyr Ave, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan

³ Department of Railroad Construction & Safety Engineering, Dongyang University, 145 Dongyangdaero Punggi-eup, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36040, Korea

⁴ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020284 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6271

Abstract

Railway ballast, for which natural crushed stone aggregates have been generally used, is an essential track component for the distribution of train loads along the rails and sleepers to the roadbed. However, the use of natural crushed stone aggregate causes environmental destruction as [...] Read more.

Railway ballast, for which natural crushed stone aggregates have been generally used, is an essential track component for the distribution of train loads along the rails and sleepers to the roadbed. However, the use of natural crushed stone aggregate causes environmental destruction as well as dust production in train service. This paper evaluates the feasibility of using the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag as railway ballast material. A series of physical and chemical quality tests are performed to investigate the characteristics of the materials associated with the effect of aging period due to the remaining free CaO and MgO in the BOF steel slag. Three different aging periods (i.e., 0, 3, and 6 months) are used to compare with various standards and the properties of the crushed stone aggregates. It is demonstrated that the physical and chemical properties of the BOF steel slag with different aging periods satisfy all requirements of standards sufficiently. Especially, the BOF steel slag without aging (i.e., 0 month) provides the similar physical and chemical properties, when compared to the BOF steel slag with aging (i.e., 3 and 6 months). Thus, it is possible to apply the BOF steel slag regardless of aging periods to the railway ballast materials instead of natural crushed stone aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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16 pages, 2230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migrating towards Using Electric Vehicles in Campus-Proposed Methods for Fleet Optimization

by Taekwan Yoon^1,*

and Christopher R. Cherry²

¹ Smart Infrastructure Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 5 Gukchaegyeonguwon-ro, Sejong-si 30147, Korea

² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, 311 John D. Tickle Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-2313, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020285 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3813

Abstract

Managing a fleet efficiently to address demand within cost constraints is a challenge. Mismatched fleet size and demand can create suboptimal budget allocations and inconvenience users. To address this problem, many studies have been conducted around heterogeneous fleet optimization. That research has not [...] Read more.

Managing a fleet efficiently to address demand within cost constraints is a challenge. Mismatched fleet size and demand can create suboptimal budget allocations and inconvenience users. To address this problem, many studies have been conducted around heterogeneous fleet optimization. That research has not included an examination of different vehicle types with travel distance constraints. This study focuses on optimizing the University of Tennessee (UT) motor pool which has a heterogeneous fleet that includes electric vehicles (EVs) with a travel distance and recharge time constraint. After assessing UT motor pool trip patterns as a case study, a queuing model was used to estimate the maximum number of each vehicle type needed to minimize the expected customer wait time to near zero. The break-even point is used for the optimization model to constrain the minimum number of years that electric vehicles should be operated under the no-subsidy assumption. The results show that the fleet has surplus vehicles. In addition to reducing the number of vehicles, total fleet costs could be minimized by using electric vehicles for all trips less than 100 miles. The models are flexible and can be applied and help fleet managers make decisions about fleet size and EV adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Optimization of Alternative-Energy Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation)

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17 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inelastic Supply of Fossil Energy and Competing Environmental Regulatory Policies

by Sungwan Hong

and Seung-Gyu Sim^*

Graduate School of Economics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020287 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3878

Abstract

The inelastic supply of fossil energy in the international input market precipitates failure of Pigouvian taxation consequent to competition among governments, as imposition of an environmental tax increases (decreases) the marginal cost of domestic (foreign) firms. This paper demonstrates that unless the supply [...] Read more.

The inelastic supply of fossil energy in the international input market precipitates failure of Pigouvian taxation consequent to competition among governments, as imposition of an environmental tax increases (decreases) the marginal cost of domestic (foreign) firms. This paper demonstrates that unless the supply of fossil energy is perfectly elastic, cap-and-trade outperforms Pigouvian taxation in terms of the domestic welfare of adopting countries, and global welfare is maximized when all countries implement the alternative scheme. We further demonstrate that the linkage of permit markets, when the energy supply is sufficiently inelastic, improves global welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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13 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Soil and Water Control Technology (SWCT) in Keita Valley, a Semi-Arid Area of Niger

by Boureima Yacouba Karidjo¹, Zhanqi Wang^1,*, Yamba Boubacar² and Chao Wei¹

¹ Land Resources Management, Faculty of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

² Geography, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, Abdoumoumouni University, PO Box 418, Niamey, Niger

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020288 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4105

Abstract

The Ader Doutchi Maggia in Niger, as with other Sahelian zones, undergoes a process of climatic deterioration, which combines with the growing social and economic needs of the increasing population and causes a general economic crisis. Land degradation due to biophysical factors requires [...] Read more.

The Ader Doutchi Maggia in Niger, as with other Sahelian zones, undergoes a process of climatic deterioration, which combines with the growing social and economic needs of the increasing population and causes a general economic crisis. Land degradation due to biophysical factors requires that priority action is given to land reclamation and soil conservation and to activities intended to increase agricultural production. This paper takes a look at socio-economic and established factors affecting the adoption of soil and water control technology (SWCT) in Keita valley, a semi-arid area in the central of Niger. Well-designed questionnaire survey on key agents was used to gather the indispensable data from farm ménages. The binary dichotomous logistic regression model prognosticated six factors to be affecting the adoption of soil and water control technology in Keita. These variables cover the gender of the respondent, age of the household’s head, income evolution within the family, small craft referring to off farm income, training provides by local institutions, use of credit and, possession of full rights on land and its resources. The results revealed that diffusion of adoption from local organized community is a good alternative to increase the adoption of soil and water control technology in Keita valley agriculture system in Niger. Researchers and policy makers should conceive proper strategies and agenda reflecting the farmers’ interest, position and restriction in advocating new technologies for greater assumption and adoption by the farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Uses and Rural Governance)

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23 pages, 3370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Urban Resilience through Inter-City Networks of Co-Invention: A Case Study of U.S. Cities

by Der-Shiuan Lee

Department of Urban Planning and Development Management, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020289 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4708

Abstract

Knowledge creation involves social and collaborative processes with local and extra-local partners. The space of knowledge flows functions as a system of networks where knowledge is transmitted around different alignments of agents in distant places. Scholars argue that the concept of urban resilience [...] Read more.

Knowledge creation involves social and collaborative processes with local and extra-local partners. The space of knowledge flows functions as a system of networks where knowledge is transmitted around different alignments of agents in distant places. Scholars argue that the concept of urban resilience combines local and extra-local competencies to develop an inter-city system, this is a major strategy for cities to mitigate and adapt to climate change and economic recession. Little attention has been given to the role of networks in co-invention and few empirical studies have been conducted. This article provides insights into the structure of inter-city networks of co-invention by examining the relative importance of the network compared with spatial proximity in biotechnology co-patenting across 150 American cities from 1983 to 2013. Results show that the U.S. inter-city structure gradually becomes more explicit, apparent, and identifiable in the network-based system. Network proximity better defines the biotechnology co-patenting relationships among the U.S. cities compared with spatial proximity. The current inter-city networks of co-invention are mostly regional, with some national but few local ties. This structure provides a way to develop mitigation and adaptation policies for climate disasters or economic recessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Architectural and Urban Design)

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24 pages, 458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Role of Childhood Experiences in Developing Altruistic and Knowledge Sharing Behaviors among Children in Their Later Life: A Partial Least Squares (PLS) Path Modeling Approach

by Imran Ali¹, Murad Ali^1,*, Saeed Badghish¹ and Thamer Ahmad S. Baazeem²

¹ Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

² Faculty of Business, and Research and Consulting Institute (RACI), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020292 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5190

Abstract

Previous research on child development advocates that motivating children to make a choice to forfeit their own toys with others develop sharing behavior in later life. Borrowing the conceptual background from the child development theory, this study proposes a model of knowledge sharing [...] Read more.

Previous research on child development advocates that motivating children to make a choice to forfeit their own toys with others develop sharing behavior in later life. Borrowing the conceptual background from the child development theory, this study proposes a model of knowledge sharing behavior among individuals at the workplace. The study proposes a unique conceptual model that integrates the cognitive/behavioral, and other childhood theories to explain the knowledge sharing behavior among individuals. The study uses psychological, cognitive, behavioral and social learning theories to explain the development of altruistic behavior in childhood as a determinant of knowledge sharing behavior. This study develops and empirically tests a research framework which explains the role of childhood experiences in developing altruistic behavior among children and the translation of this altruistic behavior into knowledge sharing behavior later in their professional life. This study explores those relationships using PLS-SEM with data from 310 individuals from Pakistan. The study concludes the role of parents and child-rearing practices as central in developing children’s altruistic attitude that leads to knowledge sharing behavior in their later life. The implications and future research directions are discussed in details. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Statistical Techniques and Sustainability Studies: Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on PLS and Related Methods (PLS'17))

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13 pages, 4671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing an Accessible Landslide Susceptibility Model Using Open-Source Resources

by Kyungjin An¹

, Suyeon Kim², Taebyeong Chae³ and Daeryong Park^4,*

¹ Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea

² Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea

³ Satellite Information Promotion Team, National Satellite Operation & Application Center, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), Daejeon 34133, Korea

⁴ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020293 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5018

Abstract

Landslide susceptibility models are important for public safety, but often rely on inaccessible or unaffordable software and geospatial data. Thus, affordable and accessible landslide prediction systems would be especially useful in places that lack the infrastructure for acquiring and analyzing geospatial data. Current [...] Read more.

Landslide susceptibility models are important for public safety, but often rely on inaccessible or unaffordable software and geospatial data. Thus, affordable and accessible landslide prediction systems would be especially useful in places that lack the infrastructure for acquiring and analyzing geospatial data. Current landslide susceptibility models and existing methodologies do not consider such issues; therefore, this study aimed to develop an accessible and affordable landslide susceptibility modeling application and methodology based on open-source software and geospatial data. This model used TRIGRS (asc format) and QGIS (Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) extracted from GeoTIFF format) with widely accessible environmental parameters to identify potential landslide risks. In order to verify the suitability of the proposed application and methodology, a case study was conducted on Lantau Island, Hong Kong to assess the validity of the results, a comparison with 1999 landslide locations. The application developed in this study showed a good agreement with the four previous landslide locations marked as highly susceptible, which proves the validity of the study. Therefore, the developing model and the cost-effective approach, in this study simulated the landslide performance well and suggested the new approach of the landslide prediction system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation and Sustainable Management of Land)

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23 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Perceptions in Romanian Non-Profit Organizations: An Exploratory Study Using Success Factor Analysis

by Sebastian Ion Ceptureanu^1,*

, Eduard Gabriel Ceptureanu¹

, Vlad Liviu Bogdan² and Violeta Radulescu³

¹ Department of Management, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest 010374, Romania

² Department of Tourism and Geography, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest 010374, Romania

³ Department of Marketing, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest 010374, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020294 - 23 Jan 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5738

Abstract

This paper analyses sustainability perceptions in Romanian non-profits by investigating 81 non-profits managers and board members. Using a multidimensional sustainability measurement framework, Success Factor Analysis, as a conceptual model, we measured perceptions on 5 critical sustainability factors: People, Business Model, Operations, Strategy and [...] Read more.

This paper analyses sustainability perceptions in Romanian non-profits by investigating 81 non-profits managers and board members. Using a multidimensional sustainability measurement framework, Success Factor Analysis, as a conceptual model, we measured perceptions on 5 critical sustainability factors: People, Business Model, Operations, Strategy and Culture and concluded that there are significant differences in the perceptions of sustainability depending on respondents’ previous failure experiences. While those which previously experienced failure adopt a long-term approach based on marketization, clear accountability standards and rely on strategy, while the others prefer a short-term approach, focused more on non-profits operations and focus on human resources. Full article

20 pages, 2954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Relationships of the Effects of Topographic Characteristics and Susceptible Tree Cover on Burn Severity

by Hyun-Joo Lee¹, Yun Eui Choi²

and Sang-Woo Lee^3,*

¹ Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

² Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea

³ Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020295 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3661

Abstract

Forest fires and burn severity mosaics have profound impacts on the post-fire dynamics and complexity of forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between topographic variables and susceptible tree covers with regard to burn severity. However, these relationships have not been fully [...] Read more.

Forest fires and burn severity mosaics have profound impacts on the post-fire dynamics and complexity of forest ecosystems. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between topographic variables and susceptible tree covers with regard to burn severity. However, these relationships have not been fully elucidated, because most studies have assumed linearity in these relationships. Therefore, we examined the linearity and the nonlinearity in the relationships between topographic variables and susceptible tree covers with burn severity by comparing linear and nonlinear models. The site of the Samcheok fire, the largest recorded forest fire in Korea, was used as the study area. We generated 802 grid cells with a 500-m resolution that encompassed the entire study area and collected a dataset that included the topographic variables and percentage of red pine trees, which are the most susceptible tree cover types in Korea. We used conventional linear models and generalized additive models to estimate the linear and the nonlinear models based on topographic variables and Japanese red pine trees. The results revealed that the percentage of red pine trees had linear effects on burn severity, reinforcing the importance of silviculture and forest management to lower burn severity. Meanwhile, the topographic variables had nonlinear effects on burn severity. Among the topographic variables, elevation had the strongest nonlinear effect on burn severity, possibly by overriding the effects of susceptible fuels over elevation effects or due to the nonlinear effects of topographic characteristics on pre-fire fuel conditions, including the spatial distribution and availability of susceptible tree cover. To validate and generalize the nonlinear effects of elevation and other topographic variables, additional research is required at different fire sites with different tree cover types in different geographic locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Carbon Neutral by 2021: The Past and Present of Costa Rica’s Unusual Political Tradition

by Julia A. Flagg

Sociology Department and Environmental Studies Program, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020296 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9819

Abstract

Costa Rica has pledged to become the first nation to become carbon neutral. This event raises the important question of how to understand this contemporary form of climate politics, given that Costa Rica has made an almost negligible contribution to the problem of [...] Read more.

Costa Rica has pledged to become the first nation to become carbon neutral. This event raises the important question of how to understand this contemporary form of climate politics, given that Costa Rica has made an almost negligible contribution to the problem of global climate change. To understand this pledge, a case study spanning about 200 years situates the pledge within the country’s unique historical profile. An analysis of interview data, archival research, and secondary data reveals that the pledge is the latest instance in Costa Rica’s unusual political tradition. This political tradition dates back to the area’s experience as a Spanish colony and as a newly independent nation. Several events, including the abolition of the army, the work on green development, and being awarded a Nobel Peace Prize were all foundational in forming Costa Rica’s tradition as a place that leads by example and stands for peace and protection of nature. The carbon neutral pledge extends the political tradition that has been established through these earlier events. This case highlights the importance of understanding contemporary environmental politics through an analysis of long-term, historical data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability)

12 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What is Private Land Stewardship? Lessons from Agricultural Opinion Leaders in North Carolina

by Shari L. Rodriguez^1,*

, M. Nils Peterson², Frederick W. Cubbage³, Erin O. Sills³

and Howard D. Bondell⁴

¹ Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

² Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

³ Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

⁴ School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020297 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3477

Abstract

The development of private land is a significant conservation concern globally. To conserve the ecosystem services associated with private lands, conservationists must understand landowner conceptions of stewardship and its role in decisions about land and natural resources. We began addressing this need with [...] Read more.

The development of private land is a significant conservation concern globally. To conserve the ecosystem services associated with private lands, conservationists must understand landowner conceptions of stewardship and its role in decisions about land and natural resources. We began addressing this need with a survey of North Carolina Farm Bureau county advisory board members in North Carolina (n = 735). Nearly all respondents self-identified as stewards of the land (97%). More respondents indicated their stewardship responsibility was owed to future generations (87%) and family (77%), rather than to the community (41%) or society (26%). Respondents associated stewardship more with using natural resources wisely (78%) than leaving natural resources untouched (31%). Plans to bequeath land to relatives, the importance of soil conservation, and past participation in conservation programs were the most consistent predictors of how respondents viewed stewardship. Our results suggest that stewardship may be more effective when framed more as a benefit to family and future generations than to society and the community. Similarly, stewardship may be more effective for achieving conservation as opposed to the preservation of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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20 pages, 7533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind Power Development and Energy Storage under China’s Electricity Market Reform—A Case Study of Fujian Province

by Dunguo Mou

School of Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020298 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4308

Abstract

This paper, based on the Fujian provincial 500 kV grid and part of the 220 kV grid and the key power plants, including hydro, coal, nuclear, gas, wind and pumping and storage hydro powers (PSHP) connected to the grid, constructs an independent electricity [...] Read more.

This paper, based on the Fujian provincial 500 kV grid and part of the 220 kV grid and the key power plants, including hydro, coal, nuclear, gas, wind and pumping and storage hydro powers (PSHP) connected to the grid, constructs an independent electricity market model. Using data that are very close to reality about coal fired power production costs, along with data about power plants’ technical constraints, this paper studies the effect of wind power on Fujian’s provincial electricity market. Firstly, the paper analyzes the relationship between wind speed and wind power output and the effects of short-term power output fluctuation on frequency modulation and voltage regulation. Secondly, under supposition of the production costs following quadratic functions, the paper analyzes the effects of changes in wind power output on the electricity supply costs under optimal power flow. Thirdly, using the bidding model in the Australian Electricity Market Operator for reference and supposing that, in a competitive market, coal fired power plants can bid 6 price bands according to their capacity, the paper analyzes effects of wind power on electricity prices under optimal power flow, the stabilizing effects of PSHP and the minimum PSHP capacity needed to stabilize the electricity market. Finally, using a daily load curve, this paper simulates the electricity prices’ fluctuation under optimal power flow and PSHP’s stabilizing effect. The results show that, although PSHP has a large external social welfare effect, it can hardly make a profit. In the end, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions for Fujian province’s wind and nuclear power development, PSHP construction and electricity market development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Power System and Sustainability)

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11 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Infrastructural and Human Factors Affecting Safety Outcomes of Cyclists

by Sergio Useche^1,*

, Luis Montoro², Francisco Alonso¹

and Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios³

¹ DATS Development and Advising in Traffic Safety Research Group, INTRAS Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety, University of Valencia, Carrer del Serpis 29, 3rd Floor, 46022 Valencia, Spain

² FACTHUM.Lab Human Factor and Road Safety Research Group, INTRAS Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety, University of Valencia, Carrer del Serpis 29, 1st Floor, FACTHUM.Lab, 46022 Valencia, Spain

³ Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety—Queensland (CARRS-Q), Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 130 Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020299 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 8195

Abstract

The increasing number of registered road crashes involving cyclists during the last decade and the high proportion of road crashes resulting in severe injuries and fatalities among cyclists constitutes a global issue for community health, urban development and sustainability. Nowadays, the incidence of [...] Read more.

The increasing number of registered road crashes involving cyclists during the last decade and the high proportion of road crashes resulting in severe injuries and fatalities among cyclists constitutes a global issue for community health, urban development and sustainability. Nowadays, the incidence of many risk factors for road crashes of cyclists remains largely unexplained. Given the importance of this issue, the present study has been conducted with the aim of determining relationships between infrastructural, human factors and safety outcomes of cyclists. Objectives: This study aimed, first, to examine the relationship between key infrastructural and human factors present in cycling, bicycle-user characteristics and their self-reported experience with road crashes. And second, to determine whether a set of key infrastructural and human factors may predict their self-reported road crashes. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a total of 1064 cyclists (38.8% women, 61.2% men; M = 32.8 years of age) from 20 different countries across Europe, South America and North America, participated in an online survey composed of four sections: demographic data and cycling-related factors, human factors, perceptions on infrastructural factors and road crashes suffered. Results: The results of this study showed significant associations between human factors, infrastructural conditions and self-reported road crashes. Also, a logistic regression model found that self-reported road crashes of cyclists could be predicted through variables such as age, riding intensity, risky behaviours and problematic user/infrastructure interactions. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that self-reported road crashes of cyclists are influenced by features related to the user and their interaction with infrastructural characteristics of the road. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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27 pages, 10046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ontology-Based Knowledge Modelling for a Sustainability Assessment Domain

by Agnieszka Konys

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 49, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020300 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 10642

Abstract

Sustainability assessment has received more and more attention from researchers and it offers a large number of opportunities to measure and evaluate the level of its accomplishment. However, proper selection of a particular sustainability assessment approach, reflecting problem properties and the evaluator’s preferences, [...] Read more.

Sustainability assessment has received more and more attention from researchers and it offers a large number of opportunities to measure and evaluate the level of its accomplishment. However, proper selection of a particular sustainability assessment approach, reflecting problem properties and the evaluator’s preferences, is a complex and important issue. Due to an existing number of different approaches dedicated to assessing, supporting, or measuring the level of sustainability and their structure oriented on the particular domain usage, problems with accurate matching frequently occur. On the other hand, the efficiency of sustainability assessment depends on the available knowledge of the ongoing capabilities. Additionally, actual research trends confirm that knowledge engineering gives a method to handle domain knowledge practically and effectively. Unfortunately, literature studies confirm that there is a lack of knowledge systematization in the sustainability assessment domain, however. The practical application of knowledge-based mechanisms may cover this gap. In this paper, we provide formal, practical and technological guidance to a knowledge management-based approach to sustainability assessment. We propose ontology as a form of knowledge conceptualization and using knowledge engineering, we make gathered knowledge publicly available and reusable, especially in terms of interoperability of collected knowledge. Full article

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15 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Social Responsibility and Ownership Structure on Sustainable Financial Development of China’s Energy Industry

by Ye Feng^1,2, Hsing Hung Chen^2,* and Jian Tang³

¹ School of Economics and Management, Zhuhai City Polytechnic, Zhuhai 519000, China

² School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macau, China

³ Zhejiang Zheneng Lanxi Electric Power Generation Co., Ltd., Jinhua 321100, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020301 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 6818

Abstract

In the analysis, we integrated stakeholder and agency theories to explore the connection between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable financial development by considering the moderating effect of ownership structure. After empirical analysis, we found the following conclusions. First, the short-term and long-term [...] Read more.

In the analysis, we integrated stakeholder and agency theories to explore the connection between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable financial development by considering the moderating effect of ownership structure. After empirical analysis, we found the following conclusions. First, the short-term and long-term economic performance is positively affected by CSR, which leads to sustainable financial development. Second, ownership circulation has a positive relationship with economic performance in the short run, which short-term profit increases as ownership circulation strengthens. Third, the effect of CSR on short-term economic performance is moderated by ownership structure. Excessive concentrated ownership may lead to decisions that do not satisfy all key stakeholders and may reduce the positive effect of CSR on economic performance. Finally, we suggest that Chinese energy companies should pay more attention to improving corporate social responsibility to maintain good economic performance and develop sustainable competitive advantage. Meanwhile, companies should optimize ownership concentration to avoid weakening the positive effects of social responsibility on short-term economic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

21 pages, 6799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Compatibility of Geothermal Power Plants with Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems: The Case of the Cesine Wetland (Southern Italy)

by Giorgio De Giorgio¹

, Michele Chieco²

, Livia Emanuela Zuffianò¹

, Pier Paolo Limoni¹, Andrea Sottani³, Roberto Pedron³, Luca Vettorello³

, Luisa Stellato⁴

, Brunella Di Rienzo⁴ and Maurizio Polemio^1,*

¹ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection (CNR-IRPI), Via Amendola 122 I, 70126 Bari, Italy

² Sezione Autorizzazioni Ambientali Regione Puglia, Via delle Magnolie 6/8, Modugno, 70026 Bari, Italy

³ Sinergeo s.r.l., Contrà del Pozzetto, 4-36100 Vicenza, Italy

⁴ Centre for Isotopic Research on Cultural and Environmental heritage (CIRCE), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020303 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3996

Abstract

The Cesine Wetland, located along the Adriatic coast, was recognized as a Wetland of International Interest and a National Natural Park. Managed by the “World Wide Fund for nature” (WWF), it is considered a groundwater dependent ecosystem which is affected by seawater intrusion. [...] Read more.

The Cesine Wetland, located along the Adriatic coast, was recognized as a Wetland of International Interest and a National Natural Park. Managed by the “World Wide Fund for nature” (WWF), it is considered a groundwater dependent ecosystem which is affected by seawater intrusion. The site was selected to test the environmental compatibility of a low-enthalpy geothermal power plant (closed loop) operating in the aquifer saturated portion with purpose to improving the visitor centre. For this purpose, the long-lasting thermal impact on groundwater was assessed using a multi-methodological approach. The complex aquifer system was carefully studied with geological, hydrogeological and geochemical surveys, including chemical and isotopic laboratory analyses of surface water, groundwater and seawater. The isotopes δ¹⁸O, δD, δ¹¹B, and ³H were useful to clarify the recharge contribution, the water mixing and the water age. All information was used to improve the conceptualization of the water system, including aquifers and the boundary conditions for a density driven numerical groundwater model. The purpose was to forecast anthropogenic thermal groundwater variations up to 10 years of plant working before the plant realization and to validate the solution after some working years. All results show the environmental compatibility notwithstanding the peculiar ecological environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Ecosystems: Monitoring, Management, Restoration, Preservation, and Valuation)

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21 pages, 37319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Geohazards and Preventative Countermeasures Using AHP Incorporated with GIS in Lanzhou, China

by Hai-Min Lyu^1,2, Jack Shuilong Shen^1,2,* and Arul Arulrajah³

¹ State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

² Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

³ Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020304 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 126 | Viewed by 8288

Abstract

This research investigates geohazards and preventative countermeasures for Lanzhou City, China. To investigate the factors related to the development of geohazards in Lanzhou, the regional geological conditions around Lanzhou were investigated. The geomorphology of the region is comprised of a loess landform underlying [...] Read more.

This research investigates geohazards and preventative countermeasures for Lanzhou City, China. To investigate the factors related to the development of geohazards in Lanzhou, the regional geological conditions around Lanzhou were investigated. The geomorphology of the region is comprised of a loess landform underlying quaternary loess deposits. A large number of faults induced by strong neotectonic movements are present in the area. Therefore, earthquakes frequently occur around Lanzhou. Earthquakes cause numerous rock falls and landslides, with landslide masses found scattered on the upper middle level of the area’s mountains. When intense rainfall occurs, a lot of loose deposits are brought together along steep gullies, forming debris flows; hence, a disaster chain of earthquake–landslide–debris flow is formed. To evaluate the georisks around Lanzhou, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to assess geohazards. The spatial distribution of the evaluated georisk levels was mapped using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the assessed results, about 55% of the urban area and 44% of Gaolan County have high or very high-risk levels. The ratio of relatively high disaster risk levels is up to 31% of the total area. To mitigate these geohazards, both strategic decision making and technical countermeasures should be implemented. Full article

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15 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Blue and Green Water Consumption at the Irrigation District Scale

by Jing Liu^1,2, Xinchun Cao³, Binquan Li²

and Zhongbo Yu^1,2,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

² College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

³ College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020305 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3935

Abstract

The concepts of virtual water and water footprint bring a new perspective for water management. Previous studies mainly focus on one type of water and the relationship between water footprint and water availability. In this study, three indicators were proposed to show water [...] Read more.

The concepts of virtual water and water footprint bring a new perspective for water management. Previous studies mainly focus on one type of water and the relationship between water footprint and water availability. In this study, three indicators were proposed to show water consumption and the influences of virtual water flows at the Hetao irrigation district, China, during 2001–2010, considering both blue and green water. Results indicate that the ratio of blue water footprint and blue water availability was 0.642 in 2010 and the value for green water was 0.148, coefficients on contribution of regional production on consumption in other areas were about 0.9, and coefficients on influences of trades from other regions to the district on regional water consumption were 0.528 (blue water) and 0.433 (green water), respectively. Government should promote water pricing policies that can encourage the adoption of irrigation technologies and water-saving practices. Besides, the adjustment of the crop sowing date or the cultivation of new varieties may be helpful in using more rainfall. Lastly, a compensation mechanism for virtual water export should be built in the future, and virtual water importing can be advocated. Before actions are taken, the possible influences and related constraints should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology, Water Quality and Ecology)

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15 pages, 6884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recurrence Interval Analysis on Electricity Consumption of an Office Building in China

by Lucheng Hong^1,*, Wantao Shu¹

and Angela C. Chao²

¹ School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China

² School of Management and Economics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020306 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3720

Abstract

The energy management of office buildings has been a rising concern for owners, researchers, and energy suppliers. The volatility of power load in office buildings threatens energy consumption and risks device security. This paper investigates the load fluctuation patterns in an office building [...] Read more.

The energy management of office buildings has been a rising concern for owners, researchers, and energy suppliers. The volatility of power load in office buildings threatens energy consumption and risks device security. This paper investigates the load fluctuation patterns in an office building based on user data, using recurrence interval analysis for different thresholds. The recurrence intervals of volatility are fitted by stretched exponential distribution, from which the probability density function is derived. Then, the short-term and long-term memory effect on the fluctuations are learned by conditional probability density function and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, respectively. A hazard function is further established to analyze the risk estimation of load volatility and derive the value at risk (VaR). Thus, a functional relationship has been established between average recurrence interval and threshold. The methodology and analysis results addressed in this paper help to understand load fluctuation patterns and aid in the design of energy consumption strategies in office buildings. According to the results of our research, conclusions and management suggestions are provided at the end of this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Electric Power Systems Research)

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15 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Critical Comparison of Alternative Distribution Configurations in Omni-Channel Retailing in Terms of Cost and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

by Marco Melacini and Elena Tappia^*

Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020307 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5511

Abstract

New opportunities and challenges forced by the ever-increasing importance of the online channel have arisen for retailers. The retailing industry is moving to a new phase, in which the distinctions between traditional and online channels disappear, namely omni-channel (OC) retailing. At the same [...] Read more.

New opportunities and challenges forced by the ever-increasing importance of the online channel have arisen for retailers. The retailing industry is moving to a new phase, in which the distinctions between traditional and online channels disappear, namely omni-channel (OC) retailing. At the same time, the awareness of environmentally sustainable processes has been enhanced around the world and the environmental impact that results from the online order fulfilment process is becoming a key issue for logistics managers. The new challenge is to understand how multiple channels can be synergistically managed to provide a seamless customer experience, taking an economic and environmental perspective simultaneously. Retailers need to define the distribution configuration for serving the online demand, making decisions on the integration level between online and traditional channels. In this paper, we developed an assessment model of the operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions for three distribution configurations in OC retailing. The model was also applied to a real case operating in the consumer electronics industry. Results highlighted that the search for synergies between online and traditional flows in both warehouse and transport activities is a key factor for the economic and environmental sustainability of OC systems. Full article

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17 pages, 4451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Assessment of Flood Control Facilities under Climate Uncertainty: A Case of Nakdong River, South Korea

by Kyeongseok Kim^1,*

and Ji-Sung Kim²

¹ School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03277, Korea

² Hydro Science and Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-Si 10223, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020308 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

Climate change contributes to enhanced flood damage that has been increasing for the last several decades. Understanding climate uncertainties improves adaptation strategies used for investment in flood control facilities. This paper proposes an investment decision framework for one flood zone to cope with [...] Read more.

Climate change contributes to enhanced flood damage that has been increasing for the last several decades. Understanding climate uncertainties improves adaptation strategies used for investment in flood control facilities. This paper proposes an investment decision framework for one flood zone to cope with future severe climate impacts. This framework can help policy-makers investigate the cost of future damage and conduct an economic assessment using real options under future climate change scenarios. The proposed methodology provides local municipalities with an adaptation strategy for flood control facilities in a flood zone. Using the proposed framework, the flood prevention facilities in the Nakdong River Basin of South Korea was selected as a case study site to analyze the economic assessment of the investments for flood control facilities. Using representative concentration pathway (RCP) climate scenarios, the cost of future flood damage to 23 local municipalities was calculated, and investment strategies for adaptation were analyzed. The project option value was determined by executing an option to invest in an expansion that would adapt to floods under climate change. The results of the case study showed that the proposed flood facilities are economically feasible under both scenarios used. The framework is anticipated to present guidance for establishing investment strategies for flood control facilities of a flood zone in multiple municipalities’ settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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15 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Looks Matter? A Case Study on Extensive Green Roofs Using Discrete Choice Experiments

by Jan Vanstockem^1,*

, Liesbet Vranken², Brent Bleys³, Ben Somers¹

and Martin Hermy¹

¹ Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium

² Division of Bioeconomics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven—University of Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium

³ Department of General Economics, Ghent University, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020309 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7967

Abstract

Extensive green roofs are a promising type of urban green that can play an important role in climate proofing and ultimately in the sustainability of our cities. Despite their increasingly widespread application and the growing scientific interest in extensive green roofs, their aesthetics [...] Read more.

Extensive green roofs are a promising type of urban green that can play an important role in climate proofing and ultimately in the sustainability of our cities. Despite their increasingly widespread application and the growing scientific interest in extensive green roofs, their aesthetics have received limited scientific attention. Furthermore, several functional issues occur, as weedy species can colonize the roof, and extreme roof conditions can lead to gaps in the vegetation. Apart from altering the function of a green roof, we also expect these issues to influence the perception of extensive green roofs, possibly affecting their acceptance and application. We therefore assessed the preferences of a self-selected convenience sample of 155 Flemish respondents for visual aspects using a discrete choice experiment. This approach, combined with current knowledge on the psychological aspects of green roof visuals, allowed us to quantify extensive green roof preferences. Our results indicate that vegetation gaps and weedy species, together with a diverse vegetation have a considerable impact on green roof perception. Gaps were the single most important attribute, indicated by a relative importance of ca. 53%, with cost coming in at a close second at ca. 46%. Overall, this study explores the applicability of a stated preference technique to assess an often overlooked aspect of extensive green roofs. It thereby provides a foundation for further research aimed at generating practical recommendations for green roof construction and maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction, Development and Management in the Built Environment)

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18 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decision-Making and Governance Framework for the Renewal of Tourism Destinations: The Case of the Canary Islands

by Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz^1,*

and Rosa Rodríguez-Díaz²

¹ Department of Economics and Business Management, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

² Department of Financial Economics and Accounting, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020310 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4749

Abstract

Tourism destinations in advanced stages of the life cycle need to update their lodging offers and infrastructures. The main problem is that new destinations are planned according to the new preferences of customers, creating critical problems in older destinations related to the architecture [...] Read more.

Tourism destinations in advanced stages of the life cycle need to update their lodging offers and infrastructures. The main problem is that new destinations are planned according to the new preferences of customers, creating critical problems in older destinations related to the architecture of the buildings, size of the rooms, dimension of lodgings, complementary offer, and infrastructures. The aim of this paper is to develop a decision-making and governance framework for the renewal of destinations in an advanced stage of the life cycle that require the renovation of the lodging offer and infrastructures in order to increase their competitiveness and sustainability. The decisions were planned and carried out in the Canary Islands by stakeholders involved in the public and private sectors. The evaluation of actions to renew the lodgings and infrastructures through special legislation, leadership, sources of financing, and investment guarantees is presented to determine the level of success obtained. Because the Canary Islands is one of the main tourist destinations in Europe, the actions and procedures presented can be used in other destinations with similar characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Tourism)

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14 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Independent R and D, Technology Introduction, and Green Growth in China’s Manufacturing

by Zhonghua Cheng^1,*

and Wenwen Li²

¹ China Institute of Manufacturing Development, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020311 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

An analysis of not only the effects of independent research and development (R and D), but also of the effects of the introduction of domestic and foreign technology on the growth of green manufacturing, can help China achieve the green transformation of manufacturing. [...] Read more.

An analysis of not only the effects of independent research and development (R and D), but also of the effects of the introduction of domestic and foreign technology on the growth of green manufacturing, can help China achieve the green transformation of manufacturing. In this paper we first use a non-directional distance function (NDDF) and meta-frontier methods to calculate a green growth index. Then, using 2003 to 2015 manufacturing panel data, we empirically test the effects of three different types of R and D investment on the green growth of China’s manufacturing. The regression results show that there is significant industrial heterogeneity in the effects of independent R and D, in the introduction of domestic technology and in the introduction of foreign technology on the green growth of China’s manufacturing. Independent R and D is conducive to the green growth of the three types of technological industries, but the contribution of independent R and D to green growth has gradually weakened with improvements in industrial technology. Domestic technology introduction is conducive to green growth in low and middle-technology industries, but its effect on high-technology industries is not significant. On the other hand, foreign technology introduction is conducive to the green growth of middle and high-technology industries, but its effect on low-technology industries is not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition from China-Made to China-Innovation )

15 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Air Pollution and Human Development in Europe: A New Index Using Principal Component Analysis

by Ana-Maria Săndică¹, Monica Dudian^1,* and Aurelia Ştefănescu²

¹ Department of Economics and Economic Policies, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romană Square 6, Bucharest 010374, Romania

² Department of Accounting and Audit, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romană Square 6, Bucharest 010374, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020312 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4790

Abstract

EU countries to measure human development incorporating the ambient PM2.5 concentration effect. Using a principal component analysis, we extract the information for 2010 and 2015 using the Real GDP/capita, the life expectancy at birth, tertiary educational attainment, ambient PM2.5 concentration, and the death [...] Read more.

EU countries to measure human development incorporating the ambient PM2.5 concentration effect. Using a principal component analysis, we extract the information for 2010 and 2015 using the Real GDP/capita, the life expectancy at birth, tertiary educational attainment, ambient PM2.5 concentration, and the death rate due to exposure to ambient PM2.5 concentration for 29 European countries. This paper has two main results: it gives an overview about the relationship between human development and ambient PM2.5 concentration, and second, it provides a new quantitative measure, PHDI, which reshapes the concept of human development and the exposure to ambient PM2.5 concentration. Using rating classes, we defined thresholds for both HDI and PHDI values to group the countries in four categories. When comparing the migration matrix from 2010 to 2015 for HDI values, some countries improved the development indicator (Romania, Poland, Malta, Estonia, Cyprus), while no downgrades were observed. When comparing the transition matrix using the newly developed indicator, PHDI, the upgrades observed were for Denmark and Estonia, while some countries like Spain and Italy moved to a lower rating class due to ambient PM2.5 concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Risk Assessment and Management)

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18 pages, 1559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmer Perceptions of Conflict Related to Water in Zambia

by Richard A. Marcantonio^1,*

, Shahzeen Z. Attari² and Tom P. Evans³

¹ Anthropology Department and Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA

² School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

³ Department of Geography, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020313 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4918

Abstract

The relationship between climate change, water scarcity, and conflict is still debated. Much of the existing work relating resource scarcity to conflict has involved regional-scale analysis linking instances of violent outbreaks to environmental conditions. But how do individual farmers in Africa define conflict? [...] Read more.

The relationship between climate change, water scarcity, and conflict is still debated. Much of the existing work relating resource scarcity to conflict has involved regional-scale analysis linking instances of violent outbreaks to environmental conditions. But how do individual farmers in Africa define conflict? Do they perceive that conflict will change as a function of water scarcity, and, if so, how? Here, we address these questions by surveying farmers in southern Zambia in 2015, where we asked respondents to define conflict, assessed their perceptions of past and future conflict, as well as perceptions of rainfall and water availability. We find that the majority of our respondents (75%) think of conflict as misunderstandings or disagreements between people and that 91% of our sample has experienced past conflict, 70% expect to experience future conflict, and 58% expect to experience future physical violent conflict. When asked about the sources of conflict, respondents mainly mention land grabbing, crop damage by animals, and politics rather than water related issues. However, we find a significant relationship between perceptions of future rainfall decreasing and future physical violent conflict. These results imply that even though respondents do not think water scarcity is a direct source of conflict, the perception of decreased rain in the future is significantly related to the perception that future conflict and future physical violent conflict will occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study on Entrepreneurial Orientation, Absorptive Capacity, and SMEs’ Innovation Performance: A Sustainable Perspective

by Yu-Ming Zhai^1,2, Wan-Qin Sun^1,*, Sang-Bing Tsai^3,*

, Zhen Wang¹, Yu Zhao¹ and Quan Chen^3,*

¹ School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China

² Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China

³ Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan 528402, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020314 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 135 | Viewed by 12476

Abstract

Using a survey of 324 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the Yangtze River Delta in China, this study discusses the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacity, environmental dynamism, and corporate technological innovation performance. The results based on a moderated moderation model show [...] Read more.

Using a survey of 324 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the Yangtze River Delta in China, this study discusses the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacity, environmental dynamism, and corporate technological innovation performance. The results based on a moderated moderation model show that the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance is significantly positive. The absorptive capacity can positively moderate this relationship. When the external environment is in high dynamism, the moderating effect of absorptive capacity will be stronger than when the environment is in low dynamism. Full article

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17 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bonding and Bridging Forms of Social Capital in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship: An Application of Social Network Analysis

by Birendra KC^1,*

, Duarte B. Morais^2,3, Erin Seekamp²

, Jordan W. Smith⁴

and M. Nils Peterson⁵

¹ Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA

² Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

³ Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa

⁴ Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA

⁵ Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020315 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10227

Abstract

Tourism has been recognized as an important economic sector, requiring a high degree of involvement from the entrepreneurial sector to diversify tourism products and services to meet increasing demand. Tourism is often considered a tool for economic development and a strategy to improve [...] Read more.

Tourism has been recognized as an important economic sector, requiring a high degree of involvement from the entrepreneurial sector to diversify tourism products and services to meet increasing demand. Tourism is often considered a tool for economic development and a strategy to improve the livelihoods of rural citizens. Specifically, nature-based tourism, such as wildlife tourism, is growing faster than tourism in general, providing a myriad of opportunities for small-scale entrepreneurial engagement. However, several obstacles exist for these small-scale tourism enterprises, such as a lack of social capital. This study examined a network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs for bonding and bridging forms of social capital using a social network analysis approach, where bonding and bridging social capital have their own interpretation. Thirty-seven in-person interviews were conducted with wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region. The study revealed that microentrepreneurs interacted with each other in a bridging network structure. The ability to reciprocate with other members of the network was essential for business success. The results identified four key bridging ties connecting potential sub-groups in the network, connected to each other in a redundant fashion. We concluded that the formation of a bridging network structure was a function of entrepreneurial phenomena that may not promote a highly trusted, well-connected network. The findings and implications are further discussed in the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Tourism in Rural and Agricultural Regions)

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15 pages, 1173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Modeling Grassland Degradation with and without Considering Localized Spatial Associations in Vegetation Changing Patterns

by Yuwei Wang¹

, Zhenyu Wang¹, Ruren Li², Xiaoliang Meng¹, Xingjun Ju³, Yuguo Zhao³ and Zongyao Sha^1,*

¹ School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China

² Shenyang Construction Engineering University, Shenyang 110044, China

³ Shenhua Baorixile Energy Company Limited, Hulunbuir 021025, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020316 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3745

Abstract

Grassland ecosystems worldwide are confronted with degradation. It is of great importance to understand long-term trajectory patterns of grassland vegetation by advanced analytical models. This study proposes a new approach called a binary logistic regression model with neighborhood interactions, or BLR-NIs, which is [...] Read more.

Grassland ecosystems worldwide are confronted with degradation. It is of great importance to understand long-term trajectory patterns of grassland vegetation by advanced analytical models. This study proposes a new approach called a binary logistic regression model with neighborhood interactions, or BLR-NIs, which is based on binary logistic regression (BLR), but fully considers the spatio-temporally localized spatial associations or characterization of neighborhood interactions (NIs) in the patterns of grassland vegetation. The BLR-NIs model was applied to a modeled vegetation degradation of grasslands in the Xilin river basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Residual trend analysis on the normalized difference vegetation index (RESTREND-NDVI), which excluded the climatic impact on vegetation dynamics, was adopted as a preprocessing step to derive three human-induced trajectory patterns (vegetation degradation, vegetation recovery, and no significant change in vegetation) during two consecutive periods, T₁ (2000–2008) and T₂ (2007–2015). Human activities, including livestock grazing intensity and transportation accessibility measured by road network density, were included as explanatory variables for vegetation degradation, which was defined for locations if vegetation recovery or no significant change in vegetation in T₁ and vegetation degradation in T₂ were observed. Our work compared the results of BLR-NIs and the traditional BLR model that did not consider NIs. The study showed that: (1) both grazing intensity and road density had a positive correlation to vegetation degradation based on the traditional BLR model; (2) only road density was found to positively correlate to vegetation degradation by the BLR-NIs model; NIs appeared to be critical factors to predict vegetation degradation; and (3) including NIs in the BLR model improved the model performance substantially. The study provided evidence for the importance of including localized spatial associations between the trajectory patterns for mapping vegetation degradation, which has practical implications for designing management policies to counterpart grassland degradation in arid and semi-arid areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Advances in Research on Sustainable Ecosystems)

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17 pages, 2863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in Passenger Transport: Spatio-Temporal Changes and Regional Disparities

by Fei Ma, Wenlin Wang, Qipeng Sun^*, Fei Liu and Xiaodan Li

School of Economics and Management, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020317 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3915

Abstract

Passenger transport has become a significant producer of carbon emissions in China, thus strongly contributing to climate change. In this paper, we first propose a model of ecological pressure of the carbon footprint in passenger transport (EP_cfpt). In the model, [...] Read more.

Passenger transport has become a significant producer of carbon emissions in China, thus strongly contributing to climate change. In this paper, we first propose a model of ecological pressure of the carbon footprint in passenger transport (EP_cfpt). In the model, the EP_cfpt values of all the provinces and autonomous regions of China are calculated and analyzed during the period of 2006–2015. For the outlier EP_cfpt values of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, the research areas are classified into two scenarios: the first scenario (all the provinces and autonomous regions) and the second scenario (not including Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin). The global spatial autocorrelation analysis of the first scenario shows that the EP_cfpt might be randomly distributed, while it shows positive spatial autocorrelation in the second scenario. Furthermore, we carry out the local spatial autocorrelation analysis of the second scenario, and find that the low aggregation areas are the most common type and are mainly located in the west of China. Then the disparities in EP_cfpt between China’s Eight Comprehensive Economic Zones are further analyzed. Finally, we put forward a number of policy recommendations in relation to the spatio-temporal changes and the regional disparities of EP_cfpt in China. This study provides related references for proposing effective policy measures to reduce the ecological pressure of carbon emissions from the passenger transport sector. Full article

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22 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Power Scheduling for a Medium Voltage AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network

by Zhenshan Zhu¹

, Dichen Liu¹, Qingfen Liao¹, Fei Tang^1,*, Jun Jason Zhang² and Huaiguang Jiang³

¹ School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

² Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA

³ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020318 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5099

Abstract

With the great increase of renewable generation as well as the DC loads in the distribution network; DC distribution technology is receiving more attention; since the DC distribution network can improve operating efficiency and power quality by reducing the energy conversion stages. This [...] Read more.

With the great increase of renewable generation as well as the DC loads in the distribution network; DC distribution technology is receiving more attention; since the DC distribution network can improve operating efficiency and power quality by reducing the energy conversion stages. This paper presents a new architecture for the medium voltage AC/DC hybrid distribution network; where the AC and DC subgrids are looped by normally closed AC soft open point (ACSOP) and DC soft open point (DCSOP); respectively. The proposed AC/DC hybrid distribution systems contain renewable generation (i.e., wind power and photovoltaic (PV) generation); energy storage systems (ESSs); soft open points (SOPs); and both AC and DC flexible demands. An energy management strategy for the hybrid system is presented based on the dynamic optimal power flow (DOPF) method. The main objective of the proposed power scheduling strategy is to minimize the operating cost and reduce the curtailment of renewable generation while meeting operational and technical constraints. The proposed approach is verified in five scenarios. The five scenarios are classified as pure AC system; hybrid AC/DC system; hybrid system with interlinking converter; hybrid system with DC flexible demand; and hybrid system with SOPs. Results show that the proposed scheduling method can successfully dispatch the controllable elements; and that the presented architecture for the AC/DC hybrid distribution system is beneficial for reducing operating cost and renewable generation curtailment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Power System and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 3693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Sustainability within the Viticulture Realities Integrating Economy, Landscape and Energy

by Ilaria Zambon^1,*

, Andrea Colantoni¹

, Massimo Cecchini¹

and Enrico Maria Mosconi²

¹ Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

² Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, Tuscia University, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020320 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

Sustainability is often explained through three dimensions (society, economy and environment). However, such a definition currently appears to be restricted. Sustainable development often includes the energy issue. An example of realities founded on bioenergy are agro-energy districts. These realities involve all the three [...] Read more.

Sustainability is often explained through three dimensions (society, economy and environment). However, such a definition currently appears to be restricted. Sustainable development often includes the energy issue. An example of realities founded on bioenergy are agro-energy districts. These realities involve all the three dimensions of sustainability, integrating also the energy dimension and fueling a potential circular economy. Based on these premises, the most affluent rural subdivision in Italy is that of wine. The wine sector has experienced a recent growth of its economic market, diverging from other agricultural activities and enlarging its cultivated surface areas. In this sense, the local landscape has also changed. Owing to the strong inclination of the wine sector in adopting sustainable strategies and measures, agro-energy districts can be the following future phase in viticulture realities as a cutting-edge business in the modern agricultural sector, implementing new strategies and opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Conversion of Agro-Forestry Residues for Local Benefits and European Competitiveness)

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16 pages, 3518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncertainty Analysis of the Estimated Risk in Formal Safety Assessment

by Molin Sun^*, Zhongyi Zheng and Longhui Gang

Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020321 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4389

Abstract

An uncertainty analysis is required to be carried out in formal safety assessment (FSA) by the International Maritime Organization. The purpose of this article is to introduce the uncertainty analysis technique into the FSA process. Based on the uncertainty identification of input parameters, [...] Read more.

An uncertainty analysis is required to be carried out in formal safety assessment (FSA) by the International Maritime Organization. The purpose of this article is to introduce the uncertainty analysis technique into the FSA process. Based on the uncertainty identification of input parameters, probability and possibility distributions are used to model the aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, respectively. An approach which combines the Monte Carlo random sampling of probability distribution functions with the a-cuts for fuzzy calculus is proposed to propagate the uncertainties. One output of the FSA process is societal risk (SR), which can be evaluated in the two-dimensional frequency–fatality (FN) diagram. Thus, the confidence-level-based SR is presented to represent the uncertainty of SR in two dimensions. In addition, a method for time window selection is proposed to estimate the magnitude of uncertainties, which is an important aspect of modeling uncertainties. Finally, a case study is carried out on an FSA study on cruise ships. The results show that the uncertainty analysis of SR generates a two-dimensional area for a certain degree of confidence in the FN diagram rather than a single FN curve, which provides more information to authorities to produce effective risk control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Risk Assessment and Management)

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14 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Collaboration Network Based on ClinicalTrials.gov Database in the Pharmaceutical Industry

by Heyoung Yang^* and Hyuck Jai Lee

Future Information Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 66 Hoegi-go, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02456, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020322 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4333

Abstract

Increasing costs, risks, and productivity problems in the pharmaceutical industry are important recent issues in the biomedical field. Open innovation is proposed as a solution to these issues. However, little statistical analysis related to collaboration in the pharmaceutical industry has been conducted so [...] Read more.

Increasing costs, risks, and productivity problems in the pharmaceutical industry are important recent issues in the biomedical field. Open innovation is proposed as a solution to these issues. However, little statistical analysis related to collaboration in the pharmaceutical industry has been conducted so far. Meanwhile, not many cases have analyzed the clinical trials database, even though it is the information source with the widest coverage for the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of this study is to test the clinical trials information as a probe for observing the status of the collaboration network and open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. This study applied the social network analysis method to clinical trials data from 1980 to 2016 in ClinicalTrials.gov. Data were divided into four time periods—1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s—and the collaboration network was constructed for each time period. The characteristic of each network was investigated. The types of agencies participating in the clinical trials were classified as a university, national institute, company, or other, and the major players in the collaboration networks were identified. This study showed some phenomena related to the pharmaceutical industry that could provide clues to policymakers about open innovation. If follow-up studies were conducted, the utilization of the clinical trial database could be further expanded, which is expected to help open innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic Growth: Combining Technology, Market and Society)

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14 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Kitchen with too Many Cooks: Factors Associated with Hospital Profitability

by Na-Eun Cho and KiHoon Hong^*

College of Business, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020323 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3701

Abstract

In this paper, we carefully investigate previous literature to extract 10 relevant factors to explain the hospital profitability and build an econometrically well-specified model of explaining hospital profitability that does not suffer from omitted variable bias. Then we provide empirical evidence to a [...] Read more.

In this paper, we carefully investigate previous literature to extract 10 relevant factors to explain the hospital profitability and build an econometrically well-specified model of explaining hospital profitability that does not suffer from omitted variable bias. Then we provide empirical evidence to a common belief that the objective function of a hospital varies with the type of hospital. We identified distinct objective functions for three types of hospitals: for-profit hospitals are driven by the overarching agreed-upon goal of profit maximization for shareholders; government hospitals, which are often the insurers of last resort, are obliged to put the public interest over profit objectives; nonprofit hospitals, which are legally prohibited from distributing profits, occupy the middle ground between for-profit and government hospitals. The results of this paper suggest that the ownership type should determine the factors on which hospitals focus and hence are useful to hospital management and academic researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

23 pages, 8981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dependence Structures and Systemic Risk of Government Securities Markets in Central and Eastern Europe: A CoVaR-Copula Approach

by Lu Yang¹, Jason Z. Ma¹ and Shigeyuki Hamori^2,*

¹ School of Finance, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, 182# Nanhu Avenue, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430-073, China

² Faculty of Economics, Kobe University, 2-1, Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020324 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3741

Abstract

In this study, we proposed a new empirical method by combining generalized autoregressive score functions and a copula model with high-frequency data to model the conditional time-varying joint distribution of the government bond yields between Poland/Czech Republic/Hungary, and Germany. Capturing the conditional time-varying [...] Read more.

In this study, we proposed a new empirical method by combining generalized autoregressive score functions and a copula model with high-frequency data to model the conditional time-varying joint distribution of the government bond yields between Poland/Czech Republic/Hungary, and Germany. Capturing the conditional time-varying joint distribution of these bond yields allowed us to precisely measure the dependence of the government securities markets. In particular, we found a high dependence of these government securities markets in the long term, but a low dependence in the short term. In addition, we report that the Czech Republic showed the highest dependence with Germany, while Hungary showed the lowest. Moreover, we found that the systemic risk dynamics were consistent with the idea that the global financial crisis not only had spillover effects on countries with weak economic fundamentals (e.g., Hungary, which had the highest systemic risk), but also had contagion effects for both CEEC-3 countries and Germany. Finally, we confirm that three major market events, namely the EU accession, the global financial crisis, and the European debt crisis, caused structural changes to the dynamic correlation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics)

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30 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Driver: Travel Behaviors Revisited on Fuel Saving and Less Emission

by Nurul Hidayah Muslim^1,2, Ali Keyvanfar^1,3,4,5

, Arezou Shafaghat^3,4,5,*, Mu’azu Mohammed Abdullahi⁶

and Majid Khorami¹

¹ Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Calle Rumipamba s/n y Bourgeois, Quito 170508, Ecuador

² Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia

³ MIT-UTM MSCP Program, Institute Sultan Iskandar, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia

⁴ Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia

⁵ The School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak Street, Tehran 1684613114, Iran

⁶ Civil Engineering Department, Jubail University College, Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu, Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020325 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6338

Abstract

Road transportation is the main energy consumer and major contributor of ever-increasing hazardous emissions. Transportation professionals have raised the idea of applying the green concept in various areas of transportation, including green highways, green vehicles and transit-oriented designs, to tackle the negative impact [...] Read more.

Road transportation is the main energy consumer and major contributor of ever-increasing hazardous emissions. Transportation professionals have raised the idea of applying the green concept in various areas of transportation, including green highways, green vehicles and transit-oriented designs, to tackle the negative impact of road transportation. This research generated a new dimension called the green driver to remediate urgently the existing driving assessment models that have intensified emissions and energy consumption. In this regard, this study aimed to establish the green driver’s behaviors related to fuel saving and emission reduction. The study has two phases. Phase one involves investigating the driving behaviors influencing fuel saving and emission reduction through a systematic literature review and content analysis, which identified twenty-one variables classified into four clusters. These clusters included the following: (i) FE_f1, which is driving style; (ii) FE_f2, which is driving behavior associated with vehicle transmission; (iii) FE_f3, which is driving behavior associated with road design and traffic rules; and (iv) FE_f4, which is driving behavior associated with vehicle operational characteristics. The second phase involves validating phase one findings by applying the Grounded Group Decision Making (GGDM) method. The results of GGDM have established seventeen green driving behaviors. The study conducted the Green Value (GV) analysis for each green behavior on fuel saving and emission reduction. The study found that aggressive driving (GV = 0.16) interferes with the association between fuel consumption, emission and driver’s personalities. The research concludes that driver’s personalities (including physical, psychological and psychosocial characteristics) have to be integrated for advanced in-vehicle driver assistance system and particularly, for green driving accreditation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Travel Behaviour and Sustainable Transport of the Future)

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17 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining Benchmarks for Restoration of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study Combining the Historical Range of Variability of Habitat and Species’ Requirements

by Michael Manton^1,*

and Per Angelstam^1,2

¹ Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Institute of Forest Biology and Silviculture, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu g. 13, LT-53362 Akademija, Kaunor, Lithuania

² School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-739 21 Skinnskatteberg, Sweden

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020326 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5458

Abstract

Animal husbandry in Europe that sustained once wide-spread semi-natural grasslands has been replaced by maximum sustained yield agriculture and forestry. This transformation coincides with declining populations of species dependent on semi-natural grasslands. A key task is therefore to define benchmarks for landscape restoration [...] Read more.

Animal husbandry in Europe that sustained once wide-spread semi-natural grasslands has been replaced by maximum sustained yield agriculture and forestry. This transformation coincides with declining populations of species dependent on semi-natural grasslands. A key task is therefore to define benchmarks for landscape restoration in terms of well-planned functional habitat networks, i.e., green infrastructure. Using a representative example of the European landscape gradient between agricultural and forest landscapes in southern Sweden as a case study, we analyzed the historic range of variability of the total area, quality, and size of grassland patches, and compared this to the requirements of focal grassland species. Spatial data covering the past two centuries indicated a 75–80% loss of total grassland area. Three factors affected the functionality of grasslands as green infrastructure. First, during the period 1927–1976, the loss of all grassland areas with high nature values was 41–59%. Second, as a measure of alteration, the number of semi-natural grassland types declined from 5 to 1. Third, to address habitat fragmentation, an analysis of changes in grassland patch size showed that patches sufficiently large to support local populations of complete focal grasslands species assemblages declined by 89–100%. The cumulative effect of loss, alteration, and fragmentation over the past two centuries indicates that the functionality of semi-natural grasslands has declined by at least 98%. However, this estimate does not consider land use changes before 1800, reduced connectivity, and altered biotic and abiotic processes in both semi-natural grasslands and the surrounding matrix. We stress the need to define the historic range of variability as a benchmark in relation to species’ requirements to maintain semi-natural grasslands as green infrastructure. Finally, integrated land management and governance that support multi-functionality of grasslands is needed. Full article

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14 pages, 4154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Spatial Priority of Urban Green Infrastructure for Urban Sustainability in Areas of Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study of Pukou in China

by Jiaxing Wei¹

, Jing Qian², Yu Tao^3,4, Feng Hu¹ and Weixin Ou^3,4,*

¹ College of Resources and Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

² College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China

³ National and Local Joint Engineering, Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing 210095, China

⁴ College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020327 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 6818

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in recent decades highlights the limitations on the sustainable development of cities due to the fragmentation of restricted urban green land. The aim of this paper is to formulate a workable framework for planning and managing urban green infrastructure (UGI) for [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in recent decades highlights the limitations on the sustainable development of cities due to the fragmentation of restricted urban green land. The aim of this paper is to formulate a workable framework for planning and managing urban green infrastructure (UGI) for urban sustainability. This study provides a new method for modeling and analyzing UGI based on a case study of the Pukou District in Nanjing, which is a typical developing area in China. We adopt the morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) method and combine it with the landscape connectivity index to identify the UGI hubs and links. In addition, the least-cost path model is employed to construct the potential UGI network in this case. We further integrate the spatial syntax model into landscape ecological principles to evaluate the spatial priority of the UGI network. The results showed that the framework proposed in this study is suitable for the green infrastructure network construction by combining the MSPA, landscape connectivity, and the space syntax methods. This framework can be used to better understand the spatial distribution and priority of the green infrastructure network for achieving urban sustainability in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 2884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Taxonomy of Climate Accounting Principles for Financial Portfolios

by Jakob Thomä^1,*

, Stan Dupré² and Michael Hayne³

¹ Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/2° Investing Initiative, Am Kupfergraben 6a, 10117 Berlin, Germany

² 2° Investing Initiative, 205 East 42nd Street, NewYork, NY 10017, USA

³ 2° Investing Initiative, Am Kupfergraben 6a, 10117 Berlin, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020328 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6704

Abstract

Climate accounting for financial portfolios has seen growing prominence in the past years, thanks to both private and public sector initiatives. Over 200 financial institutions have conducted some form of portfolio analysis. In the context of this growing prominence, the academic and practitioner’s [...] Read more.

Climate accounting for financial portfolios has seen growing prominence in the past years, thanks to both private and public sector initiatives. Over 200 financial institutions have conducted some form of portfolio analysis. In the context of this growing prominence, the academic and practitioner’s discussion of climate accounting has largely focused on questions of climate data quality and choices for estimation models. Missing in this debate is an analysis of the underlying accounting principles related to climate data. There is no overview of the climate accounting principles and the implications of choosing different principles and rules. This article provides a taxonomy of key accounting choices currently applied for climate accounting of financial portfolios, notably regarding units of accounting, boundaries of accounting, normalization rules, and allocation rules. Based on a review of data providers accounting approaches in practice, as well as sample applications of different accounting principles, it distills key accounting categories and highlights the potential sensitivity of the ultimate results to these choices. The article concludes that climate assessments of portfolios may be equally sensitive to accounting choices as to the quality of underlying data, suggesting more attention and standards are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Finance)

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20 pages, 4231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimization of the Environmental Emissions of Closed-Loop Supply Chains: A Case Study of Returnable Transport Assets Management

by Eleonora Bottani^*

and Giorgia Casella

Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, viale G.P. Usberti 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020329 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4187

Abstract

This study investigates the issue of minimizing the environmental burden of a real closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), consisting of a pallet provider, a manufacturer and several retailers. A simulation model is developed under Microsoft Excel™ (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, US) to reproduce the flow [...] Read more.

This study investigates the issue of minimizing the environmental burden of a real closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), consisting of a pallet provider, a manufacturer and several retailers. A simulation model is developed under Microsoft Excel™ (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, US) to reproduce the flow of returnable transport items (RTIs) in the CLSC and to compute the corresponding environmental impact. Multi-objective optimization, including some relevant environmental key performance indicators (KPIs), is then carried out exploiting the commercial software ModeFRONTIER™ (ESTECO S.p.A., Trieste, Italy), to determine the settings that minimize emissions of the CLSC. In addition, economic and strategic metrics are taken into account in the optimization, to make the analysis more comprehensive. Three scenarios are considered (one “base” scenario and two scenarios examined in a sensitivity analysis) with different relative importance assigned to the metrics subject to optimization. Results show that the asset retrieving operations contribute to the environmental impact of the system to the greatest extent, mainly because of the quite relevant distance between Company A and its customers. Conversely, emissions due to the purchase of new assets contribute to the total environmental impact of the system to a very limited extent. Because the analysis is grounded on a real CLSC, the results are expected to provide practical indications to logistics and supply chain managers, to minimize the environmental performance of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reverse Logistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach)

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14 pages, 2841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biogas Micro-Production from Human Organic Waste—A Research Proposal

by Alberto Regattieri^*

, Marco Bortolini

, Emilio Ferrari, Mauro Gamberi and Francesco Piana

Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, Bologna 40136, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020330 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 16966

Abstract

Organic waste (OW) management tackles the problem of sanitation and hygiene in developing countries and humanitarian camps where unmanaged waste often causes severe health problems and premature death. OW still has a usable energy content, allowing biogas production, potentially contributing to satisfy the [...] Read more.

Organic waste (OW) management tackles the problem of sanitation and hygiene in developing countries and humanitarian camps where unmanaged waste often causes severe health problems and premature death. OW still has a usable energy content, allowing biogas production, potentially contributing to satisfy the local needs, e.g., cooking, lighting and heating. Digesters are the devices converting OW into biogas under anaerobic conditions. They are simple and effective solutions for the OW management in rural areas, humanitarian camps and remote developing regions, producing energy and fertilizers for local farming as residual. This paper describes the design and lab-test of a domestic OW management system integrating a waterless toilet with a small-scale digester producing safe biogas for local micro-consumption. Starting from people’s needs and an extensive review of the current state-of-art technology, the proposed system’s key innovation and strength is the combination of effectiveness and a very simple construction, set up and use, fitting with the rural conditions and raw materials available within the emerging countries. A small-scale prototype is assembled and lab-tested assessing the quantity—i.e., productivity—and quality—i.e., composition and methane content—of the produced biogas. The measured productivity in terms of specific biogas production (SBP) is of about 0.15 m³/kg_SV and a methane content of about 74% in mass match the energy needs of domestic users, encouraging the spread of such systems in developing regions and rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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16 pages, 4107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste Management System for Batteries

by Monica Leba^1,*, Andreea Ionica², Raluca Dovleac² and Remus Dobra³

¹ Computer and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Petrosani, Petroșani 332006, Romania

² Management Department, University of Petrosani, Petroșani 332006

³ Exact Sciences and Engineering Department, University “1 Decembrie 1918” Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia 510009, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020332 - 28 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4822

Abstract

We live in a technology driven era where each day new gadgets improve the way we live our lives. Many resources are being spent on building these devices that often turn obsolete overnight. Taking into account that these electronics have a long-term impact [...] Read more.

We live in a technology driven era where each day new gadgets improve the way we live our lives. Many resources are being spent on building these devices that often turn obsolete overnight. Taking into account that these electronics have a long-term impact on the environment, a waste management system must be embedded in the electronic product lifecycle. In this paper, we propose a monitoring system for recycling batteries from electronic equipment and devices. This solution covers specific waste management issues to manage and reduce battery waste and to recover valuable materials and components. A solution for the continuous monitoring of each battery waste container is also proposed. The solution involves the storage of all information regarding the recycling process, such as pickup date and time, collector’s name, quantity, and location. The research is also extended for smartphone usage. This is an important feature for collectors who need to access data in real time from any location. The mobile application directly reads the weight of battery waste, automatically saves the date and time, and stores the location along with any other useful information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends in Municipal Solid Waste Management)

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20 pages, 2235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Dynamics and Spillovers of the Health Labor Market: Evidence from China’s Provincial Panel Data

by Bin Zhu^1,2

, Yang Fu³, Jinlin Liu¹

and Ying Mao^1,*

¹ School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China

² Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

³ College of Management, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020333 - 28 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4270

Abstract

Health workforce misdistribution is a major challenge faced by almost all countries. A more profound understanding of the dynamics of the health labor market provides evidence for policy makers to balance health workforce distribution with solid evidence. However, one major deficit of existing [...] Read more.

Health workforce misdistribution is a major challenge faced by almost all countries. A more profound understanding of the dynamics of the health labor market provides evidence for policy makers to balance health workforce distribution with solid evidence. However, one major deficit of existing theoretical and empirical studies is that they often ignore the intra-regional spillovers of the health labor market. This study builds a theoretical “supply–demand–spillover” model that considers both intra-regional supply and demand-side factors, and inter-regional spillovers, hence providing a theoretical reference point for further in-depth studies. Using spatial econometric panel models, the effect of all determinants and spillovers were empirically measured based on a Chinese panel data set, shedding light on health workforce policies in China. Full article

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22 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reassessing the Links between GHG Emissions, Economic Growth, and the UNFCCC: A Difference-in-Differences Approach

by Eren Cifci and Matthew E. Oliver^*

School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 223 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020334 - 28 Jan 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6696

Abstract

International climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and, more recently, the Paris Climate Agreement are fragile because, at a national level, political constituencies’ value systems may conflict with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to sustainable levels. Proponents [...] Read more.

International climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and, more recently, the Paris Climate Agreement are fragile because, at a national level, political constituencies’ value systems may conflict with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to sustainable levels. Proponents cite climate change as the most pressing challenge of our time, contending that international cooperation will play an essential role in addressing this challenge. Political opponents argue that the disproportionate requirements on developed nations to shoulder the financial burden will inhibit their economic growth. We find empirical evidence that both arguments are likely to be correct. We use standard regression techniques to analyze a multi-country dataset of GHG emissions, GDP per capita growth, and other factors. We estimate that after the Kyoto Protocol (KP) entered into force ‘Annex I’ countries reduced GHG emissions on average by roughly 1 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (MTCO2e), relative to non-Annex I countries. However, our estimates reveal that these countries also experienced an average reduction in GDP per capita growth rates of around 1–2 percentage points relative to non-Annex I countries. Full article

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10 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Business Intelligence Issues for Sustainability Projects

by Mihaela Muntean

Business Information Systems Department, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020335 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9353

Abstract

Business intelligence (BI) is an umbrella term for strategies, technologies, and information systems used by the companies to extract from large and various data, according to the value chain, relevant knowledge to support a wide range of operational, tactical, and strategic business decisions. [...] Read more.

Business intelligence (BI) is an umbrella term for strategies, technologies, and information systems used by the companies to extract from large and various data, according to the value chain, relevant knowledge to support a wide range of operational, tactical, and strategic business decisions. Sustainability, as an integrated part of the corporate business, implies the integration of the new approach at all levels: business model, performance management system, business intelligence project, and data model. Both business intelligence issues presented in this paper represent the contribution of the author in modeling data for supporting further BI approaches in corporate sustainability initiatives. Multi-dimensional modeling has been used to ground the proposals and to introduce the key performance indicators. The démarche is strengthened with implementation aspects and reporting examples. More than ever, in the Big Data era, bringing together business intelligence methods and tools with corporate sustainability is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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15 pages, 2137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Optimization Considering Variable Thermal Mass, Insulation, Absorptance of Solar Radiation, and Glazing Ratio Using a Prediction Model and Genetic Algorithm

by Yaolin Lin^1,*

, Shiquan Zhou¹, Wei Yang² and Chun-Qing Li³

¹ School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

² College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia

³ School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020336 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4528

Abstract

This paper presents the optimization of building envelope design to minimize thermal load and improve thermal comfort for a two-star green building in Wuhan, China. The thermal load of the building before optimization is 36% lower than a typical energy-efficient building of the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the optimization of building envelope design to minimize thermal load and improve thermal comfort for a two-star green building in Wuhan, China. The thermal load of the building before optimization is 36% lower than a typical energy-efficient building of the same size. A total of 19 continuous design variables, including different concrete thicknesses, insulation thicknesses, absorbance of solar radiation for each exterior wall/roof and different window-to-wall ratios for each façade, are considered for optimization. The thermal load and annual discomfort degree hours are selected as the objective functions for optimization. Two prediction models, multi-linear regression (MLR) model and an artificial neural network (ANN) model, are developed to predict the building thermal performance and adopted as fitness functions for a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimal design solutions. As compared to the original design, the optimal design generated by the MLRGA approach helps to reduce the thermal load and discomfort level by 18.2% and 22.4%, while the reductions are 17.0% and 22.2% respectively, using the ANNGA approach. Finally, four objective functions using cooling load, heating load, summer discomfort degree hours, and winter discomfort degree hours for optimization are conducted, but the results are no better than the two-objective-function optimization approach. Full article

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11 pages, 3568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Environmental Design in Outdoor Space Focusing on Radiation Environment Influenced by Ground Cover Material and Solar Shading, through the Examination on the Redevelopment Buildings in Front of Central Osaka Station

by Hideki Takebayashi^*

and Sae Kyogoku

Department of Architecture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020337 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4023

Abstract

The outdoor open space is used for various purposes, e.g., to walk, rest, talk, meet, study, exercise, play, perform, eat, and drink. Therefore, it is desirable to provide various thermal environments according to users’ needs and their actual conditions. In this study, the [...] Read more.

The outdoor open space is used for various purposes, e.g., to walk, rest, talk, meet, study, exercise, play, perform, eat, and drink. Therefore, it is desirable to provide various thermal environments according to users’ needs and their actual conditions. In this study, the radiation environment was evaluated, focusing on ground cover materials and solar radiation shading, through the examination on the redevelopment buildings in front of Central Osaka Station. The spatial distribution of solar radiation shading was calculated using ArcGIS and building shape data. Surface temperatures on the ground and wall are calculated based on the surface heat budget equation. MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature) of the human body is calculated assuming that the human body is a sphere. The most dominant factor for the radiant environment is solar radiation shielding and the next is the improvement of surface cover. It is difficult to make SET* (Standard new Effective Temperature) comfortable in the afternoon by both solar radiation shielding and improved surface cover because the air temperature is too high on a typical summer day (August). However, particularly in Rooftop Gardens and Green Garden, because the areas of shade grass and water are large, there are several places where people do not feel uncomfortable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Urban Metabolism)

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19 pages, 3902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Human Activities Affect Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil and Sediment in a Long-Term Reclaimed Area of the Liaohe River Delta, North China

by Xiaolu Yan^1,2, Miao Liu², Jingqiu Zhong^1,*

, Jinting Guo² and Wen Wu³

¹ Center for Studies of Marine Economy and Sustainable Development, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850, Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian 116029, China

² CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110164, China

³ JangHo Architectural College, Northeastern University, No. 195, Chuangxin Road, Shenyang 110169, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020338 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 130 | Viewed by 7967

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution in soils and sediments is becoming a matter of wide concern, this study was carried out in Dawa County of the Liaohe River Delta, with the aim of exploring the impacts of land use levels on heavy metal contamination of [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution in soils and sediments is becoming a matter of wide concern, this study was carried out in Dawa County of the Liaohe River Delta, with the aim of exploring the impacts of land use levels on heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment. A total of 129 soil samples were collected in different land use intensities (LUI). Soil metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) and soil salinity, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), available phosphorus (AP) and grain sizes were analyzed. Correlation analysis indicated that SOC and grain size played important roles in affecting the heavy metal distribution. The factor analysis results indicated that heavy metal contamination was most probably caused by industrial and agricultural wastewater discharges, domestic sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. Using ANOVA, it found that human activities significantly changed soil physic-chemical properties through soil erosion, leaching and fertilizer application, further affecting the behaviors of heavy metals in the soil and sediments. The anthropogenic factors could lead to potential environmental risk, as indicated by the Geo-accumulation index (I_geo) results of heavy metals. Overall, the heavy metals generally had approached or even exceeded moderately polluted (0 < I_geo < 1, 1 < I_geo < 2), but the Pb and Cu pollution level was low (I_geo < 0), and the Cd pollution level was moderately or strongly polluted (2 < I_geo < 3, 3 < I_geo < 4) in the five land use levels. This study will provide valuable information for appropriately determining how land should be used in future reclamation areas, as well as for the sustainable management of estuarine areas around the world. Full article

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25 pages, 4203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Perception of Rural Tourism Impact: A Case Study

by Victoria Sanagustin-Fons^1,*

, Teresa Lafita-Cortés¹ and José A. Moseñe²

¹ Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Pza. Constitución s/n, 22001 Huesca, Spain

² Department of Accountancy and Finance, University of Zaragoza, Pza. Constitución s/n, 22001 Huesca, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020339 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 12784

Abstract

Rural tourism is based on the natural and cultural resources in an area that make it unique, with people as the main drivers. The main objective of this paper is to know the social perception about rural tourism impact in the Cinco Villas [...] Read more.

Rural tourism is based on the natural and cultural resources in an area that make it unique, with people as the main drivers. The main objective of this paper is to know the social perception about rural tourism impact in the Cinco Villas region (Aragon, Spain), analysing its evolution and effect on the territory. The theoretical approach is based on concepts such as rural tourism and its different elements from the perspective of sustainable local endogenous development. The research method chosen is the study case based on the Cinco Villas region. A combination of qualitative and quantitative instruments was used to research and achieve the aims of this study. A documentary analysis of the last ten years based on secondary data from institutional database sources was conducted. Primary data have been compiled from two different sources: semi-structured interviews with political leaders and tourism business people and participatory observation in focus groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources Economics)

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18 pages, 16823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Large Wild Herbivore Populations on the Forage-Livestock Balance in the Source Region of the Yellow River

by Fan Yang^1,2, Quanqin Shao^1,*, Xingjian Guo^1,2, Yuzhi Tang^1,2, Yuzhe Li¹, Dongliang Wang¹, Yangchun Wang³ and Jiangwen Fan¹

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020340 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4773

Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle surveys were conducted in the summer season of 2016 and the winter season of 2017 to investigate the large wild herbivore population, including kiangs, Tibetan gazelles and bharals, in Madoi County; the source region of the Yellow River. The study [...] Read more.

Unmanned aerial vehicle surveys were conducted in the summer season of 2016 and the winter season of 2017 to investigate the large wild herbivore population, including kiangs, Tibetan gazelles and bharals, in Madoi County; the source region of the Yellow River. The study generated forage grass production data in 30 m spatial resolution in Madoi County in 2016 using a downscaling algorithm; estimated a forage-livestock balance including wild animals and domestic animals; and analyzed the effect of the large wild herbivore population on the balance between forage grass and herbivory in Madoi County. The large wild herbivore population was estimated based on the density of the animals in the survey sample strip and compared and verified with available statistical data and the two survey results from the summer season of 2016 and winter season of 2017. The results showed that: (1) in the winter season of 2017, the populations of kiang, Tibetan gazelle and bharal were 17,100, 16,000 and 9300, respectively, while the populations of domestic yak, Tibetan sheep and horse were 70,800, 102,200 and 1200, respectively. The total population of large wild herbivores and domestic animals was 475,000 (sheep units). The ratio (in sheep units) between large wild herbivores and domestic animals was 1:4.5; (2) When only considering domestic animals, the grazing pressure index was 1.13, indicating slight overloading of the grassland. When considering domestic animals and large wild herbivores (kiang, Tibetan gazelle and bharal), the grazing pressure index was 1.38, suggesting moderate overloading of the grassland; (3) If large wild herbivores are not taken into consideration when the forage-livestock balance is calculated, the grazing pressure will be under-estimated by 22%. Overgrazing is the major cause of grassland degradation in Madoi County. An additional 79,000 tons of hay or a 30% reduction in domestic animals is required to maintain a forage-livestock balance in Madoi County. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Wildlife Ecology and Conservation)

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19 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Have Housing Prices Gone with the Smelly Wind? Big Data Analysis on Landfill in Hong Kong

by Rita Yi Man Li^1,*

and Herru Ching Yu Li²

¹ Sustainable Real Estate Research Center/HKSYU Real Estate and Economics Research Lab/Department of Economics and Finance, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, China

² School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY169UH, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020341 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 14196

Abstract

Unlike many other places around the globe, Hong Kong is a small city with a high population density. Some housing units are built near the sources of an externality, such as a landfill site. As the blocks of buildings are particularly tall, many [...] Read more.

Unlike many other places around the globe, Hong Kong is a small city with a high population density. Some housing units are built near the sources of an externality, such as a landfill site. As the blocks of buildings are particularly tall, many are walled buildings that block the bad odor from the landfill. Thus, the wind blowing from a landfill site may not affect the entire building estate. Some buildings are more heavily affected than others, partly because walled buildings built near landfills are rare. Only a few studies currently examine the correlation between wind direction and the prices of walled buildings. In this paper, we aim to bridge this research gap by illustrating Hong Kong as a case study. Most previous research studies only examine a few factors affecting housing prices. Modern big data is characterized by its large volume of data, which includes various types of data that analysts would not necessarily sample, but instead merely observe to track what happens. Therefore, another innovative point of our paper, is that we adopt a big data approach to study this issue. In this aspect, this paper is the first of its kind. There are 53,071 observations in the 1999 to 2014 dataset, with 2,175,911 data entries. Our results reflect that when more municipal solid waste is sent to the South East New Territories Landfill, residents’ complaints in Tseung Kwan O increase. However, entire property prices in the region also increase, which rejects our hypothesis. We speculate that as more people become aware of the housing estate due to complaints, with only a limited number of housing units affected by the smell, since the wind usually only blows in certain directions, the “advertisement effect” originating from complaints about the bad smell boosts the property prices of the unaffected units. That is, people become aware of the existence of the property, visit the site, and discover that only specific units facing one particular direction are affected. Then, they purchase units that are unaffected by the smelly wind, leading to an overall increase in property prices. The study’s results may provide a new perspective on urban planning, and possible implications for other cities in view of the constant increase in population and expansion of landfill sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real Estate Economics, Management and Investments)

15 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Existing Knowledge Assets and Disruptive Innovation: The Role of Knowledge Embeddedness and Specificity

by Chunpei Lin¹, Baixun Li^2,* and Yenchun Jim Wu^3,4

¹ Business Management Research Center, School of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China

² School of Business Administration, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China

³ Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10645, Taiwan

⁴ School of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020342 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4870

Abstract

Disruptive innovation has created a significant impact on management practices and academia. This study investigated the impact of existing knowledge assets on disruptive innovation by analyzing the role of knowledge embeddedness and specificity. We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis by using survey data [...] Read more.

Disruptive innovation has created a significant impact on management practices and academia. This study investigated the impact of existing knowledge assets on disruptive innovation by analyzing the role of knowledge embeddedness and specificity. We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis by using survey data from 173 Chinese industrial firms to test the direct and indirect effects of knowledge embeddedness and specificity on disruptive innovation, which can be divided into outward-oriented and internal-oriented disruptive innovation. The results indicated that knowledge embeddedness not only played a positive role in knowledge specificity, but also had a positive effect on outward-oriented disruptive innovation. Furthermore, knowledge specificity exhibited opposite functions in outward-oriented and internal-oriented disruptive innovation. In addition, knowledge specificity mediated the relationship between knowledge embeddedness and outward-oriented (internal-oriented) disruptive innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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17 pages, 4631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immigration and the Housing Market: The Case of Castel Volturno, in Campania Region, Italy

by Fabiana Forte¹, Valentina Antoniucci^2,*

and Pierfrancesco De Paola³

¹ Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via S. Lorenzo ad Septimum, 81031 Aversa, Italy

² Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy

³ Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020343 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5645

Abstract

According to Eurostat, Italy is the fifth country of the European Union per immigrant population. The complexity of the phenomenon, as it has evolved in recent years, leads to analyzing it from a specific point of view, that of the real estate market. [...] Read more.

According to Eurostat, Italy is the fifth country of the European Union per immigrant population. The complexity of the phenomenon, as it has evolved in recent years, leads to analyzing it from a specific point of view, that of the real estate market. The article represents the early stage of research on the housing condition of the immigrant population in the Southern Italy and its effect on the housing market. First, we describe the spatial segregation phenomenon affecting the immigrant population in Campania Region; then we analyze data of the municipality of Castel Volturno, which has one of the greater migratory pressure throughout the whole region. We provide statistical regressions correlating housing prices and socio-economic features from 2006 to 2016. The results confirm the findings of the current literature on the subject: there is a specific phenomenon associated with the presence of an immigrant population residing in conjunction with a reduction of housing prices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real Estate Economics, Management and Investments)

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37 pages, 5060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LMDI Decomposition of Energy-Related CO₂ Emissions Based on Energy and CO₂ Allocation Sankey Diagrams: The Method and an Application to China

by Linwei Ma^1,2, Chinhao Chong^1,2,3

, Xi Zhang¹, Pei Liu¹, Weiqi Li^1,3,*, Zheng Li¹ and Weidou Ni¹

¹ State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy Research and Education Centre, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

² Tsinghua-Rio Tinto Joint Research Centre for Resources, Energy and Sustainable Development, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

³ Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610200, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020344 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8664

Abstract

This manuscript develops a logarithmic mean Divisia index I (LMDI) decomposition method based on energy and CO₂ allocation Sankey diagrams to analyze the contributions of various influencing factors to the growth of energy-related CO₂ emissions on a national level. Compared with [...] Read more.

This manuscript develops a logarithmic mean Divisia index I (LMDI) decomposition method based on energy and CO₂ allocation Sankey diagrams to analyze the contributions of various influencing factors to the growth of energy-related CO₂ emissions on a national level. Compared with previous methods, we can further consider the influences of energy supply efficiency. Two key parameters, the primary energy quantity converted factor (K_PEQ) and the primary carbon dioxide emission factor (K_C), were introduced to calculate the equilibrium data for the whole process of energy unitization and related CO₂ emissions. The data were used to map energy and CO₂ allocation Sankey diagrams. Based on these parameters, we built an LMDI method with a higher technical resolution and applied it to decompose the growth of energy-related CO₂ emissions in China from 2004 to 2014. The results indicate that GDP growth per capita is the main factor driving the growth of CO₂ emissions while the reduction of energy intensity, the improvement of energy supply efficiency, and the introduction of non-fossil fuels in heat and electricity generation slowed the growth of CO₂ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Development under Climate Change)

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15 pages, 2351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Decoupling between Rural-to-Urban Migrants and Urban Land Expansion in Hubei Province, China

by Yaolin Liu^1,2,3, Enxiang Cai^1,*

, Ying Jing¹, Jie Gong¹ and Zhengyu Wang¹

¹ School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China

² Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China

³ Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Technology, Wuhan 430079, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020345 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4164

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in China has caused a large number of rural-to-urban migrants (RUMs) and rapid urban land expansion (ULE). Understanding the relationship between RUMs and ULE has important implications for urban sustainable development. This study explored the spatial patterns of RUMs and ULE [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in China has caused a large number of rural-to-urban migrants (RUMs) and rapid urban land expansion (ULE). Understanding the relationship between RUMs and ULE has important implications for urban sustainable development. This study explored the spatial patterns of RUMs and ULE in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014, and analyzed the relationship between the two using a decoupling model. The results show that: (1) a large proportion of the rural population migrated to urban areas in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014, and the distribution of RUMs was uneven: developed areas attracted more RUMs than undeveloped regions; (2) the urban land in Hubei Province increased rapidly from 2009 to 2014, and the urban land use in Hubei Province was extensive and inefficient; (3) the decoupling types between RUMs and ULE in Hubei Province were dominated by expansive negative and weak decoupling; (4) according to the changes in per capita urban land area and decoupling types, the coordination relationship between RUMs and ULE in Hubei Province was divided into eight types, and while the relationship between RUMs and ULE in most areas were coordinated and beneficial to urban land intensive use, the rest were uncoordinated. Finally, reasonable implications for urban sustainable development and new land use policy were put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Uses and Rural Governance)

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22 pages, 4674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparing the Applicability of Commonly Used Hydrological Ecosystem Services Models for Integrated Decision-Support

by Anna Lüke¹ and Jochen Hack^2,*

¹ Section of Engineering Hydrology and Water Management, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

² Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020346 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6546

Abstract

Different simulation models are used in science and practice in order to incorporate hydrological ecosystem services in decision-making processes. This contribution compares three simulation models, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, a traditional hydrological model and two ecosystem services models, the Integrated Valuation [...] Read more.

Different simulation models are used in science and practice in order to incorporate hydrological ecosystem services in decision-making processes. This contribution compares three simulation models, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, a traditional hydrological model and two ecosystem services models, the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model and the Resource Investment Optimization System model. The three models are compared on a theoretical and conceptual basis as well in a comparative case study application. The application of the models to a study area in Nicaragua reveals that a practical benefit to apply these models for different questions in decision-making generally exists. However, modelling of hydrological ecosystem services is associated with a high application effort and requires input data that may not always be available. The degree of detail in temporal and spatial variability in ecosystem service provision is higher when using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool compared to the two ecosystem service models. In contrast, the ecosystem service models have lower requirements on input data and process knowledge. A relationship between service provision and beneficiaries is readily produced and can be visualized as a model output. The visualization is especially useful for a practical decision-making context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable River Basin Management)

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21 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

To License or Not to License Remanufacturing Business?

by Zu-Jun Ma^1,2

, Qin Zhou², Ying Dai^2,* and Gao-Feng Guan^1,2,*

¹ School of Management, Yangtze University, Jinzhou 434023, China

² School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020347 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3851

Abstract

Many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) face the choice of whether to license an independent remanufacturer (IR) to remanufacture their used products. In this paper, we develop closed-loop supply chain models with licensed and unlicensed remanufacturing operations to analyze the competition and cooperation between [...] Read more.

Many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) face the choice of whether to license an independent remanufacturer (IR) to remanufacture their used products. In this paper, we develop closed-loop supply chain models with licensed and unlicensed remanufacturing operations to analyze the competition and cooperation between an OEM and an IR. The OEM sells new products and collects used products through trade-ins, while the IR intercepts the OEM’s cores to produce remanufactured products and sell them in the same market. We derive optimal decisions for each of the two types of firms in licensed and unlicensed remanufacturing scenarios and identify conditions under which the OEM and the IR would be most likely to cooperate with each other in implementing remanufacturing. The results show although it is beneficial for an OEM to license an IR to remanufacture its cores, it is not always necessary for an IR to accept OEM’s authorization. Moreover, we contrast the result for licensed remanufacturing scenario in the decentralized system with that in the centrally coordinated system to quantify potential inefficiency resulting from decentralization of decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient, Sustainable and Smart Cities: Emerging Trends and Approaches)

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22 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Decision-Making for Coal Power Flexibility Retrofitting and Compensation in China

by Chunning Na^1,*

, Jiahai Yuan^2,3,*, Yuhong Zhu¹ and Li Xue¹

¹ School of Physics & Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

² School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

³ Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing 102206, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020348 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

In China, in order to integrate more renewable energy into the power grid, coal power flexibility retrofitting is imperative. This paper elaborates a generic method for estimating the flexibility potential from the rapid ramp rate and peak shaving operation using nonlinear programming, and [...] Read more.

In China, in order to integrate more renewable energy into the power grid, coal power flexibility retrofitting is imperative. This paper elaborates a generic method for estimating the flexibility potential from the rapid ramp rate and peak shaving operation using nonlinear programming, and defines three flexibility elastic coefficients to quantify the retrofitted targets. The optimized range of the retrofitted targets determined by the flexibility elastic coefficients have a reference significance on coal power flexibility retrofitting. Then, in order to enable economic decisions for coal power flexibility retrofitting, we address a profit maximizing issue regarding optimization decisions for coal power flexibility retrofitting under an assumption of perfect competition, further analyzing the characteristic roots of marginal cost equal to marginal revenue. The rationality of current compensation standards for peak shaving in China can also be judged in the analysis. The case study results show that economic decision-making depends on the compensation standard and the peak shaving depth and time. At a certain peak shaving depth and time, with rational compensation standard power plants are willing to carry out coal power flexibility retrofitting. The current compensation standard in Northeast China is high enough to carry out coal power flexibility retrofitting. These research conclusions have theoretical significance for China’s peak shaving compensation standards formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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14 pages, 6726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Strengths and Limits of Strong and Weak Sustainability Indicators: A Case Study of the Assessment of China’s Megacities with EF and GPI

by Lu Huang^1,2

¹ Smart City Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310012, China

² Institute of Ecological Planning and Landscape Design, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020349 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5573

Abstract

The perspective of strong/weak sustainability has a great impact on sustainability assessment. In this study, two most widely used indices, Ecological Footprint (EF) and Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) for strong and weak sustainability assessment, were employed to evaluate the sustainability of China’s ten [...] Read more.

The perspective of strong/weak sustainability has a great impact on sustainability assessment. In this study, two most widely used indices, Ecological Footprint (EF) and Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) for strong and weak sustainability assessment, were employed to evaluate the sustainability of China’s ten megacities between 1978 and 2015. The results showed that the ecological footprint had been enlarged in the past twenty years; while the genuine economic welfare started to increase since 2005. The cities of Xi’an, Chengdu, Chongqing, and Shanghai met the threshold of below 2.5 global hectares for EF/capita, and over 3000 dollars/capita (in 2010 US$) for GPI/capita. By analyzing and comparing the characteristics, the processes and results, and the complementary features of evaluation methods of EF and GPI, the research suggested that: (1) Strong and weak sustainability indicators, with their own pros/cons in sustainability assessment, should be used carefully; (2) Weak sustainability indicators could be analyzed from the perspective of strong sustainability; (3) Strong sustainability indicators need to be developed urgently. The results in this study could guide the selection of sustainability indicators, and help interpret the results of sustainability assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Defining and Assessing Landscape and Urban Sustainability: Linking Spatial Patterns, Ecosystems Services, and Human Wellbeing)

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10 pages, 389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Values (2-MEV) and Appreciation of Nature

by Franz X. Bogner

Didactics of Biology, Z-MNU (Centre of Math & Science Education), University of Bayreuth, NW-1, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020350 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7917

Abstract

When monitoring the long history of empirical instruments for environmental attitude measurement, the Two Major Environmental Value model (2-MEV) with its two higher order factors: Preservation (PRE) and Utilization (UTL) has repeatedly and independently been confirmed. PRE assesses preferences towards conservation of nature [...] Read more.

When monitoring the long history of empirical instruments for environmental attitude measurement, the Two Major Environmental Value model (2-MEV) with its two higher order factors: Preservation (PRE) and Utilization (UTL) has repeatedly and independently been confirmed. PRE assesses preferences towards conservation of nature and the environment, whilst UTL measures preferences towards utilization/exploitation of nature. The latter, however, does not yet include the positive aspects of benefitting from the (enjoyable) use of nature. Consequently, besides the established 2-MEV-battery, additional items from an “Appreciation of Nature” (APR) scale were applied to an Irish sample of 289 secondary school students (age: M = 14.3 years). Responses to the altogether 30-item battery were applied on an oblique rotation by using the Promax procedure: UTL and PRE appeared as orthogonally related factors, APR correlated to PRE with 0.283. Based on loading scores, the item number for each subscale was further reduced to make the analysis more manageable in educational outreach sites; on those sites, where completing questionnaires may well be quite unpopular, they are very much needed for planning and fine-tuning educational programs. Therefore, extending the 2-MEV scale with an added scale for Appreciation may help: (i) to judge participants’ feedback for adjusting/balancing program contents better; and (ii) to promote appreciation as a successful strategy for shifting individuals away from their individual exploitative preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teaching and Learning for Sustainability)

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23 pages, 2615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Eco-Labelling Influences Environmentally Conscious Consumption of Construction Products

by Mariia Rochikashvili^*

and Jan C. Bongaerts

International Management of Resources and Environment, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020351 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6362

Abstract

Interior wall paints and coatings may evaporate hazardous emissions such as volatile organic compound and formaldehyde. Hence, for these products, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) with information about toxicological and environmental properties and on safe handling practices must be handed out to professional [...] Read more.

Interior wall paints and coatings may evaporate hazardous emissions such as volatile organic compound and formaldehyde. Hence, for these products, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) with information about toxicological and environmental properties and on safe handling practices must be handed out to professional users. However, this obligation does not include end-users which places them at risk. In order to provide a service to the end-users, some German manufacturers issue an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). An EPD is a certificate for a construction product that is based on its Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper investigates potential solutions to direct end-users’ awareness of environmental and health effects of the products they purchase. Therefore, two questionnaire surveys are held on several trade fairs for construction products in Germany. On the one hand, the first survey targets visitors of these trade fairs, i.e., average consumers, or end-users of construction products. On the other hand, the second survey targets participants of these trade fairs that include manufacturers of indoor paints and varnishes as well as companies who use painting pigments in their manufacturing process, e.g., carpet floors and ceramics. The objectives of these surveys were to learn experts’ opinions on the transfer of relevant data, i.e., about health and environmental effects their products might cause, to end-users and compare them to those of the end-users. One of the outcomes of the survey shows that, according to the experts’ survey participants, Environmental Product Declarations are of main interest to make LCAs transparent. Moreover, the paper investigates the perception of one of the most broadly known eco-labels in Germany, the Blue Angel eco-label, by the average consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management Strategies and Innovations for Sustainable Construction)

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28 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Online Impulse Buying: Evidence from Chinese Social Commerce Environment

by Umair Akram^1,*, Peng Hui¹, Muhammad Kaleem Khan¹

, Chen Yan¹ and Zubair Akram²

¹ School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 10th Xitucheng Road Haidian District, Beijing 100876, China

² School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020352 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 27112

Abstract

First, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of situational variables, scarcity and serendipity, on online impulse buying (OIB) in Chinese social commerce (SC) environment. Second, the study further assesses the moderating role of five dimensions of hedonic shopping value. [...] Read more.

First, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of situational variables, scarcity and serendipity, on online impulse buying (OIB) in Chinese social commerce (SC) environment. Second, the study further assesses the moderating role of five dimensions of hedonic shopping value. Data were gathered from 671 online shoppers who come from two metropolitan cities of China, Beijing, and Shanghai. Structure equation modeling utilized was generated by AMOS 23 version to test the study hypotheses. The results confirm that situational factors positively influence the online impulse buying among Chinese online shoppers in SC environment. Four dimensions of hedonic shopping value (social shopping, relaxation shopping, adventure shopping and idea shopping) positively moderate the relationship between serendipity and OIB; value shopping is insignificant with moderation effect. The finding is helpful to the online retailers and SC web developers by recommending them to take the scarcity and serendipity in their consideration. These factors have the potential to motivate the consumers to initiate the hedonic shopping aptitude to urge to buy impulsively. Unlike the previous work which remained unsuccessful in incorporating all factors into one study, this study has incorporated irrational and unplanned consumption along with rational and planned one in the same research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Livelihood Assets-Based Spatial Differentiation of the Income of Natural Tourism Communities

by Jinhai Ma^1,2

, Jie Zhang^1,*, Li Li^1,*

, Zhanjing Zeng¹, Jingrong Sun³, Qilou (Bill) Zhou⁴ and Yuling Zhang⁵

¹ Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing 210023, China

² Tourism College, Qinghai Nationalities University, 3 Bayi Road, Chengdong District, Xining 81007, China

³ Tourism and Social Management School, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 3601 Hongjing Ave., Nanjing 211171, China

⁴ School of Urban, Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Second Normal University, 77 Beijing Xilu, Gulou District, Nanjing 210013, China

⁵ Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020353 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 14507

Abstract

Livelihood assets have a significant impact on the livelihood options and income of tourism communities. The level of tourism development and the type of natural tourism communities often exhibit spatial differences. By using the method of sustainable livelihood and examining the main factors [...] Read more.

Livelihood assets have a significant impact on the livelihood options and income of tourism communities. The level of tourism development and the type of natural tourism communities often exhibit spatial differences. By using the method of sustainable livelihood and examining the main factors that affect community income from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity, it is possible to identify the livelihood assets that play the most critical role in the development of sustainable livelihoods and income generation in the community, which helps provide more reasonable advice on tourism destination management. In this article, we conducted a case study on 16 communities in and around Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, China, and divided the communities into three types, i.e., core attraction areas, service support areas, and secondary service support areas, according to the geographical and spatial characteristics, tourism development level, and livelihood type. The participatory assessment method was adopted to obtain in-depth interviews and questionnaire data from 256 rural households, which was utilized to construct four multivariate regression models to investigate the effect of livelihood assets on community income and the spatial difference of the factors that affect community income. The results showed that (1) livelihood assets exert a significant impact on community income in tourist areas, with a remarkable spatial difference; (2) the types of livelihoods and the effective utilization of livelihood assets have a significant impact on farmers’ incomes; (3) the type and amount of livelihood assets have a certain impact on the choice of livelihood; and (4) a farmer’s livelihood type determines the utilization method and the effective utilization of livelihood assets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employment and Income Growth from Sustainable Tourism)

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16 pages, 2038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrigation Water Availability and Winter Wheat Abandonment in the North China Plain (NCP): Findings from a Case Study in Cangxian County of Hebei Province

by Xue Wang^1,* and Xiubin Li^1,2,*

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

² College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020354 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3980

Abstract

The North China Plain (NCP) is the major winter wheat producing area in China. Abandonment of this crop has, however, become more and more prevalent in this region since the late 1990s. Although the underlying causes of this phenomenon remain little understood, irrigation [...] Read more.

The North China Plain (NCP) is the major winter wheat producing area in China. Abandonment of this crop has, however, become more and more prevalent in this region since the late 1990s. Although the underlying causes of this phenomenon remain little understood, irrigation water availability (IWA) has always been regarded as the key factor limiting winter wheat production on the NCP. The aim of this paper is to determine the role played by IWA in the abandonment of winter wheat, using evidence drawn from a case study in Cangxian County, Hebei Province. First-hand data were collected for this study from 350 households in 35 villages, using semistructured one-on-one questionnaires. Five types of irrigation water sources were defined and identified at the level of individual land plots: “ground and surface water”, “just groundwater”, “just rivers”, “just reservoirs”, and “no irrigation”. These levels correspond to a decreasing trend in the overall frequency of irrigation and thus provide a clear proxy indicator for IWA. The results from a series of multilevel multinomial models show that the higher the IWA, the less likely it is for a land plot to abandon winter wheat. Specifically, using “no irrigation” cases as a control group, the results show that land plots with more sources of irrigation water also tend to be characterized by greater IWA, including “ground and surface water” and “just groundwater”, and also have lower probabilities of abandoning winter wheat. In contrast, land plots with less IWA (less irrigation water sources), including “just reservoirs” and “just rivers”, are more likely to abandon winter wheat. The results also show that, in addition to IWA, soil quality and plot size at the plot level, as well as demographic characteristics, farm equipment, and land fragmentation at the household level and irrigation prices at the village level, all play additional significant roles in the cropping-system decisions made by farmers. A number of suggestions are made in this paper regarding policy implementation related to integrative water management and transferred water reallocation, in order to achieve the twin goals of water conservation and winter wheat production on the NCP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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20 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Recess” in the Eyes of Primary School Students: Cyprus Case

by Nedime Karasel Ayda¹ and Ahmet Güneyli^2,*

¹ Faculty of Education, Educational Sciences Institute, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, North Cyprus

² Social Sciences Education, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, North Cyprus

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020355 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5487

Abstract

This study aims to describe what recess is like in the eyes of primary school children. At the basis of the literature of the study, the focus was on the notion of free time, and free time notion was explained based on the [...] Read more.

This study aims to describe what recess is like in the eyes of primary school children. At the basis of the literature of the study, the focus was on the notion of free time, and free time notion was explained based on the Planned Behavior Theory. A mixed research approach is used in the study, from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. In the qualitative dimension, students were asked to express what they understood from recess through using metaphors. In the quantitative dimension, “Leisure Satisfaction Scale”, developed by Beard and Ragheb, and adapted to Turkish in 2001, was used. Responses given by students to this scale were analyzed and their level of satisfaction during recess periods was identified. This research was performed at a primary school of the North Cyprus Ministry of National Education during the 2016–2017 academic year, selected in accordance with purposive sampling. A total of 190 students attending the 5th grade in this school constituted the study group of the research. Students consider recess as more of a time for enjoyment, game, and fun, but think it ends too soon. On the other hand, they stated that they achieved satisfaction socially, especially during recess, but, on the contrary, it was observed that their psychological satisfaction stayed at a lower level. A conclusion was also reached that certain variables (having a monitoring teacher, especially during recess periods) affected level of satisfaction of students during recess. In conclusion, based on the findings of this research, it should be stated that both teachers and school administrators have responsibility in enhancing the psychological satisfaction level of students especially during recess periods. It can be said that it will be possible to raise other satisfaction levels (physical, aesthetic, social, etc.) of students by enhancing their psychological satisfaction levels during recess. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity as a Means of Culture, Leisure and Free Time)

26 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Quantifying User Acceptance of Personalized Business Modes Based on TAM, Trust and Attitude

by Jie Zhao¹, Suping Fang¹

and Peiquan Jin^2,*

¹ School of Business, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China

² School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020356 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6917

Abstract

With the rapid development of economics and social businesses, users’ business demand has changed a lot. More and more people want to personalize their business modes so that they can get better experiences in business and learning activities. The key factor of personalized [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of economics and social businesses, users’ business demand has changed a lot. More and more people want to personalize their business modes so that they can get better experiences in business and learning activities. The key factor of personalized business mode is to consider users’ individual needs on business activities, so that users can receive differentiated services. Users’ satisfaction on personalized services will effectively improve the consuming experience of users, which is helpful for business organizations to strengthen their competitive power in business environments. However, will users wish to participate in personalized businesses? This is a crucial issue for developing personalized businesses. Aiming to solve this problem, this paper analyzes the major factors influencing user acceptance of personalized business modes. Then, we propose a research model that enhances the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) model with trust and attitude to depict the influence from several variables to user acceptance of personalized business modes. Further, we use the structural equation method to conduct an empirical analysis on questionnaire data from the Internet. The results in terms of many kinds of data analysis show that trust and the TAM factors (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use) have significant influence on user acceptance of personalized business modes. In addition, there are partial intermediate relationships existing among the factors of the research model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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13 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study on the Indirect Impact of Flight Delay on China’s Economy

by Yuxiu Chen^1,2, Jian Yu^2,*, Sang-Bing Tsai^2,3,*

and Jinfu Zhu¹

¹ College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China

² Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development of the China Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China

³ Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan 528400, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020357 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4189

Abstract

Due to the influence on the sectors and industries that have strong relationships with the air transportation industry, flight delays have a huge impact on China’s economy. In this study, the input–output method and the Ghosh model were used to analyze the indirect [...] Read more.

Due to the influence on the sectors and industries that have strong relationships with the air transportation industry, flight delays have a huge impact on China’s economy. In this study, the input–output method and the Ghosh model were used to analyze the indirect economic impacts of flight delays on China’s economy. We also constructed simultaneous demand-fare equations to estimate the direct output of the air industry as a result of flight delay control. The final results showed that the total indirect impact of flight delays on China was Ұ350.71 billion in 2013, stressing the importance of controlling flight delays. Since delay control not only provides direct benefits to passengers and carriers, but also indirectly contributes to regional economies, the efforts benefit the entire Chinese society. The great investment in flight delay governance should be shared among various producing sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

18 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transition towards Sustainable Solutions: Product, Service, Technology, and Business Model

by Mina Nasiri^*

, Tero Rantala

, Minna Saunila, Juhani Ukko and Hannu Rantanen

School of Business and Management, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 15140 Lahti, Finland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020358 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6493

Abstract

Nowadays, the horse industry can be considered as an important industry in European countries and has a major role in agricultural industry throughout the world. Although today the diversity of the horse-related companies provides new markets and business opportunities, there are also some [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the horse industry can be considered as an important industry in European countries and has a major role in agricultural industry throughout the world. Although today the diversity of the horse-related companies provides new markets and business opportunities, there are also some sustainable issues which needs to be addressed. Therefore, this study contributes to this research gap by reviewing the concept of sustainability and existing approaches to find sustainable solutions for companies. These sustainable approaches can be applied to products, services and technologies as well as business models, such as the product-service-system (PSS), circular economy (CE) and industrial symbiosis (IS). Although there seems to be a growing understanding of sustainable approaches and their role in sustainable development, there is a lack of research at the empirical level regarding the types of sustainability approaches (i.e., technologies, services, products and business models) that evolve in specific industries. The empirical data in this research have been collected from a cross-section of Finnish horse industry operators to determine how willing companies are to exploit approaches to sustainable solutions, as well as what the existing sustainable solutions are in this industry. The response rate of this study is approximately 24 percent, including 139 received valid responses among the sample of 580 operators. Full article

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22 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Life Cycle Management in SMEs: Use of a Sector-Based Approach to Overcome Barriers

by Helene Seidel-Sterzik^1,*, Sarah McLaren² and Elena Garnevska³

¹ Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² New Zealand Life Cycle Management Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

³ Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020359 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6778

Abstract

One approach to incorporate sustainability in organisations is the implementation of life cycle management (LCM). LCM involves sharing responsibility for addressing environmental impacts across the entire supply chain of products and services, extending from raw material extraction to end-of-life of the product. The [...] Read more.

One approach to incorporate sustainability in organisations is the implementation of life cycle management (LCM). LCM involves sharing responsibility for addressing environmental impacts across the entire supply chain of products and services, extending from raw material extraction to end-of-life of the product. The New Zealand primary sector relies heavily on natural resources and provides about 70% of the country’s export revenue. Most companies in primary industry sectors in New Zealand are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Successful sector-wide uptake of LCM can potentially facilitate effective measurement and management of environmental impacts caused by this sector. The aim of this research was to identify the barriers and enablers to successful LCM uptake by New Zealand primary sector SMEs within a sector-based context. An extensive review of the literature was undertaken in the areas of change management for SMEs and supply chain management. The main factors influencing successful LCM uptake include owner/manager influence, environmental culture, resource availability, future orientation, knowledge of environmental issues, market requirements, geographical separation of production and consumption, awareness of own environmental issues and communication/information sharing. This paper forms the basis for future research and development of tools for the effective implementation of sector based approaches to LCM in the primary industry. The results of this research include a capability maturity model and the development of a cloud based platform for collaboration and communication around LCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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15 pages, 1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Relationships of Image and Attitude on Visit Intention to Korea among Tanzanian College Students: The Moderating Effect of Familiarity

by Sung-Bum Kim¹

and Ki-Joon Kwon^2,*

¹ College of Business Administration, Inha University, 421B Building #6, Incheon 22201, Korea

² Division of Food & Culinary Science, Howon University, Gunsan 54058, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020360 - 30 Jan 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6154

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate country image and attitudes on Tanzanian tourists’ intention to visit Korea. It also aimed to examine the moderating effects of destination and product familiarities in the relationship between country image and attitudes on future visit [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate country image and attitudes on Tanzanian tourists’ intention to visit Korea. It also aimed to examine the moderating effects of destination and product familiarities in the relationship between country image and attitudes on future visit intention. We utilized data collected from 350 college students in Tanzania and found that participants’ cognitive image of Korea significantly influenced their affective image, in turn affecting attitudes toward country, products, and cuisine. Attitudes toward country, products, and cuisine, in turn, had positive effects on visit intention. We also showed the moderating effects of destination and product familiarities among the interrelationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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14 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Community Livelihood Approach to Agricultural Heritage System Conservation and Tourism Development: Xuanhua Grape Garden Urban Agricultural Heritage Site, Hebei Province of China

by Mingming Su¹, Yehong Sun^2,*, Qingwen Min^3,4 and Wenjun Jiao³

¹ School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

² Tourism College of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China

³ Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020361 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 11150

Abstract

The designation, conservation and tourism development of agricultural heritage systems, which are embedded with intricate human–nature relations, could significantly influence community livelihoods. Therefore, a livelihood approach is critical for agricultural heritage conservation and the sustainability of the hosting community. Taking Guanhou Village, Xuanhua [...] Read more.

The designation, conservation and tourism development of agricultural heritage systems, which are embedded with intricate human–nature relations, could significantly influence community livelihoods. Therefore, a livelihood approach is critical for agricultural heritage conservation and the sustainability of the hosting community. Taking Guanhou Village, Xuanhua Grape Garden Urban Agricultural Heritage Site as an example, this study examines impacts of heritage conservation and tourism on the community livelihood system and its implications for community livelihood sustainability. A sustainable livelihood framework is adopted to guide the analysis. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with management officials, village leaders and village residents. The research identified the importance of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) designation on raising government support and public awareness on conservation. Tourism emerges as an alternative livelihood to some residents which exerts positive economic influence. However, tourism participation is currently at a low level which restricted the distribution of benefits. The sustainability of local rural livelihood is at risk due to the rapid urbanization, the decline of human resources and the insufficient integration of traditional agriculture with tourism. Practical implications were discussed to enhance local participation and tourism contribution to GIAHS conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Sustainability of Agricultural Heritage Systems through Dynamic Conservation)

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15 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Overall Throughputability Effectiveness (S.O.T.E.) as a Metric for Production Systems

by Orlando Durán^1,*, Andrea Capaldo² and Paulo Andrés Duran Acevedo³

¹ Mechanical Engineering School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 243000, Chile

² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Milan, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy

³ Inacap Valparaiso, Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP, Valparaiso 243000, Chile

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020362 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3811

Abstract

This paper proposes a new index for a comprehensive and systematic measurement of sustainability and throughput performance in production systems. The proposed index, called Sustainable Overall Throughput Effectiveness (S.O.T.E.), is designed on the basis of a comparison of the environmental and operational factors. [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new index for a comprehensive and systematic measurement of sustainability and throughput performance in production systems. The proposed index, called Sustainable Overall Throughput Effectiveness (S.O.T.E.), is designed on the basis of a comparison of the environmental and operational factors. Specifically, it integrates the following four dimensions: availability, utilization, performance, and environmental sustainability. The way each dimension is measured is explained and justified. This index uses the overall environmental equipment effectiveness (OEEE) index, which is based on the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) index. However, such metrics are lacking at the factory level, because OEEE, as well as the OEE, is devoted to equipment-level. Its application and potential contribution to the analysis of sustainable throughput is demonstrated through a case study in an actual crushing plant. Through examining several hypotheses concerning the relationship between operational and environmental performance, a series of useful conclusions could be raised. The main difference and advantage of the proposed S.O.T.E. is that S.O.T.E., as it is based on the Overall Throughput Effectiveness (OTE), measures factory-level sustainability and operational performance. S.O.T.E. allows us to relate the impact of the overall effectiveness of each one of the components of the index to each piece of equipment that makes a part of the production systems. Furthermore, S.O.T.E., as OTE, take into account the production system configuration (series, parallel, assembly, etc.). Full article

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18 pages, 3598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Summer Maize on Smallholder Farms in the North China Plain

by Guangfeng Chen^1,†

, Hongzhu Cao^2,†, Jun Liang³, Wenqi Ma², Lufang Guo¹, Shuhua Zhang¹, Rongfeng Jiang¹, Hongyan Zhang^1,*

, Keith W. T. Goulding⁴

and Fusuo Zhang¹

¹ College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

² College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China

³ Agricultural Bureau of Laoling County, Dezhou 253600, Shandong, China

⁴ Department of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020363 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 5285

Abstract

The summer maize yields and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (PFP_N, grain yield per unit N fertilizer) on smallholder farms in China are low, and differ between farms due to complex, sub-optimal management practices. We collected data on management [...] Read more.

The summer maize yields and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (PFP_N, grain yield per unit N fertilizer) on smallholder farms in China are low, and differ between farms due to complex, sub-optimal management practices. We collected data on management practices and yields from smallholder farms in three major summer maize-producing sites—Laoling, Quzhou and Xushui—in the North China Plain (NCP) for two growing seasons, during 2015–2016. Boundary line analysis and a Proc Mixed Model were used to evaluate the contribution of individual factors and their interactions. Summer maize grain yields and PFP_N ranged from 6.6 t ha⁻¹ to 14.2 t ha⁻¹ and 15.4 kg kg⁻¹ to 96.1 kg kg⁻¹, respectively, and averaged 10.5 t ha⁻¹ and 49.1 kg kg⁻¹, respectively. The mean total yield gap and PFP_N gap were 3.6 t ha⁻¹ and 43.3 kg kg⁻¹ in Laoling, 2.2 t ha⁻¹ and 24.5 kg kg⁻¹ in Xushui, and 2.8 t ha⁻¹ and 41.1 kg kg⁻¹ in Quzhou. A positive correlation was observed between the yield gap and PFP_N gap; the PFP_N gap could be reduced by 6.0 kg kg⁻¹ (3.6–6.6 kg kg⁻¹) by reducing the yield gap by 1 t ha⁻¹. The high yield and high PFP_N (HH) fields had a higher plant density and lower N fertilization rate than the low yield and low PFP_N (LL) fields. Our results show that multiple management factors caused the yield gap, but the relative contribution of plant density is slightly higher than that of other management practices, such as N input, the sowing date, and potassium fertilizer input. The low PFP_N was mainly attributed to an over-application of N fertilizer. To enhance the sustainable production of summer maize, the production gaps should be tackled through programs that guide smallholder farmers on the adoption of optimal management practices. Full article

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17 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Stakeholders’ Views and the Influence of the Socio-Cultural Dimension on the Adoption of Solar Energy Technology in Lebanon

by Houda Elmustapha^1,*, Thomas Hoppe²

and Hans Bressers¹

¹ Department of Governance and Technology for Sustainability (CSTM), Institute for Innovation and Governance Studies (IGS), Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences (BMS), University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

² Organization and Governance (OG), Department of Multi-Actor Systems (MAS), Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management (TPM), Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020364 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5734

Abstract

In light of climate change and global commitments, a great amount of programs and policies have been implemented by governments targeting the diffusion of renewable energy technologies. Successful diffusion relies on the understanding, persuasion and acceptance by consumers and other stakeholders. This article [...] Read more.

In light of climate change and global commitments, a great amount of programs and policies have been implemented by governments targeting the diffusion of renewable energy technologies. Successful diffusion relies on the understanding, persuasion and acceptance by consumers and other stakeholders. This article investigates the views, roles and influence of stakeholders on the adoption of solar energy technology in Lebanon. The main research questions are: What are the stakeholders’ views, roles and influence on the diffusion process of solar energy technologies? And are specific socio-cultural factors therein that influenced adoption? The influence of different stakeholders (end users, public representatives, banking sector, suppliers, consultants and NGOs) was assessed via qualitative data analysis, in particular semi-structured interviews. Our research perspective combines grounded and critical theoretical approaches with a case study research design allowing for a semi-inductive process to elaborate and complement new insights to the current body of literature on adoption of clean technology innovation, with a particular focus on the socio-cultural dimension. The results show that contextual factors, specifically related to the social, cultural, geographic and market dimensions, played a crucial role in shaping market development, especially in relation to the uptake of solar energy technology by different consumer groups. Based on the results of this study we argue that more scholarly attention should be awarded to the influence of the socio-cultural dimension and stakeholders’ perspectives on adoption of renewable energy technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Innovations in the Energy Transition)

16 pages, 3332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Analysis of CO₂ Emissions of Apartment Housing in the Construction Process

by Jonggeon Lee¹, Sungho Tae^2,* and Rakhyun Kim^3,*

¹ Green Remodeling Department, Korea Land & Housing Corporation, Seongnam-daero 54beon-gil, Seongnam 13637, Korea

² School of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea

³ Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan 15588, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020365 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5671

Abstract

Recent research in the construction industry has focused on the reduction of CO₂ emission using quantitative assessment of building life. However, most of this research has focused on the operational stage of a building’s life cycle. Few comprehensive studies of CO₂ [...] Read more.

Recent research in the construction industry has focused on the reduction of CO₂ emission using quantitative assessment of building life. However, most of this research has focused on the operational stage of a building’s life cycle. Few comprehensive studies of CO₂ emissions during building construction have been performed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the CO₂ emissions of an apartment housing during the construction process. The quantity of CO₂ emissions associated with the utilization of selected building materials and construction equipment were used to estimate the CO₂ emissions related to the apartment housing life cycle. In order to set the system boundary for the construction materials, equipment, and transportation used, 13 types of construction work were identified; then the CO₂ emissions produced by the identified materials were calculated for each type of construction work. The comprehensive results showed that construction work involving reinforced concrete accounted for more than 73% of the total CO₂ emissions. The CO₂ emissions related to reinforced concrete work was mainly due to transportation from the supplier to the construction site. Therefore, at the time that reinforced concrete is being supplied, shipping distance and fuel economy management of concrete transportation vehicles should be considered thoroughly for significant reduction of CO₂ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction)

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15 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facilitating Energy Transition through Energy Commons: An Application of Socio-Ecological Systems Framework for Integrated Community Energy Systems

by Cristina Acosta¹, Mariana Ortega¹, Till Bunsen¹, Binod Prasad Koirala^1,2,*

and Amineh Ghorbani¹

¹ Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands

² Department of Science, Technology and Policy Studies, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020366 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 9329

Abstract

Integrated Community Energy Systems (ICES) are an emerging local energy system focusing on the collective use of distributed energy resources (DER). These socio-technical systems (STSs) have a high potential to advance the transition towards socially inclusive, environmentally-friendly energy systems and to stimulate the [...] Read more.

Integrated Community Energy Systems (ICES) are an emerging local energy system focusing on the collective use of distributed energy resources (DER). These socio-technical systems (STSs) have a high potential to advance the transition towards socially inclusive, environmentally-friendly energy systems and to stimulate the local economy. While there is an analogy between energy in ICES and other common goods such as natural resources, it is not clear to what extent the existing theoretical framework for Socio-ecological Systems (SES) on the commons accounts for the specificities of common resources in ICESs and other STSs. This research explores the applicability of the SES framework to energy commons that are firmly embedded in STS with reference to the DE Ramplaan ICES in the Netherlands. The formation process and governance characteristics of this ICES are revised, further aided by stakeholder interviews. A framework and a strategic plan that can be used to design and implement an ICES are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Innovations in the Energy Transition)

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25 pages, 4230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Pollution Inequality and Its Sources in SO₂ and NO_X Emissions among Chinese Provinces from 2006 to 2015

by Mohaddeseh Azimi¹

, Feng Feng^2,* and Yang Yang²

¹ School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

² School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020367 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6977

Abstract

This paper investigates inequality in SO₂ and NO_X emissions, by observing their extraordinary levels and uneven distribution in China during the period of the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans (FYPs, 2006–2015). This provincial and regional analysis utilizing the Theil index and [...] Read more.

This paper investigates inequality in SO₂ and NO_X emissions, by observing their extraordinary levels and uneven distribution in China during the period of the 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans (FYPs, 2006–2015). This provincial and regional analysis utilizing the Theil index and Kaya factors help us to find the trajectory of inequality and its primary sources. Based on our analysis, we conclude the driving factors behind emissions inequalities are as follows. There are four economic factors of per capita SO₂ emission: SO₂ emission intensity of coal consumption, coal intensity of power generation, power intensity of GDP, and per capita GDP. Additionally, there are four urban development factors of per capita NO_X emission: NO_X emission intensity of gasoline consumption, proportion of gasoline vehicles, vehicle use in urban population, and urbanization rate. The SO₂ emission results represent an increase of 6% in overall inequality where the inequality of power intensity of GDP is the main contributor. In terms of NO_X emission, the 3% growth in total inequality is related to the high effect of NO_X emission intensity of gasoline consumption. We also examine the effect of other factors affecting the trajectory of inequalities. To apply these results in practice, we compare the 11th and 12th FYPs and give some policy suggestions. Full article

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15 pages, 4088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Recovery from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Real Options-Based Facility Assessment

by Luigi Ranieri¹, Giorgio Mossa²

, Roberta Pellegrino² and Salvatore Digiesi^2,*

¹ Department of Innovation and Engineering, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy

² Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020368 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5337

Abstract

During the last years, due to the strict regulations on waste landfilling, anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is increasingly considered a sustainable alternative for waste stabilization and energy recovery. AD can reduce the volume of OFMSW [...] Read more.

During the last years, due to the strict regulations on waste landfilling, anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is increasingly considered a sustainable alternative for waste stabilization and energy recovery. AD can reduce the volume of OFMSW going to landfill and produce, at the same time, biogas and compost, all at a profit. The uncertainty about the collected quantity of organic fraction, however, may undermine the economic-financial sustainability of such plants. While the flexibility characterizing some AD technologies may prove very valuable in uncertain contexts since it allows adapting plant capacity to changing environments, the investment required for building flexible systems is generally higher than the investment for dedicated equipment. Hence, an adequate justification of investments in these flexible systems is needed. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at investigating how different technologies may perform from technical, economic and financial standpoints, in presence of an uncertain organic fraction quantity to be treated. Focusing on two AD treatment plant configurations characterized by a technological process with different degree of flexibility, a real options-based model is developed and then applied to the case of the urban waste management system of the Metropolitan Area of Bari (Italy). Results show the importance of pricing the flexibility of treatment plants, which becomes a critical factor in presence of an uncertain organic fraction. Hence, it has to be taken into consideration in the design phase of these plants. Full article

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7 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Valuation of the Restoration of Hwangnyongsa Temple in South Korea

by Ju-Hee Kim, Ga-Eun Kim and Seung-Hoon Yoo^*

Department of Energy Policy, Graduate School of Energy & Environment, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01811, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020369 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3640

Abstract

Hwangnyongsa Temple (HT) in South Korea belongs to the Gyeongju Historic Areas, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. The temple was destroyed by fire in AD 1238 and today there are few traces left, however the government is seeking to [...] Read more.

Hwangnyongsa Temple (HT) in South Korea belongs to the Gyeongju Historic Areas, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. The temple was destroyed by fire in AD 1238 and today there are few traces left, however the government is seeking to restore HT. This paper aims to evaluate the economic benefits of the restoration using contingent valuation (CV), and to then perform a cost-benefit analysis of the restoration. For this purpose, people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for the restoration is elicited from a survey of 1000 households. The average household’s WTP is estimated as KRW 2341 (USD 2.07) per annum. The current values of the benefits and costs of the restoration computed for the relevant period and population are KRW 415.3 billion (USD 366.9 million) and KRW 232.2 billion (USD 205.1 million), respectively. As the former is more than the latter, the restoration is socially profitable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implications of the 2016 Oregon Minimum Wage Increase for Direct Market Farmers, Farmworkers, and Communities

by Lindsay Trant^1,*, Christy Anderson Brekken²

, Larry Lev² and Lauren Gwin³

¹ School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

² Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

³ Center for Small Farms & Community Food Systems, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020370 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6174

Abstract

We conducted interviews with 18 direct market (DM) farmers to explore the implications of the Oregon minimum wage (MW) increase for the state’s DM agricultural sector. How, if at all, will DM farms in the Willamette Valley (OR, USA) adjust their production and [...] Read more.

We conducted interviews with 18 direct market (DM) farmers to explore the implications of the Oregon minimum wage (MW) increase for the state’s DM agricultural sector. How, if at all, will DM farms in the Willamette Valley (OR, USA) adjust their production and marketing practices in response to the MW increase? How will these adjustments affect DM farm viability, farmworkers, the environment, and the communities in which the farms are embedded? This region has a vibrant food system with many small-to-mid sized, diversified farms that sell through direct and intermediated marketing channels. The diversified production and marketing practices of these DM farmers are labor intensive and, in many respects, environmentally friendly. These practices result in relatively high costs and the farmers’ ability to respond by increasing prices is constrained by mainstream retail prices. Most growers reported that they will adjust to the MW increase by reducing their production and marketing costs with a decrease in total labor hours being an important strategy. This study, while small and exploratory, is the first in Oregon (and perhaps nationally) to collect empirical farm-level data about how DM farms will adjust to a MW increase. It sets the stage for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agribusiness and Food Supply Chain)

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16 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Sustainability in Metropolitan Areas: Accessibility and Equity in the Case of the Metropolitan Area of Valencia (Spain)

by Maria-Dolores Pitarch-Garrido

Department of Geography, Inter-University Institute of Local Development, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 28, 46010 Valencia, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020371 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4975

Abstract

By definition, sustainable development includes environmental, economic and social dimensions. Scholars have paid little attention to the latter, although greater interest has been seen in recent years due to the growing strength of the idea that development without equity is not development. Within [...] Read more.

By definition, sustainable development includes environmental, economic and social dimensions. Scholars have paid little attention to the latter, although greater interest has been seen in recent years due to the growing strength of the idea that development without equity is not development. Within this context, moreover, urban spaces present complex structures that make it difficult to address sustainable development goals without adequate territorial planning. The aims of the present article are twofold: to expound a conceptual line of thinking to define the social dimension of sustainability—while aware that it is inseparable from the other two—and to propose a simple measurement method based on the accessibility of public services. This method uses time-distance as the measure through which to understand socio-spatial equity. It is based on using GIS tools for a case study—in this case, the city of Valencia—and on the concept of spatial equity as the basis of social sustainability. Full article

15 pages, 3514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interannual Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Southeastern Taiwan Strait

by Ting-Hsuan Huang¹

, Zhixin Lun²

, Chau-Ron Wu³

and Chen-Tung Arthur Chen^1,*

¹ Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan

² Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA

³ Institute of Marine Environmental Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020372 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3740

Abstract

The Taiwan Strait (TS) is one of the main sources of phosphate that supports the large fish catches of the phosphate-limited East China Sea (ECS). The Penghu Channel is the deepest part of the TS, and most of the flow of the TS [...] Read more.

The Taiwan Strait (TS) is one of the main sources of phosphate that supports the large fish catches of the phosphate-limited East China Sea (ECS). The Penghu Channel is the deepest part of the TS, and most of the flow of the TS towards the ECS is principally through this channel. Empirical equations that are based on measurements made during 19 cruises (2000–2011) were combined with water velocity, salinity, and temperature, which were modeled using HYCOM (the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model) to obtain the annual fluxes for total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), nitrate plus nitrite, phosphate, and silicate fluxes. The TA and DIC are mainly transported in the top layer (0–55 m) because the current is much stronger there than in the bottom layer (55–125 m) whereas the TA and DIC concentrations in the top layer are only slightly smaller compared with the bottom layer. In contrast, the nitrate plus nitrite flux is mainly transported in the bottom layer because the concentrations are much higher in the bottom layer. Generally, nutrient flux increases with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, but TA and DIC fluxes increase as the PDO index decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Carbon Cycles)

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11 pages, 1671 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Reality of Light Pollution: A Field Survey for the Determination of Lighting Environmental Management Zones in South Korea

by Hong Soo Lim, Jack Ngarambe

, Jeong Tai Kim and Gon Kim^*

Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020374 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9412

Abstract

Light pollution has been receiving increased attention worldwide. Scientific research has provided convincing evidence that ties artificial lighting to health-related issues. Consequently, the involved parties are now leaned towards the implementation of regulations to help limit the use of artificial lighting. Many countries, [...] Read more.

Light pollution has been receiving increased attention worldwide. Scientific research has provided convincing evidence that ties artificial lighting to health-related issues. Consequently, the involved parties are now leaned towards the implementation of regulations to help limit the use of artificial lighting. Many countries, together with international organizations, have embarked on setting standards and regulations aimed at halting the excessive and improper usage of artificial lighting, there-by eradicating light pollution and its effects. In Korea, outdoor lighting at night is a common phenomenon. Moreover, as the economic development grows even further, the use of artificial lighting is expected to increase making Korea vulnerable to the adverse effects of artificial lighting. In this study, we discuss the issue of light pollution based on field measurements conducted in Seoul, South Korea. The measurements were undertaken to broaden the understanding and assessment of light pollution. During the investigation, we noted that the most severe forms of light pollution were found in developed urban and densely commercialized areas. Currently, there are ongoing light pollution measurement projects around the entire Korea. It would be informative to see how the rest of South Korea compares to the Capital, Seoul in terms of light pollution levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Lighting and Energy Saving)

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31 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Quality Management Practices to Sustainability Performance of Vietnamese Firms

by Minh Hue Nguyen^1,2,*, Anh Chi Phan¹ and Yoshiki Matsui²

¹ Center for Business Administration Studies, University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

² Department of Business Administration, Yokohama National University, 79-4 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku 2408501, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020375 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 12812

Abstract

This study seeks to investigate the relationship between quality management practices and sustainability performance as well as the moderating effects from quality management implementation timeline, type of industry, and firm size on this relationship. Data were collected from enterprises in Vietnam from July [...] Read more.

This study seeks to investigate the relationship between quality management practices and sustainability performance as well as the moderating effects from quality management implementation timeline, type of industry, and firm size on this relationship. Data were collected from enterprises in Vietnam from July 2016 to March 2017. Based on a sample of 144 valid responses, empirical results indicate that quality management practices have mixed impacts on economic performance and environmental performance, while show positive impact on social performance. The results found four quality management practices that have significantly positive impact on sustainability performance: top management support for quality management, design for quality, quality data and reporting, and continuous improvement. These practices could be considered as critical quality management factors that significantly contribute to sustainability goals. Furthermore, the study found significant moderating effects of three contextual factors on the relationship between quality management practices and sustainability performance. The study enriches the literature on quality management and sustainability management, and offers some important insights into efficient allocation of resources to achieve sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Demand-Supply Model to Enable Sustainability in New Australian Housing

by Georgia Warren-Myers^*

and Christopher Heywood

Thrive, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020376 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4601

Abstract

Sustainability implementation in new housing in Australia lags much of the developed world’s standards and implementation levels for residential sustainability. Various reasons for this are offered via a ‘blame game’ in a sector plagued by lack of demand, prohibitive costs, and poorly implemented [...] Read more.

Sustainability implementation in new housing in Australia lags much of the developed world’s standards and implementation levels for residential sustainability. Various reasons for this are offered via a ‘blame game’ in a sector plagued by lack of demand, prohibitive costs, and poorly implemented existing energy efficiency regulations. Multiple gaps in traditional supply-led procurement theory inhibits sustainability’s implementation in the Australian mass production residential construction system. Once-off consumers are not the key demand actor due to their inability to demand sustainability in a system that limits consumers’ choice and demand. Warren-Myers and Heywood (2016) theorized that the mass-producing Volume Builders are the pivotal demand-side actor in mainstreaming sustainability in the Australian new housing system. This paper investigated the Volume Builders’ roles and relationships with traditional demand-side actors, housing consumers, and the supply-side’s subcontractors and suppliers, to identify the ultimate demand actor that drives the housing industry. The investigation used semi-structured interviews with Volume Builders. The results demonstrated Volume Builders’ dominance of the Australian residential mass production construction industry validating their pivotal role as a demand-side actor in a consumption-based demand and supply model. This identifies Volume Builders as the key actor who could then drive wide-spread adoption of sustainability innovation in Australian mass-produced housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chains)

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11 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residents’ Support Intentions and Behaviors Regarding Urban Trees Programs: A Structural Equation Modeling-Multi Group Analysis

by Zheng Zhao¹, Yaoqi Zhang^2,* and Yali Wen¹

¹ School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

² School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5418, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020377 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

Urban trees are more about people than trees. Urban trees programs need public support and engagement, from the intentions to support to implement actions in supporting the programs. Built upon the theory of planned behavior and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study uses [...] Read more.

Urban trees are more about people than trees. Urban trees programs need public support and engagement, from the intentions to support to implement actions in supporting the programs. Built upon the theory of planned behavior and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study uses Beijing as a case study to investigate how subjective norm (cognition of urban trees), attitude (benefits residents’ believe urban trees can provide), and perceived behavioral control (the believed ability of what residents can do) affect intention and its transformation into implemented of supporting action. A total of 800 residents were interviewed in 2016 and asked about their opinion of neighborhood trees, park trees, and historical trees, and analyzed, respectively. The results show that subjective norm has a significant positive effect on intentions pertaining to historical and neighborhood trees. Attitudes influence intentions, but its overall influence is much lower than that of the subjective norm, indicating that residents are more likely to be influenced by external factors. The perceived behavioral control has the strongest effect among the three, suggesting the importance of public participation in strengthening intention. The transformation from intention to behavior seems relatively small, especially regarding neighborhood trees, suggesting that perceptions and participation need to be strengthened. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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12 pages, 2483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photovoltaic and Hydrogen Plant Integrated with a Gas Heat Pump for Greenhouse Heating: A Mathematical Study

by Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis^1,*

, Andrea Colantoni²

, Simone Pascuzzi¹

and Francesco Santoro¹

¹ Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy

² Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020378 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4591

Abstract

Nowadays, the traditional energy sources used for greenhouse heating are fossil fuels such as LPG, diesel and natural gas. The global energy demand will continue to grow and alternative technologies need to be developed in order to improve the sustainability of crop production [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the traditional energy sources used for greenhouse heating are fossil fuels such as LPG, diesel and natural gas. The global energy demand will continue to grow and alternative technologies need to be developed in order to improve the sustainability of crop production in protected environments. Innovative solutions are represented by renewable energy plants such as photovoltaic, wind and geothermal integrated systems, however, these technologies need to be connected to the power grid in order to store the energy produced. On agricultural land, power grids are not widespread and stand-alone renewable energy systems should be investigated especially for greenhouse applications. The aim of this research is to analyze, by means of a mathematical model, the energy efficiency of a photovoltaic (8.2 kW), hydrogen (2.5 kW) and ground source gas heat pump (2.2 kW) integrated in a stand-alone system used for heating an experimental greenhouse tunnel (48 m²) during the winter season. A yearlong energy performance analysis was conducted for three different types of greenhouse cover materials, a single layer polyethylene film, an air inflated-double layer polyethylene film, and a double acrylic or polycarbonate. The results of one year showed that the integrated system had a total energy efficiency of 14.6%. Starting from the electric energy supplied by the photovoltaic array, the total efficiency of the hydrogen and ground source gas heat pump system was 112% if the coefficient of the performance of the heat pump is equal to 5. The heating system increased the greenhouse air temperatures by 3–9 °C with respect to the external air temperatures, depending on the greenhouse cover material used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small-Scale Energy Conversion of Agro-Forestry Residues for Local Benefits and European Competitiveness)

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14 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation: Is There a Tradeoff Relationship between Them?

by Chang Soo Sung¹ and Joo Y. Park^2,*

¹ Department of Technology Entrepreneurship (Graduate), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-272, Korea

² School of Business, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020379 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8595

Abstract

Sustainability and entrepreneurship are often regarded as binary concepts that have a tradeoff relationship, meaning that the higher the social and environmental consideration, the lower the private and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of individual sustainability [...] Read more.

Sustainability and entrepreneurship are often regarded as binary concepts that have a tradeoff relationship, meaning that the higher the social and environmental consideration, the lower the private and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of individual sustainability orientation on opportunity recognition and sustainable entrepreneurship intention, and examine whether it has a tradeoff relationship with entrepreneurship orientation. The result of this study shows that sustainability orientation has a positive relationship with opportunity recognition and entrepreneurship intention related to sustainability. Analysis of the moderating effects of entrepreneurship orientation reveals the positive effect with sustainability orientation but negative effect with opportunity recognition on sustainable entrepreneurship intention. This study would suggest implications to entrepreneurs on how to balance sustainability and entrepreneurship and promote sustainability entrepreneurship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic Growth: Combining Technology, Market and Society)

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13 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significance of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Nutrient Budgets in Tropical Sanya Bay, China

by Guizhi Wang^1,2,3,*

, Shuling Wang¹, Zhangyong Wang¹ and Wenping Jing¹

¹ State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

² Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

³ College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020380 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

To quantify the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the nutrient budget in tropical embayments, naturally occurring radium isotopes (²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra) were investigated as SGD tracers in Sanya Bay, China. Higher activities of radium [...] Read more.

To quantify the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to the nutrient budget in tropical embayments, naturally occurring radium isotopes (²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²⁸Ra) were investigated as SGD tracers in Sanya Bay, China. Higher activities of radium were present along the north coast and near the Sanya River estuary. Using the activity ratio of ²²⁴Ra/²²⁸Ra, the apparent water age in Sanya Bay was estimated to be 0–13.2 days, with an average of 7.2 ± 3.2 days. Based on the mass balance of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra, SGD was calculated to be 2.79 ± 1.39–5.07 ± 2.67 × 10⁶ m³ d⁻¹ (or 4.3 ± 2.1–7.8 ± 4.1 cm d⁻¹). SGD associated dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes into Sanya Bay were estimated to be 3.94 ± 2.00–7.15 ± 3.85 × 10⁵ mol d⁻¹ for oxidized inorganic nitrogen, 4.64 ± 2.74–8.42 ± 5.19 × 10³ mol d⁻¹ for phosphate, and 6.63 ± 3.29–12.0 ± 6.34 × 10⁵ mol d⁻¹ for silicate. The estuarine nutrient flux from the Sanya River was a few times smaller than the phosphate flux via SGD and at least an order of magnitude smaller than the oxidized inorganic nitrogen and silicate fluxes carried by SGD. SGD was also more important than atmospheric deposition and nitrogen fixation in the nutrient budget. Our results demonstrate that SGD compensated for at least 15% phosphate, 90% oxidized inorganic nitrogen, and 60% silicate of the nutrients sink in Sanya Bay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Carbon Cycles)

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20 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential and Realized Absorptive Capacity as Complementary Drivers of Green Product and Process Innovation Performance

by Gema Albort-Morant^1,2,*

, Jörg Henseler^2,3

, Gabriel Cepeda-Carrión⁴

and Antonio L. Leal-Rodríguez^2,4

¹ Department of Social Sciences, Centro Universitario San Isidoro, 41092 Seville, Spain

² Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

³ Nova Information Management School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal

⁴ Departamento de Administración de Empresas y Marketing, Universidad de Sevilla, 41018 Seville, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020381 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 9605

Abstract

Nowadays, companies need to absorb new knowledge from external sources to grasp environmental issues. However, the internal mechanisms through which external knowledge is turned into green innovations remain scarcely addressed. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the relationships between the two dimensions of [...] Read more.

Nowadays, companies need to absorb new knowledge from external sources to grasp environmental issues. However, the internal mechanisms through which external knowledge is turned into green innovations remain scarcely addressed. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the relationships between the two dimensions of absorptive capacity (potential and realized) with green products and process innovation performance. This study contributes to the literature by disentangling how companies need to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit external environmental knowledge to develop green innovations. To this aim, this empirical study is based on a sample shaped by 112 firms belonging to the Spanish automotive components manufacturing sector. The results provide evidence to show that potential and realized absorptive capacities are positively related to both green product innovation performance and green process innovation performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Statistical Techniques and Sustainability Studies: Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on PLS and Related Methods (PLS'17))

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18 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Social Media Data and Survey Data in Assessing the Attractiveness of Beijing Olympic Forest Park

by Zhifang Wang¹, Yue Jin^1,2, Yu Liu³

, Dong Li⁴

and Bo Zhang^5,*

¹ College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

² Regal Lloyds International Real Estate Consultants CO., LTD. 19thFl. Tower A, Full-link Plaza, 18 Chaoyangmenwai Ave, Beijing 100020, China

³ Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

⁴ Innovation Center for Technology, Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning & Design Institute, 2203 West Tower, No. 1 Qinghe Jiayuan, Qinghe Zhongjie, Haidian, Beijing 100085, China

⁵ Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020382 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6765

Abstract

Together with the emerging popularity of big data in numerous studies, increasing theoretical discussions of the challenges and limitations of such data sources exist. However, there is a clear research gap in the empirical comparison studies on different data sources. The goal of [...] Read more.

Together with the emerging popularity of big data in numerous studies, increasing theoretical discussions of the challenges and limitations of such data sources exist. However, there is a clear research gap in the empirical comparison studies on different data sources. The goal of this paper is to use “attractiveness” as a medium to examine the similarity and differences of Social media data (SMD) and survey data in academic research, based on a case study of the Beijing Olympic Forest Park, in Beijing, China. SMD was extracted from two social media platforms and two surveys were conducted to assess the attractiveness of various locations and landscape elements. Data collection, keyword extraction and keyword prioritization were used and compared in the data gathering and analysis process. The findings revealed that SMD and survey data share many similarities. Both data sources confirm that natural ambience is more appreciated than cultural elements, particularly the naturalness of the park. Spaces of practical utility are more appreciated than facilities designed to have cultural meanings and iconic significance. Despite perceived similarities, this study concludes that SMD exhibits exaggerated and aggregated bias. This resulted from the intrinsic character of SMD as volunteered and unstructured data selected through an emotional process rather than from a rational synthesis. Exciting events were reported more often than daily experiences. Reflecting upon the strength and weakness of SMD and survey data, this study would recommend a combined landscape assessment process, which first utilizes SMD to build up an assessment framework, then applies conventional surveys for supplementary and detailed information. This would ultimately result in comprehensive understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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13 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective of Societal and Environmental Benefits of Piezoelectric Technology in Road Energy Harvesting

by Lubinda F. Walubita¹, Dagbegnon Clement Sohoulande Djebou^1,*, Abu N. M. Faruk¹, Sang Ick Lee¹, Samer Dessouky²

and Xiaodi Hu³

¹ A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), The Texas A and M University System, CE-TTI Bldg 303H, 3135 TAMU, Spence Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA

² Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA

³ Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020383 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10177

Abstract

Road energy harvesting is an ingenious horizon for clean and renewable energy production. The concept is very compatible with current traffic trends and the ongoing depletion of natural resources. Yet, the idea of harvesting roadway energy is still in its genesis, and only [...] Read more.

Road energy harvesting is an ingenious horizon for clean and renewable energy production. The concept is very compatible with current traffic trends and the ongoing depletion of natural resources. Yet, the idea of harvesting roadway energy is still in its genesis, and only a few real-time implementation projects have been reported in the literature. This review article summarizes the current state of the art in road energy harvesting technology, with a focus on piezoelectric systems, including an analysis of the impact of the technology from social and environmental standpoints. Based on an extensive desktop review study, this article provides a comprehensive insight into roadway energy harvesting technologies. Specifically, the article discusses the societal and environmental benefits of road energy harvesting technologies, as well as the challenges. The study outlined the meaningful benefits that positively align with the concept of sustainability. Overall, the literature findings indicate that the expansion of the roadway energy harvesting technology to a large practical scale is feasible, but such an undertaking should be wisely weighed from broader perspectives. Ultimately, the article provides a positive outlook of the potential contributions of road energy harvesting technologies to the ongoing energy and environmental challenges of human society. Full article

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9 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Comparison of the Water Environment Policy of Europe and South Korea in Response to Climate Change

by Heejung Kim

and Kang-Kun Lee^*

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020384 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4291

Abstract

Climate change not only increases the atmospheric temperature, but also changes the precipitation conditions and patterns, which can lead to an increase in the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters, such as flooding and drought. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has [...] Read more.

Climate change not only increases the atmospheric temperature, but also changes the precipitation conditions and patterns, which can lead to an increase in the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters, such as flooding and drought. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported fluctuations in the precipitation levels for each country from 1900 to 2005, based on global climate change, suggesting that environmental changes due to climate change manifest very differently based on the region. According to the results of studies that have been carried out recently, changes in the precipitation patterns based on climate change result in changes in the water environment, including alterations to the vegetation, land use, and river flow, while considerably influencing the rate of development of groundwater as well. In this study, the 3Is, which are the important variables of Ideas, Institutions, and Interests that are universal to the international field of political science, were used to comparatively analyze the water environment policies of South Korea and Europe. The first variable, Ideas, examined the influence of awareness on establishing the water environment policy in response to climate change. In particular, differences in the conceptual awareness of the water environment with regard to hyporheic zones were studied. The second variable, Institutions, examined the differences in the water environment policy within the national administration in response to climate change. The South Korean administration’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and the Ministry of Environment were used in a case study. Finally, the results drawn from the third variable, i.e., Interests, for South Korea appear to differ from those of Europe, in terms of water environment policy. In this study, the water environment policy of South Korea was analyzed and compared to that of Europe in order to identify problems in South Korea’s water environment policy in response to climate change, while seeking a sole solution for a comprehensive water environment policy direction for South Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable River Basin Management)

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16 pages, 5433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cluster Risk of Walking Scenarios Based on Macroscopic Flow Model and Crowding Force Analysis

by Xiaohong Li¹, Jianan Zhou¹, Feng Chen^1,2,* and Zan Zhang³

¹ School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

² School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China

³ China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300142, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020385 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3329

Abstract

In recent years, accidents always happen in confined space such as metro stations because of congestion. Various researchers investigated the patterns of dense crowd behaviors in different scenarios via simulations or experiments and proposed methods for avoiding accidents. In this study, a classic [...] Read more.

In recent years, accidents always happen in confined space such as metro stations because of congestion. Various researchers investigated the patterns of dense crowd behaviors in different scenarios via simulations or experiments and proposed methods for avoiding accidents. In this study, a classic continuum macroscopic model was applied to simulate the crowded pedestrian flow in typical scenarios such as at bottlenecks or with an obstacle. The Lax–Wendroff finite difference scheme and artificial viscosity filtering method were used to discretize the model to identify high-density risk areas. Furthermore, we introduced a contact crowding force test of the interactions among pedestrians at bottlenecks. Results revealed that in the most dangerous area, the individual on the corner position bears the maximum pressure in such scenarios is 90.2 N, and there is an approximate exponential relationship between crowding force and density indicated by our data. The results and findings presented in this paper can facilitate more reasonable and precise simulation models by utilizing crowding force and crowd density and ensure the safety of pedestrians in high-density scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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24 pages, 7188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation Mechanism and Coping Strategy of Public Emergency for Urban Sustainability: A Perspective of Risk Propagation in the Sociotechnical System

by Xiuquan Deng¹, Zhu Lu¹, Xinmiao Yang¹, Qiuhong Zhao^1,*, Dehua Gao¹ and Bing Bai²

¹ School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² Department of Finance Management, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020386 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4139

Abstract

Urban public emergencies now break out frequently, causing heavy losses and threatening urban sustainability at the same time. To help better curb public emergencies, minimize their damage to cities, and maintain the sustainable operation of the city, this paper takes the urban public [...] Read more.

Urban public emergencies now break out frequently, causing heavy losses and threatening urban sustainability at the same time. To help better curb public emergencies, minimize their damage to cities, and maintain the sustainable operation of the city, this paper takes the urban public emergency as the research object, discussing the formation mechanism of urban public emergencies and putting forward feasible countermeasures. First, we propose the concept of risk propagation chain and construct an urban socio-technical system risk propagation chain model by introducing the Tropos Goal-Risk framework. The risk propagation chain formation mechanism and the emergency formation mechanism are researched by using this model to analyze the specific conditions and paths of risk propagation. Then the targeted countermeasures are put forward to prevent and manage emergencies, advancing the goal of sustainable development. Finally, a case is used to verify the theory and model. This study not only provides a theoretical framework for the formation of urban public emergencies but also provides a practical method for modeling public emergencies and dealing with urban sustainability problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient, Sustainable and Smart Cities: Emerging Trends and Approaches)

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13 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selection of Policies on Typhoon and Rainstorm Disasters in China: A Content Analysis Perspective

by Yang Cai^1,*, Lianshui Li¹, Ehsan Elahi² and Yueming Qiu³

¹ School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² School of Business, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

³ School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020387 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4003

Abstract

China is a country often subjected to severe meteorological disasters. Analyzing the evolution of policies concerning the prevention and reduction of disasters is of great practical significance for the management of such natural events. We focus on typhoons and rainstorms as disaster sources [...] Read more.

China is a country often subjected to severe meteorological disasters. Analyzing the evolution of policies concerning the prevention and reduction of disasters is of great practical significance for the management of such natural events. We focus on typhoons and rainstorms as disaster sources and examine policy documents from two dimensions: basic policy instruments and disaster chains. Results indicate that (1) two levels of government (central and local) focus on five policy instruments; namely, they are fund and material input, infrastructure construction and management, information sharing and support, goal programming, and regulations. Other policies, however, such as engineering construction of disaster prevention, or material reserves and international cooperation, are relatively few. (2) At present, both the Central and Local governments prefer both supply-oriented policies and environment-oriented policies to focusing on demand-oriented policies. (3) As for the disaster chains, the typhoon and rainstorm disaster policies are focused on disaster defense, disaster warning, and disaster relief, neglecting disaster evaluation and post-disaster reconstruction. Finally, we put forward suggestions for perfecting the policies of disaster evaluation and post-disaster reconstruction, and point out the importance of demand-oriented policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disasters, Crisis, Hazards, Emergencies and Sustainable Development)

19 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profit Allocation of Hybrid Power System Planning in Energy Internet: A Cooperative Game Study

by Jicheng Liu^1,2 and Dandan He^1,2,*

¹ School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China

² Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Hui Long Guan, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020388 - 1 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3719

Abstract

The rapid development of Energy Internet (EI) has prompted numbers of generators to participate, leading to a hybrid power system. Hence, how to plan the hybrid power system and allocate its profit becomes necessary. In this paper, the cooperative game theory is introduced [...] Read more.

The rapid development of Energy Internet (EI) has prompted numbers of generators to participate, leading to a hybrid power system. Hence, how to plan the hybrid power system and allocate its profit becomes necessary. In this paper, the cooperative game theory is introduced to discuss this problem. We first design the basic structure of EI, and point out the object of this study—coal power plant-wind farm-photovoltaic power station-energy storage provider (CWPE) alliance. Subsequently, average allocation strategy (AAS), capacity-based allocation strategy (CAS) and Shapley value allocation strategy (SAS) are proposed, and then the modified disruption propensity (MDP) index is constructed to judge the advantages and disadvantages of the three schemes. Thirdly, taking a certain area of A Province as an example, the profits of CWPE under three strategies are calculated respectively. Finally, by analyzing individual rationality and collective rationality of cooperative game and the MDP index of the three profit allocation schemes, we find that SAS is the most stable. Full article

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30 pages, 5622 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Safety Risk Assessment: An Analysis of Transport Policy and Management for Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Asian Countries

by Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah^1,2, Naveed Ahmad¹, Yongjun Shen^3,*, Ali Pirdavani^2,4

, Muhammad Aamir Basheer² and Tom Brijs²

¹ Taxila Institute of Transportation Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan

² Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium

³ School of Transportation, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China

⁴ Faculty of Engineering Technology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020389 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 11420

Abstract

Road safety assessment has played a crucial role in the theory and practice of transport management systems. This paper focuses on risk evaluation in the Asian region by exploring the interaction between road safety risk and influencing factors. In the first stage, a [...] Read more.

Road safety assessment has played a crucial role in the theory and practice of transport management systems. This paper focuses on risk evaluation in the Asian region by exploring the interaction between road safety risk and influencing factors. In the first stage, a data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is applied to calculate and rank the road safety risk levels of Asian countries. In the second stage, a structural equation model (SEM) with latent variables is applied to analyze the interaction between the road safety risk level and the latent variables, measured by six observed performance indicators, i.e., financial impact, institutional framework, infrastructure and mobility, legislation and policy, vehicular road users, and trauma management. Finally, this paper illustrates the applicability of this DEA-SEM approach for road safety performance analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport Policy)

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21 pages, 1947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transportation Accessibility and Location Choice of Japanese-Funded Electronic Information Manufacturing Firms in Shanghai

by Haining Jiang^1,2,3, Wei Xu^4,* and Wenzhong Zhang^2,3

¹ College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China

² Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

³ Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

⁴ Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020390 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4487

Abstract

With the rapid development of globalization, information communication and transportation, it is argued that the effect of transportation accessibility in the location choice of manufacturing firms has diminished. However, comprehensive and systematic research on the impact of transportation accessibility on firm location choice [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of globalization, information communication and transportation, it is argued that the effect of transportation accessibility in the location choice of manufacturing firms has diminished. However, comprehensive and systematic research on the impact of transportation accessibility on firm location choice in cities remains scarce. Taking Shanghai as the research area, this paper uses a catalog of Japanese-funded electronic information manufacturing firms to explore the influence of transportation accessibility on their location choice. The paper first describes firm distribution using the nuclear density estimation method. The Poisson regression model is then used to estimate the significance of transportation accessibility in influencing firm location. The empirical results show that most of the firms are concentrated in the inner suburbs of Shanghai, with only a small number in the outer suburban areas. The spatial coupling relationship between firm distribution and transportation accessibility is significant. These firms tend to choose areas with good accessibility to transportation infrastructure, and, in particular, the effect of airport accessibility is significant. Compared with the joint venture enterprises, wholly-owned Japanese enterprises are more inclined to be in areas with better transportation accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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19 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Construction Industry in Cambodia: Awareness, Drivers and Barriers

by Serdar Durdyev^1,*

, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas²

, Derek Thurnell¹

, Audrius Banaitis²

and Ali Ihtiyar³

¹ Department of Engineering and Architectural Studies, Ara Institute of Canterbury, 130 Madras Street, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

² Department of Construction Management and Real Estate, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania

³ Department of Business Administration, Zaman University, No: 8, St: 315, Boeng Kak 1, Tuol Kouk, 12151 Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020392 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 125 | Viewed by 17823

Abstract

Although sustainability is of utmost importance, anecdotal evidence suggests that the concept is not adequately implemented in many developing countries. This paper investigates industry stakeholders’ awareness of the current state of, factors driving, and barriers hindering the adoption of sustainable construction (SC) in [...] Read more.

Although sustainability is of utmost importance, anecdotal evidence suggests that the concept is not adequately implemented in many developing countries. This paper investigates industry stakeholders’ awareness of the current state of, factors driving, and barriers hindering the adoption of sustainable construction (SC) in Cambodia. Using an empirical questionnaire survey targeting local construction professionals, respondents were invited to rate their level of awareness, knowledge and understanding of SC, as well as to rate the level of importance of 31 drivers and 10 barriers identified from the seminal literature. The data set was subjected to the relative importance index method. The results suggest that the industry-wide adoption of SC practices is poor, which is believed to be due to a lack of awareness and knowledge, and reluctance to adopt new sustainable technologies. Furthermore, more efforts must be put into the selection of more durable materials for the extension of buildings’ lives and to minimize material consumption, as well as to develop energy-efficient buildings with minimal environmental impact and a healthy indoor environment, so that the ability of future generations to meet their own needs will not be compromised. The outcomes of this study have enriched knowledge about the current state of, drivers of, and barriers to sustainable construction in a typical developing economy. Although the outcomes of this study were a short scoping exercise, it has formed a significant base for future SC work within Cambodia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction Engineering)

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22 pages, 6399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Renewal of China in the Context of Rural-Urban Integration: Governance Fit and Performance Differences

by Rongyu Wang and Rong Tan^*

Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road, 866, Hangzhou 310058, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020393 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6601

Abstract

In recent years, rural-urban integrated development has become a vital national strategy in China. In this context, many regions have implemented rural renewal projects to enhance the vitality and development of rural areas. The objective of this study is to reveal the reasons [...] Read more.

In recent years, rural-urban integrated development has become a vital national strategy in China. In this context, many regions have implemented rural renewal projects to enhance the vitality and development of rural areas. The objective of this study is to reveal the reasons why different rural renewal modes have emerged in contemporary China and assess their ability to facilitate rural-urban integration. An analytical framework, the Institution of Sustainability (IoS) and a comparative analysis of two cases are used for the rural renewal evaluation. Our findings indicate that the properties of transactions and the characteristics of the actors involved jointly determine the governance structures of rural renewal. Furthermore, different governance structures contribute to performance differences, particularly differences in the physical outcomes, distribution effects and process efficiency. Finally, we suggest relevant policy recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Institutions and Policies for Rural Land Conversion in the Quest for Sustainability)

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16 pages, 11010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decreased Landscape Ecological Security of Peri-Urban Cultivated Land Following Rapid Urbanization: An Impediment to Sustainable Agriculture

by Dan Yu¹, Dongyan Wang¹, Wenbo Li^1,*, Shuhan Liu¹, Yuanli Zhu¹, Wenjun Wu¹ and Yongheng Zhou²

¹ College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China

² Shenyang Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey Bureau, Shenyang 110034, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020394 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4272

Abstract

The sustainable management of peri-urban agriculture requires cultivated land to not only be a source of food production, but also contribute ecological resources. This paper presents a method for assessing the landscape ecological security (LES) of peri-urban cultivated land that considers both cultivated [...] Read more.

The sustainable management of peri-urban agriculture requires cultivated land to not only be a source of food production, but also contribute ecological resources. This paper presents a method for assessing the landscape ecological security (LES) of peri-urban cultivated land that considers both cultivated landscape and interactions with the surrounding landscape. The situation in Changchun City was assessed at three time nodes. Furthermore, its spatiotemporal variations in several landscape characteristics were also measured. The results suggest that the peri-urban cultivated landscape was affected to varying extents by urbanization. The metrics of PD (patch density), ED (edge density), AWMSI (area-weighted mean shape index), FRAC (fractal dimension) and DIVISION (landscape division index) progressively increased during urbanization for cultivated land within 20 km of the urban gravity center. Elevated fragmentation and vulnerability of the cultivated landscape was also detected. The traditional method for quantifying LES of cultivated land neglects interactions with other landscape types. When the impacts of the ecological and construction landscapes were included, the results better reflected the dynamics of cultivated landscape in a peri-urban area. Decreased LES of cultivated land poses an impediment to the sustainable peri-urban agriculture, and better management practices should be applied for maintaining the LES of peri-urban cultivated land resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tourist Traffic Significantly Affects Microbial Communities of Sandstone Cave Sediments in the Protected Landscape Area “Labské Pískovce” (Czech Republic): Implications for Regulatory Measures

by Jaroslav Kukla^1,2, Michal Holec¹, Josef Trögl^1,*

, Diana Holcová¹, Dagmar Hofmanová¹, Pavel Kuráň¹, Jan Popelka¹

, Jan Pacina¹, Sylvie Kříženecká¹, Sergej Usťak³

and Roman Honzík³

¹ Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Králova Výšina 3132/7, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic

² Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ12800 Praha, Czech Republic

³ Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020396 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3728

Abstract

In the Protected Landscape Area “Labské pískovce” (Czech Republic), there are many sandstone caves accessible by permission only and where climbing equipment is commonly required. The tradition of visiting the caves dates back to turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and visitors [...] Read more.

In the Protected Landscape Area “Labské pískovce” (Czech Republic), there are many sandstone caves accessible by permission only and where climbing equipment is commonly required. The tradition of visiting the caves dates back to turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and visitors traditionally record their visits in log-books. We have gathered attendance data from 12 caves from log-books and via survey (2-year form collection period). The attendance varied from less than 10 to ~650 visitors annually. Signs of inadequate behavior of visitors were observed, especially waste disposal and smoking in the caves. Sediment step-compression increased significantly the ratios of fungi/bacteria and gram-positive to gram-negative (G+/G−) phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) as well as PLFA of actinobacteria and activities of sediment phosphatases, glucosidases, and peroxidases. The number of visitors was correlated positively with the G+/G− ratio and sediment nutrients but negatively with sediment moisture and the activity of peroxidases. The results indicate a significant effect of attendance on sediment microbial communities, most likely caused by the import of nutrients into caves. Hence, reconsideration of the cave attendance policy is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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23 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Achieve Supply Chain Sustainability Efficiently? Taming the Triple Bottom Line Split Business Cycle

by Matthias Klumpp^1,2,3

¹ Institute for Logistics and Service Management (ILD), FOM University of Applied Sciences, 45141 Essen, Germany

² Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), European University Institute, 50014 Florence, Italy

³ Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics (IML), 44227 Dortmund, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020397 - 3 Feb 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8870

Abstract

For sustainable supply chains, specific concepts regarding how to efficiently improve sustainability are needed in a global comprehensive triple bottom line (TBL) approach, especially for forwarders as central actors in supply chain design. Such specific advice is provided by reporting empirical DEA Malmquist [...] Read more.

For sustainable supply chains, specific concepts regarding how to efficiently improve sustainability are needed in a global comprehensive triple bottom line (TBL) approach, especially for forwarders as central actors in supply chain design. Such specific advice is provided by reporting empirical DEA Malmquist index findings from seven large European forwarders regarding a TBL sustainability analysis from 2006 to 2016. A major obstacle in improving sustainability consists in the newly discovered fact that with the business cycle, the three TBL areas of economic, ecologic and social objectives for logistics are undergoing different up- and down-ward trends, making it very hard to improve all three simultaneously. Additional factors are identified in the characteristics of size and government influence regarding the sustainability efficiency of forwarders. This has important impacts on supply chain design like e.g., with selection criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chains)

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12 pages, 600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Urban Homecare Delivery with Different Means of Transport

by Norina Szander^1,2

, Lorenzo Ros-McDonnell^3,*

, María Victoria De-la-Fuente-Aragón³ and Robert Vodopivec¹

¹ Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, 5290 Šempeter-Vrtojba, Slovenia

² Faculty of Organisation Studies in Novo mesto, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia

³ Business Engineering Research Group, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020398 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3786

Abstract

Due to the increasing number of requests for homecare services, care institutions struggle to perform in urban traffic, which eventually makes travel times longer and less predictable and, therefore, leads to a declining service quality. Homecare delivery scheduling and planning tools must lead [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing number of requests for homecare services, care institutions struggle to perform in urban traffic, which eventually makes travel times longer and less predictable and, therefore, leads to a declining service quality. Homecare delivery scheduling and planning tools must lead to efficient reliable routes that allow the nursing crew to make the least efforts and use the fewest institutional resources, and that consider urban sustainability goals. For the case study, a European city was selected with 58,000 people of whom 73 patients received long-term care at homes provided by 11 homecare nurses. While maximising patient satisfaction, a homecare planning algorithm considered many means of transport and minimised travel times. The study reduced the total nurses’ working hours/day by a bus and walking combination, and by comparing if nurses ride e-bikes, which respectively reduced ~35–44% of the total time that nurses spent travelling. This result is applicable to an urban environment where the public transport network is sufficient and biking is allowed on a reasonable number of roads. Better homecare management can support the efficient use of resources of health care institutions, high-quality home care and aspirations towards livable communities and sustainable development. Full article

17 pages, 1978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Research on International Development Path of China’s Marine Biopharmaceutical Industry

by Xiu-Mei Fu^1,2, Shan-Shan Jiang¹

, Na Wang¹, Shi-Qi Wang¹ and Chang-Yun Wang^2,3,*

¹ College of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China

² Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China

³ Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020399 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4804

Abstract

Under the backdrop of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative, the study on the international development of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry based on factor allocation is of great practical significance for industrial sustainability and building the industry into a leading international player in the [...] Read more.

Under the backdrop of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative, the study on the international development of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry based on factor allocation is of great practical significance for industrial sustainability and building the industry into a leading international player in the global market. In this paper, we first identify the leading factors that influence the development of the marine biopharmaceutical industry, namely, resources, technologies, talents, investments and policies. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure model of these factors was established and analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The importance ranking of these constraints was identified, as follows: technologies > talents > resources > policies > investments. Then, based on the theory of comparative advantage and game theory, we analyzed the necessity of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry going global, that is, international cooperation may lay a solid foundation for the win-win outcome of this industry in countries along the Maritime Silk Road. According to the status quo of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry, based on these findings, an international factor–allocation cooperation path was designed, and the path chart of the international development of the marine biopharmaceutical industry was drawn. Finally, methods for the development of China’s marine biopharmaceutical industry were proposed, which covers efforts to protect marine resources, promote R&D for core technologies, establish a strong talent pool, encourage more investments, provide policy support and promote worldwide cooperation. It is the first report to investigate the path of the sustainable exploitation of the marine biopharmaceutical industry from the perspective of factor allocation amidst the backdrop of the Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Full article

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17 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring and Explaining Airport Efficiency and Sustainability: Evidence from Italy

by Fabio Carlucci^1,*

, Andrea Cirà² and Paolo Coccorese¹

¹ Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy

² Department of Economics, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti, 1, 98122 Messina, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020400 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6335

Abstract

From an environmental point of view, it is widely recognized in economic literature that an efficient management of regional airports produces positive effects both for congestion reduction in the larger airports and for better use of existing infrastructures. Regional airports generally suffer from [...] Read more.

From an environmental point of view, it is widely recognized in economic literature that an efficient management of regional airports produces positive effects both for congestion reduction in the larger airports and for better use of existing infrastructures. Regional airports generally suffer from economic vulnerabilities because of scarcity of traffic volume; besides, their small catchment areas often determine low cash flow levels. As a result, significant problems of economic sustainability arise. In this context, airport infrastructure providers have the incentive to hide failures in their strategic decisions, justifying the low share of cost recovery through market characteristics. By means of the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method this paper analyses overall technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of 34 Italian airports in the period 2006–2016 in order to investigate how a number of factors impact on the efficiency and economic sustainability of regional airports. Our findings reveal that airport size, presence of low-cost carriers and cargo traffic have a significant influence on the technical and scale efficiency of Italian airports. In other words, air transport privatization and deregulation can positively affect regional airport efficiency and sustainability. This is to say that the market mechanism is a useful tool in achieving regional airport sustainability even if the empirical analysis of the effects of privatization and deregulation is recommended for evaluating such political programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

14 pages, 4476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable RC Beam-Column Connections with Headed Bars: A Formula for Shear Strength Evaluation

by Minh-Tung Tran¹, Quoc-Bao Bui^1,*, Bastian Sentosa²

, Nhat-Tien Nguyen¹

, Trung-Hieu Duong¹ and Olivier Plé²

¹ Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

² Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LOCIE, 73000 Chambery, France

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020401 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8618

Abstract

Beam-column joints are critical regions for reinforced concrete (RC) frames subjected to earthquakes. The steel reinforcement is, in general, highly concentrated in these zones. This is why in many cases, headed bars are used. A headed bar is a longitudinal steel reinforcement whose [...] Read more.

Beam-column joints are critical regions for reinforced concrete (RC) frames subjected to earthquakes. The steel reinforcement is, in general, highly concentrated in these zones. This is why in many cases, headed bars are used. A headed bar is a longitudinal steel reinforcement whose end has a special button added to reduce the bonding length of the steel rebar. This paper establishes a formula predicting the shear strength of exterior RC beam-column connections where the beam longitudinal reinforcements use headed bars. A database was collected, which contained 30 experimental data about the exterior beam-column joints using headed bars and subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading. First, from the collected database, a statistical study was carried out to identify the most influencing parameters on the shear strength of the beam-column joints tested. The three most important parameters were identified and an empirical modified formula was developed based on the formula existing in the standards. The study showed that the results obtained from the modified formula proposed in the present study were closer to the experimental results than that obtained from the formula existing in the standards. Finally, a numerical study was performed on two T-form RC structures and the numerical results were compared with the prediction calculated from the modified formula proposed. For two investigated cases, the proposed formula provided the results in the safety side and the differences with the numerical results were less than 20%. Thus, the proposed formula can be used for a rapid assessment of the shear strength of RC joints using headed bars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Civil Engineering: from Sustainable Materials to Sustainable Cities)

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16 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Erratic Rainfall from Climate Change on Pulse Production Efficiency in Lower Myanmar

by Sein Mar¹, Hisako Nomura², Yoshifumi Takahashi³, Kazuo Ogata¹ and Mitsuyasu Yabe^3,*

¹ Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

² Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

³ Laboratory of Environmental Economics, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020402 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6864

Abstract

Erratic rainfall has a detrimental impact on crop productivity but rainfall during the specific growth stage is rarely used in efficiency analysis. This study focuses on this untapped point and examines the influence of rainfall specifically encountered during the sowing stage and early [...] Read more.

Erratic rainfall has a detrimental impact on crop productivity but rainfall during the specific growth stage is rarely used in efficiency analysis. This study focuses on this untapped point and examines the influence of rainfall specifically encountered during the sowing stage and early vegetative growth stage and the flowering stage of pulses on productivity and efficiency in Lower Myanmar using data from 182 sample farmers. The results of a stochastic frontier production function reveal that rainfall incidence during the flowering season of pulses has a negatively significant effect on yield while replanting crops after serious damage by rain increases productivity. Controlled rainfall variables, seed rate, human labor and land preparation cost are important parameters influencing pulses yield. In the efficiency model, levels of yield loss have a negative impact while being a male household head, access to government credit, access to training, locating farms in the Bago Region and possessing a large area of pulses have a positively significant effect on technical efficiency. Policy recommendations include the establishment of a safety network, such as crop insurance to protect farmers from losses due to unpredictable weather conditions, promoting training programs on cultural practices adapted to climate change, wide coverage of extension activities, giving priority to small-scale farmers and female farmer participation in training and extension activities and increasing the rate of credit availability to farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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18 pages, 1158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Investment in a Supply Chain in the Big Data Era: An Information Updating Approach

by Yanping Cheng¹, Yunjuan Kuang², Xiutian Shi^3,*

and Ciwei Dong⁴

¹ Library, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

² Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Faculty of Business, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

³ School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

⁴ School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020403 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5539

Abstract

We are now living in the big data era, where firms can improve their decision makings by adopting big data technology to utilize mass information. To explore the effects of the big data technology, we build an analytical model to study the sustainable [...] Read more.

We are now living in the big data era, where firms can improve their decision makings by adopting big data technology to utilize mass information. To explore the effects of the big data technology, we build an analytical model to study the sustainable investment in a supply chain, consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, by using Bayesian information updating approach. We derive the optimal sustainable investment level for the manufacturer and the optimal order quantity for the retailer. Comparing the results with and without the big data technology, we find that whether the manufacturer should make more sustainable investment when the retailer adopts the big data technology depends on the service level at the retailer side. Interestingly, it is not always optimal for the retailer to adopt the big data technology. We identify the conditions under which the manufacturer and retailer are better off with the big data technology. In addition, we investigate the impact of the number of observations regarding the market information and find that the optimal decisions and profits increase in the number of the observations, if and only if the service level is low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Supply Chain Operations and Collaboration in the Big Data Era)

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19 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of a Community of Practice in the Watershed Scale, with Integrated Local Environmental Knowledge

by Kenji Kitamura^1,2, Chigusa Nakagawa^1,3 and Tetsu Sato^1,4,*

¹ Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan

² Center for Regional Collaboration, Kanazawa University, Suzu, Ishikawa 927-1462, Japan

³ Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan

⁴ Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020404 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5519

Abstract

Rural communities around the world face formidable problems such as resource depletion, environmental degradation and economic decline. While the term ‘community’ is often used without clear definition or context, it can be viewed as a group of people emerging through social interaction. Through [...] Read more.

Rural communities around the world face formidable problems such as resource depletion, environmental degradation and economic decline. While the term ‘community’ is often used without clear definition or context, it can be viewed as a group of people emerging through social interaction. Through a series of collaborative action toward a shared goal, a community of practice can be formed. This paper proposes a hypothetical framework of integrated local environmental knowledge (ILEK), and applies it to analyze the processes of collaborative actions in the case of the Nishibetsu Watershed in Hokkaido, Japan. The case study identified several phases of actions, all initiated by a group of local residents on a grassroots and voluntary basis. These local resident-initiated collaborative actions had a particular confluence of elements to facilitate gradual strengthening of formal and informal institutions in the watershed scale beyond jurisdictional boundaries, making this a worthy case to study. The local residents used diverse types of knowledge, including livelihood-based technologies and skills of working as a group and with local governments, for establishing and strengthening various institutions for collaborative actions, with such knowledge being used in the manner of tools in a box of bricolage for community formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community, Natural Resources, and Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary and International Dialogue)

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13 pages, 1203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis on Food Security in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar

by Yuanyuan Chen^1,2

and Changhe Lu^1,2,*

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

² College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020405 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7234

Abstract

In 2013, China proposed the Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor initiatives to enhance the economic cooperation between Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. To serve the priority setting of agricultural cooperation in the initiatives, an analysis is necessary to understand the food security situation and its key [...] Read more.

In 2013, China proposed the Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor initiatives to enhance the economic cooperation between Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. To serve the priority setting of agricultural cooperation in the initiatives, an analysis is necessary to understand the food security situation and its key influencing factors in the three countries. For this purpose, this study applied a food security index (FSI) to measure the food security level at state scale and analyze its changes in the three countries during 1990–2013. Further, a factor decomposition method was used to quantify the contribution of major factors to the FSI changes. The results showed that the food demand was generally secured in Myanmar and India during 1990–2013 but in shortage by around 10% in most years before 2008 in Bangladesh. The annual FSI values showed a rather obvious periodic variation and a slightly increasing trend during the whole period. Although the grain production in the three countries increased significantly, the FSI was not accordingly improved, as a result of the simultaneous increase of grain consumption. In Bangladesh and India, the grain production increase was mainly driven by the improvement of crop yield, while the grain consumption increase was mainly caused by the population growth. In Myanmar, the production increase was largely caused by the expansion of cropping area, and the consumption growth was mainly due to the increased grain requirement per capita. To meet the increasing food demand in the future, it is essential to improve the irrigation and drainage systems and crop management to increase the land use efficiency and crop yield. In addition, the adaptation of appropriate policy for family planning could be important to slow down the quick population growth and thus the food demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Food Innovation)

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23 pages, 1361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Neighborhoods: Challenges and Opportunities for Neighborhood Planning in Transitional Urban China

by Qi Zhang^*

, Esther Hiu Kwan Yung and Edwin Hon Wan Chan

Building and Real Estate Department, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020406 - 4 Feb 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7744

Abstract

Unlike many developed countries where sustainable development has been implemented at neighborhood scale, sustainable planning research and action has still been concentrated at the national level and little has focused on the neighborhood level in China. This issue was highlighted by the demand [...] Read more.

Unlike many developed countries where sustainable development has been implemented at neighborhood scale, sustainable planning research and action has still been concentrated at the national level and little has focused on the neighborhood level in China. This issue was highlighted by the demand of facilitating sustainable development and significant transition of the socio-political context, which made the development of neighborhood planning even more urgent and challenging. Hence, this study aims to identify the major challenges, particularly related to the institutional aspects, for adopting neighborhood planning in the local community in China. Comprehensive literature review was employed to demonstrate the crucial position of institutional elements in facilitating sustainable neighborhood development and planning. A comparative study of the common characteristics for adopting neighborhood planning in four different countries was conducted. Based on the characters, the possible barriers hindering the practice of neighborhood planning in China were proposed and then validated with the in-depth expert interviews. The results show that there is little support from national policy and local governance, ambiguous legislation on community public management, as well as inadequate public participation and a weak sense of community. Corresponding policy implications and recommendations are included to provide insight for planners and decision makers to better utilize neighborhood planning to achieve sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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12 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Influence of Various Stormwater Runoff Control Facilities on Runoff Control Efficiency in a Small Catchment Area

by Rei Itsukushima^1,*

, Yohei Ogahara², Yuki Iwanaga³ and Tatsuro Sato¹

¹ Department of Decision Science for Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

² Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan

³ Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency, 1-13-26 Nishiki, Naka-ku, Nagoya city, Aichi prefecture 460-0003, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020407 - 5 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4287

Abstract

Urbanization causes an increase in the flood discharge because of the infiltration capacity. Furthermore, extreme precipitation events have been an increasing concern for many regions worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different outflow control facilities on runoff reduction in a [...] Read more.

Urbanization causes an increase in the flood discharge because of the infiltration capacity. Furthermore, extreme precipitation events have been an increasing concern for many regions worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different outflow control facilities on runoff reduction in a small watershed. We focused on the soil-improvement technology and rainwater tanks as outflow control facilities and conducted a runoff calculation using a rainfall event of a magnitude that is likely to occur once in a hundred years. The calculation showed that the soil-improvement technology reduced runoff during long-term continuous rainfall, whereas in a concentrated short-term rainfall event, a significant difference in the runoff reduction effect between rainfall tanks of various volumes was observed. Since effective countermeasures for runoff reduction differ depending on the rainfall distribution pattern, we suggested both facilities for storing initial rainfall and initiating countermeasures for penetration improvement over the long term. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Management)

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19 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Sustainability Evaluation of High-Speed Railway (HSR) Construction Projects Based on Unascertained Measure and Analytic Hierarchy Process

by Yongzhi Chang, Yang Yang and Suocheng Dong^*

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020408 - 5 Feb 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5808

Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the sustainability of high-speed railway (HSR) construction projects in a comprehensive manner. To this end, the author established an index system, involving 4 primary indices, 9 secondary indices, and 32 tertiary indices. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and [...] Read more.

This paper aims to evaluate the sustainability of high-speed railway (HSR) construction projects in a comprehensive manner. To this end, the author established an index system, involving 4 primary indices, 9 secondary indices, and 32 tertiary indices. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the unascertained measure were introduced to calculate the weights of these indices. Then, the index system was applied to evaluate the sustainability of the China’s Harbin-Dalian Passenger Dedicated Line (PDL). The results show that the Harbin-Dalian PDL project achieved good results in terms of process, economic benefit, impact, and sustainability, and will bring long-term benefits in the fields of tourism, economy, and transport capacity, as well as many other fields. In spite of its good overall sustainability, the project needs to further increase its economic benefits and reduce its negative environmental impact. For this purpose, it is necessary to adopt the management mode of “separation between network and transportation” and apply noise prevention measures like noise barriers, tunnels, and overhead viaducts. This research lays a solid basis for the sustainability evaluation of HSR construction projects, and simplifies the modelling process for designers of HSR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction)

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12 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identity, Commons and Sustainability: An Economic Perspective

by Marco Setti^*

and Matteo Garuti

Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences—Viale Fanin 50, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020409 - 5 Feb 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4149

Abstract

Commons represent a wide, heterogeneous class of resources but its composition is the subject of growing tensions. The question “What is a commons?” has become even more complex while the answer still remains elusive. Current research focuses on two main attributes of commons—nonexclusivity [...] Read more.

Commons represent a wide, heterogeneous class of resources but its composition is the subject of growing tensions. The question “What is a commons?” has become even more complex while the answer still remains elusive. Current research focuses on two main attributes of commons—nonexclusivity and rivalry—centered on regulatory and operational aspects, conveying the notion of usability. Instead, this study argues that the definition of commons should be derived from their function. It is proposed that identity, in its individual and collective integrated dimensions, is the ultimate goal of commons. Despite the pivotal function that commons can perform, availability of resources is indeed just one of the conditions for human development. Moreover, commons can deploy their identity-oriented functions only if a sustainability transition is pursued. Based on these considerations, the study analyzes the concept of sustainability, and addresses the question “What is to be sustained?” While the capability approach offers a coherent conceptualization of the diversity of individuals—a crucial issue for sustainability—some limitations arise when it is adopted as evaluative space of well-being. This study argues that the assumed notion of identity delivers a broader concept of sustainability and delineates the ultimate goal of sustainability (sustainable identity). Full article

14 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transfer of Virtual Water of Woody Forest Products from China

by Kaisheng Luo^1,2

, Fulu Tao^2,3,* and Juana P. Moiwo⁴

¹ School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

³ College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

⁴ Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Technology, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020410 - 5 Feb 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3323

Abstract

Global freshwater resources are under increasing pressure. It is reported that international trade of water-intensive products (the so-called virtual water trade) can be used to ease global water pressure. In spite of the significant amount of international trade of woody forest products, virtual [...] Read more.

Global freshwater resources are under increasing pressure. It is reported that international trade of water-intensive products (the so-called virtual water trade) can be used to ease global water pressure. In spite of the significant amount of international trade of woody forest products, virtual water of woody forest products (VWWFP) and the corresponding international trade are largely ignored. However, virtual water research has progressed steadily. This study maps VWWFP and statistically analyzes China’s official data for the period 1993–2014. The results show a rapid increase in the trend of VWWFP flow from China, reaching 7.61 × 10¹² m³ or 3.48 times annual virtual water trade for agricultural products. The export and import volumes of China are respectively 1.27 × 10¹² m³ and 6.34 × 10¹² m³ for 1993–2014. China imported a total of 5.07 × 10¹² m³ of VWWFP in 1993–2014 to lessen domestic water pressure, which is five times the annual water transfer via China’s South–North Water Transfer project. Asia and Europe account for the highest contribution (50.52%) to China’s import. Other contributors include the Russian Federation (16.63%), Indonesia (13.45%), Canada (13.41%), the United States of America (9.60%), Brazil (7.23%) and Malaysia (6.33%). China mainly exports VWWFP to Asia (47.68%), North America (23.24%), and Europe (20.01%). The countries which export the highest amount of VWWFP include the United States of America, Japan, Republic of Korea and Canada. Then the countries which import the highest amount of VWWFP include the Russian Federation, Canada, United States of America, and Brazil. The VWWFP flow study shows an obvious geographical distribution that is driven by proximity and traffic since transportation cost of woody forest products could be significant. Full article

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13 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Differences in and Influences upon the Sustainable Development Level of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China

by Mingdou Zhang¹, Hang Xiao¹, Dongqi Sun^2,* and Yu Li^2,*

¹ School of Public Administration, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian 116025, China

² Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020411 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3715

Abstract

Based on new data from 2006–2015, we used the entropy method and panel data regression to analyze the spatial difference and influences on the level of sustainable development within China’s Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. The main findings are: (1) During the 2006–2015 [...] Read more.

Based on new data from 2006–2015, we used the entropy method and panel data regression to analyze the spatial difference and influences on the level of sustainable development within China’s Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. The main findings are: (1) During the 2006–2015 period, the sustainable development level of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration was generally low, with 69% of its cities in a phase of low-level sustainable development; however, notable spatial variation in the levels of urban sustainable development occurred mainly along the “Hu-Ning-He-Hang-Yong development belt”, with a spatial distribution that was “high in the middle and low on all sides”. (2) The industrial structure, export dependence, and land-use efficiency all had positive impacts, whereas economic growth had a negative impact, on the sustainable development level of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. (3) For the super large city, export dependence positively impacted the urban sustainable development level; for the large city, both export dependence and land-use efficiency had a positive influence, while the regulation of government had a negative influence on the urban sustainable development level; for the medium-sized city, export dependence and land-use efficiency positively influenced the urban sustainable development level, but economic growth and the regulation by government negatively influenced it. Full article

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18 pages, 6994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Heat-Transfer Characteristics by a Ground-Heating Method

by Mincheol Park

Department of Civil Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020412 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

The ground-heating method using the electric heating pipe improves many problems of the conventional soft-ground improvement method and the ground-heating method using fossil fuel. However, in order to use this method practically, it is necessary to experimentally verify the temperature change due to [...] Read more.

The ground-heating method using the electric heating pipe improves many problems of the conventional soft-ground improvement method and the ground-heating method using fossil fuel. However, in order to use this method practically, it is necessary to experimentally verify the temperature change due to the discharge of water vapor, and also to compare the theoretical solution and numerical analysis for estimation of the temperature distribution. From the experimental result, the loss of heat energy due to the discharge of water vapor is very large. Because the linear heat-source model and numerical analysis cannot consider the heat-energy loss by water vapor, the temperature change is estimated to be large. Therefore, it is necessary to design the installation depth of the electric heating pipe to suppress the discharge of water vapor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Civil Engineering: from Sustainable Materials to Sustainable Cities)

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21 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tourists’ Risk Perception and the Use of Mobile Devices in Beach Tourism Destinations

by Francesc González-Reverté^*

, Pablo Díaz-Luque^*

, Joan Miquel Gomis-López^*

and Soledad Morales-Pérez^*

Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona 08035, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020413 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6214

Abstract

The perceived risk of tourists’ use of smartphones is a key issue in shaping the tourist experience in terms of sustainability, as it can affect the behaviour of tourists and influence their satisfaction with that experience. However, little empirical research exists on the [...] Read more.

The perceived risk of tourists’ use of smartphones is a key issue in shaping the tourist experience in terms of sustainability, as it can affect the behaviour of tourists and influence their satisfaction with that experience. However, little empirical research exists on the relationship between tourists’ risk perception and the perceived value of mobile device usage. This paper measures the association between tourists’ perceived risk of mobile device usage and several variables that demonstrate the perceived usefulness of mobile devices: utility, hedonic value and future intention of use. A survey on tourists’ use of smartphones was conducted in 2016 and, by means of a cluster analysis, four groups of tourists were identified with significant differences in their perception of the risk and use value of smartphones. Differences between tourists suggest that a single digital tourist profile does not exist and that tourism destinations and smart tourism DMOs (destination marketing organisations) should include risk perception in their management agenda. This will allow them to achieve a better understanding of tourist behaviour and to adapt the commercialisation of tourism products and services to a wide range of tourism needs. In addition, four regression models were applied to measure the association between the risk and perceived usefulness of mobile devices. On the one hand, dependence on mobile devices was associated positively with the perceived usefulness of mobile devices. On the other hand, the tourists surveyed saw privacy risk as having a major negative impact on the tourist experience, although it did not affect their perceived utility value and future use of mobile devices. Smart tourism destination managers should bear in mind that privacy risk issues related to the use of mobile devices must be integrated into an ethical perspective when marketing a destination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mobile Technology and Smart Tourism Development)

15 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influencing Factors of Companies’ Behavior for Mitigation: A Discussion within the Context of Emission Trading Scheme

by Yidan Chen, Yuwei Sun and Can Wang^*

School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020414 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3717

Abstract

China built pilot carbon emission trading schemes in seven regions and established a national carbon trading market in electricity sector in December 2017. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 570 companies in 29 regions nationwide and found that companies still need to [...] Read more.

China built pilot carbon emission trading schemes in seven regions and established a national carbon trading market in electricity sector in December 2017. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 570 companies in 29 regions nationwide and found that companies still need to improve mitigation measures regarding fossil fuel combustion, production technology, output adjustment and environmental management. By establishing regression models, influencing factors of carbon emission reduction are identified. Pilot emission trading policy has a significant impact on company emission reduction behaviors. Companies inside or outside the pilot region respond differently to the influencing factors. Companies inside emphasize more on energy price and mitigation potential, while enterprises outside pay more attention to investment and familiarity with technology and policy. Full article

18 pages, 12368 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rockfall Analysis for Preliminary Hazard Assessment of the Cliff of Taormina Saracen Castle (Sicily)

by Simone Mineo¹

, Giovanna Pappalardo^1,*

, Michele Mangiameli²

, Santo Campolo³ and Giuseppe Mussumeci²

¹ Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95129 Catania, Italy

² Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 54, 95125 Catania, Italy

³ Regione Siciliana—Department of Cultural Heritage and Sicilian Identity, Viale Boccetta 38, 98100 Messina, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020417 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5520

Abstract

A rockfall analysis at one of the most relevant cultural heritage sites of northeastern Sicily (Italy) is presented herein with the aim of assessing the hazard arising from the unstable conditions of the rock cliff of Taormina city, upon which the Saracen Castle [...] Read more.

A rockfall analysis at one of the most relevant cultural heritage sites of northeastern Sicily (Italy) is presented herein with the aim of assessing the hazard arising from the unstable conditions of the rock cliff of Taormina city, upon which the Saracen Castle is perched on its top. Several rockfalls affected this area in the latest years, representing a serious threat for the safety of inhabitants and tourists. Therefore, the qualitative Evolving Rockfall Hazard Assessment (ERHA) was applied for the hazard zonation, supported by rock mass surveys and Terrestrial Laser Scanner prospecting. Kinematic analysis revealed that the unstable rock failure patterns are represented by planar/wedge sliding and toppling, while simulation of potential rockfalls allowed studying the impact of future events in terms of trajectory and energy. This is higher at the foot of scarps and in steeper sectors, where the application of ERHA identified a critical zone close to the inhabited center, which is one of the main elements at risk, along with a pedestrian tourist path. Achieved results represent a starting point for the definition of risk management strategies and provide a scientific contribution to the study of hazard and risk arising from rockfall occurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Risk Assessment and Management)

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17 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Emission Dispatch Using Ensemble Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm

by Xiaobing Yu^1,2,*, Xianrui Yu², Yiqun Lu² and Jichuan Sheng^1,2

¹ Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

² School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020418 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4648

Abstract

In the past two decades, China’s manufacturing industry has achieved great success. However, pollution and environmental impacts have become more serious while this industry has grown. The economic and emission dispatch (EED) problem is a typical multi-objective optimization problem with conflicting fuel costs [...] Read more.

In the past two decades, China’s manufacturing industry has achieved great success. However, pollution and environmental impacts have become more serious while this industry has grown. The economic and emission dispatch (EED) problem is a typical multi-objective optimization problem with conflicting fuel costs and pollution emission objectives. An ensemble multi-objective differential evolution (EMODE) is proposed to tackle the EED problem. First, the equality constraints of the problem have been transformed into inequality constraints. Next, two mutation strategies DE/rand/1 and DE/current-to-rand/1 have been implemented to improve the conventional DE. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on six test functions and the numerical results have indicated that the proposed algorithm is effective. The proposed algorithm EMODE is used to solve a series of six generators and eleven generators in the EED problem. The experimental results obtained are compared with those reported using single optimization algorithms and multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). The results have revealed that the proposed algorithm EMODE either matches or outperforms those algorithms. The proposed algorithm is an effective candidate to optimize the manufacturing industry of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition from China-Made to China-Innovation )

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25 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Use Change under Biofuel Policies and a Tax on Meat and Dairy Products: Considering Complexity in Agricultural Production Chains Matters

by Ruth Delzeit^*, Malte Winkler and Mareike Söder

Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiellinie 66, 24105 Kiel, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020419 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6611

Abstract

Growing demand for meat and dairy products (MDP), biofuels, and scarcity of agricultural land are drivers of global land use competition. Impacts of policies targeting demand for MDP or biofuels have only been analysed separately. We use the computable general equilibrium model DART-BIO [...] Read more.

Growing demand for meat and dairy products (MDP), biofuels, and scarcity of agricultural land are drivers of global land use competition. Impacts of policies targeting demand for MDP or biofuels have only been analysed separately. We use the computable general equilibrium model DART-BIO to investigate combined effects, since MDP and biofuel production are closely related via feestock use and co-production of animal feed. We implement four scenarios: (a) a baseline scenario; (b) halving MDP consumption in industrialised countries by a tax; (c) abolishing current biofuel policies; and (d) no exogenous land use change. We find that a MDP tax and exogenous land use change have larger effects on land use and food markets than biofuel policies. International trade is affected in all scenarios. With respect to combined effects of a MDP tax and biofuel policies, we find decreasing biodiesel but increasing bioethanol production. In addition, the MDP tax decreases the impact of biofuel policies on agricultural markets and land use. Our results highlight the importance of a detailed representation of different vegetable oils used in biodiesel production and related by-products. Finally, since the MDP tax increases the use of fossil fuels, the net climate mitigation potentials of such a tax should be investigated further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land-Use Competition)

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13 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sustainability of Shared Mobility in London: The Dilemma for Governance

by Nihan Akyelken^1,*, David Banister²

and Moshe Givoni³

¹ Sustainable Urban Development Programme, Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JA, UK

² Transport Studies Unit, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK

³ Transport Research Unit, Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020420 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 9908

Abstract

The role of governments in the regulation of potentially beneficial low carbon practices, such as car sharing, has proved difficult, as there are many different actors involved and as existing practices can be undermined. The mobility sector provides clear evidence of these dilemmas, [...] Read more.

The role of governments in the regulation of potentially beneficial low carbon practices, such as car sharing, has proved difficult, as there are many different actors involved and as existing practices can be undermined. The mobility sector provides clear evidence of these dilemmas, as a wide range of users need to be engaged in the discourse over the innovations, and as existing governance structures may be unsuitable for addressing both the opportunities and limitations of innovation. This paper focuses on the sustainability implications of shared mobility and the need for new approaches to governance. A qualitative study of car sharing in London is used to examine the ideas, incentives, and institutions of the key actors involved in this sharing sector. The elements of change and continuity in the emerging sharing economy indicate the different possibilities for enhancing sustainable mobility. Any search for an alternative governance regime should take account of the ideational factors that would require an understanding of the different incentives needed to accommodate the full range of actors involved with the sharing economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transport Policy)

14 pages, 9736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voice-Controlled and Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) System for Mist-Cooling

by Yiannis Ampatzidis^1,2,*

, Josh Kiner³, Reza Abdolee³ and Louise Ferguson⁴

¹ Department of Physics and Engineering, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA

² Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 FL-29, Immokalee, FL 34142, USA

³ Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA

⁴ Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Wickson Hall, CA 95616, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020421 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5434

Abstract

California growers in the San Joaquin Valley believe that climate change will affect the pistachio yield dramatically. As the central valley fog disappears, insufficient dormant chill accumulation results in poor flowering synchrony, flower quality, and fruit set in this dioecious species. We have [...] Read more.

California growers in the San Joaquin Valley believe that climate change will affect the pistachio yield dramatically. As the central valley fog disappears, insufficient dormant chill accumulation results in poor flowering synchrony, flower quality, and fruit set in this dioecious species. We have developed a novel, user-friendly, and low-cost Voice-Controlled Wireless Solid Set Canopy Delivery (VCW-SSCD) system to increase bud chill accumulation with evaporative cooling on sunny (winter) days. This system includes: (i) an automated solid-state canopy delivery (SSCD) system; (ii) a wireless weather-, crop-related data acquisition system; (iii) a Voice-Controlled (VC) system using Amazon Alexa; (iv) a mobile application to visualize the collected data and wirelessly control the SSCD system; and (v) a smart control system. The proposed system was deployed and evaluated in a commercial pistachio orchard in Bakersfield, CA. The system worked well with no reported errors. Results demonstrated the system’s ability to cool bud temperatures in a low relative humidity climate. At an ambient temperature of 10–20 °C, bud temperatures were lowered 5–10 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) for Sustainability)

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19 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is ‘Smart Mobility’ Sustainable? Examining the Views and Beliefs of Transport’s Technological Entrepreneurs

by Kfir Noy^* and Moshe Givoni

Transport Research Unit, Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel-Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020422 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 8092

Abstract

One of the main evolving trends in the transport system is the assimilation of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) and other sophisticated hi-technology innovations into it. Those processes and practices are increasingly referred to as the “Smart Mobility” paradigm. In this paradigm, ‘smart’ [...] Read more.

One of the main evolving trends in the transport system is the assimilation of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) and other sophisticated hi-technology innovations into it. Those processes and practices are increasingly referred to as the “Smart Mobility” paradigm. In this paradigm, ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’ are often considered synonymous, or at least complementary to each other. This research aims to examine the extent to which ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’ are aligned with each other by conducting a survey amongst the main actors within smart mobility. These actors are referred to as transport innovators or entrepreneurs. The survey of n = 117 entrepreneurs shows that there is a mismatch between interpretation and understanding of what is ‘smart’ and what is ‘sustainable’. It is clear that the concern of those transport entrepreneurs is primarily with commercial considerations and that their appreciation of what it takes to advance towards a more sustainable transport system is lacking. The belief amongst those entrepreneurs, it emerges, is that technological developments alone, specifically with respect to autonomous and connected vehicles, can lead to sustainable transport. This should be a real concern if those same actors are the ones who lead and pave the way forward for transport planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart, the New Sustainable? The Smart City and Its Implications for Sustainable Urbanism)

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18 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dynamics of Land Use/Cover and the Statistical Assessment of Cropland Change Drivers in the Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan

by Omaid Najmuddin^1,2,3,*, Xiangzheng Deng^1,2 and Ruchira Bhattacharya⁴

¹ Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

² Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

⁴ National Institute of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad, 500 030, India

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020423 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6141

Abstract

To cope with the growing agrarian crises in Afghanistan, the government (following the fall of the Taliban regime in 2002) has taken measures through cropland expansion “extensification” and switching to mechanized agriculture “intensification”. However, cropland expansion, on one hand, disturbs the existing land [...] Read more.

To cope with the growing agrarian crises in Afghanistan, the government (following the fall of the Taliban regime in 2002) has taken measures through cropland expansion “extensification” and switching to mechanized agriculture “intensification”. However, cropland expansion, on one hand, disturbs the existing land use/cover (LULC) and, on other hand, many socio-economic and biophysical factors affect this process. This study was based on the Kabul River Basin to answer two questions: Firstly, what was the change in LULC since 2001 to 2010 and, secondly, what are the drivers of cropland change. We used the spatial calculating model (SCM) for LULC change and binomial logistic regression (BLR) for drivers of cropland change. The net change shows that cropland, grassland, water-bodies, and built-up areas were increased, while forest, unused, and snow/ice areas were decreased. Cropland was expanded by 13%, which was positively affected by low and plain landforms, slope, soil depth, investment on agriculture and distance to the city, while it was negatively affected by plateaus and hill landforms, dry semi-arid, moist semi-arid, and sub-humid zones, precipitation, population, and the distance to roads and water. Climate adaptation measures, cropland protection in flood prone zones, population and rural migration control, farmer access to credit, irrigation, and inputs are necessary for agricultural deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia)

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20 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Tensions in Supply Chains: A Case Study of Paradoxes and Their Management

by Carolin Brix-Asala^*, Anne-Kristin Geisbüsch, Philipp Christopher Sauer

, Patrick Schöpflin and Axel Zehendner

Supply Chain Management, University of Kassel, Kleine Rosenstraße 1-3, 34109 Kassel, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020424 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 12695

Abstract

The comprehensive coverage of sustainability issues in a supply chain incurs goal conflicts—i.e., sustainability tensions—and is often limited by market characteristics, such as the availability of sustainable materials and services. While the mainstream business is prioritizing economic goals, a number of entrepreneurs are [...] Read more.

The comprehensive coverage of sustainability issues in a supply chain incurs goal conflicts—i.e., sustainability tensions—and is often limited by market characteristics, such as the availability of sustainable materials and services. While the mainstream business is prioritizing economic goals, a number of entrepreneurs are trying to move forward to more sustainable business practices for their own company and their supply chain. Fairphone represents such a case in the electronics industry, which is openly communicating its sustainability efforts and shortcomings. This communication is content-analyzed in this study by applying the theoretical lenses of paradox sustainability tensions and sustainable supply chain management. Findings of this analysis reveal the limitation of sustainability efforts by supply side characteristics, while Fairphone is innovatively using the demand side of its supply chain to drive sustainability. The resulting tensions among both sides are addressed via pro-active and direct supplier and stakeholder engagement by Fairphone at their suppliers’ mines and factories. The systematic identification of tensions and practices by which they are addressed is adding to our understanding of sustainability practices and goal conflicts in supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chains)

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17 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of the Relationship between Land Use and Weekend Travel: Focusing on the Internal Capture of Trips

by Tae-Hyoung Tommy Gim

Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020425 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3474

Abstract

Weekend travel has not been duly considered in academics and practice regarding its relationship with land use. A lack of consideration is notable in terms of how land use internalizes weekend travel. Thus, by separating the internal and external travel of the traffic [...] Read more.

Weekend travel has not been duly considered in academics and practice regarding its relationship with land use. A lack of consideration is notable in terms of how land use internalizes weekend travel. Thus, by separating the internal and external travel of the traffic analysis zone, this study analyzes the land use effect on weekend travel in comparison with that on weekday travel. Two structural equation models, each of which is specified for weekday and weekend travel, construct the same sample and their results become comparable. At the travel variable level, the models find consistent results: Stronger effects are made on internal travel than on external travel and particularly, on trip frequency than on travel time. This implies that compact land use causes a stronger addition of internal trips and a less strong reduction of external trips, that is, changes in destinations rather than in total travel time. At the factor level, unlike the weekday model in which the sociodemographic factor exerts a stronger effect, the weekend model presents that land use more strongly affects travel patterns. This magnitude difference is explained by the different flexibility of compulsory weekday travel and discretionary weekend travel in relation to the choice of trip destination and frequency. Full article

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16 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Back to the Future: The Potential of Intergenerational Justice for the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

by Rita Vasconcellos Oliveira

Programme for Applied Ethics, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020427 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8901

Abstract

The establishment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bolstered momentum to achieve a sustainable future. Undeniably, the welfare of future generations is a fundamental value of sustainable development since the publication of the Brundtland report. Nevertheless, SDGs and their targets are meagre [...] Read more.

The establishment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bolstered momentum to achieve a sustainable future. Undeniably, the welfare of future generations is a fundamental value of sustainable development since the publication of the Brundtland report. Nevertheless, SDGs and their targets are meagre on intergenerational justice concerns. The 15-year target horizon of the SDGs might be beneficial for implementation reasons. However, such a short-term perspective is far from innocuous in justice terms. It jeopardises the establishment of long-term goals, which protect both present and future people. This article advocates for clearer stances on intergenerational justice. What type of distributive principles could and should dictate the present socio-economic development? Looking at intragenerational justice principles contained in SDGs does not provide a full answer since they express conflicting visions of what constitutes a fair development. Furthermore, a fair distribution of the development benefits and burdens among present and near future people does not necessarily guarantee the wellbeing of more distant generations. I propose an intergenerational sufficientarian perspective as a way of extending the beneficial impacts of SDGs to both close and distant future generations. Hopefully, it facilitates the translation of the SDGs into policies that promote fairer implementation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Ethics: Reflections on the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

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21 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deliberation in Multi-Stakeholder Participation: A Heuristic Framework Applied to the Committee on World Food Security

by Matheus Alves Zanella^1,*

, Ariane Goetz², Stephan Rist³, Oscar Schmidt² and Jes Weigelt⁴

¹ Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

² Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), 14467 Potsdam, Germany

³ Institute of Geography and Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

⁴ TMG Think Tank for Sustainability, 10243 Berlin, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020428 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7645

Abstract

Multi-stakeholder participation (MSP) has become a central feature in several institutions and processes of global governance. Those who promote them trust that these arrangements can advance the deliberative quality of international institutions, and thereby improve the democratic quality, legitimacy and effectiveness of both [...] Read more.

Multi-stakeholder participation (MSP) has become a central feature in several institutions and processes of global governance. Those who promote them trust that these arrangements can advance the deliberative quality of international institutions, and thereby improve the democratic quality, legitimacy and effectiveness of both the institutional landscape, as well as decisions made within it. This paper employs a heuristic framework to analyze the deliberative quality of MSP. Specifically, it applies Dryzek’s deliberative systems framework to the case of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS). The assessment shows that the CFS improves the deliberative quality of food security governance by including and facilitating the transmission of discourses from the public to the empowered spaces. However, the deliberative quality of CFS could be higher with stronger accountability mechanisms in place, more meta-deliberation and adoption of CFS outcomes at national and local levels. Reflecting on the limitations of using this heuristic framework to assess MSP, we conclude that the analysis would benefit from more explicit consideration of different forms of power that are part of the social relations between actors involved in such settings. By proposing this analytical approach, we expect to advance a heuristic framework for assessing deliberation in an international context of the growing importance of MSP in sustainability and global governance. Full article

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11 pages, 360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Sport Scheduling Approach Considering Team Equity for the Korean Professional Baseball League

by Young Dae Ko^1,*

, Seung Hwan Jung², Sung Hee Kim² and Sung Wook Lee²

¹ Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, College of Hospitality and Tourism, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea

² Data Analytics Group, Deloitte Consulting, Seoul 07326, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020429 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2664

Abstract

Since the Korea Baseball League (KBL) had nine teams, an odd number, in the 2013 season, one team was unable to compete at certain times in the rotation while the other eight teams played games. Therefore, it was necessary to consider several elements [...] Read more.

Since the Korea Baseball League (KBL) had nine teams, an odd number, in the 2013 season, one team was unable to compete at certain times in the rotation while the other eight teams played games. Therefore, it was necessary to consider several elements to generate an annual match schedule in terms of team equity. However, the annual match schedule created by the conventional method could not fully reflect the elements regarding team equity, and there were a great many complaints from teams and fans. As a result, applying an optimization technique was decided upon to derive an efficient annual match schedule for the 2014 season. All the required conditions for scheduling are formulated as one or more equations and several parameter values concerning team equity are calculated with the related equations. Due to the complicated scheduling conditions, a sequential solution approach is applied by dividing the overall planning horizon in three parts. The derived annual match schedule was used for the 2014 season after some modifications, and the staff of the KBL was satisfied with the performance of the proposed scheduling methodology. Currently, this sustainable scheduling methodology is still in use to generate an efficient annual match schedule for the KBL. Full article

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16 pages, 6175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Crack on Durability of RC Material under the Chloride Aggressive Environment

by Yongchun Cheng, Yuwei Zhang, Guojin Tan^*

and Yubo Jiao

College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, Jilin, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020430 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4200

Abstract

Exposed to aggressive environments, the rebar in reinforced concrete (RC) bridges will be corroded gradually. Durability of RC material mostly depends on the rebar corrosion behavior. In this research, influences of crack on rebar corrosion were investigated. Firstly, RC specimens with different crack [...] Read more.

Exposed to aggressive environments, the rebar in reinforced concrete (RC) bridges will be corroded gradually. Durability of RC material mostly depends on the rebar corrosion behavior. In this research, influences of crack on rebar corrosion were investigated. Firstly, RC specimens with different crack number, width and spacing were prepared and the rebar corrosion was conducted through an accelerated chloride penetration method. Then, corrosion current densities of rebar were calculated from electrochemical test methods including liner polarization (LP), Tafel potentiodynamic polarization (TPP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Finally, the discussion was presented about a more reasonable electrochemical testing method for rebar corrosion in RC material. Besides, the significant influence factor among crack width, number and spacing was evaluated based on both One-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and Turkey’s honest significant difference (Turkey’s HSD) test. The results revealed that a more reasonable way to obtain corrosion current densities of rebar is combining EIS measurement with TPP measurement. Crack number shows the most significant effect on corrosion behavior of rebar, while crack spacing possesses the least one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction)

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21 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brand Equity of a Tourist Destination

by Hwa-Kyung Kim¹ and Timothy J. Lee^2,*

¹ Department of Hotel Management, Jeju International University, Jeju City 63309, Korea

² Division of Tourism & Hospitality, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU), Beppu 874-8577, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020431 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 12538

Abstract

In the current climate of severe competition among tourist destinations, the importance of brand equity in tourism marketing is increasing. This study looks at the impact of branding in relation to the largest group of inbound overseas tourists to South Korea, the Chinese. [...] Read more.

In the current climate of severe competition among tourist destinations, the importance of brand equity in tourism marketing is increasing. This study looks at the impact of branding in relation to the largest group of inbound overseas tourists to South Korea, the Chinese. Data for the current study were obtained from a survey of tourists visiting Seoul from the Greater China region, including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and the Chinese living in Southeast Asia. The survey was conducted in popular sightseeing spots, four and five-star hotels in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, and the Incheon International Airport. The respondents were selected randomly, with effort expended to avoid any potential bias in the composition of the sample. Out of a total of 385 distributed questionnaires, 350 (China 191, Hong Kong 71, Taiwan 68, others 20) were selected as valid and finally used in the analysis. The results of this study suggest that price and word of mouth have beneficial effects on perceived quality, publicity, and brand awareness, and advertisement has beneficial effects on brand image. We also found that brand awareness and perceived quality have impacts on brand image, and brand image is related to brand loyalty. This is a pioneering study on the relationships between influencing factors, destination brand equity and its elements, and brand loyalty, with respect to Seoul, South Korea, as a tourism destination for tourists from China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Framework for Assessing the Sustainability Reporting Disclosure of Water Utilities

by Silvia Cantele^1,*

, Thomas A. Tsalis² and Ioannis E. Nikolaou²

¹ Department of Business Administration, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy

² Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi 67100, Greece

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020433 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7707

Abstract

Sustainability reporting is becoming more and more widespread among companies aiming at disclosing their contribution to sustainable development and gaining legitimacy from stakeholders. This is more significant for firms operating in a public services’ context and mainly when supplying a fundamental public resource, [...] Read more.

Sustainability reporting is becoming more and more widespread among companies aiming at disclosing their contribution to sustainable development and gaining legitimacy from stakeholders. This is more significant for firms operating in a public services’ context and mainly when supplying a fundamental public resource, like water utilities. While the literature on sustainability reporting in the water sector is scant, there is an increasing need to study the usefulness and quality of its sustainability disclosures to adequately inform the stakeholders about the activities of water utilities to protect this fundamental resource and general sustainable development. This article presents a novel assessment framework based on a scoring technique and an empirical analysis on the sustainability reports of Italian water utilities carried out through it. The results highlight a low level of disclosure on the sustainability indicators suggested by the main sustainability reporting guidelines (Global Reporting Initiative, (GRI), and Sustainability Accounting Standard Board, (SASB)); most companies tend to disclose only qualitative information and fail to inform about some material aspects of water management, such as water recycled, network resilience, water sources, and effluent quality. These findings indicate that sustainability reporting is mainly considered as a communication tool, rather than a performance measurement and an accountability tool, but also suggest the need for a new and international industry-specific sustainability reporting standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for a Sustainable Water Use and Re-Use)

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16 pages, 47385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greenway Implementation Influence on Agricultural Heritage Sites (AHS): The Case of Liantang Village of Zengcheng District, Guangzhou City, China

by Fei Zhao^1,2

, Rui Nie¹ and Jia’en Zhang^2,*

¹ Institute of Chinese Agricultural Heritage, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China

² Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020434 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4955

Abstract

As environment-friendly recreational facilities, greenways can bring ecological, social, and economic benefits to the residents of agricultural heritage sites (AHS). Zengcheng District of Guangzhou City first implemented the recreational greenway in China in 2008. Liantang Village is the tourist center of the Liantang [...] Read more.

As environment-friendly recreational facilities, greenways can bring ecological, social, and economic benefits to the residents of agricultural heritage sites (AHS). Zengcheng District of Guangzhou City first implemented the recreational greenway in China in 2008. Liantang Village is the tourist center of the Liantang Spring segment of Zeng River Greenway system. This village has always been an important planting region of black olive and lychee from ancient times, with more than 1800 large old trees until today. Taking Liantang as a case, participant observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires (n = 140) are performed to collect relevant data. This study explores the economic and sociocultural influences of greenway implementation on AHS. Findings reveal that greenway tourism and agricultural heritage conservation form a mutually beneficial relationship. The greenway implementation successfully prompts the emergence and rapid development of tourism which significantly improves the economy of the heritage area and effectively increases the income of the villagers in AHS. The sources of their income mainly include agritainment businesses, agricultural product sales, tourist-related business wages, land leases, and house rentals. Most villagers greatly improve their quality of life because of the continuous infrastructure improvements. However, the daily lives and production orders of villagers are disturbed to some extent. The villagers have a highly sober cognition of the value of old trees, and their protection consciousness is enhanced. The difference in the source of economic income affects the judgment of the villagers, and three groups of villagers exhibit some cognitive differences with the influence of tourism. Results indicate that multi-dimensional values of agricultural heritage can be achieved, and a mutually beneficial relationship will then be formed between tourism and agricultural heritage conservation as soon as the correct eco-tourism is developed in AHS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Sustainability of Agricultural Heritage Systems through Dynamic Conservation)

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27 pages, 12972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience with Mixed Agricultural and Urban Land Uses in Tokyo, Japan

by Giles Bruno Sioen^1,*

, Toru Terada², Makiko Sekiyama¹

and Makoto Yokohari³

¹ Graduate Program in Sustainability Science—Global Leadership Initiative, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8563, Japan

² Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8563, Japan

³ Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020435 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 15495

Abstract

Urban agriculture can enhance the resilience of neighborhoods by providing fresh food in times of natural disasters; however, there is little empirical evidence to support this. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to identify patterns of agricultural production in urban areas by quantifying [...] Read more.

Urban agriculture can enhance the resilience of neighborhoods by providing fresh food in times of natural disasters; however, there is little empirical evidence to support this. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to identify patterns of agricultural production in urban areas by quantifying self-sufficiency rates in vegetable weight and key nutrients. A spatial grid cell analysis using a geographic information system (GIS) identifies the current and potential self-sufficiency of each land use pattern in Tokyo. In a total of 1479 grid cells, the dominant land use and locations of 49,263 agricultural plots led to the categorization of six distinguishable land use patterns. The results showed that Tokyo has a fruit and vegetable self-sufficiency of 4.27% and a potential of 11.73%. The nutritional self-sufficiency of selected nutrients was the highest in vitamin K (6.54%), followed by vitamin C (3.84%) and vitamin A (1.92%). Peri-urban areas showed the highest resilience in relation to aggregated risks and population density because of the mixture in agricultural and urban land uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing the Sustainability of Urban Agriculture: Methodological Advances and Case Studies)

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19 pages, 13251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Erosional Effects Induced by Boat Wakes with Living Shorelines

by Deidre Herbert^1,*, Emily Astrom¹, Ada C. Bersoza¹, Audrey Batzer¹, Patrick McGovern¹, Christine Angelini¹, Scott Wasman¹, Nicole Dix² and Alex Sheremet¹

¹ Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA

² Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020436 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7383

Abstract

Estuarine environments worldwide are among the most threatened habitats due to increased disturbances resulting from coastal infrastructure and rising population densities. Boating activity is a primary disturbance, as it induces biological stress and morphological changes along the coastline. This high-energy environment that boat [...] Read more.

Estuarine environments worldwide are among the most threatened habitats due to increased disturbances resulting from coastal infrastructure and rising population densities. Boating activity is a primary disturbance, as it induces biological stress and morphological changes along the coastline. This high-energy environment that boat wakes create has resulted in loss of surrounding oyster reefs and salt marsh vegetation, ultimately leading to shoreline and habitat erosion. Here, we characterize the boat wake climate in the Intracoastal Waterway, assess the bathymetry in this heavily trafficked area, and anticipate the effects of experimental living shorelines (natural breakwall and oyster restoration structures) on facilitating sediment deposition and slowing vegetation retreat. Field observations indicate that boat wakes suspend nearshore sediment and can reach heights greater than 40 cm. A numerical stability model of the breakwalls suggests that the optimal porosity is field-specific. The desired porosity for minimizing lateral displacement is 0.50, while it is 0.18 for maximum energy dissipation, which indicates a need to further investigate this complex problem. These findings demonstrate that boat wakes significantly and regularly disturb estuarine shorelines and may be altering their bathymetry as well as suggest that the design of the breakwalls may be optimized to best counteract this pervasive disturbance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Ecosystems: Monitoring, Management, Restoration, Preservation, and Valuation)

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19 pages, 7559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Model Predictive Hybrid Feedforward Control of Fuel Cell Power Generation System

by Long Wu¹, Li Sun¹

, Jiong Shen^1,* and Qingsong Hua²

¹ Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China

² School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020437 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3848

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely considered as an alternative solution among the family of the sustainable distributed generation. Its load flexibility enables it adjusting the power output to meet the requirements from power grid balance. Although promising, its control is challenging [...] Read more.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is widely considered as an alternative solution among the family of the sustainable distributed generation. Its load flexibility enables it adjusting the power output to meet the requirements from power grid balance. Although promising, its control is challenging when faced with load changes, during which the output voltage is required to be maintained as constant and fuel utilization rate kept within a safe range. Moreover, it makes the control even more intractable because of the multivariable coupling and strong nonlinearity within the wide-range operating conditions. To this end, this paper developed a multiple model predictive control strategy for reliable SOFC operation. The resistance load is regarded as a measurable disturbance, which is an input to the model predictive control as feedforward compensation. The coupling is accommodated by the receding horizon optimization. The nonlinearity is mitigated by the multiple linear models, the weighted sum of which serves as the final control execution. The merits of the proposed control structure are demonstrated by the simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Production and Utilization)

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14 pages, 1381 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modelling Soil Carbon Content in South Patagonia and Evaluating Changes According to Climate, Vegetation, Desertification and Grazing

by Pablo Luis Peri^1,2,*, Yamina Micaela Rosas³, Brenton Ladd^4,5, Santiago Toledo², Romina Gisele Lasagno¹ and Guillermo Martínez Pastur³

¹ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA); 9400 Río Gallegos, Argentina

² Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA)-CONICET, 9400 Río Gallegos, Argentina

³ Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC CONICET); 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina

⁴ School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia

⁵ Escuela de Agroforestería, Universidad Científica del Sur; Lima 33, Perú

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020438 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5376

Abstract

In Southern Patagonia, a long-term monitoring network has been established to assess bio-indicators as an early warning of environmental changes due to climate change and human activities. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in rangelands provides a range of important ecosystem services and supports [...] Read more.

In Southern Patagonia, a long-term monitoring network has been established to assess bio-indicators as an early warning of environmental changes due to climate change and human activities. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content in rangelands provides a range of important ecosystem services and supports the capacity of the land to sustain plant and animal productivity. The objectives in this study were to model SOC (30 cm) stocks at a regional scale using climatic, topographic and vegetation variables, and to establish a baseline that can be used as an indicator of rangeland condition. For modelling, we used a stepwise multiple regression to identify variables that explain SOC variation at the landscape scale. With the SOC model, we obtained a SOC map for the entire Santa Cruz province, where the variables derived from the multiple linear regression models were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS). SOC stock to 30 cm ranged from 1.38 to 32.63 kg C m⁻². The fitted model explained 76.4% of SOC variation using as independent variables isothermality, precipitation seasonality and vegetation cover expressed as a normalized difference vegetation index. The SOC map discriminated in three categories (low, medium, high) determined patterns among environmental and land use variables. For example, SOC decreased with desertification due to erosion processes. The understanding and mapping of SOC in Patagonia contributes as a bridge across main issues such as climate change, desertification and biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in Teaching: An Evaluation of University Teachers and Students

by Rosa María Brito

, Columba Rodríguez^* and José Luis Aparicio

Sciences for Regional Development Center—Autonomous University of Guerrero, Pino s/n, Col. El Roble, C.P. 39640 Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020439 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5858

Abstract

Since the 1970s, interest in caring for the environment has gained traction and the environmental education movement has gained momentum. The Talloires Declaration was the first document to incorporate sustainable development into higher education. After that, higher education institutions assumed the social responsibility [...] Read more.

Since the 1970s, interest in caring for the environment has gained traction and the environmental education movement has gained momentum. The Talloires Declaration was the first document to incorporate sustainable development into higher education. After that, higher education institutions assumed the social responsibility of training human resources with a sustainable vision. This study aimed to contribute to the design of indicators that could be used to evaluate the efficacy of the sustainability taught at the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (Autonomous University of Guerrero) in Mexico. We administered a survey to 63 teachers and 511 students from four academic units in high schools, and undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The answers were analyzed using the F-test and the variable descriptions. For the environmental, social and economic indicators, the satisfaction levels of teachers and students were more positive in graduate and undergraduate programs than in the high school. To determine the efficacy of the teaching function in terms of sustainable education, as well as to fulfill the commitments acquired to achieve sustainability, institutional processes need to be strengthened. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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13 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ontology Design for Solving Computationally-Intensive Problems on Heterogeneous Architectures

by Hossam M. Faheem^1,†, Birgitta König-Ries^2,†

, Muhammad Ahtisham Aslam^3,*,†

, Naif Radi Aljohani^3,† and Iyad Katib^3,†

¹ Computer Systems Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt

² Heinz-Nixdorf Endowed Chair for Distributed Information Systems, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany

³ Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020441 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4466

Abstract

Viewing a computationally-intensive problem as a self-contained challenge with its own hardware, software and scheduling strategies is an approach that should be investigated. We might suggest assigning heterogeneous hardware architectures to solve a problem, while parallel computing paradigms may play an important role [...] Read more.

Viewing a computationally-intensive problem as a self-contained challenge with its own hardware, software and scheduling strategies is an approach that should be investigated. We might suggest assigning heterogeneous hardware architectures to solve a problem, while parallel computing paradigms may play an important role in writing efficient code to solve the problem; moreover, the scheduling strategies may be examined as a possible solution. Depending on the problem complexity, finding the best possible solution using an integrated infrastructure of hardware, software and scheduling strategy can be a complex job. Developing and using ontologies and reasoning techniques play a significant role in reducing the complexity of identifying the components of such integrated infrastructures. Undertaking reasoning and inferencing regarding the domain concepts can help to find the best possible solution through a combination of hardware, software and scheduling strategies. In this paper, we present an ontology and show how we can use it to solve computationally-intensive problems from various domains. As a potential use for the idea, we present examples from the bioinformatics domain. Validation by using problems from the Elastic Optical Network domain has demonstrated the flexibility of the suggested ontology and its suitability for use with any other computationally-intensive problem domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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27 pages, 1776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Innovation Performance in SMEs: Exploring the Roles of Strategic Entrepreneurship and IT Capabilities

by Maurice J. Lyver^1,2,* and Ta-Jung Lu¹

¹ Graduate Institute of Technology Management, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, KuoKuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan

² DOAE, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, No. 129 San-Ming Rd., Taichung 40401, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020442 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8611

Abstract

Recent research questions our understanding of the processes at play regarding information technology (IT) capabilities’ contribution to innovation performance, particularly under environmental uncertainty. Strategic entrepreneurship (SE) or the interface of entrepreneurship and strategic management, which aims to answer the very question of how [...] Read more.

Recent research questions our understanding of the processes at play regarding information technology (IT) capabilities’ contribution to innovation performance, particularly under environmental uncertainty. Strategic entrepreneurship (SE) or the interface of entrepreneurship and strategic management, which aims to answer the very question of how firms create value or wealth and sustain success in increasingly competitive and dynamic environments, is deemed the appropriate catalyst to further explore this link. Thus, this study attempts to examine the driving effects of IT capabilities on product innovation performance (PIP) by exploring the mediating role of SE. Data were collected from 164 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) information communication technology (ICT) firms in Canada. Partial least squares (PLS) regression tested the hypotheses derived from the research model, and data exploration and analysis including visual analytics were performed in R. Results confirm that IT capabilities drive PIP and thereby create firm level value. Secondly, SE had a direct impact on PIP, and SE partially mediates IT capabilities effect on PIP. To date, SE research has mostly been conceptual in nature making this study one of the few to empirically capture the phenomena and highlight its link to sustainable innovation performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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15 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Service Quality of Rural Accommodations

by Hyunsuk Choi¹, Saehya Ann², Kwang-Woo Lee³ and Duk-Byeong Park^4,*

¹ Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, School of Business, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA

² Department of Hospitality, Recreation and Tourism, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA

³ Department of Tourism Management, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea

⁴ Department of Community Development, Kongju National University, Kongju 32439, Chungcheongnam, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020443 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the most important service quality factors for rural accommodations in rural tourism villages in South Korea by simultaneously utilizing Importance–Performance analysis (IPA) and gap analysis. The tabulated results were presented in a two-dimensional grid t [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to examine the most important service quality factors for rural accommodations in rural tourism villages in South Korea by simultaneously utilizing Importance–Performance analysis (IPA) and gap analysis. The tabulated results were presented in a two-dimensional grid t showing the strengths and weaknesses of the tourism attributes being studied. Among the 18 items measuring the service quality of rural accommodations, there are no items identified for the concentrate quadrant. Ten items fall in the “Keep up the good work” quadrant, which indicates high performance and importance values. It also includes “the attitude of local residents”, “the attitude of the accommodation’s owner”, and “the expertise of the owner”. Management of rural accommodations in South Korea must make special efforts to maintain and improve service quality for these ten high performance and importance attributes. Gap analysis is used to illustrate how tourism operators can improve their service quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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21 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Entrepreneurship Orientation: A Reflection on Status-Quo Research on Factors Facilitating Responsible Managerial Practices

by Sascha Kraus^1,*, Janina Burtscher¹, Christine Vallaster² and Martin Angerer¹

¹ University of Liechtenstein, Fuerst-Franz-Josef-Strasse, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein

² Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Urstein Süd 1, 5412 Puch/Salzburg, Austria

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020444 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 130 | Viewed by 12102

Abstract

With the global financial system having undergone vast changes since the financial crisis of 2007, scientific research concerning the investor’s point of view on sustainable investments has drastically increased. However, there remains a lack of research focused on the entrepreneur’s angle regarding sustainable [...] Read more.

With the global financial system having undergone vast changes since the financial crisis of 2007, scientific research concerning the investor’s point of view on sustainable investments has drastically increased. However, there remains a lack of research focused on the entrepreneur’s angle regarding sustainable oriented investments. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of sustainable financial markets by bringing together entrepreneurial and financial research. This paper provides a structured literature review, based on which the authors identify three relevant levels that they believe have an effect on the successful implementation of managerial sustainable practices; these are the individual, the firm, and the contextual levels. The results show that on the individual level sustainable entrepreneurs tend to derive their will to act more sustainably from their personal values or traits. On the organizational level, though, it can be concluded that an small and medium sized enterprise’s internal culture and the reconfiguration of resources are critical determinants for adopting a sustainable entrepreneurial orientation. Finally, on the contextual level, researchers have focused on a better understanding of how entrepreneurs can help society and the environment through sustainable entrepreneurship, and how they can act as role models or change agents in light of the fact that the choice of investing or financing based on sustainability is still in its infancy. By providing an overview on facilitating factors for responsible managerial practices on the entrepreneur’s side, this research contributes to a better understanding for both theory and practice on how sustainable practices can be implemented and facilitated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurship and Business Cases for a Sustainable Accounting and Financial System)

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17 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Green Ocean Treasure Hunting” Guided by Policy Support in a Transitional Economy

by Baoshan Ge¹, Fan Sheng¹, Yang Gao^2,*, Sang-Bing Tsai^3,4,*

and Xiaomin Du⁵

¹ School of Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China

² School of Business, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China

³ Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Zhongshan 528400, China

⁴ Business and Law School, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China

⁵ Department of Economic Management, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020445 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4445

Abstract

For countries in the process of economic transition, improvement of industrialization is no longer the sole goal of their economic development. While upgrading the level of industrial development, these countries also gradually attach importance to resource utilization efficiency and environmental protection, which is [...] Read more.

For countries in the process of economic transition, improvement of industrialization is no longer the sole goal of their economic development. While upgrading the level of industrial development, these countries also gradually attach importance to resource utilization efficiency and environmental protection, which is why green entrepreneurship has become increasingly popular in recent years. With the intensification of policy guidance, a new “sea area” named green entrepreneurship ushers in more and more “treasure hunters” exploring “the treasure” therein. Based on this, this paper constructs the model of “Green Ocean Treasure Hunting” for green entrepreneurial enterprises to analyze the role played by their government’s relevant policies and puts forward the research proposition of this article based on the relevant literature. On this basis, this paper chooses and analyzes a medium-sized, high-tech enterprise in China which follows a certain typical green entrepreneurial process as evidence of the propositions we have put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food-Energy Interactive Tradeoff Analysis of Sustainable Urban Plant Factory Production Systems

by Li-Chun Huang¹, Yu-Hui Chen², Ya-Hui Chen³, Chi-Fang Wang⁴ and Ming-Che Hu^4,*

¹ Department of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

² Department of Agricultural Economics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

³ Department of Business Administration, Hsuan Chuang University, No. 48, Hsuan Chuang Road, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020446 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3974

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the food–energy interactive nexus of sustainable urban plant factory systems. Plant factory systems grow agricultural products within artificially controlled growing environment and multi-layer vertical growing systems. The system controls the supply of light, temperature, humidity, nutrition, water, and [...] Read more.

This research aims to analyze the food–energy interactive nexus of sustainable urban plant factory systems. Plant factory systems grow agricultural products within artificially controlled growing environment and multi-layer vertical growing systems. The system controls the supply of light, temperature, humidity, nutrition, water, and carbon dioxide for growing plants. Plant factories are able to produce consistent and high-quality agricultural products within less production space for urban areas. The production systems use less labor, pesticide, water, and nutrition. However, food production of plant factories has many challenges including higher energy demand, energy costs, and installation costs of artificially controlled technologies. In the research, stochastic optimization model and linear complementarity models are formulated to conduct optimal and equilibrium food–energy analysis of plant factory production. A case study of plant factories in the Taiwanese market is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

16 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance

by Min-Seong Kim and Brijesh Thapa^*

Department of Tourism, Recreation & Sport Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8208, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020447 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 19702

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a major part of the foodservice industry due to external forces which encourage enterprises’ responsiveness. In reality, consumers’ social concern influences their attitudes towards foodservice firms’ socially responsible practices and purchase decisions, thereby influencing senior management to [...] Read more.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a major part of the foodservice industry due to external forces which encourage enterprises’ responsiveness. In reality, consumers’ social concern influences their attitudes towards foodservice firms’ socially responsible practices and purchase decisions, thereby influencing senior management to react. Considering this issue, this study examines the impact of senior management’s ethical leadership in evaluating operational, commercial, and economic performances along with the mediating role of CSR in the foodservice industry. A conceptual model was formulated and empirically tested based on responses from 196 foodservice franchise firms in South Korea. The results indicated ethical leadership significantly influenced CSR and operational performance, while CSR also had a positive effect on operational and commercial performances. Additionally, operational performance had a significantly positive influence on commercial performance, which subsequently enhanced economic performance. Overall, the findings highlight the role that ethical leadership exhibited by senior management of foodservice franchises influenced initiation of CSR activities, which provide implications for research and industry practice and is outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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32 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Who Drives the Transition to a Renewable-Energy Economy? Multi-Actor Perspective on Social Innovation

by Bongsuk Sung and Sang-Do Park^*

Department of International Business Management, Woosong University, 171, Dongdaejeon-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34606, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020448 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9155

Abstract

This study examines how various actors influence the transition to a renewable-energy economy. We employ a conceptual framework derived from a literature review and text-mining analysis and establish a panel data model for an empirical test using unbalanced panel data from 25 member [...] Read more.

This study examines how various actors influence the transition to a renewable-energy economy. We employ a conceptual framework derived from a literature review and text-mining analysis and establish a panel data model for an empirical test using unbalanced panel data from 25 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), for the period from 1990 to 2014. We establish a panel vector autoregressive (VAR) model in the first differences and use a bias-corrected least squares dummy variable (LSDVC) estimator to test complex dynamic relationships between government, the public, markets, the traditional energy sector (i.e., the sector that uses nuclear power, oil, coal and natural gas as sources for electricity) and the contribution of renewables to the total energy supply. We also perform Wald tests on the coefficients of variables estimated by LSDVC estimator to determine causal relationships between the variables. The results of this study reveal that government and markets directly promote the transition to renewable energy, whereas the traditional energy sector negatively and directly affects the transition. By contrast, the public does not directly influence the transition to a renewable-energy economy. This study also shows that the government and public have positive indirect effects on the transition, by interacting with the market. We also find convincing evidence of significant dynamic-path dependence in all estimations. Finally, we discuss some implications based on the findings of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Innovations in the Energy Transition)

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9 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Communication Barriers and Lessons Learned in Energy Policy

by Hollie Smith^1,2,*

and Christine Gilbert²

¹ Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

² Harrington School of Communication and Media, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020449 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3585

Abstract

In the past 30 years, energy researchers have concluded their academic publication with sections that deal directly with policy implications and recommendations. Yet too often, these recommendations are written with little understanding of how policymakers balance different needs, prefer to communicate, or use [...] Read more.

In the past 30 years, energy researchers have concluded their academic publication with sections that deal directly with policy implications and recommendations. Yet too often, these recommendations are written with little understanding of how policymakers balance different needs, prefer to communicate, or use scientific information. In this manuscript, we outline key variables—time, training, and interpretation—that are key to understanding how to better communicate research implications to policymakers. We recommend emphasizing the power of language and the use of boundary objects in an attempt to mitigate the issues presented between researchers and policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

13 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study on Sustainable Agriculture Land Use Right Transfer in the Heihe River Basin

by Ye Sun¹

and Tomohiro Akiyama^2,*

¹ Graduate Program in Sustainability Science—Global Leadership Initiative, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City 277-8563, Japan

² Department of Socio-Cultural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa City 277-8563, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020450 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3567

Abstract

Agriculture land use right transfer (ALURT) is a new policy designed to meet the demand of the sustainable development of agriculture in China. In the Heihe river basin (HRB), ALURT has also recently been introduced to cope with the emerging challenges in agriculture. [...] Read more.

Agriculture land use right transfer (ALURT) is a new policy designed to meet the demand of the sustainable development of agriculture in China. In the Heihe river basin (HRB), ALURT has also recently been introduced to cope with the emerging challenges in agriculture. In this paper, we empirically study the long-term viability of this new policy in HRB using a sustainability assessment. We collect the documents of ALURT contracts, statistical data of ALURT performance, and conduct interviews with its users. The main finding is that the centralized institutional structure of ALURT in HRB compromises its long-term viability. In particular, the power imbalance under the regulation of the intermediate agency, which causes the dissatisfaction of the participants, is threatening the application of the ALURT policy in the long run. Therefore, we suggest that the role of the intermediate agency in ALURT needs to be redefined, to better serve the sustainable development of agriculture in HRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology for Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions)

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14 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Merits of the Urban-Led Policy in China: Spread or Backwash Effect?

by Shu-hen Chiang

Department of Finance, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020451 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4722

Abstract

Shanghai and Beijing, as two megacities, are often regarded as the most successful examples of China’s growth pole policy, which has stirred up a great deal of controversy behind the spread–backwash effects. It is believed that the spread–backwash effects for these two mega [...] Read more.

Shanghai and Beijing, as two megacities, are often regarded as the most successful examples of China’s growth pole policy, which has stirred up a great deal of controversy behind the spread–backwash effects. It is believed that the spread–backwash effects for these two mega metropolitan regions are particularly valuable when evaluating the merits of adopting an “urban-led” policy in China. Moreover, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the cross-section analysis of relevant data. What seems to be lacking, however, is a time-series econometric method. The estimation results using real gross regional product (GRP) over the last 50 years (1967–2016) reveal that a long-run equilibrium exists for these central cities and their suburbs. More noteworthy is the finding that spread and backwash effects coexist in these two metropolitan regions, namely, the central city has spread and backwash effects on its medium-level and low-level suburbs, respectively. Thus, how to diminish the city–suburb gap is our concern and this argument is consistent with the spirit of new-type urbanization policy in China now to create a balanced and equalized metropolitan economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustaining Suburbia: Reassessing the Policies, Systems, and Form of Decentralized Growth)

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12 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship and Business Sustainability

by Ana Tur-Porcar^1,*

, Norat Roig-Tierno^2,3 and Anna Llorca Mestre⁴

¹ Department of Basic Psychology, Universitat de València, 46021 València, Spain

² Business Department, ESIC Business & Marketing School, 46021 Valencia, Spain

³ Economics and Social Science Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain

⁴ Département of Basic Psychology, Universitat de València, 46021 València, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020452 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 44575

Abstract

Sustainability is becoming increasingly important for society, and the creation of business ventures is one area where sustainability is critical. We examined the factors affecting actions that are designed to foster business sustainability. These factors are related to the environment, behavior, human relations, [...] Read more.

Sustainability is becoming increasingly important for society, and the creation of business ventures is one area where sustainability is critical. We examined the factors affecting actions that are designed to foster business sustainability. These factors are related to the environment, behavior, human relations, and business activity. Based on questionnaire responses from experts, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank sustainable business criteria according to their importance for entrepreneurs starting sustainable businesses. The results indicate that the most important drivers of sustainable entrepreneurship are behavioral factors and business factors. Ethical principles and values, together with competitive intelligence, are crucial for undertaking actions that lead to sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entrepreneurship and Business Cases for a Sustainable Accounting and Financial System)

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16 pages, 2437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Efficiency Evaluation of Regional Circular Economy: A Case Study in Zengcheng, Guangzhou

by Wei Liu¹, Jinyan Zhan^1,*, Zhihui Li^2,3,4, Siqi Jia^2,3,5, Fan Zhang¹ and Yifan Li¹

¹ State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

² Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

³ Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

⁴ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

⁵ Faculty of Social Science, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020453 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4843

Abstract

Circular economies are critical for alleviating resource pressure and improving environmental quality at regional level. Emergy analysis and eco-efficiency evaluations play important roles in measuring regional eco-efficiency and providing supporting information for governmental decision-making. In this study, emergy analysis and input–output analysis were [...] Read more.

Circular economies are critical for alleviating resource pressure and improving environmental quality at regional level. Emergy analysis and eco-efficiency evaluations play important roles in measuring regional eco-efficiency and providing supporting information for governmental decision-making. In this study, emergy analysis and input–output analysis were applied to analyze the changes in emergy structure, functional efficiency, and sustainable development capacity of Zengcheng, Guangzhou during the period 2000–2016. The results showed that the proportion of non-renewable emergy in total emergy structure of Zengcheng increased from 55% to 75%, which placed a greater environmental load on the natural ecosystem and gradually weakened the capacity for sustainable development. The rates of emergy utilization and eco-efficiency both showed increasing trends. All indicators about eco-efficiency showed the development of Zengcheng heavily relied on emergy consumption, especially on non-renewable emergy. The relationship between emergy utilization and socio-economic development of Zengcheng can provide decision-making support for economic structure optimization and sustainable community development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Cooperation for the Sustainable Development and Management in Northeast Asia)

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9 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Forecasting Accuracy of Crude Oil Prices

by Xuluo Yin, Jiangang Peng^* and Tian Tang

The College of Finance and Statistics, Hunan University, Changsha 410006, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020454 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3525

Abstract

Currently, oil is the key element of energy sustainability, and its prices and economy have a strong mutual influence. Modeling a good method to accurately predict oil prices over long future horizons is challenging and of great interest to investors and policymakers. This [...] Read more.

Currently, oil is the key element of energy sustainability, and its prices and economy have a strong mutual influence. Modeling a good method to accurately predict oil prices over long future horizons is challenging and of great interest to investors and policymakers. This paper forecasts oil prices using many predictor variables with a new time-varying weight combination approach. In doing so, we first use five single-variable time-varying parameter models to predict crude oil prices separately. Second, every special model is assigned a time-varying weight by the new combination approach. Finally, the forecasting results of oil prices are calculated. The results show that the paper’s method is robust and performs well compared to random walk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fostering Sustainable Transportation Operations through Corridor Management: A Simulation Gaming Approach

by Shalini Kurapati, Ioanna Kourounioti^*

, Heide Lukosch, Lóránt Tavasszy and Alexander Verbraeck

Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020455 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4306

Abstract

Synchromodality is described as a network of well-synchronised and interconnected transportation modes. One of the most important advantages of synchromodality is the development of a sustainable transportation system. Given the numerous stakeholders and network interdependencies within freight transport corridors, achieving efficient coordination and [...] Read more.

Synchromodality is described as a network of well-synchronised and interconnected transportation modes. One of the most important advantages of synchromodality is the development of a sustainable transportation system. Given the numerous stakeholders and network interdependencies within freight transport corridors, achieving efficient coordination and management is complex. In this paper, we regard information exchange as one of the main enablers of collaboration between the infrastructure managers. We developed a digital single-player simulation game called “Modal Manager” comprising logistic service providers and infrastructure managers. Each player takes over the role of an infrastructure manager who must use information provision as a tool to control flows in a network where various planned and unplanned disruptions occur. We include the game in a session where participants are able to interact with the game and with each other. The first gameplay session with Dutch experts revealed that infrastructure managers perceive synchromodality as a way to cope with disruptions more efficiently. On the other hand, the concept of synchromodal corridor management is ambiguous and various legal and governance barriers exist that hinder its implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Supply Chain Operations and Collaboration in the Big Data Era)

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18 pages, 830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect Evaluation of Main and Auxiliary Industry of Power Grid Based on the Information Fusion Technology from the Perspective of Sustainable Development of Enterprises

by Xiaomin Xu^1,2,*, Qiong Wang³, Dongxiao Niu^1,2 and Lihui Zhang^1,2

¹ School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

² Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

³ Economic and Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020457 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3362

Abstract

With the development of the diversified economic union, the power grid enterprises’ auxiliary industries are continuing to grow and develop faster. However, in the process of development, power grid enterprises are still faced with the problem of low efficiency of the management of [...] Read more.

With the development of the diversified economic union, the power grid enterprises’ auxiliary industries are continuing to grow and develop faster. However, in the process of development, power grid enterprises are still faced with the problem of low efficiency of the management of main and auxiliary and resource allocation and utilization. Thus, the synergistic development evaluation for power grid enterprises’ main and auxiliary industries has a strong practical significance. It can help the managers to find the short board of each industry and search for the exploration direction for improvement to promote the sustainable development of the main and auxiliary industries comprehensively. It can also provide the reference for improving the management level of power grid enterprises. Information fusion technology, as a process of information processing for decision making, can make use of multi-source information synergistically to get a more objective and more essential understanding of the same thing or the same goal. It has been applied to many fields in a mature way. Based on the characteristics of each industry, this paper constructs a synergistic effect evaluation index system of the main and auxiliary industries from the aspects of management foundation, resource integration, operational efficiency and effectiveness. The variable precision fuzzy rough set (VPFRS) is introduced to screen the index system, eliminate redundant indexes, retain key indexes and improve the efficiency and accuracy of evaluation effectively. Meanwhile, based on the characteristic of dealing with the imprecise problem of the vague set, this paper establishes the evaluation model based on information fusion technology of the variable precision fuzzy rough set and vague set (VPFRS-Vague). In order to verify the validity of the model, five typical companies belonging to power grid enterprises are selected as examples for analysis to prove the validity and applicability of the evaluation method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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21 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Orientation in Swedish Local Governments

by Jan Alpenberg^1,*

, Tomasz Wnuk-Pel^2,† and Amanda Henebäck¹

¹ Department of Accounting and Logistics, Linnaeus University, Box 451, 35106 Vaxjo, Sweden

² Department of Accounting, University of Lodz, Faculty of Management, 22/26, 90-237 Lodz, Poland

^† Note: Affiliated: Department of Accounting and Logistics, Linnaeus University, Box 451, 35106 Vaxjo, Sweden

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020459 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4473

Abstract

This study explores the environmental orientation in Swedish local governments. Environmental concerns over potential risk factors have become more important and popular among public organizations and environmental improvement efforts are made to create a sustainable ecosystem for the actors doing business, living and [...] Read more.

This study explores the environmental orientation in Swedish local governments. Environmental concerns over potential risk factors have become more important and popular among public organizations and environmental improvement efforts are made to create a sustainable ecosystem for the actors doing business, living and working in the area. Prior research indicates that public organizations have started to become more environmentally oriented in order to take on more responsibilities for reducing their own environmental impact as well as influencing the citizens and local businesses in the direction of a more sustainable way of living and working. Through a survey of Swedish local governments we conclude that they are taking on a key role in developing a sustainable ecosystem through becoming more environmentally oriented. This includes developing a framework for setting environmental goals, identifying suitable environmental indicators and reporting to a wide range of stakeholders. A factor that explains the increasing environmental orientation in the public sector is the implementation of digitalized performance measurement systems. We find that the environmental performance measurements are used to motivate different internal and external stakeholders in the efforts to create a multi-actor ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leveraging Digitalization for Advanced Service Business Models: Challenges and Opportunities for Circular Economy)

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24 pages, 8307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Practice and Outcomes of Applying Regenerative Development to a Large-Scale Project in Victoria, Australia

by Dominique Hes

, André Stephan^*

and Sareh Moosavi

Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020460 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6749

Abstract

Regenerative development is one of the critical pathways or processes towards an ecological worldview and a built environment in synergy with the natural environment. This vision aims to restore and support environmental, social and economic flows from a systems perspective. While regenerative development [...] Read more.

Regenerative development is one of the critical pathways or processes towards an ecological worldview and a built environment in synergy with the natural environment. This vision aims to restore and support environmental, social and economic flows from a systems perspective. While regenerative development has been discussed in theory and applied to some projects, very few studies have analysed the processes that support its emergence. Our study investigates the design process of an ongoing development project, “Seacombe West” in Victoria, Australia. It evaluates the design outputs, using the LENSES Framework (Living Environments in Natural, Social, and Economic Systems) which is specifically designed to facilitate the emergence of regenerative development thinking. The project included a series of four workshops that led to a set of guidelines that in turn were used to design a masterplan. We evaluate the resulting guidelines, the masterplan, and the experience of the participants through an online survey (70% response rate) and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. Our results show that using LENSES encouraged systems thinking and helps facilitate a transdisciplinary approach towards regenerative development. This evaluation provides insights into how regenerative development can emerge in projects and how the potential for net benefit can be embedded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition towards Low-Impact and Regenerative Human Settlements)

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14 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

False Barriers in the Purchase of Organic Foods. The Case of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Spain

by Francisco José Torres-Ruiz

, Manuela Vega-Zamora^*

and Manuel Parras-Rosa

Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020461 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5203

Abstract

Although Spain is the world’s top organic extra virgin olive oil (OEVOO) producer, domestic consumption is low. Most of the OEVOO produced is destined for external markets. As access to these markets is rife with challenges, developing internal demand has become a matter [...] Read more.

Although Spain is the world’s top organic extra virgin olive oil (OEVOO) producer, domestic consumption is low. Most of the OEVOO produced is destined for external markets. As access to these markets is rife with challenges, developing internal demand has become a matter of utmost importance. Therefore, the general objective of this study is to analyse what is limiting OEVOO consumption levels in Spain. Although a review of the literature reveals some potential explanatory factors, this study analyses the relationship between consumption levels and the limiting factors perceived by consumers. The main novelty of the study is that these limiting factors are divided into two distinct dimensions: difficulties perceived by consumers in the purchase of OEVOO, and the impact of these on their buying behaviour. Based on the results of a survey of 793 people, this distinction throws up a clear paradox: although practically all the factors considered as difficulties are perceived to exist, these do not appear to fully explain the decision not to purchase the product. The suggested explanation for this is simply that the “organic” attribute or label is not highly valued or appreciated by Spanish consumers. Considering the quantitative significance of the group of non-consumers in the population, promoting social and environmental awareness emerges as the best strategy to improve the public’s appreciation of the organic label and boost internal demand. Full article

24 pages, 457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taking the First Steps beyond GDP: Maryland’s Experience in Measuring “Genuine Progress”

by Anders Hayden^1,*

and Jeffrey Wilson²

¹ Department of Political Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada

² School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020462 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8766

Abstract

Gross Domestic Product’s (GDP) limitations as a prosperity indicator are now widely recognized, leading to a search for “beyond-GDP” alternatives. The US state of Maryland has calculated one such alternative, the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), since 2010. What effect is Maryland’s GPI having [...] Read more.

Gross Domestic Product’s (GDP) limitations as a prosperity indicator are now widely recognized, leading to a search for “beyond-GDP” alternatives. The US state of Maryland has calculated one such alternative, the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), since 2010. What effect is Maryland’s GPI having in practice? Is there any evidence to date that the GPI has shaped policy and public priorities in ways that live up to its supporters’ hopes—whether for a transformative shift beyond the economic-growth paradigm or simply better policymaking? What key obstacles exist to fulfilling those goals? This article draws on semi-structured interviews with elite respondents—including Maryland’s former governor, senior public servants, academics, non-governmental organization employees and foundation leaders—involved in producing, advocating and using the GPI, along with analysis of relevant documents. Although significant impacts on policy are not yet evident and a change of governor has removed high-level support, the GPI initiative has revealed innovative possibilities for more environmentally and socially minded policymaking and introduced new ideas with potential long-term impacts. However, various challenges remain, including strengthening the political constituency behind the GPI, more deeply embedding it into the policymaking process and addressing the GPI’s own limitations in supporting a beyond-GDP economic narrative. Full article

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25 pages, 3465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technology and Occupations in Business Cycles

by Valeria Cirillo^1,*, Mario Pianta² and Leopoldo Nascia³

¹ INAPP Rome and Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy

² Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza, Università Roma Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy

³ Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT), 00184 Rome, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020463 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4060

Abstract

Building on studies on the impact of the Great Recession on the occupational and skill structure of employment, this article investigates developments over the last business cycle (2002–2007 and 2007–2011) in 36 manufacturing and service industries of five major European countries (Germany, France, [...] Read more.

Building on studies on the impact of the Great Recession on the occupational and skill structure of employment, this article investigates developments over the last business cycle (2002–2007 and 2007–2011) in 36 manufacturing and service industries of five major European countries (Germany, France, Spain, Italy and United Kingdom). We analyse how technology, education and wages have shaped the evolution of four professional groups—Managers, Clerks, Craft and Manual workers—defined on the basis of ISCO classes. During the upswing in manufacturing industries all professional groups except managers have experienced job losses, while new jobs in services have followed a pattern of growing occupational polarization. Demand growth has a general positive effect across all occupations; new products lead to job creation in the group of managers only; wage increases slow down job creation except in the lowest occupational group. During the downswing, large job losses are concentrated in the lowest occupations and most relationships—including the role of demand and wages—break down; product innovation loses its positive impact on jobs while new processes drive restructuring and job destruction across all professional groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills and Earnings)

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14 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of CO₂ Emissions Produced by Commercial Grills in Veracruz, Mexico

by Veronica Lango-Reynoso, Jonathan López-Spiegel, Fabiola Lango-Reynoso^*

, María Del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez

and Jesús Montoya-Mendoza

Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, 94290 Veracruz, Mexico

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020464 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3443

Abstract

In some urban areas in Mexico, the use of firewood and charcoal as fuel for meat grills in commercial establishments, has proliferated due to economic and cultural factors. Although this activity satisfies diverse human necessities, it also generates waste that impacts the environment [...] Read more.

In some urban areas in Mexico, the use of firewood and charcoal as fuel for meat grills in commercial establishments, has proliferated due to economic and cultural factors. Although this activity satisfies diverse human necessities, it also generates waste that impacts the environment to local and global scales. Such is the case of CO₂ emissions produced by biomass burning in grills, whose sources are not recognized in municipal inventories of greenhouse effect gases (GEG) of the State of Veracruz. A theoretical estimation was made based in a census of establishments and an emission parameter, in order to establish a baseline on the amount of gas emitted to the atmosphere by commercial grills in Boca Del Río, Ver. It was concluded that 30 operating grills emit 134.56 tons of CO₂ into the atmosphere, equivalent to the annual combustion of 59,016.43 L of gasoline. Hence, these grills must be considered as micro-fixed sources of GEG, which influence local marine acidification and global climate change. It is recommended that it should be included in municipal, state, and national inventories for subsequent professionalization and regulation. Full article

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13 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformational Training Programs and Quality Orientation of Employees: Does Employees’ Loyalty Matter?

by Nidal Fawwaz Al Qudah^1,*, Yang Yang¹ and Muhammad Adeel Anjum^1,2

¹ School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City 150001, China

² Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta City 87300, Pakistan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020465 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7199

Abstract

Transformational training programs, employee loyalty and quality orientation of employees have been some of the important concerns for both academicians and practitioners for decades. Yet, little is known about their underlying relationship dynamics, especially in the context of higher education institutions. The pivotal [...] Read more.

Transformational training programs, employee loyalty and quality orientation of employees have been some of the important concerns for both academicians and practitioners for decades. Yet, little is known about their underlying relationship dynamics, especially in the context of higher education institutions. The pivotal aim of this study was to investigate the interplay of transformational training programs, loyalty and quality orientation of employees. For this, a causal model demonstrating the direct and indirect relationships of transformational training programs, employee loyalty and quality orientation was built and tested. Data for this study were collected from 212 (n = 212) academics (deans, head of departments and faculty members) from all private sector universities in Amman, Jordan, through a cross sectional survey. Results indicated that both direct and indirect effects of transformational training programs on quality orientation of employees were significant. More specifically, the positive effects that transformational training programs have on quality orientation of employees are through employee loyalty. This finding significantly advances the existing body of knowledge and implies that transformational training programs enhance employees’ loyalty which, in turn, escalates employees’ orientations towards quality. Hence, it is concluded that the objective of inculcating quality orientation amongst employees cannot be achieved with mere reliance upon transformational training programs. Several contextual factors, such as employee loyalty, should also be focused on and fostered to ensure the effects that training programs have on certain desirable outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Knowledge Management, Innovation and Big Data: Implications for Sustainability, Policy Making and Competitiveness)

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17 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Consumer Demand Estimating and Purchasing Strategies Optimizing of FMCG Retailers Based on Geographic Methods

by Luyao Wang^1,2, Hong Fan^1,2,* and Tianren Gong^1,2

¹ State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China

² Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020466 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6557

Abstract

The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is expected to grow dramatically given the rapid increase in purchasing power of Chinese consumers over recent years. In order to facilitate the sustainable development of the Chinese FMCG market, it is important for FMCG retailers to [...] Read more.

The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is expected to grow dramatically given the rapid increase in purchasing power of Chinese consumers over recent years. In order to facilitate the sustainable development of the Chinese FMCG market, it is important for FMCG retailers to understand the provincial market demand and make out flexible purchasing strategies. This paper proposes a new combination of geographic methods to estimate market demand at the micro-scale through historical sales data. Based on the consumer demand of regions and the sales performance of nearby regions, this study also proposes a method to decide what kinds of optimizing purchasing strategies should be adopted for the retailers in different areas, the positive strategies or the conservative strategies. The sales data of FMCG retailers in Guiyang was used in the experiment, and the results showed that their theoretical sales could be improved by over 6.5% and 10.2 under two strategies. The findings indicate that this study can provide practical guidance for retailers to estimate the market demand, and develop suitable optimizing purchasing strategies, thus improving the profit of retails and decreasing the risk of products waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 4108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Land-Use and Climate Change on Ecosystem Service in Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

by Zhonglin Tang^1,2, Geng Sun^1,*, Nannan Zhang¹, Jing He¹ and Ning Wu¹

¹ CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020467 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4467

Abstract

Past years have witnessed the transformation of land use at a high frequency and a warmer and drier climate in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. To fully understand the spatial-temporal variation of ecosystem services against the changing global backdrop and to provide scientific [...] Read more.

Past years have witnessed the transformation of land use at a high frequency and a warmer and drier climate in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. To fully understand the spatial-temporal variation of ecosystem services against the changing global backdrop and to provide scientific ecosystem management measures for decision-making, a study was conducted to investigate the major ecosystem services: water yield, soil conservation and crop production from 1990 to 2015 in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau region. Three scenarios—climate change only, land use change only and both land use and climate change—were included in this study to analyze the response of ES to the above-mentioned global changes. The results show that (1) the total quantity of ES reduced in all the three scenarios, the annual ES change was scenarioII < scenarioIII < scenarioI and the periodical characteristics are present in this region; (2) the ES change in spatial distribution varied with different climate change patterns and land use transfer directions; (3) the ES composition of each ecosystem varied with different driving scenarios and different responses of the forest and wetland on climate change and land use changes were observed. Moreover, the trade-off under land use change and climate change respectively was observed in this study. Based on the results, we recommend that the local government take this trade-off and climate change into account when making decisions, continue with desertification control and improve the quality of grassland as well as forests—these efforts should enable us to achieve sustainable development of human beings and the natural ecosystem. Full article

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16 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Efficiency of Massive Online Learning by Integrating Intelligent Analysis into MOOCs with an Application to Education of Sustainability

by Chao Li^* and Hong Zhou

School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020468 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 8913

Abstract

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is an innovative method in modern education, especially important for autonomous study and the sharing of global excellent education resources. However, it is not easy to implement the teaching process according to the specific characters of students by [...] Read more.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) is an innovative method in modern education, especially important for autonomous study and the sharing of global excellent education resources. However, it is not easy to implement the teaching process according to the specific characters of students by MOOCs because the number of participants is huge and the teacher cannot identify the characters of students through a face to face interaction. As a new subject combined with different areas, such as economics, sociology, environment, and even engineering, the education of sustainability-related courses requires elaborate consideration of individualized teaching for students from diverse backgrounds and with different learning styles. Although the major MOOC platforms or learning management systems (LMSs) have tried lots of efforts in the design of course system and the contents of the courses for sustainability education, the achievements are still unsatisfied, at least the issue of how to effectively take into account the individual characteristics of participants remains unsolved. A hybrid Neural Network (NN) model is proposed in this paper which integrates a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) based Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in an effort to detect individual learning style dynamically. The model was trained by learners’ behavior data and applied to predicting their learning styles. With identified learning style for each learner, the power of MOOC platform can be greatly enhanced by being able to offer the capabilities of recommending specific learning path and the relevant contents individually according to their characters. The efficiency of learning can thus be significantly improved. The proposed model was applied to the online study of sustainability-related course based on a MOOC platform with more than 9,400,000 learners. The results revealed that the learners could effectively increase their learning efficiency and quality for the courses when the learning styles are identified, and proper recommendations are made by using our method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient, Sustainable and Smart Cities: Emerging Trends and Approaches)

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12 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Population Agglomeration and Residential Energy Consumption: Evidence from Japan

by Akihiro Otsuka

Association of International Arts and Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020469 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3337

Abstract

In the Japanese economy facing environmental restrictions, both the control of greenhouse gas emissions and the boost of regional economic growth are important policy issues. In this context, this study employs econometric methods to investigate whether population agglomeration, which is a potential source [...] Read more.

In the Japanese economy facing environmental restrictions, both the control of greenhouse gas emissions and the boost of regional economic growth are important policy issues. In this context, this study employs econometric methods to investigate whether population agglomeration, which is a potential source of economic growth, contributes to the reduction of energy consumption in the residential sector. The results of the analysis highlight that population agglomeration affects savings in energy consumption. Specifically, over the considered observation period, population agglomeration has saved energy consumption in large metropolitan areas. In contrast, in rural areas, population dispersion has had the opposite effect. Full article

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15 pages, 13921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a New Gob-Side Entry-Retaining Approach and Its Application

by Hengjie Luan¹

, Yujing Jiang^1,*

, Huili Lin² and Guofeng Li³

¹ State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-founded by Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

² Mine Safety Technology Branch of China Coal Research Institute, Beijing 100013, China

³ Dongtan Coal Mine, Yanzhou Mining Industry Group, Zoucheng 273512, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020470 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3087

Abstract

Gob-side entry retaining plays an important role in the sustainable exploitation of coal resources and has been widely used in coal mining. However; some disadvantages, such as high labour intensity and low efficiency of wall construction, have gravely restricted the application of this [...] Read more.

Gob-side entry retaining plays an important role in the sustainable exploitation of coal resources and has been widely used in coal mining. However; some disadvantages, such as high labour intensity and low efficiency of wall construction, have gravely restricted the application of this technique. To solve this issue, this paper developed a new gob-side entry retaining approach including a lightweight and high-strength foam concrete and a mortise-and-tenon structure hollow-block wall. The experiment results show that the preparation of foam concrete with a density of 1200 kg/m³; with uniaxial compressive strength greater than 15 MPa, can be realized by the chemical-foaming method. The method is performed by adding silica fume, slag and fly ash to a system of “cement and sand” structure collocation and by optimizing the proportioning of the materials. The density of foam concrete is reduced by 50% relative to that of common concrete which can greatly reduce the weight of the blocks. Compared with the conventional gob-side entry-retaining wall the new wall structure has many advantages. For example, it can improve stability by increasing the width-to-height ratio of the wall and save 44.44% of the material, and at the same time; it can save manpower and improve labour efficiency. Finally, the new approach was tested in the 3203 gob-side entry-retaining working face in a Chinese coal mine and the application effect proves that the new approach is well suited for entry retaining. The wall structure and parameters are reasonable. This work can contribute to the sustainable and efficient exploitation of underground coal resources. Full article

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19 pages, 3482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Performance and Elucidating the Mechanisms of Collaborative Development within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China

by Chuanglin Fang^1,2, Kui Luo^1,2,*, Yunlong Kong³

, Haoxi Lin^1,2 and Yufei Ren^1,2

¹ Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

² College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³ Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020471 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4536

Abstract

Elucidating the performance of collaborative development within the Beijing Tianjin Hebei (BTH) region and developing an understanding of mechanisms underlying this process are of paramount importance to regional sustainable development as well as for the realization of Chinese national strategy. Thus, utilizing socioeconomic [...] Read more.

Elucidating the performance of collaborative development within the Beijing Tianjin Hebei (BTH) region and developing an understanding of mechanisms underlying this process are of paramount importance to regional sustainable development as well as for the realization of Chinese national strategy. Thus, utilizing socioeconomic data for 13 districts within the BTH region between 2000 and 2014, this study applies the Gini coefficient alongside the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method supported by the entropy weight model and impulse response functions in order to assess the performance of collaborative development in this region and elucidate underlying mechanisms. The results of this study reveal that collaborative development within the BTH region has tended to slowly increase over time, but with fluctuations. Although some progress has been made in promoting urbanization, constructing traffic networks, protecting the environment, and improving living standards, very significant expansion space nevertheless remains for further improvements. The collaborative development of this region has also been increasingly affected by globalization, with either the equalization of per capita fixed asset investment or fiscal expenditure exerting a definite impact. The results show that although the equalization of per capita fixed asset investment boosts collaborative development at the start of this process, it is likely to impede it over longer time scales, while the equalization of per capita fiscal expenditure will contribute to this process within the BTH region over both the short and long term. A number of policy suggestions are therefore proposed in this paper to promote smooth collaborative development of the BTH region, including optimizing investment structures and establishing an ecological compensation mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic Growth: Combining Technology, Market and Society)

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17 pages, 5164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Big Geospatial Data Analytics for Global Mangrove Biomass and Carbon Estimation

by Wenwu Tang^1,2,*, Minrui Zheng^1,2, Xiang Zhao^1,2,3

, Jiyang Shi^1,2, Jianxin Yang^1,2,4 and Carl C. Trettin⁵

¹ Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA

² Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA

³ School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

⁴ School of Public Administration, China University of Geoscience (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

⁵ Center for Forested Wetlands Research, U.S. Forest Service, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020472 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10551

Abstract

The objective of this study is to estimate the biomass and carbon of global-level mangroves as a special type of wetland. Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in regulating carbon cycling, thus having a significant impact on global environmental change. Extensive studies have [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to estimate the biomass and carbon of global-level mangroves as a special type of wetland. Mangrove ecosystems play an important role in regulating carbon cycling, thus having a significant impact on global environmental change. Extensive studies have been conducted for the estimation of mangrove biomass and carbon stock. However, this estimation at a global level has been insufficiently investigated because the spatial scale of interest is large and most existing studies are based on physically challenging fieldwork surveys that are limited to local scales. Over the past few decades, high-resolution geospatial data related to mangroves have been increasingly collected and processed using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. While these geospatial data create potential for the estimation of mangrove biomass and carbon, the processing and analysis of these data represent a big data-driven challenge. In this study, we present a spatially explicit approach that integrates GIS-based geospatial analysis and high-performance parallel computing for the estimation of mangrove biomass and carbon at the global level. This integrated approach provides support for enabling and accelerating the global-level estimation of mangrove biomass and carbon from existing high-resolution geospatial data. With this integrated approach, the total area, biomass (including above- and below-ground), and associated carbon stock of global mangroves are estimated as 130,420 km², 1.908 Pg, and 0.725 Pg C for the year of 2000. The averaged aboveground biomass density of global mangroves is estimated as 146.3 Mg ha⁻¹. Our analysis results demonstrate that this integrated geospatial analysis approach is efficacious for the computationally challenging estimation of global mangrove metrics based on high-resolution data. This global-level estimation and associated results are of great assistance for promoting our understanding of complex geospatial dynamics in mangrove forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wetland Ecology, Conservation and Sustainability: Applications of Geospatial Techniques)

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14 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Access and Coping Strategies Adopted by Households to Fight Hunger among Indigenous Communities of Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico

by Otilia Vanessa Cordero-Ahiman^1,*

, Eduardo Santellano-Estrada² and Alberto Garrido¹

¹ Research Centre for the Management of Agricultural and Environmental Risks (CEIGRAM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España. C/Senda del Rey 13, 28040 Madrid, Spain

² Centro de Extensión e Innovación Rural Noroeste (CEIR), Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. Perif. Francisco R. Almada Km. 1, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020473 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6958

Abstract

Households’ food access remains a concern primarily in rural households in lower- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to measure food access and to identify the coping strategies in indigenous households of the communities of Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico. The [...] Read more.

Households’ food access remains a concern primarily in rural households in lower- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to measure food access and to identify the coping strategies in indigenous households of the communities of Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico. The representative sample was made up of 123 households from 38 communities. The survey was conducted face to face during the winter season between February and March 2015. Since all respondents only speak the Tarahumara language, authors were assisted by translators. The level of access to food was low in 54.47% of households. The main coping strategies used by households were rationing and augmenting short-term household food availability. Bivariate analyses were used, with Chi-square (

χ^{2}

) test suggesting that coping strategies associated with food access included: reliance on less expensive foods, purchasing food on credit, limiting portion size at meal times, skipping meals, and restricting consumption of adults to secure children’s intake. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test indicated that the income derived from various households are identical across all food access levels. We conclude that the indigenous households did experience difficulties in obtaining food. Full article

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20 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development, Wellbeing and Material Consumption: A Stoic Perspective

by Kai Whiting^1,*, Leonidas Konstantakos², Angeles Carrasco³

and Luis Gabriel Carmona^1,4

¹ MARETEC—LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal

² School of International and Public Affairs, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA

³ Mining and Industrial Engineering School of Almadén, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza Manuel Meca 1, 13400 Almadén, Spain

⁴ Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Piloto de Colombia, Carrera 9 No. 45A-44, Bogotá 110231, Colombia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020474 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 24735

Abstract

Since the introduction of neoclassical economic theory, material wealth and accumulation have been linked to hedonic wellbeing. In turn, Utilitarian notions have generated the belief that infinite growth is not only good but necessary for society to prosper. Unsurprisingly, this belief system has [...] Read more.

Since the introduction of neoclassical economic theory, material wealth and accumulation have been linked to hedonic wellbeing. In turn, Utilitarian notions have generated the belief that infinite growth is not only good but necessary for society to prosper. Unsurprisingly, this belief system has supported the considerable depletion of natural resources and has not always led to social equitability or environmental justice, two pillars of sustainable development. Given these limitations, this paper looks into eudaimonic wellbeing, as defined by Stoicism. The latter originating in Classical Greece and Ancient Rome, has been used throughout the centuries to discuss and support the flourishing of individuals, but has rarely been applied to collective wellbeing. Consequently, we explore whether, and to what extent, this virtue-based philosophy can answer questions regarding the value and the role of material acquisition in societal development, as directed by sustainable policy. We propose the idea that the Stoic emphasis on prudence, self-control, courage and justice, as the only means to achieve “happiness”, is intrinsically linked to sustainable wellbeing and that its principles can be used to demonstrate that society does not require limitless growth to flourish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Economics for the Anthropocene)

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15 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Irrigation Regime and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ Emissions from Saline–Alkaline Paddy Fields in Northeast China

by Jie Tang^1,2, Jingjing Wang^1,2, Zhaoyang Li^2,*, Sining Wang² and Yunke Qu²

¹ Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

² College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020475 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6173

Abstract

Irrigation regime and fertilizer nitrogen (N) are considered as the most effective agricultural management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop fields, but few studies have involved saline–alkaline paddy soil. Gas emitted from saline–alkaline paddy fields (1-year-old and 57-year-old) was collected [...] Read more.

Irrigation regime and fertilizer nitrogen (N) are considered as the most effective agricultural management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from crop fields, but few studies have involved saline–alkaline paddy soil. Gas emitted from saline–alkaline paddy fields (1-year-old and 57-year-old) was collected during rice growing seasons by the closed chamber method. Compared to continuous flooding irrigation, lower average CH₄ flux (by 22.81% and 23.62%), but higher CO₂ flux (by 24.84% and 32.39%) was observed from intermittent irrigation fields. No significant differences of N₂O flux were detected. Application rates of N fertilizer were as follows: (1) No N (N0); (2) 60 kg ha⁻¹ (N60); (3) 150 kg ha⁻¹ (N150); and (4) 250 kg ha⁻¹ (N250). The cumulative emissions of GHG and N fertilizer additions have positive correlation, and the largest emission was detected at the rate of 250 kg N ha⁻¹ (N250). Global warming potential (GWP, CH₄ + N₂O + CO₂) of the 57-year-old field under the N250 treatment was up to 4549 ± 296 g CO₂-eq m⁻², approximately 1.5-fold that of N0 (no N application). In summary, the results suggest that intermittent irrigation would be a better regime to weaken the combined GWP of CH₄ and N₂O, but N fertilizer contributed positively to the GWP. Full article

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21 pages, 17313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison among Detailed and Simplified Calculation Methods for Thermal and Energy Assessment of the Building Envelope and the Shadings of a New Wooden nZEB House

by Cristina Carletti^1,*, Leone Pierangioli¹

, Fabio Sciurpi¹

and Andrea Salvietti²

¹ DIEF Department, University of Florence, via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy

² Salvietti Studio, Corso Italia 41, 52043 Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020476 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3458

Abstract

This paper deals with research carried out by the University of Florence on the thermal and energy performances of a recently built nZEB in Mediterranean Italian area. Heterogeneous component and thermal bridges performances have been analysed and critically evaluated with different calculation methods, [...] Read more.

This paper deals with research carried out by the University of Florence on the thermal and energy performances of a recently built nZEB in Mediterranean Italian area. Heterogeneous component and thermal bridges performances have been analysed and critically evaluated with different calculation methods, and the results in terms of energy consumptions for heating and cooling have been compared. Some solar shading devices have been evaluated to reduce the building energy need for cooling. Main results of the research are presented for the components and thermal bridges properties and for the energy balance of the building implemented with different solar shadings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 17th CIRIAF National Congress—Energy–Environmental Sustainability and Seismic Retrofit of Built Heritage)

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18 pages, 3076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Change Patterns of Coastlines in Zhejiang Province, China, Over the Last Twenty-Five Years

by Jialin Li^1,2,*, Mengyao Ye¹, Ruiliang Pu³, Yongchao Liu⁴, Qiandong Guo³, Baixiang Feng¹

, Ripeng Huang¹ and Gaili He¹

¹ Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China

² Institute for East China Sea, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China

³ School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5200, USA

⁴ Collaborative Innovation Center for the South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020477 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3909

Abstract

Spatiotemporal analysis of coastline land utilization is important for strengthening coastline resource management and promoting sustainable development in coastal zones. In this study, basic spatiotemporal characteristics of coastline land utilization in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed using remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques. [...] Read more.

Spatiotemporal analysis of coastline land utilization is important for strengthening coastline resource management and promoting sustainable development in coastal zones. In this study, basic spatiotemporal characteristics of coastline land utilization in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed using remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques. For this case, Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager remote-sensing image data acquired from 1990 to 2015 were collected and processed. Several indices and metrics used for quantifying and analyzing the coastline utilization in Zhejiang Province were defined and calculated through processing remote sensing data and using GIS tools. They included the intensity index of coastline change, fractal dimension of the coastline, subjectivity of coastline utilization, and the integrated coastline utilization index. The analysis results demonstrated that (1) significant coastline changes took place in Zhejiang Province, and the coastline moved seaward, while the total coastline length decreased continuously; (2) the average fractal dimension of the coastlines was 1.0922, and it was relatively stable before 2000, but declined continuously after 2000, reduced to 1.086 in 2015; (3) the artificialization index of the coastlines kept rising; (4) there were single, binary, and other multi-land use types in different coastline sections in the study area; and (5) the coastline land use intensity increased continuously from 0.25 to 0.38, and the coastline in the Xiangshan Harbour had the highest land use intensity index, reaching 0.53 in 2015, throughout the study period, and in the study area. Full article

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20 pages, 4346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of a Multilevel Transport System Model into Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning

by Romanika Okraszewska^1,*

, Aleksandra Romanowska¹

, Marcin Wołek², Jacek Oskarbski¹

, Krystian Birr¹

and Kazimierz Jamroz¹

¹ Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

² Faculty of Economics, University of Gdansk, 81-824 Sopot, Poland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020479 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 98 | Viewed by 10857

Abstract

When planning their transport policy, cities usually focus on developing sustainable transport systems and reducing the negative consequences of transport. One way to deliver transport policies is to use the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP), a strategic document designed to meet the demand [...] Read more.

When planning their transport policy, cities usually focus on developing sustainable transport systems and reducing the negative consequences of transport. One way to deliver transport policies is to use the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP), a strategic document designed to meet the demand for mobility whilst ensuring adequate quality of life for the residents. The process of Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (SUMP process) can be supported by using a transport model. The objective of this article is to analyse the efficacy of the Multilevel Model of Transport Systems—referred to by its acronym, MST—for the SUMP process. With its ability to represent the transport system’s behaviour depending on the level of detail, the MST can significantly benefit the SUMP process. The proposed concept of integration of the MST into the SUMP process has already been tested and applied in delivering Gdynia’s (Poland) SUMP. The paper suggests ways to use the MST at different levels of planning and modelling and describes the outcomes. Using the multilevel structure helps to fully realise the transport model’s potential to improve the effectiveness of urban mobility planning. The conclusions show that the methods proposed in the article are worthwhile and cities should consider them when planning the SUMP process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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24 pages, 2289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Pricing and Product Carbon Footprint Decisions and Coordination of Supply Chain with Cap-and-Trade Regulation

by Yonghong Cheng^1,*, Zhongkai Xiong² and Qinglin Luo³

¹ School of Management Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China

² School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China

³ Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200052, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020481 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

The implementation of cap-and-trade regulation worldwide is bound to have some effects on supply chain decision-making. This paper investigates optimal pricing and product carbon footprint decisions of the supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer under cap-and-trade regulation by applying optimization [...] Read more.

The implementation of cap-and-trade regulation worldwide is bound to have some effects on supply chain decision-making. This paper investigates optimal pricing and product carbon footprint decisions of the supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer under cap-and-trade regulation by applying optimization and game theory. By comparing the optimal results between the centralized and decentralized decision-making models, we find that the optimal product carbon footprint and selling price not only depend on the carbon trading price and carbon cap allocated by the government, but also relate to the initial carbon footprint of the product and the decision-making methods in the supply chain. It is found that there is also a “double marginalization” in the decentralized situation, thus we coordinate the supply chain using a two-part tariff contract. Specifically, only the manufacturer adjusts dynamically the wholesale price and fixed fee within the coordinating contract according to different initial carbon footprint and the range of the carbon cap reduction by the government. Finally, we obtain several interesting conclusions from the numerical examples and provide managerial insights and policy implications from the analytical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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20 pages, 8629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Independent Architectural Models for Residential Complex Plans through Solar Energy in Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea

by Sung-Yul Kim¹, Ho-Soon Choi^2,* and Jeong-Hee Eum^3,*

¹ Department of Electrical Energy Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea

² Department of Architecture, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea

³ Department of Landscape Architecture, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020482 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5966

Abstract

This study suggests energy-independent architectural models for residential complexes through the production of solar-energy-based renewable energy. Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea, was selected as the target area for the residential complex. An optimal location in the area was selected to maximize the production [...] Read more.

This study suggests energy-independent architectural models for residential complexes through the production of solar-energy-based renewable energy. Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea, was selected as the target area for the residential complex. An optimal location in the area was selected to maximize the production of solar-energy-based renewable energy. Then, several architectural design models were developed. Next, after analyzing the energy-use patterns of each design model, economic analyses were conducted considering the profits generated from renewable-energy use. In this way, the optimum residential building model was identified. For this site, optimal solar power generation efficiency was obtained when solar panels were installed at 25° angles. Thus, the sloped roof angles were set to 25°, and the average height of the internal space of the highest floor was set to 1.8 m. Based on this model, analyses were performed regarding energy self-sufficiency improvement and economics. It was verified that connecting solar power generation capacity from a zero-energy perspective considering the consumer’s amount of power consumption was more effective than connecting maximum solar power generation capacity according to building structure. Moreover, it was verified that selecting a subsidizable solar power generation capacity according to the residential solar power facility connection can maximize operational benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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27 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Methodologies for the Evaluation of Offer Curves in Energy and Capacity Markets through Energy Efficiency and Demand Response

by Antonio Gabaldón^1,*

, Carlos Álvarez², María Del Carmen Ruiz-Abellón³, Antonio Guillamón³, Sergio Valero-Verdú⁴, Roque Molina³ and Ana García-Garre¹

¹ Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain

² Institute for Energy Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain

³ Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain

⁴ Department of Mechanics and Energy Engineering, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020483 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4709

Abstract

The objectives of improving the efficiency, and integration, of renewable sources by 2030–2050 are complex in practice and should be linked to an increase of demand-side flexibility. The main challenges to achieving this flexibility are the lack of incentives and an adequate framework. [...] Read more.

The objectives of improving the efficiency, and integration, of renewable sources by 2030–2050 are complex in practice and should be linked to an increase of demand-side flexibility. The main challenges to achieving this flexibility are the lack of incentives and an adequate framework. For instance, customers’ revenue is usually low, the volatility of prices is high and there is not any practical feedback to customers from smart meters. The possibility of increasing customer revenue could reduce the uncertainty with respect to economic concerns, improving investments in efficiency, enabling technology and thus, engaging more customers in these policies. This objective could be achieved by the participation of customers in several markets. Moreover, Demand Response and Energy Efficiency can share ICT technologies but this participation needs to perform an aggregation of demand. The idea of this paper is to present some methodologies for facilitating the definition and evaluation of energy versus cost curves; and subsequently to estimate potential revenues due to Demand Response. This can be accomplished by models that estimate: demand and energy aggregation; economic opportunities and benefits; impacts on customer convenience; customer feedback and price analysis. By doing so, we would have comprehensive information that can help customers and aggregators to define energy packages and their monetary value with the objective of fostering their market participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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15 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Small and Medium Size City in China: The Case of Changchun

by Xiaoquan Wang¹

, Chunfu Shao^2,*, Chaoying Yin¹, Chengxiang Zhuge³ and Wenjun Li¹

¹ MOE Key Laboratory for Urban Transportation Complex Systems Theory and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

² Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

³ Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020484 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3779

Abstract

Concerns about transportation energy consumption and emissions force urban planners and policy makers to pay more attention to the effects of car ownership and use on the environment in China. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the built environment and car [...] Read more.

Concerns about transportation energy consumption and emissions force urban planners and policy makers to pay more attention to the effects of car ownership and use on the environment in China. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between the built environment and car ownership and use in China, especially in mid-sized and small cities. This study uses Changchun, China as a case study and examines the potential impacts of the built environment and socio-demographics on car ownership and use for commuting simultaneously using Bayesian multilevel binary logistic models. Furthermore, the spatial autocorrelation of car ownership and use is recognized across traffic analysis zones (TAZs), which are specifically represented by the conditional autoregressive (CAR) model. The estimated results indicate that socio-demographic characteristics have significant effects on car ownership and use. Moreover, the built environment measured at the TAZ level still shows a significant association with other factors controlled. Specifically, it suggests that denser residential density, compact land use, better transit services and street connectivity can reduce car dependency more effectively. This study provides new insights into how the built environment influences the car ownership and use, which can be useful for urban planners and policy makers to develop strategies for reducing car dependency. Full article

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18 pages, 4109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability of Water Withdrawals in the Tiber River Basin (Central Italy)

by Stefano Casadei^1,*

, Arnaldo Pierleoni² and Michele Bellezza³

¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy

² Civil Engineering Section, Niccolò Cusano University, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Roma, Italy

³ T4E, University of Perugia Spin-Off, Via Birago 18, 06124 Perugia, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020485 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5645

Abstract

Problems in the sustainable exploitation of water resources are mainly due to the spatial distribution of uses and are worsened by uncontrolled withdrawals by different activities. In this context, in order to evaluate and manage the available water resources, a decision support system [...] Read more.

Problems in the sustainable exploitation of water resources are mainly due to the spatial distribution of uses and are worsened by uncontrolled withdrawals by different activities. In this context, in order to evaluate and manage the available water resources, a decision support system has been developed to support the decision-making processes. This system was implemented on a web platform, in order to manage spatial data and to analyze information on water resources. The system also integrates a WEB-GIS engine for the elaboration and regionalization of data over the river network. The web architecture also makes these tools widely accessible and easily shareable by all stakeholders. The Web-based application was tested successfully in the Tiber River Basin (Central Italy) and focuses on the building of a hydrological database together with an evaluation model for surface water resources. The results provide synthetic information on the sustainability of water allocation scenarios, with particular regard to the feasibility of allowing new dissipative water withdrawal, such as dissipative water use in agricultural production for precision irrigation. The software technology of this project relies on open source code and can also be applied in other fields for the sustainable management of environmental resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable River Basin Management)

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14 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Weak Signals of Nanotechnology Innovation in Complex System

by Sun Hi Yoo and DongKyu Won^*

Seoul Branch Office, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Seoul 02456, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020486 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4367

Abstract

It is especially indispensable for new businesses or industries to predict the innovation of new technologies. This requires an understanding of how the complex process of innovation, which is accomplished through more efficient products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas, is adopted and diffused [...] Read more.

It is especially indispensable for new businesses or industries to predict the innovation of new technologies. This requires an understanding of how the complex process of innovation, which is accomplished through more efficient products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas, is adopted and diffused in the market, government, and society. Furthermore, detecting “weak signals” (signs) of change in science and technology (S&T) is also important to foretell events associated with innovations in technology. Thus, we explore the dynamic behavior of weak signals of a specific technological innovation using the agent-based simulating tool NetLogo. This study provides a deeper understanding of the early stages of complex technology innovation, and the models are capable of analyzing initial complex interaction structures between components of technologies and between agents engaged in collective invention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic Growth: Combining Technology, Market and Society)

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17 pages, 3458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Carbon-Use Efficiency Among Different Land-Use Patterns of the Temperate Steppe in the Northern China Pastoral Farming Ecotone

by Yuzhe Li¹, Jiangwen Fan^1,* and Zhongmin Hu²

¹ Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

² School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020487 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3740

Abstract

Carbon-use efficiency (CUE) is the proportion of gross primary production converted to net primary production. Changes to CUE strongly influence ecosystem carbon budgets and turnover. Little is known about the response of ecosystem CUE to human-induced land-use change, which limits the accurate evaluation [...] Read more.

Carbon-use efficiency (CUE) is the proportion of gross primary production converted to net primary production. Changes to CUE strongly influence ecosystem carbon budgets and turnover. Little is known about the response of ecosystem CUE to human-induced land-use change, which limits the accurate evaluation of the environmental influence of large-scale steppe-use changes in northern China. We investigated the components of ecosystem carbon exchange and CUE under three typical steppe-use patterns in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that CUE in grazing and grazing-excluded steppe were not significantly different (both over 0.7) but were significantly higher than in cultivated steppe (0.57). Ecosystem respiration and its components, including autotrophic respiration (Ra), aboveground respiration, heterotrophic respiration and belowground respiration showed significant negative correlation with CUE. Ra is the most important factor explaining the variation of CUE between different steppe-use patterns (p < 0.001, 97%); Ra change may be the primary factor driving CUE variation between steppe-use patterns. Leaf area index of different grassland-use patterns also showed a significant negative correlation with CUE (p < 0.001, 91%). These findings may help to improve accurate prediction of the environmental and climatic consequences of large-scale land-use change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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11 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cost Implementation of a Named Entity Recognition System for Voice-Activated Human-Appliance Interfaces in a Smart Home

by Geonwoo Park and Harksoo Kim^*

Program of Computer and Communications Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020488 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4783

Abstract

When we develop voice-activated human-appliance interface systems in smart homes, named entity recognition (NER) is an essential tool for extracting execution targets from natural language commands. Previous studies on NER systems generally include supervised machine-learning methods that require a substantial amount of human-annotated [...] Read more.

When we develop voice-activated human-appliance interface systems in smart homes, named entity recognition (NER) is an essential tool for extracting execution targets from natural language commands. Previous studies on NER systems generally include supervised machine-learning methods that require a substantial amount of human-annotated training corpus. In the smart home environment, categories of named entities should be defined according to voice-activated devices (e.g., food names for refrigerators and song titles for music players). The previous machine-learning methods make it difficult to change categories of named entities because a large amount of the training corpus should be newly constructed by hand. To address this problem, we present a semi-supervised NER system to minimize the time-consuming and labor-intensive task of constructing the training corpus. Our system uses distant supervision methods with two kinds of auto-labeling processes: auto-labeling based on heuristic rules for single-class named entity corpus generation and auto-labeling based on a pre-trained single-class NER model for multi-class named entity corpus generation. Then, our system improves NER accuracy by using a bagging-based active learning method. In our experiments that included a generic domain that featured 11 named entity classes and a context-specific domain about baseball that featured 21 named entity classes, our system demonstrated good performances in both domains, with F1-measures of 0.777 and 0.958, respectively. Since our system was built from a relatively small human-annotated training corpus, we believe it is a viable alternative to current NER systems in smart home environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Deployment of IoT in Smart Buildings)

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26 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metropolitan Innovation and Sustainability in China—A Double Lens Perspective on Regional Development

by Xiangdong Chen¹, Ruixi Li^1,*, Xin Niu¹, Ulrich Hilpert² and Valerie Hunstock³

¹ School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany

³ School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020489 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3897

Abstract

This study proposes and integrates a double lens investigation framework on sustainability and diversities of innovation at the city level in China. Lens I concerns economic performance with the energy intensiveness of the production mode and Lens II involves a four-dimensional model with [...] Read more.

This study proposes and integrates a double lens investigation framework on sustainability and diversities of innovation at the city level in China. Lens I concerns economic performance with the energy intensiveness of the production mode and Lens II involves a four-dimensional model with the current and potential elements of innovation at the city level. Based on 106Chinese cities data, sample cities grouped in Traditional Regions (TRs), Top Economic Regions (TEs) and New Economy Regions (NEs) of the 9 groups are clarified via the Investigation Lens I, with respect to production power, market openness and energy intensive use. The further research findings through the Investigation Lens II show that there are clear connections between innovation and sustainability and such connections are diversified due to economic reasons but also importantly, due to potential factors of human resource and knowledge creation. Cities in TEs group and especially NEs group in China are important on innovation and sustainability while southern cities in China are more innovative, with a higher potentiality of economic growth than cities in northern China. Industrial tradition and business culture can be one of the key factors influencing local innovation and sustainability. Full article

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21 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Factors Reinforcing Robotization: Interactive Forces of Employment, Working Hour and Wage

by Joonmo Cho¹ and Jinha Kim^2,*

¹ Department of Economics, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03063, Korea

² HRD Center, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03063, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020490 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6894

Abstract

Unlike previous studies on robotization approaching the future based on the cutting-edge technologies and adopting a framework where robotization is considered as an exogenous variable, this study considers that robotization occurs endogenously and uses it as a dependent variable for an objective examination [...] Read more.

Unlike previous studies on robotization approaching the future based on the cutting-edge technologies and adopting a framework where robotization is considered as an exogenous variable, this study considers that robotization occurs endogenously and uses it as a dependent variable for an objective examination of the effect of robotization on the labor market. To this end, a robotization indicator is created based on the actual number of industrial robots currently deployed in workplaces, and a multiple regression analysis is performed using the robotization indicator and labor variables such as employment, working hours, and wage. The results using the multiple regression considering the triangular relationship of employment–working-hours–wages show that job destruction due to robotization is not too remarkable yet that use. Our results show the complementary relation between employment and robotization, but the substituting relation between working hour and robotization. The results also demonstrate the effects of union, the size of the company and the proportion of production workers and simple labor workers etc. These findings indicate that the degree of robotization may vary with many factors of the labor market. Limitations of this study and implications for future research are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills and Earnings)

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22 pages, 16487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maintenance of a High-Voltage Overhead Transmission Line: Sustainability and Noise Impact Assessment

by Edoardo Alessio Piana^1,*

, Fabio Bignucolo²

, Alberto Donini³ and Roberto Spezie³

¹ Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy

² Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy

³ AOT Torino, Terna Rete Italia S.p.A., 10154 Torino, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020491 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7067

Abstract

Overhead high-voltage lines are a common choice for power transmission, but their planning, installation and management are often challenging tasks because of the surrounding public interest and of their importance as critical infrastructures. This is particularly true in the case of industrial installations [...] Read more.

Overhead high-voltage lines are a common choice for power transmission, but their planning, installation and management are often challenging tasks because of the surrounding public interest and of their importance as critical infrastructures. This is particularly true in the case of industrial installations requiring a high continuity of service. The working group formed by the University of Brescia (UniBS), the University of Padova (UniPD), and Torino Transmission Operating Area (AOT) of Terna Rete Italia S.p.A. (Terna) has studied an innovative solution featuring a remotely-operated switchgear mounted directly on the trellis holding the conductors. This strategy reduces visual impact, land use and vulnerability of the system to weather adversity, but noise exposure of the population requires appropriate study. This work introduces a new technical solution, discusses its benefits, and assesses the audible noise impact of the improved transmission line, considering the combined effect of switchgear action and corona discharge around the conductors. The sound emission data are fed as input into a sound propagation software enabling evaluating the noise perceived by people living in the neighborhoods. A mitigation solution is proposed and analyzed. Full article

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16 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of LEED for Neighbourhood Development and Envision Rating Frameworks for Their Implementation in Poorer Countries

by Jose Manuel Diaz-Sarachaga

, Daniel Jato-Espino^*

and Daniel Castro-Fresno

GITECO Research Group, Universidad de Cantabria, Avd. de los Castros 44, 39005 Santander, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020492 - 12 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6646

Abstract

The unstoppable world population growth is increasing the concentration of people in urban settlements and the number of megacities, especially in developing countries where urbanization exacerbates social and economic inequalities. Green rating systems have been launched during the last decades to facilitate the [...] Read more.

The unstoppable world population growth is increasing the concentration of people in urban settlements and the number of megacities, especially in developing countries where urbanization exacerbates social and economic inequalities. Green rating systems have been launched during the last decades to facilitate the assessment of sustainable development in terms of building and infrastructure, including the evaluation of sustainable urban development through the study of communities. This article assesses two of the most renowned sustainable rating systems through the prism of economy, environment and society and the international actions undertaken toward the promotion of sustainable development worldwide, in order to determine their effectiveness to assess urban development in poorer nations. Hence, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighbourhood Development (LEED ND) and Envision, both from the United States, were chosen as representatives of building and infrastructure fields, respectively, so that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III) were the benchmarks selected to define the sustainability aspects required to evaluate their potential application in less developed countries. The absence of metrics in the New Urban Agenda led to relate its commitments to the SDGs, which revealed that the prerequisites and credits included in LEED ND and Envision mainly focused on managerial and environmental aspects and disregarded the economic and social dimensions. Consequently, the premises under which LEED ND and Envision were developed must be updated and complemented with the two latest guidelines recently adopted by the United Nations in the field of urban and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Built Environment)

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13 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency of Different Integrated Agriculture Aquaculture Systems in the Red River Delta of Vietnam

by Nguyen Van Huong^1,2,*, Tran Huu Cuong¹

, Tran Thi Nang Thu³ and Philippe Lebailly²

¹ Faculty of Accounting and Business Management, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam

² Economics & Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux 5030, Belgium

³ Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020493 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6971

Abstract

Integrated Agriculture Aquaculture (IAA) is characteristic with diversity of small-scale production systems in the Red River Delta, Vietnam where most integrated aquaculture systems are closely associated to the VAC model, an ecosystem production that three components: garden (V), pond (A) and livestock pen [...] Read more.

Integrated Agriculture Aquaculture (IAA) is characteristic with diversity of small-scale production systems in the Red River Delta, Vietnam where most integrated aquaculture systems are closely associated to the VAC model, an ecosystem production that three components: garden (V), pond (A) and livestock pen (C) are integrated. These VAC systems effectively use all the available land, air, water and solar energy resources, and also effectively recycle by-products and waste for providing diversified agricultural products to meet the complex nutritional demands of rural communities. The IAA systems are dynamic, diverse and subject to economic and environmental changes. By investigating 167 aquaculture households, the traditional VAC, New VAC, Animal Fish (AF) and Commercial Fish (FS) systems are identified as four existing IAA systems. This paper presents the main characteristics and economic efficiency of these IAA systems. The study’s results indicate clear evidence that the traditional VAC system and New VAC system are the most efficient and effective models. The findings of this study have shed light on the important role of integrated aquaculture systems to food security and economic development of households and local communities. The VAC systems are likely to propose for improving household food security and developing the local economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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16 pages, 1009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Challenge to Foster Foreign Students’ Experiences for Sustainable Higher Educational Institutions

by Tomás M. Bañegil-Palacios

and M. Isabel Sánchez-Hernández^*

Business Administration and Sociology Department, School of Economics, University of Extremadura, Ave. Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020495 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3926

Abstract

While most companies are developing strategies that focus on responsibility and sustainability, recent discussions in higher educational institutions query the contribution of university social responsibility. Based on the theory of stakeholders and the new strategic paradigm of universities becoming sustainable corporations, the purpose [...] Read more.

While most companies are developing strategies that focus on responsibility and sustainability, recent discussions in higher educational institutions query the contribution of university social responsibility. Based on the theory of stakeholders and the new strategic paradigm of universities becoming sustainable corporations, the purpose of this paper is to determine Erasmus students’ opinions on their experiences abroad, as they relate to the importance they attribute to their emotions, and their relationship with and loyalty to their host university’s country as a tourism destination. The method inquired into Erasmus students’ impressions when studying in Spain through an ad hoc questionnaire based on academic literature and the Delphi technique. Survey data was analyzed through an exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling. The study is a first attempt at analyzing experiential marketing in Erasmus students, who we considered tourists. The results support experiential marketing as a key approach for achieving sustainability in universities. The paper draws attention to the need for institutions to be more aware of the needs of foreign students as important stakeholders when designing mobility programs, as well as suggestions on how this awareness can be cultivated, in order to contribute to the consolidation of the selected country as a tourism destination. Full article

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9 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linking-In through Education? Exploring the Educational Question in Africa from the Perspective of Flows and (dis) Connections

by Mayke Kaag

African Studies Centre Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020496 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

Education is the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) and considered an important gateway to many other SDGs being achieved. Education is, however, frequently interpreted in terms of its technical aspects, i.e., furthering skills and knowledge and strengthening human capital for promoting development. By [...] Read more.

Education is the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) and considered an important gateway to many other SDGs being achieved. Education is, however, frequently interpreted in terms of its technical aspects, i.e., furthering skills and knowledge and strengthening human capital for promoting development. By contrast, this paper focuses less on this technical aspect and instead analyses the current educational landscape in Africa as a field in which flows of investment, ideas, and people influence connections between Africans and the rest of the world. As an effect of the structural adjustment programs in the 1980s, public spending on education in many African countries went down, allowing private education initiatives to spring up. These were, for a large part, financed by Western and Arab countries. Over the last fifteen years, investment flows in education from emerging global powers like China, Brazil, Malaysia, and Turkey have contributed to an increasingly diversified educational landscape in Africa. This paper argues that these investments not only allow Africans to improve their educational levels but that these diverse forms of education also have an influence on connections and social orientations in African societies. Educational programs go together with specific worldviews. In addition, people develop their social networks through educational trajectories. Both orientations and connections influence people’s choices and opportunities in their further lives, and thus individual and societal development. Interestingly, often investments in education by external parties are not isolated endeavors, but also used as a means to get linked-in in local societies for such diverse purposes as religion or business interests. Illustrating my argument with examples taken from my research on Gulf charities and on Turkish schools in Africa, I will explore how the new connectivities that come with the changing educational landscape in Africa shape (possible) local development trajectories in the current era of intensified globalization characterized by intensified flows of capital, people, and ideas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development at the Crossroads of Capital Flows and Migration: Leaving no One Behind?)

14 pages, 5238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Use and Management of Kunisaki Peninsula Usa GIAHS Long Trail—A Sustainable Tourism Model leading to Regional Development

by Hisako Nomura^1,*, Nguyen Bich Hong² and Mitsuyasu Yabe³

¹ Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

² Department of Science-Technology and International Cooperation, Faculty of Economics, Thai Nguyen University of Economics & Business and Administration (TUEBA), Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen City 251370, Vietnam

³ Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020497 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4514

Abstract

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of maintaining environmental public goods such as rural landscapes and their ecological systems, it remains challenging to implement a management system where the value of maintaining such public goods is reflected by a means of a support [...] Read more.

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of maintaining environmental public goods such as rural landscapes and their ecological systems, it remains challenging to implement a management system where the value of maintaining such public goods is reflected by a means of a support payment. We proposed a tourism model for the regional promotion of footpaths as the main axis in the “Agri-culture System” designated as part of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). Applying a Contingent Valuation Method, we asked walkers how much they were willing to contribute to various GIAHS-related activities through volunteering in addition to the participation fee for the walk. We hypothesized that the diverse means and activities to support conservation would contribute to sustainable management of GIAHS. The research findings showed that walkers had options to choose which activity to support. For track maintenance, WTC^L in volunteering is 4.23 days a year. In the case of walkers who had no options, their Willingness to Contribute in Labor (WTC^L) by volunteering is 3.34 days a year. To link the regional resources used for tourism with GIAHS require their effective management and conservation. Thus, it is desirable to formulate a combined approach such as payments by users of the trails and contributions through volunteer activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Sustainability of Agricultural Heritage Systems through Dynamic Conservation)

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15 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decomposition of Fertilizer Use Intensity and Its Environmental Risk in China’s Grain Production Process

by Jie Cai¹

, Xianli Xia^1,*, Haibin Chen¹, Ting Wang² and Huili Zhang¹

¹ College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China

² International Education College, Kedagaoxin University, Xi’an 710109, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020498 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

In order to fully explore the fertilizer use intensity and its potential threats to the ecological environment, this paper has studied the decomposition of fertilizer use intensity and its environmental risk in China’s grain production. Based on the statistical data collected from 10 [...] Read more.

In order to fully explore the fertilizer use intensity and its potential threats to the ecological environment, this paper has studied the decomposition of fertilizer use intensity and its environmental risk in China’s grain production. Based on the statistical data collected from 10 provinces during 2004–2015 in China’s grain producing areas, this paper has analyzed the effect of fertilizer use intensity from a regional perspective. The environmental risk assessment model considers some factors such as the fertilizer application safety thresholds use efficiency, multiple cropping index, and environmental impact weight. The fertilizer application safety thresholds are calculated on the target output of local food crops. The results show that: (1) during 2004–2015, the fertilizer use intensity shows an increasing trend in China’s grain producing areas, and the intensity is significantly higher than the upper limit of the international safety fertilization; (2) the cumulative contribution rate of the increase of fertilizer use intensity caused by regional fertilizer use efficiency and grain planting structure adjustment are 57.03% and 1.81% respectively; (3) in 2015, China’s grain producing areas’ environmental risk index of phosphorus and potash was low, with the values in these two provinces being quite different and indicating the characteristics of aggregation and distribution. Therefore, the Chinese government should unswervingly encourage the application of some technology that could save fertilizer and increase efficiency, establish environmental risk monitoring and control systems, and improve relevant policies and regulations. Full article

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13 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greener through Grey? Boosting Sustainable Development through a Philosophical and Social Media Analysis of Ageing

by Valentina Carella¹ and Paola Monachesi^2,*

¹ Department of Humanities, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy

² Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Utrecht University, 3512 JK Utrecht, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020499 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4293

Abstract

Sustainable development is challenged by the exponential growth of the older population, which threatens available resources. In this paper, we question current negative views in the ageing debate by considering the ageing process from a philosophical perspective. By focusing on frailty, a [...] Read more.

Sustainable development is challenged by the exponential growth of the older population, which threatens available resources. In this paper, we question current negative views in the ageing debate by considering the ageing process from a philosophical perspective. By focusing on frailty, a feature that is usually associated with old age, we show that ageing can be the means to highlight the constitutive vulnerable condition of human beings which makes them exposed to others. As a result, we redefine the relationship between the human and the natural world as one of co-constitution and reciprocal sustenance and promotion. We move away from the current approach to sustainable development and we suggest a vision in which the concept of care becomes central. We claim, on the basis of social media behavioral analysis, that the elderly could be involved in care practices of other human beings and especially of nature, contributing actively to sustainable development. Full article

30 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence of the Impact of Surface Water Quality on Property Values

by Sarah Nicholls^1,*

and John Crompton^2,*

¹ Departments of Community Sustainability and Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

² Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020500 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8098

Abstract

The desirability of living on or close to water is reflected in sometimes substantial property price premiums. Water quality has an important influence on property prices, since it impacts a water body’s appearance, capacity to support wildlife, and recreational potential. As water quality [...] Read more.

The desirability of living on or close to water is reflected in sometimes substantial property price premiums. Water quality has an important influence on property prices, since it impacts a water body’s appearance, capacity to support wildlife, and recreational potential. As water quality continues to be altered by human use and activity, and in light of new threats posed by projected climate and associated environmental change, understanding the impact of changing quality on property prices, and the associated property tax base, is paramount. This paper reviews the body of evidence on this topic to date. Of the 43 distinct studies represented in the 48 publications reviewed, the expected, statistically significant relationship between water quality and property price was demonstrated in at least one of the models developed in all but two studies. As a whole, they provide convincing evidence that clean water has a positive effect on property values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Eutrophication and Sustainable Management of Water)

18 pages, 1592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Fiscal Reform and the Double Dividend: Evidence from a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model

by Jaume Freire-González^1,2,*

and Mun S. Ho³

¹ Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

² ENT Environment and Management, Sant Joan, 39, 1, Vilanova i la Geltrú, 08800 Barcelona, Spain

³ Harvard China Project on Energy, Economy and Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020501 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 7094

Abstract

An environmental fiscal reform (EFR) represents a transition of a taxation system toward one based in environmental taxation, rather than on taxation of capital, labor, or consumption. It differs from an environmental tax reform (ETR) in that an EFR also includes a reform [...] Read more.

An environmental fiscal reform (EFR) represents a transition of a taxation system toward one based in environmental taxation, rather than on taxation of capital, labor, or consumption. It differs from an environmental tax reform (ETR) in that an EFR also includes a reform of subsidies which counteract environmental policy. This research details different ways in which an EFR is not only possible but also a good option that provides economic and environmental benefits. We have developed a detailed dynamic CGE model examining 101 industries and commodities in Spain, with an energy and an environmental extension comprising 31 pollutant emissions, in order to simulate the economic and environmental effects of an EFR. The reform focuses on 39 industries related to the energy, water, transport and waste sectors. We simulate an increase in taxes and a reduction on subsidies for these industries and at the same time we use new revenues to reduce labor, capital and consumption taxes. All revenue recycling options provide both economic and environmental benefits, suggesting that the “double dividend” hypothesis can be achieved. After three to four years after implementing an EFR, GDP is higher than the base case, hydrocarbons consumption declines and all analyzed pollutants show a reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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24 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Bidirectional Causality between Country-Level Governance, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: A Cross-Country Data Analysis

by Cristina Boţa-Avram^1,*

, Adrian Groşanu¹, Paula-Ramona Răchişan² and Marius Dan Gavriletea²

¹ Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

² Faculty of Business, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020502 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5532

Abstract

In the context of contemporary society, characterized by the information users’ growing and differentiated needs, the way country-level governance and social responsibility contribute to the ensuring of sustainable economic development is a concern for all the actors of the economic sphere. The aim [...] Read more.

In the context of contemporary society, characterized by the information users’ growing and differentiated needs, the way country-level governance and social responsibility contribute to the ensuring of sustainable economic development is a concern for all the actors of the economic sphere. The aim of this paper is to test the causal linkages between the quality of country-level governance, economic growth and a well-known indicator of economic sustainable development, for a large panel of world-wide countries for a period of 10 years (2006–2015). While there are some prior studies that have argued the bidirectional causality between good public governance and economic development, this study intends to provide a new focus on the relationship between country-level governance and economic growth, on one hand, and between country-level governance and adjusted net savings, as a selected indicator of economic sustainable development, on the other hand. Four hypotheses on the causal relationship between good governance, economic growth and sustainable development were tested by using Granger non-causality tests. Our findings resulting from Granger non-causality tests provide reasonable evidence of Granger causality from country-level governance to economic growth, but from economic growth to country-level governance, the causality is not confirmed. In what regards the relationship between country-level governance and adjusted net savings, the bidirectional Granger causality is not confirmed. The main implication of our study is that improving economic growth and sustainable development is a very challenging issue, and the impact of macro-level factors such as country-level governance should not be neglected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Marketing and Sustainability)

30 pages, 3564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Problems of Tourist Sustainability in Cultural Cities: Socio-Political Perceptions and Interests Management

by Antonio Alvarez-Sousa

Department of Sociology and Communications Sciences, Group of Territorial Studies (GET), Sociology Faculty, University of Coruna, 15008 Coruna, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020503 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 15971

Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyse the social and political capacity of cities affected by cultural tourism. An investigation is carried out into the state of the situation in saturated destinations, the problems this poses to tourist sustainability and the positions [...] Read more.

The aim of this article is to analyse the social and political capacity of cities affected by cultural tourism. An investigation is carried out into the state of the situation in saturated destinations, the problems this poses to tourist sustainability and the positions of the various different interest groups. In Europe, many cultural cities-cum-tourist hotspots have reached such high levels of socio-political saturation that the resident population’s capacity for carrying tourism has become overstretched. This has led to a state of irritation among the local population. Social movements now include this on their agenda but the various different interest groups (residents, political groups, entrepreneurs, management bodies) all react differently. We present data relating to the case of Barcelona, with analyses of residents’ and tourists’ opinions, the actions of social mobilization carried out by pressure groups, media repercussion and the reactions of the business sector and political groups. We examine data collected from surveys and opinions carried in the media. The sustainability and management of interests indicate changes in both the number and the type of tourists, the occupation of public spaces, the distribution of profit among entrepreneurs, residents and the political and economic model of society in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Tourism)

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17 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peace with Hunger: Colombia’s Checkered Experience with Post-Conflict Sustainable Community Development in Emerald-Mining Regions

by Isabel B. Franco^1,2,*, Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira³ and Saleem H. Ali^2,4,*

¹ Institute for the Advance Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5 Chome-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan

² Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia

³ Getulio Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Praia de Botafogo, 190–Edificio Luiz Lopes (Sede), Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro–RJ 22250-900, Brazil

⁴ University of Delaware, Pearson Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020504 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6625

Abstract

The interactions between conflict and local development has puzzled scholars and practitioners alike. This article explores why the advent of peace in Colombia’s emerald-mining regions for the past few years, as well as a broader national peace process, has not delivered the expected [...] Read more.

The interactions between conflict and local development has puzzled scholars and practitioners alike. This article explores why the advent of peace in Colombia’s emerald-mining regions for the past few years, as well as a broader national peace process, has not delivered the expected development dividends among mining communities. We contrast differences in stakeholders’ perceptions between levels of governance (local, regional and national). Based on the research, we conclude that while stakeholder collaboration is successful at the regional and national levels of governance, it fails at the local level. While peace has allowed an increase in mainstream business investment in mining, this has concentrated production in a few hands leading to a deterioration in many aspects of community livelihoods and wealth distribution. There has been a shift in the concentration of wealth and production from traditional elites to large companies. Communities noted a loss of collective assets and lack of community and institutional capacity to overcome pressing issues in a post-conflict market economy that favors those who control capital and technology. Based on an evaluation of community perceptions through a focus group methodology, this study recommends ways to prepare and better coordinate stakeholders to engage with complex relationships, and protect community assets in a collaborative governance scenario. This research suggests that political reconciliation processes amid complex resource geographies require greater devolution and community engagement on post-conflict economic development during the peace process itself. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Mining, Minerals and Energy Industries)

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10 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Absent Agroecology Aid: On UK Agricultural Development Assistance Since 2010

by Michel P. Pimbert^1,*

and Nina Isabella Moeller²

¹ The Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Ryton Gardens, Wolston Lane, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK

² Marie Curie Research Fellow, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020505 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11953

Abstract

Using figures published by the UK Department of International Development (DFID), this study finds that despite overwhelming evidence in favour of agroecology as a mode of agricultural development able to address crucial aspects of the interrelated crises facing human societies, UK development aid [...] Read more.

Using figures published by the UK Department of International Development (DFID), this study finds that despite overwhelming evidence in favour of agroecology as a mode of agricultural development able to address crucial aspects of the interrelated crises facing human societies, UK development aid barely supports agroecology. Based on the most generous interpretation, this study shows for the first time that aid for agroecological projects is less than 5% of agricultural aid and less than 0.5% of total UK aid budget since 2010. Since 1 January 2010, no funds at all have been directed at or been committed to projects with the main focus on development or promotion of agroecological practices. Minor funds have been directed at projects which include some activities promoting agroecology at the most basic level of resource efficiency (e.g., conservation agriculture). By largely supporting industrial and Green Revolution agriculture, UK Aid priorities contribute very little to the transition towards social-ecological sustainability in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology for the Transition towards Social-Ecological Sustainability)

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15 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting China’s Coal Power Installed Capacity: A Comparison of MGM, ARIMA, GM-ARIMA, and NMGM Models

by Shuyu Li¹, Xue Yang¹ and Rongrong Li^1,2,*

¹ School of Economic and Management, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China

² School of Management & Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020506 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7249

Abstract

Construction of new coal-fired power plants in China has posed a huge challenge to energy sustainability. Forecasting the installed capacity more accurately can serve to develop better energy sustainability strategy. A comparison between linear and non-linear forecasting models can more comprehensively describe the [...] Read more.

Construction of new coal-fired power plants in China has posed a huge challenge to energy sustainability. Forecasting the installed capacity more accurately can serve to develop better energy sustainability strategy. A comparison between linear and non-linear forecasting models can more comprehensively describe the characteristics of the prediction data and provide multi-angle analysis of the prediction results. In this paper, we develop four time-series forecasting techniques—metabolism grey model (MGM), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), grey model (GM)-ARIAM, and nonlinear metabolism grey model (NMGM)—for better forecasting of coal-fired power installed capacity. The average relative errors between the simulation and actual data of the MGM, GM-ARIMA, ARIMA, and NMGM model are 3.37%, 2.13%, 3.71% and 2.36% respectively, which indicate those four models can produce highly accurate results. The forecasting results show the average annual growth rate of China’s coal-fired power installed capacity in the next ten years (2017–2016) will be 5.26% a year, which is slower than the average annual growth rate (8.20% a year) for 2007–2016. However, the average annual new added installed capacity for 2017–2026 will be 74 gigawatts, which is higher than the average annual added installed capacity (56 gigawatts) for 2007–2016. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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28 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology for the Selection of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Methods in Real Estate and Land Management Processes

by Maria Rosaria Guarini^*

, Fabrizio Battisti and Anthea Chiovitti

Department of Architecture and Design, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia 359, 00196 Rome, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020507 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 115 | Viewed by 13740

Abstract

Real estate and land management are characterised by a complex, elaborate combination of technical, regulatory and governmental factors. In Europe, Public Administrators must address the complex decision-making problems that need to be resolved, while also acting in consideration of the expectations of the [...] Read more.

Real estate and land management are characterised by a complex, elaborate combination of technical, regulatory and governmental factors. In Europe, Public Administrators must address the complex decision-making problems that need to be resolved, while also acting in consideration of the expectations of the different stakeholders involved in settlement transformation. In complex situations (e.g., with different aspects to be considered and multilevel actors involved), decision-making processes are often used to solve multidisciplinary and multidimensional analyses, which support the choices of those who are making the decision. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods are included among the examination and evaluation techniques considered useful by the European Community. Such analyses and techniques are performed using methods, which aim to reach a synthesis of the various forms of input data needed to define decision-making problems of a similar complexity. Thus, one or more of the conclusions reached allow for informed, well thought-out, strategic decisions. According to the technical literature on MCDA, numerous methods are applicable in different decision-making situations, however, advice for selecting the most appropriate for the specific field of application and problem have not been thoroughly investigated. In land and real estate management, numerous queries regarding evaluations often arise. In brief, the objective of this paper is to outline a procedure with which to select the method best suited to the specific queries of evaluation, which commonly arise while addressing decision-making problems. In particular issues of land and real estate management, representing the so-called “settlement sector”. The procedure will follow a theoretical-methodological approach by formulating a taxonomy of the endogenous and exogenous variables of the multi-criteria analysis methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Real Estate Economics, Management and Investments)

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11 pages, 4360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar Irradiance Measurements Using Smart Devices: A Cost-Effective Technique for Estimation of Solar Irradiance for Sustainable Energy Systems

by Hussein Al-Taani^*

and Sameer Arabasi

School of Basic Sciences and Humanities, German Jordanian University, P.O. Box 35247, Amman 11180, Jordan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020508 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5360

Abstract

Solar irradiance measurement is a key component in estimating solar irradiation, which is necessary and essential to design sustainable energy systems such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. The measurement is typically done with sophisticated devices designed for this purpose. In this paper we propose [...] Read more.

Solar irradiance measurement is a key component in estimating solar irradiation, which is necessary and essential to design sustainable energy systems such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. The measurement is typically done with sophisticated devices designed for this purpose. In this paper we propose a smartphone-aided setup to estimate the solar irradiance in a certain location. The setup is accessible, easy to use and cost-effective. The method we propose does not have the accuracy of an irradiance meter of high precision but has the advantage of being readily accessible on any smartphone. It could serve as a quick tool to estimate irradiance measurements in the preliminary stages of PV systems design. Furthermore, it could act as a cost-effective educational tool in sustainable energy courses where understanding solar radiation variations is an important aspect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 5975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Livelihood Risks and Livelihood Capitals: A Case Study in Shiyang River Basin, China

by Fang SU¹

, Udoy SAIKIA² and Iain HAY^2,*

¹ School of Economics and Management, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China

² College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020509 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3806

Abstract

Using information collected through semi-structured questionnaires in 483 households, this paper examines the relationships between livelihood risks and livelihood capitals amongst rural farming communities in China’s Shiyang River Basin. Based on an index system of livelihood risks (health, environmental, financial, social, information and [...] Read more.

Using information collected through semi-structured questionnaires in 483 households, this paper examines the relationships between livelihood risks and livelihood capitals amongst rural farming communities in China’s Shiyang River Basin. Based on an index system of livelihood risks (health, environmental, financial, social, information and connectivity risks) and livelihood capitals (human, physical and natural, financial and social capitals), relationships are measured and evaluated through a linear regression model. Results suggest that health risk and social risk have clear negative effects on livelihood capitals. This finding may support evidence-based policies intended to reduce health risk and social risk threats as well as underpinning improvements in rural farmers’ capacities to withstand livelihood risk and to enhance well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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12 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Impact of Economic Crisis to the Greek Vehicle Market

by Evanthia A. Nanaki

Department of Mechanical Engineering Bakola and Salviera, University of Western Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Greece

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020510 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5406

Abstract

The fallout of the global economic crisis has impacted Greece severely as the austerity measures that were implemented since 2009 have had a devastating effect on poverty and the level of living. The financial agreement of the Greek government with the International Monetary [...] Read more.

The fallout of the global economic crisis has impacted Greece severely as the austerity measures that were implemented since 2009 have had a devastating effect on poverty and the level of living. The financial agreement of the Greek government with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) gave rise to a deep recession phase in the Greek market that started in early 2008. The automobile industry is among the sectors that have been severely affected by the economic crisis. Given that the demand for cars fell sharply and that the Greek car market is facing serious problems, mapping and understanding them can provide useful input to the Greek vehicle market. Regression analysis is being employed, and the interrelations of different variables, such as net disposable income, unemployment rate, fuel prices, the Greek crisis, loans directed to the vehicle market, as well as the inflation rate for the period of 2000–2016, are investigated. Analyzing the factors affecting car sales can provide policy-makers with knowledge in order to take legislative and economic measures, so as to boost sales of new environmental friendly vehicles not only in Greece, but in all EU states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Indicators for Renewable Energy Transition)

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28 pages, 4093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Adaptive Capacity in Changing Social-Ecological Systems: Integrating Knowledge in Communal Land-Use Planning in the Peruvian Amazon

by Lily O. Rodríguez¹, Elías Cisneros¹, Tatiana Pequeño², Maria T. Fuentes² and Yves Zinngrebe^3,*

¹ Institute for Food and Resource Economics ILR, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany

² Centro de Conservación, Investigación y Manejo de ÁreasNaturales—Cordillera Azul, CIMA—Cordillera Azul (www.cima.org.pe), Av. Benavides 1238, Lima-18, Peru

³ Department for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020511 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7830

Abstract

Building resilient sustainable social-ecological systems (SES) requires communities to enhance their adaptive capacities. Communal participative land-use planning (Zonificación Participativa Comunal—ZPC) is a tool designed for communities to integrating local and scientific knowledge to sustainably organize and manage their SES. Between 2006 and 2011, [...] Read more.

Building resilient sustainable social-ecological systems (SES) requires communities to enhance their adaptive capacities. Communal participative land-use planning (Zonificación Participativa Comunal—ZPC) is a tool designed for communities to integrating local and scientific knowledge to sustainably organize and manage their SES. Between 2006 and 2011, a ZPC was developed with communities in the buffer zone of Cordillera Azul National Park (Peru), where rapid demographic changes are converting pre-montane seasonally dry forest into agricultural land. Herein, we analyse how the ZPC enhanced adaptive capacity, enabling the SES to cope with environmental, political and economic changes. Based on qualitative, semi-structured interviews, communities are analysed along their capacities in the dimensions social capital, learning, adaptive management and governance. An analysis of yearly high-resolution forest cover data supports our findings. Deforestation activities in biologically sensitive zones decreased rapidly during the time of the ZPC implementation. We find that particularly the long-term presence of the bridging institution and the continuous testing and reflection of the integrated “hybrid knowledge” enabled communities to develop adaptive capacities. The analysis of ZPC our results reveals the enabling conditions for promoting the learning process to develop a sustainable land-use management in the context of migration and rapid changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Financial Statements Fraud Detection Model for the Sustainable Development of Financial Markets: Evidence from Taiwan

by Chyan-long Jan

Department of Accounting, Soochow University, No. 56, Section 1, Kueiyang Street, Chungcheng District, Taipei 10048, Taiwan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020513 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 12343

Abstract

This study aims to establish a rigorous and effective model to detect enterprises’ financial statements fraud for the sustainable development of enterprises and financial markets. The research period is 2004–2014 and the sample is companies listed on either the Taiwan Stock Exchange or [...] Read more.

This study aims to establish a rigorous and effective model to detect enterprises’ financial statements fraud for the sustainable development of enterprises and financial markets. The research period is 2004–2014 and the sample is companies listed on either the Taiwan Stock Exchange or the Taipei Exchange, with a total of 160 companies (including 40 companies reporting financial statements fraud). This study adopts multiple data mining techniques. In the first stage, an artificial neural network (ANN) and a support vector machine (SVM) are deployed to screen out important variables. In the second stage, four types of decision trees (classification and regression tree (CART), chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID), C5.0, and quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST)) are constructed for classification. Both financial and non-financial variables are selected, in order to build a highly accurate model to detect fraudulent financial reporting. The empirical findings show that the variables screened with ANN and processed by CART (the ANN + CART model) yields the best classification results, with an accuracy of 90.83% in the detection of financial statements fraud. Full article

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20 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions, Preferences, and Behavior Regarding Energy and Environmental Costs: The Case of Montreal Transport Users

by Nayer Daher^*, Farhana Yasmin, Min Ru Wang, Ehsan Moradi and Omid Rouhani

Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020514 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3405

Abstract

Providing travel-related fuel and environmental information to transport users is becoming increasingly relevant. However, the impact of providing such information on users’ travel behavior is yet to be determined. This research examined the perceptions and preferences related to the fuel consumption costs, greenhouse [...] Read more.

Providing travel-related fuel and environmental information to transport users is becoming increasingly relevant. However, the impact of providing such information on users’ travel behavior is yet to be determined. This research examined the perceptions and preferences related to the fuel consumption costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) social costs, and health-related air pollution costs, and the influence such information could have on travel behavior. Examining the case of Montreal transport users, the authors conducted a survey in which the respondents were asked general and stated preference questions. The respondents were found to be unaware of the energy and environmental footprints of their travel. Approximately 85% of the respondents were not able to estimate GHG social costs and health-related air pollution costs across different modes. The respondents generally overestimated these costs and they interestingly reported higher environmental costs for public transport (metro) compared to cars. They also preferred to receive such information in monetary units, and they were more comfortable in receiving the information through mobile applications over other tools/means. The research also found that fuel and environmental information influence respondents’ travel decisions especially their route choices. Finally, the respondents would be willing to pay an average of 7 Canadian dollars/month in exchange for obtaining the information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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13 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dynamic Analysis of Green Productivity Growth for Cities in Xinjiang

by Deshan Li^1,* and Rongwei Wu²

¹ College of Environmental Economics, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030006, China

² Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020515 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

Improving green productivity is an important way to achieve sustainable development. In this paper, we use the Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) index to measure and decompose the green productivity growth of 18 cities in Xinjiang over 2000–2015. Furthermore, this study also explores factors influencing [...] Read more.

Improving green productivity is an important way to achieve sustainable development. In this paper, we use the Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) index to measure and decompose the green productivity growth of 18 cities in Xinjiang over 2000–2015. Furthermore, this study also explores factors influencing urban green productivity growth. Our results reveal that the urban green productivity in Xinjiang has slowly declined during the sample period. Technological progress is the main factor contributing to green productivity growth, while improvements in efficiency lag behind. Implementing stricter environmental regulation, improving infrastructure, and appropriately enhancing the spatial agglomeration of economic activities may improve green productivity, while the increase in the size of the industrial base in the near future will likely hinder green productivity growth. Based on these results, this paper puts forward corresponding policy suggestions for the sustainable development of the urban economy in Xinjiang. Full article

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16 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Tourist Destination Performance: Expanding the Sustainability Concept

by Wenbin Luo

College of Tourism, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020516 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10531

Abstract

Performance evaluations are a critical tool in promoting the sustainability of tourist destinations. The literature shows a lack of consensus on basic terminology and definitions of destination performance. While research focuses on business efficiency, areas such as development effectiveness, social equality, and environmental [...] Read more.

Performance evaluations are a critical tool in promoting the sustainability of tourist destinations. The literature shows a lack of consensus on basic terminology and definitions of destination performance. While research focuses on business efficiency, areas such as development effectiveness, social equality, and environmental integrity are still not well understood, even though these are salient elements of sustainable development. This paper provides a framework for evaluating destination performance under the 4E rubric of economy, efficiency, effectiveness, and environmental quality, which reflects a more holistic and effective destination performance. The information entropy weight method and a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation model are developed and applied to an international destination, Zhangjiajie, China, which was selected as a case study to test the framework developed. Results show that the economy, efficiency, effectiveness, and environmental quality aspects should be considered when evaluating tourism development performance. The empirical analysis shows that based on these criteria, Zhangjiajie’s destination performance improved measurably during the test period from 2005 to 2009. The results indicate that significant events, natural disasters, and financial crises influence performance most. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential for Conservation Agriculture in the Dry Marginal Zone of Central Syria: A Preliminary Assessment

by Baqir Lalani^1,*

, Bassil Aleter², Shinan N. Kassam³

, Amyn Bapoo⁴ and Amir Kassam⁵

¹ Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK

² United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), West Villas, Mazzeh, Gazawi Str. No.8, P.O. Box 2317 Damascus, Syria

³ Caritas Switzerland, Adligenswilerstrasse15, P.O. Box CH-6002 Lucerne, Switzerland

⁴ Aga Khan Foundation, 1-3 Avenue de la Paix, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland

⁵ School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 217, RG6 6AH Reading, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020518 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5783

Abstract

This paper reports on early soil related outcomes from conservation agriculture (CA) benchmark sites located within the marginal rainfed environment of agro-ecological zone 4 (annual rainfall: 200–250 mm) in pre-conflict central Syria. The outcomes reported are specifically those that relate to beneficial soil [...] Read more.

This paper reports on early soil related outcomes from conservation agriculture (CA) benchmark sites located within the marginal rainfed environment of agro-ecological zone 4 (annual rainfall: 200–250 mm) in pre-conflict central Syria. The outcomes reported are specifically those that relate to beneficial soil quality and water retention attributes relative to conventional tillage-based soil management practices applied to the fodder barley–livestock system, the dominant system in the zone. On-farm operational research was established to examine the impact of a barley (Hordeum vulgare) and vetch (Vicia sativa) rotation intercropped with atriplex (Atriplex halimus) and salsola (Salsola collina), under CA and conventional tillage agriculture, on the soil quality parameters and crop productivity. Preliminary results showed that CA had a positive effect on the soil quality parameters and crop performance. The soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity were higher under CA (p < 0.05), combined with improved productivity (grain and above-ground biomass) under specific crop mixes. The results suggest that despite the marginal nature of the zone, the use of CA is a viable option for the future of farmers’ livelihoods within similar localities and agro-climates, given the benefits for soil moisture and grain and straw productivity. In addition, it is likely to positively impact those in marginal environments where both pastoralism and agro-pastoralism production systems co-exist and compete for crop biomass as a main source of livestock feed. The increase in grain and straw yields vis-à-vis improvements in biophysical parameters in the CA system relative to tillage agriculture does suggest, however, that the competition with livestock for biomass is likely to reduce over time, and farmers would be able to return increased levels of straw (as stubble and residue) as mulch, given improved biomass yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Governance of Sustainable Soil Management)

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21 pages, 34782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Thermal Characteristics of Urban Streets Using a Thermal Imaging Camera: A Case Study on Commercial Streets in Seoul, Korea

by Sugie Lee¹, Hyunbin Moon¹, Yeri Choi¹ and D. K. Yoon^2,*

¹ Department of Urban Planning & Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea

² Department of Urban Planning & Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020519 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6554

Abstract

Due to continuing city growth and global warming over the past decades, urban heat island (UHI) effects, referring to the phenomena wherein the ambient air temperatures in cities are higher than those in rural areas, have become a serious threat to urban populations. [...] Read more.

Due to continuing city growth and global warming over the past decades, urban heat island (UHI) effects, referring to the phenomena wherein the ambient air temperatures in cities are higher than those in rural areas, have become a serious threat to urban populations. Impervious surfaces, buildings with low-albedo materials, and a lack of vegetated areas are the major causes of poor urban thermal environments, particularly during the summer. Previous research has focused primarily on the thermal characteristics of individual building units. Few studies consider the impact of the street-scale thermal environments on the surface temperature, which affects pedestrian thermal comfort. The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal characteristics of various physical elements on urban streets using thermal imaging cameras, and present policy implications for improving pedestrian thermal comfort. This study examines street-scale thermal environments of three major commercial streets: Garosu road, Serosu road, and Narosu road, in Seoul, Korea. This study conducted field measurements both during the day and the night in June 2017 in order to investigate changes in the urban surface temperatures across time. The results show that street trees are the most effective mitigation element for reducing surface temperatures. With regard to building use types, the highest surface temperatures are typically measured near restaurant buildings. Building façades that are dark-colored or partially covered with a metal contribute to high surface temperatures. Similarly, the temperatures of artificial turf or wooden decks on urban streets are also significantly high during the daytime. The thermal characteristics of various urban street elements should be considered to reduce the surface temperature and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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19 pages, 5843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Liveable City Index (LCI) Using Multi Criteria Geospatial Modelling for Medium Class Cities in Developing Countries

by Worawej Onnom^1,*, Nitin Tripathi¹, Vilas Nitivattananon² and Sarawut Ninsawat¹

¹ Remote Sensing and GIS Field of Study, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

² Urban Environmental Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020520 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 6285

Abstract

In recent years, research and development on liveable cities has gained much attention due to the complexity and diversity of liveability standards. Due to the already-existing grand-scale developments commonly found in most capitals, research on liveability is often conducted in smaller semi-urban cities. [...] Read more.

In recent years, research and development on liveable cities has gained much attention due to the complexity and diversity of liveability standards. Due to the already-existing grand-scale developments commonly found in most capitals, research on liveability is often conducted in smaller semi-urban cities. Using Khon Kaen District in Thailand as a case study, we have developed a Liveable City Index (LCI) based on residents’ opinions and experts’ recommendations with the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The first stage of the survey (out of three), identifies marked variations in attitudes towards the liveability of a city. The survey evaluates nine significant factors (Safety, Economy, Environment, Education, Health, Transportation, Recreation, Population Density, and Public Utility) through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for LCI development. The LCI map reveals that only 3.49% of the Khon Kaen area corresponds to the highest and high liveable city levels. This contradicts the earlier ranking of the city as the most liveable city in 2010, which was only based on economic factors. Moreover, the proposed method was applied to another area—the Muang district of Suphanburi in western Thailand—in order to test its reliability, and the results were found to be similar. This clearly supports the integration of residents’ participation in assessing the liveability of a city, and it is evident that this proposed approach can be adopted in other areas for LCI development. Full article

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20 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Eco-Toilet Systems in Rural Areas: A Case Study in the Philippines

by Jonathan Jared Ignacio¹, Roy Alvin Malenab¹, Carla Mae Pausta¹, Arnel Beltran¹, Lawrence Belo¹, Renan Ma. Tanhueco², Marlon Era³, Ramon Christian Eusebio⁴

, Michael Angelo Promentilla¹

and Aileen Orbecido^1,*

¹ Chemical Engineering Department, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines

² Civil Engineering Department, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines

³ Behavioral Sciences Department, College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 1004, Philippines

⁴ Department of Engineering Science, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College Laguna 4031, Philippines

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020521 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9257

Abstract

Death due to diseases from poor sanitation is a serious global issue and it has become one of the priorities of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., SDG6). This SDG6 aims to provide adequate improved sanitation facilities to over 2.3 billion people [...] Read more.

Death due to diseases from poor sanitation is a serious global issue and it has become one of the priorities of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., SDG6). This SDG6 aims to provide adequate improved sanitation facilities to over 2.3 billion people around the world who have no or limited access to sanitation, wherein more than two-thirds of these un-served people live in rural areas. One of the strategies for addressing this global issue is through emerging sustainable sanitation technologies such as the Eco-Toilet System (ETS), which uses small amounts of water or is even waterless and recovers nutrients from human waste thereby promoting water-energy conservation, improved sanitation and supplement nutrients essential to plant growth. Social acceptance, however, remains a key barrier in deploying the ETS. A social perception study on the use of the ETS was conducted in a rural community in Mulanay, Philippines. The researchers analyzed the proposed combined technology acceptance model and theory of planned behavior (C-TAM-TPB) using multiple linear regression and the Mann-Whitney U-test to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes of a rural community towards the use of the ETS. The results showed that more than 50% of the respondents are aware of the nutrient value of human excreta and believe that it is usable as fertilizer; however, less than 25% prefer to utilize it for food production. Results also indicate that the behavior of the users is driven by their attitude (β = 0.420, p-value < 0.010). Moreover, the Mann-Whitney U-test results revealed that people who are knowledgeable of the nutrient value of human excreta and are willing to collect them have more positive attitude towards the ETS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Sustainable Village Development though Traditional and Innovative Approaches)

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16 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CSR Performance, Financial Reporting, and Investors’ Perception on Financial Reporting

by Lukas Timbate and Cheong Kyu Park^*

Department of Business Administration at Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020522 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8563

Abstract

This study examines whether socially responsible firms behave differently from other firms in their financial reporting. Specifically, we question whether firms that are better in their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance also behave in a responsible manner to maintain their financial reporting quality [...] Read more.

This study examines whether socially responsible firms behave differently from other firms in their financial reporting. Specifically, we question whether firms that are better in their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance also behave in a responsible manner to maintain their financial reporting quality and whether the market rewards such responsible behaviors. Using data from S&P 500 US companies, we find that socially responsible firms are less likely to manage their earnings. However, we fail to find significant relationships between CSR and investors’ perceptions on earnings, measured by stock returns and earnings response coefficient. We interpret the results as investors not fully reflecting the benefits from CSR performance. Our findings are consistent with the notion that CSR activities are motivated by managers’ ethical incentives to serve the interests of stakeholders. Full article

19 pages, 2395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling between Rural Development and Ecosystem Services, the Case of Fujian Province, China

by Huaxiang Chen^1,2

, Lina Tang¹

, Quanyi Qiu^1,*, Tong Wu^1,2, Ziyan Wang^1,2, Su Xu¹ and Lishan Xiao¹

¹ Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020524 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4018

Abstract

To reveal the relationship between rural development and ecosystem services and to assist in efforts to balance these factors, we used a coupling model to carry out a study of the relationship between rural development and ecosystem services in Fujian Province of China [...] Read more.

To reveal the relationship between rural development and ecosystem services and to assist in efforts to balance these factors, we used a coupling model to carry out a study of the relationship between rural development and ecosystem services in Fujian Province of China during the years 2000 to 2015. First, we characterized the degree of rural development for each county in the province by calculating its index of relative rurality (IRR) and classified the counties into rural development types. Second, we calculated the values of three ecosystem services (ES) and overlapped them to get the sum of ES for each county. Third, we calculated the coupling and coupling coordination degree and analyzed the correlation between IRR and ES in the study area. The results showed that the mean value of IRR declined over the study period, was positively correlated with ES, and the correlation degree increased year by year. Meanwhile the degree of coupling was in the antagonistic stage, but tended to run in stage with a highly coordinated stage coupling coordination degree, if the business services type-counties were excluded. Although the overall coupling coordination degree was high, it declined yearly, which meant that rural development and ecosystem services increasingly lacked coordination. This paper supports and verifies some achievements of rural development programs in the research area, provides theoretical and decision-making support for coordinated rural development and ecosystem services protection in China, and provides a regional case study that could assist with similar research in other countries. Full article

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22 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How does the Ecological Well-Being of Urban and Rural Residents Change with Rural-Urban Land Conversion? The Case of Hubei, China

by Min Song^1,2,*

, Lynn Huntsinger² and Manman Han³

¹ School of Business Administration, Zhongnan University of Ecomomics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China

² Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, USA

³ Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020527 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4261

Abstract

Human well-being can be affected by the loss of ecosystem services from conversion of agricultural lands. Uncovering negative ecological consequences of rural-urban conversion is important for regulating rural-urban land conversion. This paper evaluates the impacts of rural-urban land conversion on the ecological well-being [...] Read more.

Human well-being can be affected by the loss of ecosystem services from conversion of agricultural lands. Uncovering negative ecological consequences of rural-urban conversion is important for regulating rural-urban land conversion. This paper evaluates the impacts of rural-urban land conversion on the ecological well-being of different interest groups in China and makes policy recommendations for mitigating them. This research empirically quantifies and compares changes in the ecological well-being of rural and urban residents due to rural-urban land conversion and examines how transformation factors affect such changes in Hubei, China using the Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model. Results show that compared with urban residents, rural resident ecological well-being level declines more obviously with rural-urban land conversion. Two socio-demographic characteristics, age and education level, as well as zoning characteristics, influence both rural and urban resident well-being changes. It is argued that there is a need for quantitative measurement of agricultural ecosystem services changes and that the construction of ecological compensation policies in areas undergoing rural-urban land conversion is essential for regulating rural-urban land conversion and for maintaining resident ecological well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Built Environment and Urban Growth Management)

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20 pages, 3704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can More Environmental Information Disclosure Lead to Higher Eco-Efficiency? Evidence from China

by Yantuan Yu^*

, Jianhuan Huang and Nengsheng Luo

School of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, 109 Road Shijiachong, Yuelu District, Changsha 410079, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020528 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4947

Abstract

The present paper investigates the impact of pollution information transparency index (PITI) on eco-efficiency using a novel panel dataset covering 109 key environmental protection prefecture-level cities in China over the period 2008–2015. We apply an extended data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, simultaneously incorporating [...] Read more.

The present paper investigates the impact of pollution information transparency index (PITI) on eco-efficiency using a novel panel dataset covering 109 key environmental protection prefecture-level cities in China over the period 2008–2015. We apply an extended data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, simultaneously incorporating metafrontier, undesirable outputs and super efficiency into slack-based measure (Meta-US-SBM) to estimate eco-efficiency. Then, the bootstrap Granger causality approach is utilized to test the unidirectional Granger causal relationship running from PITI to eco-efficiency. Results of DEA model show that there exist significant spatiotemporal disparities of eco-efficiency, on average, the eco-efficiency in eastern region is relative higher than those of central/western region. Estimates of ordinary least square (OLS) method, quantile regression, and spatial Durbin model document that the evidence of an inverted-U-shaped relation between PITI and eco-efficiency is supported, and the turning points vary from 0.3370 to 0.4540 with different model specifications. Finally, supplementary analysis of panel threshold model also supports the robust findings. Policy implications are presented based on the empirical results. Full article

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18 pages, 2301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation of the Sustainable Development Capacity of Hydropower in China Based on Information Entropy

by Xuedong Liang, Dongyang Si and Jing Xu^*

The Economy and Enterprise Development Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020529 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3377

Abstract

A sustainable hydropower development was developed by using the information entropy and the Brusselator principle and was applied to the hydropower data of China. Macro social economic and ecological environmental viewpoints were taken into account. The entropy change of each subsystem in a [...] Read more.

A sustainable hydropower development was developed by using the information entropy and the Brusselator principle and was applied to the hydropower data of China. Macro social economic and ecological environmental viewpoints were taken into account. The entropy change of each subsystem in a calendar year is analyzed to evaluate Chinese sustainable development capacity. It is found that the established model can effectively reflect the actual changes of sustainable development levels through the entropy change reaction system. Meanwhile, this model can demonstrate clearly how those indicators impact on the sustainable hydropower development and fill the absence of existing studies on sustainable hydropower development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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15 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

China’s Confucius Institute in Indonesia: Mobility, Frictions and Local Surprises

by Rika Theo

and Maggi W.H. Leung^*

Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020530 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5843

Abstract

China’s cross-border language promotion body, the Confucius Institute (CI), has proliferated along with the mobility of Chinese capital and people worldwide. It embodies the ‘Going Out’ state strategy that promotes the global spread of Chinese capital, ideas, culture and people. Often seen as [...] Read more.

China’s cross-border language promotion body, the Confucius Institute (CI), has proliferated along with the mobility of Chinese capital and people worldwide. It embodies the ‘Going Out’ state strategy that promotes the global spread of Chinese capital, ideas, culture and people. Often seen as a vehicle of China’s power and influence, the CI has attracted much suspicion and even rejection as compared to similar institutions of other states. This paper examines the mobility of the CI and the encountered frictions when it lands in particular places, problematizing the commonly assumed unidirectional impact of the cross-border institution as a mighty soft power instrument. Specifically, it analyses the frictions of the CI’s establishment in Indonesia, where racial and political narratives on China and Chinese-Indonesians have long prevailed. Three cases are presented: one at the national level in Jakarta and two at the local level in the cities of Bandung and Makassar. By elaborating how frictions are created, resisted and managed differently, this paper illustrates the interplay of actors and power relations in the mobility of the CI, which in turn gives rise to particular local surprises. This paper also underlines the role of the Chinese-Indonesian diaspora as important bridge-builders of their two homelands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development at the Crossroads of Capital Flows and Migration: Leaving no One Behind?)

22 pages, 5030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Spatial Decision Support System Framework for the Evaluation of Biomass Energy Production Locations: Case Study in the Regional Unit of Drama, Greece

by Konstantinos Ioannou^1,*

, Georgios Tsantopoulos², Garyfallos Arabatzis², Zacharoula Andreopoulou³ and Eleni Zafeiriou⁴

¹ Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, Forest Research Institute, Vasilika, Thessaloniki 57006, Greece

² Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Pantazidou 193, Orestiada 68200, Greece

³ Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, Lab. Of Forest Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, POBOX 247, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

⁴ Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Pantazidou 193, Orestiada 68200, Greece

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020531 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 4742

Abstract

Renewable Energy Sources are expected to play a very important role in energy production in the following years. They constitute an energy production methodology which, if properly enabled, can ensure energy sufficiency as well as the protection of the environment. Energy production from [...] Read more.

Renewable Energy Sources are expected to play a very important role in energy production in the following years. They constitute an energy production methodology which, if properly enabled, can ensure energy sufficiency as well as the protection of the environment. Energy production from biomass in particular is a very common method, which exploits a variety of resources (wood and wood waste, agricultural crops and their by-products after cultivation, animal wastes, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and food processing wastes) for the production of energy. This paper presents a Spatial Decision Support System, which enables managers to locate the most suitable areas for biomass power plant installation. For doing this, fuzzy logic and fuzzy membership functions are used for the creation of criteria layers and suitability maps. In this paper, we use a Multicriteria Decision Analysis methodology (Analytical Hierarchy Process) combined with fuzzy system elements for the determination of the weight coefficients of the participating criteria. Then, based on the combination of fuzzy logic and theAnalytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a final proposal is created thatdivides the area into four categories regarding their suitability forsupporting a biomass energy production power plant. For the two optimal locations, the biomass is also calculated.The framework is applied to theRegional Unit of Drama, which is situated in Northern Greece and is very well known for the area’s forest and agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Electrical Energy Storage Technologies in Energy Production)

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13 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quinoa Expansion in Peru and Its Implications for Land Use Management

by Noelia S. Bedoya-Perales^1,*

, Guilherme Pumi²

, Angel Mujica³, Edson Talamini⁴

and Antonio Domingos Padula⁵

¹ Center for Studies and Research in Agribusiness, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 7712, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, CEP 91540-000 RS, Brazil

² Statistics Department. Av. Bento Gonçalves, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 9500, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, CEP 91509-900 RS, Brazil

³ Post-Graduate School, National University of the Altiplano, Quinoa Genetic Improvement Program, Av. del Ejército 329, Puno, Peru

⁴ Center for Studies and Research in Agribusiness, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Joao Pessoa, 31, Porto Alegre, CEP 90040-000 RS, Brazil

⁵ Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Management and Center for Studies and Research in Agribusiness, Rua Washington Luis 855/409, Porto Alegre CEP 90010-460 RS, Brazil

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020532 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10396

Abstract

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained prominence worldwide over recent years and suddenly Peru has emerged as a major player in the global quinoa market. This study aims to analyze the expansion of quinoa farming in Peru in the period 1995–2014 and [...] Read more.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained prominence worldwide over recent years and suddenly Peru has emerged as a major player in the global quinoa market. This study aims to analyze the expansion of quinoa farming in Peru in the period 1995–2014 and to discuss the changes in land-use the country has experienced as a result of the boom in the global demand for quinoa. Two statistical approaches, principal component analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing, were applied in the data analysis to explore the evolution of the quinoa boom in Peru by periods and to forecast what the acreage expansion rate would have been if the boom had not occurred. The results show that the quinoa boom was responsible for an increase of 43% in the number of hectares planted with quinoa in 2014, in relation to the number predicted if there had been no boom. This provoked an acceleration of production in traditional quinoa farming areas and the extension of this activity to new regions. The consequences are already apparent in the land-use changes seen in Peru, namely the: (i) displacement; (ii) rebound; and (iii) cascade effects. Full article

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17 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Approach to Explore the Risk Dependency Structure among Agribusiness Firms

by Zhimei Lei¹

, Kuo-Jui Wu²

, Li Cui^2,3,* and Ming K Lim^4,5

¹ Faculty of Management and Economics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China

² School of Business, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China

³ China Business Executives Academy, Dalian 116086, China

⁴ College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

⁵ Centre for Business in Society, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020533 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3173

Abstract

Although the risk management of agricultural firms is important, studies on the extreme risk dependence among agribusiness firms are minimal due to the diversity and complexity of the risks faced by agricultural firms. In this study, we developed a hybrid approach to analyse [...] Read more.

Although the risk management of agricultural firms is important, studies on the extreme risk dependence among agribusiness firms are minimal due to the diversity and complexity of the risks faced by agricultural firms. In this study, we developed a hybrid approach to analyse and uncover the potential risk dependence among agricultural firms. We examined thirty-two agricultural companies to study their dependence structure for risk losses. Three primary findings emerged. First, risk dependence is strong with an average value of 0.96. Second, the dependence structure is hierarchical and includes two network communities. Third, some key agricultural firms were identified in the dependence structure. These key firms are critical for the transmission of negative impacts across agricultural firms. Correspondingly, we suggest measures and strategies (such as improving the level of technological innovation and joint risk resistance capability) to reduce the impact of risk dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agribusiness Decision making model in Belt and Road Green Development)

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20 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment Tool to Integrate Sustainability Principles into the Global Supply Chain

by María Jesús Muñoz-Torres^*

, María Ángeles Fernández-Izquierdo

, Juana M. Rivera-Lirio, Idoya Ferrero-Ferrero

, Elena Escrig-Olmedo, José Vicente Gisbert-Navarro and María Chiara Marullo

Department of Finance and Accounting, Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec—Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020535 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 13382

Abstract

The integration of sustainability principles into the assessment of companies along the supply chains is a growing research area. However, there is an absence of a generally accepted method to evaluate corporate sustainability performance (CSP), and the models and frameworks proposed by the [...] Read more.

The integration of sustainability principles into the assessment of companies along the supply chains is a growing research area. However, there is an absence of a generally accepted method to evaluate corporate sustainability performance (CSP), and the models and frameworks proposed by the literature present various important challenges to be addressed. A systematic literature review on the supply chain at the corporate level has been conducted, analyzing the main strengths and gaps in the sustainability assessment literature. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to the development of this field by proposing an assessment framework a leading company can adopt to expand sustainability principles to the rest of the members of the supply chain. This proposal is based on best practices and integrates and shares efforts with key initiatives (for instance, the Organizational Environmental Footprint from the European Commission and United Nations Environment Programme and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry UNEP/SETAC); moreover, it overcomes important limitations of the current sustainability tools in a supply chain context consistent with the circular economy, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), planetary boundaries, and social foundation requirements. The results obtained create, on the one hand, new opportunities for academics; and, on the other hand, in further research, the use of this framework could be a means of actively engaging companies in their supply chains and of achieving the implementation of practical and comprehensive CSP assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chains)

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17 pages, 5527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recent Progress in Perennial Buckwheat Development

by Qing-Fu Chen^*

, Xiao-Yan Huang, Hong-You Li, Li-Juan Yang and Ya-Song Cui

Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Baoshan Beilu 116, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020536 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8186

Abstract

Grains in the genus Fagopyrum have benefits to human health and are an excellent gluten-free raw material. Of all cereal foods, this genus has the highest total content of amino-acid nutrients necessary for humans; nutrients that are resistant to digestion (protein and starch) [...] Read more.

Grains in the genus Fagopyrum have benefits to human health and are an excellent gluten-free raw material. Of all cereal foods, this genus has the highest total content of amino-acid nutrients necessary for humans; nutrients that are resistant to digestion (protein and starch) resulting in their sustained release; higher dietary fiber content than key cereals, and is rich in a special healthy ingredient (flavonoids). Fagopyrum includes 24 species of which five are perennial. Among them, golden buckwheat (F.cymosum complex) is the most important perennial buckwheat, which is not only used in Chinese medicine, but also has great potential in healthy food crop. In order to provide some clues for perennial crop studies and their industry development, this paper presents the state of perennial buckwheat research in terms of taxonomy; natural chemical products and pharmacological and health functions; genetics and evolution; breeding; and product development and utilization. The great advances such as successful interspecific crossing and its subsequent new perennial buckwheat varieties will speed up the development of the perennial buckwheat industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies, Advances and Challenges of Breeding Perennial Grain Crops)

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17 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Short-Term Effects of Rice Straw Biochar, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Soil Properties in a Cold Waterlogged Paddy Field

by Linlin Si^1,2

, Yinan Xie^1,2, Qingxu Ma^1,2 and Lianghuan Wu^1,2,3,*

¹ Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resource and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

² Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Nutrition Resources Integrated Utilization, Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276000, Shandong, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020537 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 8147

Abstract

Crop productivity in cold waterlogged paddy fields can be constrained by chronic flooding stress and low temperature. Farmers typically use chemical fertilizer to improve crop production, but this conventional fertilization is not very effective in a cold waterlogged paddy field. Biochar amendment has [...] Read more.

Crop productivity in cold waterlogged paddy fields can be constrained by chronic flooding stress and low temperature. Farmers typically use chemical fertilizer to improve crop production, but this conventional fertilization is not very effective in a cold waterlogged paddy field. Biochar amendment has been proposed as a promising management approach to eliminating these obstacles. However, little is known about the performance of biochar when combined with N fertilizer and P fertilizer in cold waterlogged soils. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the main effects and interactive effects of rice straw biochar, N and P fertilizer on rice growth and soil properties in a cold waterlogged paddy field. The field treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two biochar levels (0 and 2.25 t ha⁻¹), two N fertilizer levels (120.0 and 180.0 kg ha⁻¹) and two P fertilizer levels (37.5 and 67.5 kg ha⁻¹) which were arranged in a randomized block design, with three replicates. Results confirmed that biochar application caused a significant increase in the soil pH due to its liming effect, while this application resulted in a significant decrease in soil exchangeable cations, such as exchangeable Ca, Mg, Al and base cations. The interactive effect of N fertilizer, P fertilizer and biochar was significant for soil total N. Moreover, a negative effect of biochar on the internal K use efficiency suggested that K uptake into rice may benefit from biochar application. According to the partial Eta squared values, the combined application of N fertilizer and biochar was as effective as pure P fertilization at increasing straw P uptake. The addition of biochar to farmers’ fertilization practice treatment (180.0 kg N ha⁻¹, 67.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ and 67.5 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) significantly increased rice yield, mainly owing to improvements in grains per panicle. However, notable effects of biochar on rice yield and biomass production were not detected. More studies are required to assess the long-term behavior of biochar in a cold waterlogged paddy field. This study may lay a theoretical foundation for blended application of biochar with fertilizer in a cold waterlogged paddy field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Input into Agricultural Soils)

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19 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Family Businesses Transitioning to a Circular Economy Model: The Case of “Mercadona”

by Pedro Núñez-Cacho^1,*

, Valentín Molina-Moreno²

, Francisco A. Corpas-Iglesias¹

and Francisco J. Cortés-García³

¹ Polytechnic School of Linares, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain

² Faculty of Business and Management, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain

³ Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020538 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 12937

Abstract

Sustainability addresses environmental and social issues affecting this and future generations. When family businesses perceive that the community is disrupted, recognize an environmental problem and respond by implementing new environmental policies or regulations, the family business’s socio-emotional values press to transition to a [...] Read more.

Sustainability addresses environmental and social issues affecting this and future generations. When family businesses perceive that the community is disrupted, recognize an environmental problem and respond by implementing new environmental policies or regulations, the family business’s socio-emotional values press to transition to a more sustainable production system, such as the ‘Circular Economy.’ Drawing on the Dubin (1978) methodology—a paradigm for building models through deduction—we design a sustainable model, which shows family businesses’ responses to changes in the environment. It explains the reasons why family firms transition to the Circular Economy, based on the theory of Socio-Emotional Wealth (SEW). We check the model through the case study of the food retail leader in the Spanish market—Mercadona—which applies policies about energy, resources and waste to become a Circular Economy business model. Because of the strong family character of Mercadona, this case can be useful for the decision-making of other family businesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy—Sustainable Energy and Waste Policies)

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17 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Effects of Car Sharing Services on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

by Jiyeon Jung¹ and Yoonmo Koo^1,2,*

¹ Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

² Graduate School of Engineering Practice, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020539 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 13403

Abstract

This study examines the environmental impacts of roundtrip car sharing services by investigating transportation behavior. Car sharing should contribute to reduced greenhouse gas GHG emissions; however, such schemes include both positive and negative environmental effects, including: (1) reduced CO₂e (carbon dioxide [...] Read more.

This study examines the environmental impacts of roundtrip car sharing services by investigating transportation behavior. Car sharing should contribute to reduced greenhouse gas GHG emissions; however, such schemes include both positive and negative environmental effects, including: (1) reduced CO₂e (carbon dioxide equivalent) from substituting private vehicle use for more fuel-efficient car sharing vehicles, (2) increased CO₂e as car-less individuals switch from public transit to car sharing vehicles and (3) reduced CO₂e due to fewer vehicles. This study examines the impacts of this modal shift on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using three types of models: a mixed logit model to analyze car sharing service preferences; a binary logit model to analyze whether individuals are willing to forgo vehicle ownership or planned purchases to use car sharing services; and a linear regression to determine how much private vehicle or public transportation use would be replaced by car sharing and the resulting effects on mobility. Total emissions from the current car sharing market equal 1,025,589.36 t CO₂e/year. However, an increase in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations to 50% of the number of gasoline-fuel stations would increase the probability of electric car sharing vehicle use, thereby reducing emissions by 655,773 t CO₂e. This study shows that forgoing vehicle purchases does not offset the increased GHG emissions caused by the shift from public transportation or private vehicle use to car sharing. Full article

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15 pages, 1991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Actual and Balanced Stand Structure: Examples from Beech-Fir-Spruce Old-Growth Forests in the Area of the Dinarides in Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Zoran Govedar^1,*

, Milun Krstić², Srđan Keren³

, Violeta Babić², Brane Zlokapa¹ and Branko Kanjevac²

¹ Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Srpska

² Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

³ Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-425 Krakow, Poland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020540 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3987

Abstract

Old-growth forests are spontaneously developed forest ecosystems without direct human influence in which only natural processes take place. In this study we analyzed the structural sustainability of beech-fir-spruce old-growth forests on dolomite and limestone in the Bosnian Dinaric Mountains. The field work was [...] Read more.

Old-growth forests are spontaneously developed forest ecosystems without direct human influence in which only natural processes take place. In this study we analyzed the structural sustainability of beech-fir-spruce old-growth forests on dolomite and limestone in the Bosnian Dinaric Mountains. The field work was carried out on permanent experimental plots of 1.0 hectare in size. Thereby, the diameters (d_1.30) and the height (h) of all trees within the plots were measured. Based on the available literature, we hypothesized that the structure of old-growth forests provides sustainability through tree-size demographic equilibrium. Thus, the data collected were used to test possible differences between the actual and the theoretically balanced structure in the studied old-growth forests. Statistically significant difference in the actual structure between the two old-growth forests on limestone and dolomite was determined. However, both of them exhibited sustainable diameter distributions. These results point to the importance of preserving old-growth forests for future research as they exemplify the tree-size demographic sustainability and can thus serve as an appropriate reference to managed forests. Concretely, certain structural attributes from old-growth forests could be embedded into the management objectives for increased resilience of managed forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Ecology and Forest Management)

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18 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard Types on Environmental Investment Decision-Making

by Suaad Jassem^*, Anna Azmi and Zarina Zakaria

Department of Accounting, Faculty of Business & Accountancy, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020541 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8804

Abstract

Investment decision-making based on aspects of sustainability is gaining importance among organizations around the globe. In this context, there is a need for quality investment decisions, which require sufficient knowledge among organizational managers about managing sustainability information to achieve environmental objectives that meet [...] Read more.

Investment decision-making based on aspects of sustainability is gaining importance among organizations around the globe. In this context, there is a need for quality investment decisions, which require sufficient knowledge among organizational managers about managing sustainability information to achieve environmental objectives that meet stakeholder expectations. This has led to the emergence of organizational performance measuring tools such as the Sustainability Balanced Scorecard, which integrates the environmental perspective into the traditional Balanced Scorecard. Using experimental research method, the objective of this study is to investigate the indirect effect of Eco-efficiency knowledge and Sustainability Balanced Scorecard knowledge as mediators influencing the relationship between Sustainability Balanced Scorecard types and their impact on environmental investment decision-making. Findings of the current research are based on 60 respondents who were randomly assigned to one of the following two types of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard architecture: (1) environmental data embedded within the traditional Balanced Scorecard perspectives; and (2) standalone environmental data as an additional ﬁfth perspective along with the traditional Balanced Scorecard architecture. The traditional Balanced Scorecard without any information on environmental perspective is included in the experiment as the control condition. The ﬁndings indicate that the combined effect of eco-efficiency knowledge and Sustainability Balanced Scorecard knowledge has a significant positive influence on the relationship between the Balanced Scorecard type versus Sustainability Balanced Scorecard type and environmental investment decision-making. Full article

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16 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Regional Analysis of the Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Tradeoffs of Different Economic Growth Paths

by Weiwei Mo^*

, Darline Balen, Marianna Moura

and Kevin H. Gardner

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020542 - 18 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3884

Abstract

Different economic development strategies may result in varied socioeconomic and environmental synergies or tradeoffs, suggesting an opportunity for environmentally conscious planning. To understand such synergies or tradeoffs, a dynamic environmental life cycle assessment was conducted for eleven groups of New Hampshire industries. Historical [...] Read more.

Different economic development strategies may result in varied socioeconomic and environmental synergies or tradeoffs, suggesting an opportunity for environmentally conscious planning. To understand such synergies or tradeoffs, a dynamic environmental life cycle assessment was conducted for eleven groups of New Hampshire industries. Historical state level Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-by-industry data was combined with economic input-output analysis to calculate the direct and life cycle energy use, freshwater use, greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication potential of each industry on a yearly basis for the period of 1997–2012. The future development of agriculture, traditional manufacturing, high tech, and tourism industries were investigated based on government projections. Total life cycle impacts of the 11 industries were found to represent around three to seven times those of direct impacts, indicating the significance of the supply chain impacts. Traditional manufacturing has the highest life cycle impacts even though it contributes to less than 10% of the state GDP. Future development of high tech was found to be the best strategy to increase GDP while imposing the least additional environmental impacts. Tourism presents relatively high impacts in terms of freshwater use and eutrophication potential, and a change in recreational style might be able to reduce its impacts. Full article

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19 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Water Sustainability: Virtual Water Flows and Economic Water Productivity Assessment of the Wine Trade between Italy and the Balkans

by Pier Paolo Miglietta^1,* and Domenico Morrone²

¹ Department of Economics and Management, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy

² Department of Management, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020543 - 18 Feb 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5598

Abstract

The management of natural resources in economic activities has become a fundamental issue when considering the perspective of sustainable development. It is necessary to rethink every process in order to reach efficiency from different points of view, not only environmentally but also economically. [...] Read more.

The management of natural resources in economic activities has become a fundamental issue when considering the perspective of sustainable development. It is necessary to rethink every process in order to reach efficiency from different points of view, not only environmentally but also economically. Water scarcity is growing because of economic and population growth, climate change, and the increasing water demand. Currently, agri-food represents the most water consumptive sector, and the increasing importance of international trade in this industry puts freshwater issues in a global context that should be analyzed and regulated by sustainable policies. This analysis is focused on virtual water flows and economic water productivity related to the wine trade, and aims to evaluate water loss/savings achieved through bilateral trade relations. The choice fell on Italy, the first wine producer in the world, and the Balkan countries. The latter are new markets for wine production/consumption, in which Italian wines are strongly positioned for different reasons. The results show that, from a national point of view and considering wine trade, Italy exports water in virtual form to the Balkan countries, more than it imports, so that in effect it partially uses its own water resources for the wine supply of the Balkans. The latter, on the other hand, being a net importer of wine, partially depends on Italian water resources and exerts less pressure on their own water basins in the supporting wine supply. We also observed that the wine trade between Italy and the Balkans implies global water savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Footprint in Supply Chain Management)

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15 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadcasting and Telecommunications Industries in the Convergence Age: Toward a Sustainable Public-Centric Public Interest

by Hwanho Choi

School of Business, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020544 - 19 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6930

Abstract

The emergence of new digital technologies, such as the Internet and new business models such as over-the-top (OTT) operators that utilize them, has transformed the media and broadcasting industries. As advanced technologies and business models are adopted, convergence between the broadcasting and telecommunication [...] Read more.

The emergence of new digital technologies, such as the Internet and new business models such as over-the-top (OTT) operators that utilize them, has transformed the media and broadcasting industries. As advanced technologies and business models are adopted, convergence between the broadcasting and telecommunication (“telecom”) sectors has become a common business practice. Using the South Korean case study of a failed acquisition attempt of CJ HelloVision by SK Telecom, this research identifies the three essential features (economic, sociocultural, and industrial structure issues) related to convergence in the broadcasting and media industries. Further, this study reveals the potential consequences of convergence to the public, industry, and society, and offers critical implications for future policy direction. Finally, this study suggests the need for a change in the policy direction in the age of convergence in the broadcasting and media industries. In addition, it calls for the importance of a public-centric public benefit. Social and consumer welfare, and not profit or industrial growth, should dictate the public interest orientation in the broadcasting and media industries. Therefore, the meaning of public interest in broadcasting and media should not be limited in the industrial context of media; rather, it should consider the access to service by the public, the condition of consumption, and its consequences in the perspective of social and consumer welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Digital Environment)

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22 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Availability versus Practical Accessibility: The Critical Role of Metadata Management in Open Data Portals

by Thomas Schauppenlehner^*

and Andreas Muhar

Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020545 - 19 Feb 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5642

Abstract

As a consequence of policies such as the EU Public Sector Initiative, authorities across Europe have been moving towards providing free access to a wide range of statistical data and in particular geodata. From the diverse end-users’ perspective (general public, interest groups, students, [...] Read more.

As a consequence of policies such as the EU Public Sector Initiative, authorities across Europe have been moving towards providing free access to a wide range of statistical data and in particular geodata. From the diverse end-users’ perspective (general public, interest groups, students, other authorities, etc.), access to data requires specific knowledge, methods, and guidance in identifying and using the relevant content. Metadata are a key concept for the description and classification of data and thus also for ensuring their long-term value. We analyze the European Data Portal as well as one national metadatabase (Austrian Data Portal) with regard to aspects such as data search functionality, keyword consistency, spatial referencing, data format and data license information. In both cases, we found extensive inconsistencies and conceptual weaknesses that heavily limit the practical accessibility. The mere presence of metadata is no indicator for the usability of the data. We argue for a better definition and structuring of the interface between the numerous data providers and the metadatabases. Full article

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18 pages, 4577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ontology-Underpinned Emergency Response System for Water Pollution Accidents

by Xiaoliang Meng¹, Chao Xu¹, Xinxia Liu^2,*, Junming Bai¹, Wenhan Zheng³, Hao Chang¹ and Zhuo Chen¹

¹ School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

² School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, 62#Zhonghua Street, Handan 056038, China

³ Fujian Surveying and Mapping Institute, Fuzhou 350003, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020546 - 20 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5242

Abstract

With the unceasing development and maturation of environment geographic information system, the response to water pollution accidents has been digitalized through the combination of monitoring sensors, management servers, and application software. However, most of these systems only achieve the basic and general geospatial [...] Read more.

With the unceasing development and maturation of environment geographic information system, the response to water pollution accidents has been digitalized through the combination of monitoring sensors, management servers, and application software. However, most of these systems only achieve the basic and general geospatial data management and functional process tasks by adopting mechanistic water-quality models. To satisfy the sustainable monitoring and real-time emergency response application demand of the government and public users, it is a hotspot to study how to make the water pollution information being semantic and make the referred applications intelligent. Thus, the architecture of the ontology-underpinned emergency response system for water pollution accidents is proposed in this paper. This paper also makes a case study for usability testing of the water ontology models, and emergency response rules through an online water pollution emergency response system. The system contributes scientifically to the safety and sustainability of drinking water by providing emergency response and decision-making to the government and public in a timely manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Advances in Research on Sustainable Ecosystems)

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26 pages, 3135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Selected Method and Tools for Performance Measurement in the Green Supply Chain—Survey Analysis in Poland

by Blanka Tundys^*

and Tomasz Wiśniewski

Faculty of Management and Economics of Services, University of Szczecin, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020549 - 21 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8565

Abstract

The methods and tools for the performance measurement and evaluation of the green supply chain management are very important elements for the construction and function of this type of supply chain. The result is a presentation of the considerations underlying a very general [...] Read more.

The methods and tools for the performance measurement and evaluation of the green supply chain management are very important elements for the construction and function of this type of supply chain. The result is a presentation of the considerations underlying a very general model, which presents some selected tools, but no breakdown of individual industries. The considerations undertaken are important and have scientific added value as usually in practice, a very large number of tools are used to assess the supply chain, which are not always correlated or adapted to the specificity of the chain. It is worth pointing out which of the already used or completely new tools and methods will be most useful for assessing the green supply chain. The structure of the paper covers the theoretical and empirical. It includes an introduction, our goals and hypotheses, state of the art, methodology, empirical findings, and discussion. We present the definitional differences between green and sustainable supply chains and focus on the selection and identification of methods for the framework model for evaluating the green supply chain. In the next step, the theoretical and selected method and tools were compared to a survey of Poland. On the basis of the survey, we present the findings and discussions found in this area. The main methodology used includes a literature review, a survey analysis using a questionnaire and statistical tools. The survey was carried out in 2015 in sample organizations in Poland. The research results showed that organizations were aware of the environmental elements of measuring and assessing the supply chain from an environmental point of view, but their use depended on many factors: the area, size of the organization, or the industry. If certain boundary conditions are met and the organizations are aware of the essence of environmental aspects in the chain, then they are applying green measures to the supply chain. These findings provide a glimpse into the measurement system and show that organizations still have yet to understand the essence of green and sustainable performance measurement, the meaning of its application, and the benefits it brings. However, traditional measurement still plays a large role, so it is important to reflect on how to convince organizations to pay more attention to environmental aspects, while at the same time applying a green supply chain assessment model. These results are a framework in which to start building a green supply chain assessment model. The empirical research aimed to answer the question of whether theoretical and sustainable management tools have already played a role in perceiving and assessing the green supply chain. Full article

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24 pages, 24722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Limestone Powder in Concrete and the Effects on the Environment

by Yoo-Jae Kim^1,*

, Ryno van Leeuwen¹, Bum-Yean Cho², Vedaraman Sriraman¹ and Anthony Torres¹

¹ Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA

² Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 163, Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020550 - 21 Feb 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7220

Abstract

The major environmental impact of concrete comes from the CO₂ emissions, produced during the cement manufacturing process. The main goal of this research project is to evaluate the efficiency of limestone powder as a partial cement replacement, in order to reduce energy [...] Read more.

The major environmental impact of concrete comes from the CO₂ emissions, produced during the cement manufacturing process. The main goal of this research project is to evaluate the efficiency of limestone powder as a partial cement replacement, in order to reduce energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. This study utilizes limestone powders, with different particle sizes, to replace a portion of Portland cement using various ratios. Due to the dilution effect when partially replacing cement, there is a reduction in the concrete’s physical properties. To assess the dilution effect, a modification to Féret’s equation is used to calculate an efficiency factor for the limestone powder when compared to cement. To measure the environmental impact, a life cycle assessment is conducted on concrete made with limestone powder combined with cement. This allows for an evaluation of the various cement/limestone powder ratios that will maximize the environmental benefit, with minimal reduction in concrete strength. Additional microstructural analysis using petrographic examination was completed to provide a visual understanding of the distribution of the limestone particles within the cement paste. The results indicate that the efficiency of limestone powder in partially replacing cement can be achieved by particle packing and particle distribution in the concrete and the benefits of emission reductions exceed the loss in compressive strength when higher levels of limestone powder is used to replace cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Civil Engineering: from Sustainable Materials to Sustainable Cities)

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13 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Responses of Plant Leaf CO₂/H₂O Exchange and Water Use Efficiency to Drought: A Meta-Analysis

by Jinmeng Zhang^1,2, Hong Jiang^1,2,3,*, Xinzhang Song³, Jiaxin Jin⁴ and Xiuying Zhang^1,2

¹ International Institutes for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

² Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

³ Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Zhejiang 311300, China

⁴ School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, No. 8 Fo cheng xi Road, Nanjing 211100, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020551 - 21 Feb 2018

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 5832

Abstract

Persistent drought severely inhibits plant growth and productivity, which negatively affects terrestrial primary productivity worldwide. Therefore, it is important to investigate the impacts of drought on plant leaf CO₂/H₂O exchange and water use efficiency. This study assessed the responses [...] Read more.

Persistent drought severely inhibits plant growth and productivity, which negatively affects terrestrial primary productivity worldwide. Therefore, it is important to investigate the impacts of drought on plant leaf CO₂/H₂O exchange and water use efficiency. This study assessed the responses of net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) to drought based on a worldwide meta-analysis of 112 published studies. The results demonstrated that drought decreased Pn, Tr, and Gs significantly and differently among different moderators. C₄ plants had smaller Pn reduction than C₃ plants, which gives C₄ plants an advantage in Pn. But their WUE decreased under drought conditions, indicating a great flexibility in C₄ WUE. Annual herbs sacrificed WUE (−6.2%) to maintain efficient Pn. Perennial herbs took a different strategy in response to drought with an increased WUE (25.1%). Deciduous tree species displayed a greater increase in WUE than conifers and evergreen species. Additionally, Gs had a significant correlation with Pn and Tr, but an insignificant correlation with WUE, which could be because WUE is affected by other factors (e.g., air flow, CO₂ concentration, and relative humidity). These findings have significant implications for understanding the worldwide effects of drought on plant leaf CO₂/H₂O exchange and water use efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology, Water Quality and Ecology)

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13 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Evolution of Regional Discrepancies in Carbon Emissions from Agricultural Land Utilization: Evidence from Chinese Provincial Data

by Xinhai Lu^1,2, Bing Kuang^2,*, Jing Li², Jing Han¹ and Zuo Zhang¹

¹ College of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

² College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020552 - 22 Feb 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3967

Abstract

Agricultural land, as an important carbon source, has produced about 20% of carbon dioxide globally. The calculation and spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions resulting from agricultural land utilization (ALU) has attracted a great deal of attention from scholars. Most of the existing literature [...] Read more.

Agricultural land, as an important carbon source, has produced about 20% of carbon dioxide globally. The calculation and spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions resulting from agricultural land utilization (ALU) has attracted a great deal of attention from scholars. Most of the existing literature widely agrees that China’s carbon emissions from ALU showed significant regional discrepancies, but rarely pays attention to the evolutionary characteristics of the discrepancies. This study calculated the total carbon emissions from ALU based on six kinds of carbon emissions sources in the 31 provinces of mainland China, which showed obviously different characteristics in terms of their abundances of agricultural land resources, relative scarcities of production factors, levels of science and technology and economic prosperity. We then analyzed the evolutionary process and characteristics of regional discrepancies in carbon emissions from ALU at the national level and regional level with the method of kernel density estimation. The key results demonstrated the following: (1) The carbon emissions from ALU in the whole country and the eastern, central and western regions of China have increased sharply during the study period. From 2000 to 2015, the carbon emissions from ALU in the whole of China, the eastern region, central region, and western region were increased by 2626.11 (10⁴ tons), 441.32 (10⁴ tons), 1054.45 (10⁴ tons), and 1130.3 (10⁴ tons), respectively, with an average annual growth rate of 2.75%, 1.29%, 3%, and 4.35%, respectively; (2) The scale of carbon emissions from ALU showed significant spatial disparities at the regional and inter-provincial levels. From 2000 to 2015, the central region had the highest carbon emissions from ALU, while the eastern and western regions had the second and third highest carbon emissions; (3) The distribution curves of carbon emissions from ALU in the whole country and each region all moved in the right direction gradually during the study period, and the width of the curves increased, indicating the regional discrepancies of carbon emissions from ALU was expanding at different spatial scales. Distribution curves of carbon emissions from ALU in the eastern, central and western regions all showed a “multi-polar” differentiation phenomenon in 2000, while presented a “tri-polar”, “bipolar” and “multi-polar” division in 2015, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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21 pages, 1023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Complementary Control Research of Wind Turbines in Two Offshore Wind Farms

by Bing Wang^*

, Min Tian, Tingjun Lin and Yinlong Hu

College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020553 - 22 Feb 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

In order to stabilize the fluctuation of wind power and maintain a stable power output, a complementary control idea is proposed. This idea aims to make the output power from two wind farms complement each other. This study proposes a distributed control strategy [...] Read more.

In order to stabilize the fluctuation of wind power and maintain a stable power output, a complementary control idea is proposed. This idea aims to make the output power from two wind farms complement each other. This study proposes a distributed control strategy to solve the complementary control problem of wind turbines in two offshore wind farms on the basis of the Hamiltonian energy theory. The proposed control strategy not only ensures synchronization for wind turbines in the same farm but also keeps the combined output power of the two wind farms stable. First, through the Hamiltonian realization, the single-machine model of a wind turbine is transformed into a port-controlled Hamiltonian system with dissipation (PCHD). Subsequently, the Hamiltonian energy control law is developed on the basis of the energy-shaping method to adjust the Hamiltonian energy function. The complementary control of the two wind farms is designed to synchronize the wind turbines within an individual wind farm and keep the combined output of the two wind farms stable. Furthermore, the complementary control strategy is modified to address the communication delay between the two wind farms by incorporating time delay into the control problem. Finally, the effectiveness of the distributed complementary control has been verified via simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Macroeconomic Determinants of International Casino Travel: Evidence from South Korea’s Top Four Inbound Markets

by Hyunduk Suh¹ and Sung-Bum Kim^2,*

¹ Department of Economics, Inha University, 404 Building 6, Incheon 22201, Korea

² College of Business Administration, Inha University, 421B Building 6, Incheon 22201, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020554 - 22 Feb 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5154

Abstract

This study investigates the macroeconomic determinants behind the number of foreign visitors to Korean casinos arriving from major source countries, namely Japan, Mainland China, Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan. Using monthly data from 2006 to 2016, we utilized a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the macroeconomic determinants behind the number of foreign visitors to Korean casinos arriving from major source countries, namely Japan, Mainland China, Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan. Using monthly data from 2006 to 2016, we utilized a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model to investigate the dynamic effects of macroeconomic factors on the number of casino visitors. Estimation results supported the conclusion that visitors from Japan and Mainland China—who account for approximately three quarters of the total number of foreign casino visitors—were affected by macroeconomic or financial indicators such as changes in oil prices, exports and exchange rates (Japan), exports and short-term interest rates (Mainland China). In contrast, visitors from Hong Kong SAR did not seem to be influenced by any of these factors. We also found that the MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) outbreak in Korea in 2015 had a significant adverse effect on casino visitors from all regions. Implications and suggestions for future studies are provided along with the results of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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16 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmers’ Perceptions and Factors Influencing the Adoption of No-Till Conservation Agriculture by Small-Scale Farmers in Zashuke, KwaZulu-Natal Province

by Njabulo Lloyd Ntshangase, Brian Muroyiwa and Melusi Sibanda^*

Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020555 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 145 | Viewed by 12845

Abstract

The adoption of conservation agriculture among small-scale farmers is still low despite the proven economic and environmental benefits of the technology. This study was conducted in Ingwe Municipality in Kwa-Zashuke, Ward 8, in KwaZulu-Natal province. The main aim of the study was to [...] Read more.

The adoption of conservation agriculture among small-scale farmers is still low despite the proven economic and environmental benefits of the technology. This study was conducted in Ingwe Municipality in Kwa-Zashuke, Ward 8, in KwaZulu-Natal province. The main aim of the study was to determine the factors that influence the adoption of no-till conservation agriculture (CA) in the study area and to explore farmers’ perceptions of no-till CA and the impact of no-till CA on maize yield. A quantitative approach employing a cross-sectional design was used to gather data. Stratified random sampling was employed and a total of 185 small-scale farmers (97 adopters and 88 non-adopters) were sampled. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics and econometric modeling using the logistic regression model. Findings show that farmers’ positive perceptions were positively correlated with higher maize yields. While an increase in extension visits, age, education and farmers’ positive perceptions significantly increased the likelihood of a farmer adopting no-till CA, an increase in land size was negatively related to no-till CA adoption. The findings confirm the important role of extension in the promotion of no-till CA, particularly the intensity of the extension services. The study recommends a deliberate effort by all stakeholders to promote the participation of young people in farming and tailor-make current no-till CA programs to suit the illiterate households. The capacity of extension programs to adequately support farmers should be enhanced through improvements in extension services. There is also need to change people’s mindsets and the way they view no-till CA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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20 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Moderated Mediation Model for Board Diversity and Corporate Performance in ASEAN Countries

by Sahar E-Vahdati^*, Norhayah Zulkifli and Zarina Zakaria

Department of Accounting, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020556 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7103

Abstract

Despite the major investigations in prior studies for direct links among board diversity and corporate performance, the literature has not covered many indirect associations among them. This article analyzes the association between board diversity (gender and foreigner) and corporate performance by focusing on [...] Read more.

Despite the major investigations in prior studies for direct links among board diversity and corporate performance, the literature has not covered many indirect associations among them. This article analyzes the association between board diversity (gender and foreigner) and corporate performance by focusing on the mediating role of corporate social responsibility reporting (CSRR) and the moderated mediation role of South East Asian (ASEAN) countries through new institutional theory, which consists of legitimacy and institutional theories. According to a sample of 264 corporates from all industries by using GRI G3 guideline from 2011 to 2013, we found that foreign and gender diversity have partial and full mediation effects in ASEAN countries. The main conclusion of the current article indicates that board diversity affects directly with corporate performance and indirectly with CSRR through moderated path analysis. The implications are valuable for academics, managers, and policy makers who are interested to determine the impact of intervening variables on the board diversity and corporate performance relationship in ASEAN countries. Full article

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22 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Evaluation of the Largest 500 Family Firms’ Websites through PLS-SEM Technique

by Ascensión Barroso^*, Óscar R. González-López

, Ramón Sanguino and María Buenadicha-Mateos

Department of Business and Sociology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020557 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5808

Abstract

As few studies relate the technical aspects of a corporate website to a firm’s turnover, this paper aims to examine how the quality of a corporate website influences social networks and the company’s turnover in large family firms. The moderating and mediating effect [...] Read more.

As few studies relate the technical aspects of a corporate website to a firm’s turnover, this paper aims to examine how the quality of a corporate website influences social networks and the company’s turnover in large family firms. The moderating and mediating effect of social networks on the relationships between website quality and turnover are also tested. In addition, the paper performs a multigroup analysis to analyze the differences between family businesses with low and high family ownership concentration. The sample used in the study, the largest 500 family firms’ websites around the globe extracted from The Global Family Business Index compiled by the University of St. Gallen, were analyzed using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that both the direct and indirect effect of website quality on turnover and the moderating effect of social networks in the relationship between website quality and turnover were negative and significant. The multigroup analysis reveals some significant differences between both groups. The study contributes to the evaluation of website literature by exploring a new sector of application: family businesses. Moreover, the largest family firms should improve their presence in social networks to increase their sales. Full article

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17 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sector Social Partnerships for Social Change: The Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations

by Xinya Yan¹, Haiying Lin^2,* and Amelia Clarke³

¹ Local Economic Development Program, School of Environment, Enterprise, and Development (SEED), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W. Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

² Management Department, College of Business, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA

³ School of Environment, Enterprise, and Development (SEED), University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020558 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 10653

Abstract

Complex social and environmental issues call for broader collaboration across different sectors so as to instigate transformative social change. While previous scholars have emphasized the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in facilitating social change, they have not provided a nuanced assessment of NGOs’ [...] Read more.

Complex social and environmental issues call for broader collaboration across different sectors so as to instigate transformative social change. While previous scholars have emphasized the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in facilitating social change, they have not provided a nuanced assessment of NGOs’ different roles. We use the Poverty and Employment Precarity in Southern Ontario (PEPSO) research partnership as a study case and explore NGO partners’ different roles in a large cross-sector social partnership (CSSP). By interviewing 12 NGO partners and 4 non-NGO partners involved in the PEPSO research partnership, our research results show that NGOs primarily have 10 roles in a CSSP. They include enabling roles such as consultant, capacity builder, analyst, and funder; coordinating roles such as broker and communicator; and facilitating roles such as initiator, leader, advocate, and monitor. These roles allow NGOs to fulfil their duties to make substantial contributions to a CSSP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

16 pages, 6456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Tale of North and South: Balanced and Sustainable Development of Primary Education in Ningxia, China

by Jiali Wan¹

, Yanfang Liu^1,2,*, Yiyun Chen^1,*

, Jiameng Hu¹ and Zhengyu Wang¹

¹ School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

² Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020559 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4607

Abstract

Education is the driving force of social development, while regional differences have restricted the balance of educational development. This paper provides a political and geospatial analysis of regional inequality across the province from 1990–2015 under a comparative spatiotemporal conceptual framework. Great differences in [...] Read more.

Education is the driving force of social development, while regional differences have restricted the balance of educational development. This paper provides a political and geospatial analysis of regional inequality across the province from 1990–2015 under a comparative spatiotemporal conceptual framework. Great differences in terms of the distribution and dynamic changes in primary school were found between southern and the northern Ningxia. The southern region has a large number of primary schools with a sharp reduction in these numbers, especially in recent years, while the north has a small but stable number of schools. Spatial accessibility analyses revealed that due to the imbalance between the south and the north, the spatial accessibility of the southern region is much worse than that of the northern region. Our study found the imbalance in the number and spatial distribution of primary schools in the north and south of Ningxia was formed because of multiple factors of policy, geography, and social-economy. The government has pursued a policy of promoting education fairness. However, neglecting differences between north and south, on the contrary, has brought negative effects to the south, worsened the educational environment, and increased education inequities. Our case study in the Ningxia district demonstrates that this research can provide a practical basis for the formulation of policies to guide the rational planning of primary education in Ningxia and/or other similar areas. Full article

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24 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ex-Ante Impact Assessment of Sustainability Information–The Directive 2014/95

by Cristian Carini^1,*

, Laura Rocca¹, Monica Veneziani²

and Claudio Teodori²

¹ Department of Law, University of Brescia, Contrada Santa Chiara, 50, 25122 Brescia, Italy

² Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Contrada Santa Chiara, 50, 25122 Brescia, Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020560 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 6799

Abstract

Directive 2014/95, in force since 2017, is the first European step that requires undertakings to provide mandatory non-financial information. The regulation concerns sustainability information, such as environmental, social, and employee information, human rights, and anti-corruption and bribery matters, and the disclosure of diversity [...] Read more.

Directive 2014/95, in force since 2017, is the first European step that requires undertakings to provide mandatory non-financial information. The regulation concerns sustainability information, such as environmental, social, and employee information, human rights, and anti-corruption and bribery matters, and the disclosure of diversity policies for board members. According to the theoretical framework of Integrated Assessment (IA), the study aims to examine the expected impact of the Directive within the analysis of empirical evidence before the mandatory approach. This allows, on the regulatory side, evaluation of the quality of the regulation, therefore, whether the law achieves its policy objectives (i.e., if it fills the gap in the sustainability disclosure) and, on the firms’ side, to identify where companies have to invest to meet the legal requirements. The oil and gas sector is chosen as a sample for the study, because it is one of the most advanced sectors in sustainability disclosure, and if the regulation could impact on this sector, it would be the same for less-informed ones. The findings reveal a fair level of completeness of non-financial information, however, there are some areas that have to be improved to achieve the requirements of the Directive. The results also show the presence of overlap between financial and sustainability reports. In conclusion, the quality of regulation is good because it will also increase sustainability disclosure in an advanced sector, such as oil and gas, even if there is an open point on the location of information; companies in this sector will have to invest more in environmental and employee information in future years to comply with the Directive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Mitigation Potential of Wood Use in Civil Engineering in Japan Based on Life-Cycle Assessment

by Chihiro Kayo^1,* and Ryu Noda²

¹ Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan

² Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen-machi, Akita-shi, Akita 010-8502, Japan

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020561 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6112

Abstract

Throughout its life-cycle, wood contributes to climate change mitigation through carbon storage and material and energy substitution. Focusing on wood use for piles, check dams, paved walkways, guardrails, and noise barriers, we quantified the nationwide potential for climate change mitigation in civil engineering [...] Read more.

Throughout its life-cycle, wood contributes to climate change mitigation through carbon storage and material and energy substitution. Focusing on wood use for piles, check dams, paved walkways, guardrails, and noise barriers, we quantified the nationwide potential for climate change mitigation in civil engineering in Japan through 2050. To assess mitigation potential, we examined life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are avoided by storing carbon in wood and forests, substituting wooden materials for non-wooden materials (cement, concrete, steel, and asphalt), and substituting processing residue and waste wood salvaged from defunct civil engineering structures for fossil fuels (heavy oil). Our projections suggest that there will be a maximum potential domestic log volume of 6.80 million m³/year available for civil engineering use in Japan in 2050, and that it would be possible to produce this volume while increasing Japan’s forest resources over the long term. A maximum nationwide avoided GHG emissions potential of 9.63 million t-CO₂eq/year could be achieved in 2050, which is equivalent to 0.7% of Japan’s current GHG emissions. The breakdown of avoided emissions is 73%, 19%, and 8% for carbon storage, material substitution, and energy substitution, respectively, with the greatest contributions coming from carbon storage through the use of log piles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Life Cycle Assessment)

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22 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Assessment of Out-of-Home Meals: Potentials and Challenges of Applying the Indicator sets NAHGAST Meal-Basic and NAHGAST Meal-Pro

by Tobias Engelmann^1,*, Melanie Speck², Holger Rohn³, Katrin Bienge², Nina Langen⁴

, Eva Howell¹, Christine Göbel⁵, Silke Friedrich⁵, Petra Teitscheid⁵, Jaya Bowry¹, Christa Liedtke²

and Silvia Monetti²

¹ Faktor 10—Institut für nachhaltiges Wirtschaften gGmbH, 61169 Friedberg, Germany

² Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, 42103 Wuppertal, Germany

³ Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences, 35390 Gießen, Germany

⁴ Division of Food Consumption/Food Science, Institute of Vocational Education and Work Studies, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany

⁵ Institute of Sustainable Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020562 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6514

Abstract

Nutrition is responsible for about 30% of global natural resource use. In order to limit the negative impact the nutritional sector has on the environment and on society, the consumption and processing of foodstuffs with assumed low negative impact is an important topic [...] Read more.

Nutrition is responsible for about 30% of global natural resource use. In order to limit the negative impact the nutritional sector has on the environment and on society, the consumption and processing of foodstuffs with assumed low negative impact is an important topic in the effort of sustainable development. In professional kitchens, clearly defined indicators assessing the impact of business activities are needed in this effort. The research and development in the NAHGAST project provides groundwork that could be of important assistance in this effort. Two versions of an assessment tool, with indicators of different complexity (NAHGAST Meal-Basic and NAHGAST Meal-Pro), were developed that can be used by kitchen professionals to determine the sustainability performance of their products—the offered meal. An informed selection of indicators, and a discussion of what processes and impacts this indicator relates to in the wider context, are essential and are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, in the selection of indicators for the purpose of our research certain criteria were considered simultaneously: (1) Communicability—What information an indicator can communicate and how comprehensible this information is for different actors; (2) Feasibility and data availability—Whether there is sufficient data for an indicator to be included and whether it is realistic for companies to integrate this indicator in their daily work practice; and (3) Scientific relevance—Whether the indicator is relevant for sustainability efforts on a larger scale and for related discussions in the scientific community. Insights related to these considerations are valuable for future developments in sustainability assessment in out-of-home gastronomy. The tool has been used to evaluate a number of dishes and results are deemed meaningful. However, assessments must not be understood as an accurate measurement but as an approximation of the sustainability of meals. At the level of individual indicators, they allow a detailed analysis and targeted optimization of recipes, while the aggregated results in the form of labels can be communicated well to customers. However, deficiencies and challenges, as discovered in the application phase of the project, demonstrate research gaps in the wider context. Finally, further steps for an integration of the tool in company processes and remaining options for companies to adjust the tool are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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17 pages, 12845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Toponyms to Analyze the Endangered Manchu Language in Northeast China

by Zhenhua Zhu

, Hongyan Zhang^*, Jianjun Zhao

, Xiaoyi Guo

, Zhengxiang Zhang

, Yanling Ding and Tao Xiong

School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020563 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7679

Abstract

UNESCO has classified Manchu in Northeast China as a critically endangered language. Toponyms can act as carriers of languages and can be preserved for a long time. The Manchu language was the national language in the Qing Dynasty, and there are many Manchu [...] Read more.

UNESCO has classified Manchu in Northeast China as a critically endangered language. Toponyms can act as carriers of languages and can be preserved for a long time. The Manchu language was the national language in the Qing Dynasty, and there are many Manchu place names in Northeast China that serve as “living heritages” that retain traces of ancient local cultures. We studied Manchu and other related ethnic place names in Northeast China by integrating spatial statistical measures using geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze the endangered languages in the region. The objective was to explore not only the distribution of ethnic toponyms within a relevant historical context but also the environmental factors associated with the endangered Manchu languages. This study reveals that the distributions of ethnic groups and languages can be revealed by the Sinification of ethnic toponyms in Northeast China. The evolution of spatial patterns of toponyms shows the interactive process between Manchus and Han Chinese. The Manchu language is endangered by the influences of Han Chinese migrants on the original culture, as reflected by crops and the distances to the nearest roads, which are indicators of farming culture and accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainability)

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17 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplier Selection Study under the Respective of Low-Carbon Supply Chain: A Hybrid Evaluation Model Based on FA-DEA-AHP

by Xiangshuo He^1,* and Jian Zhang²

¹ Department of Economic Management, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China

² College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020564 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6344

Abstract

With the development of global environment and social economy, it is an indispensable choice for enterprises to achieve sustainable growth through developing low-carbon economy and constructing low-carbon supply chain. Supplier is the source of chain, thus selecting excellent low-carbon supplier is the foundation [...] Read more.

With the development of global environment and social economy, it is an indispensable choice for enterprises to achieve sustainable growth through developing low-carbon economy and constructing low-carbon supply chain. Supplier is the source of chain, thus selecting excellent low-carbon supplier is the foundation of establishing efficient low-carbon supply chain. This paper presents a novel hybrid model for supplier selection integrated factor analysis (FA), data envelopment analysis (DEA), with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), namely FA-DEA-AHP. First, an evaluation index system is built, incorporating product level, qualification, cooperation ability, and environmental competitiveness. FA is utilized to extract common factors from the 18 pre-selected indicators. Then, DEA is applied to establish the pairwise comparison matrix and AHP is employed to rank these low-carbon suppliers comprehensively and calculate the validity of the decision-making units. Finally, an experiment study with seven cement suppliers in a large industrial enterprise is carried out in this paper. The results reveal that the proposed technique can not only select effective suppliers, but also realize a comprehensive ranking. This research has enriched the methodology of low-carbon supplier evaluation and selection, as well as owns theoretical value in exploring the coordinated development of low-carbon supply chain to some extent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chain System Design and Optimization)

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20 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Economic Determinants of Bioenergy Trade Intensity in the EU-28: A Co-Integration Approach

by Mohd Alsaleh and Abdul Samad Abdul-Rahim^*

Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020565 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4101

Abstract

This paper examines the dynamic effect of the economic determinants on bilateral trade intensity of the European Union (EU) region’s bioenergy industry outputs. The authors adopt the panel co-integration model approach to estimate annual trade intensity data of the EU-28 countries’ bioenergy industry [...] Read more.

This paper examines the dynamic effect of the economic determinants on bilateral trade intensity of the European Union (EU) region’s bioenergy industry outputs. The authors adopt the panel co-integration model approach to estimate annual trade intensity data of the EU-28 countries’ bioenergy industry outputs from 1990 to 2013. This study investigated the long-term influence of the rate of real exchange, gross domestic product (GDP), and export price on the trade intensity of bioenergy industry applying fully modified oriented least square (FMOLS), dummy oriented least square (DOLS), and pooled mean group (PMG) models. In the current study, the findings boost the empirical validity of the panel co-integration model through FMOLS, indicating that depreciation has improved the trade intensity. This study has further investigated, through the causality test, a distinct set of countries. FMOLS estimation does find proof of the long run improvement of trade intensity. Thus, the result shows that the gross domestic product (GDP) and the real exchange rate have a positive and noteworthy influence on the EU-28 region trade intensity of the bioenergy industry. Moreover, the export price affects negatively and significantly the trade intensity of the bioenergy industry in the EU-28 countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Conversion into Biofuels and Carbon-based Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications)

20 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Europe 2020 Implementation as Driver of Economic Performance and Competitiveness. Panel Analysis of CEE Countries

by Magdalena Radulescu^1,*, Aleksandra Fedajev², Crenguta Ileana Sinisi¹, Constanta Popescu³ and Silvia Elena Iacob⁴

¹ Faculty of Economics and Law, University of Pitesti, Bd. Republicii, No. 71, 110062 Pitesti, Romania

² Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, Vojske Jugoslavije, No. 12, 19210 Bor, Serbia

³ Faculty of Economics, Doctoral School, University Valahia of Targoviste, Str. Aleea Sinaia, No. 13, 130004 Targoviste, Romania

⁴ Faculty of Theoretical and Applied Economics, Academy of Economic Studies, Calea Dorobanti, No. 15-17, Sector 1, 010552 Bucharest, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020566 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4562

Abstract

The Europe 2020 strategy is the EU strategy for sustainable and inclusive growth, for fighting the structural weaknesses of the European economies, and for improving their competitiveness. In this paper, we determined the most important ratios of the Europe 2020 Strategy impacting on [...] Read more.

The Europe 2020 strategy is the EU strategy for sustainable and inclusive growth, for fighting the structural weaknesses of the European economies, and for improving their competitiveness. In this paper, we determined the most important ratios of the Europe 2020 Strategy impacting on economic performance expressed as the growth of the GDP per capita, and on economic competitiveness expressed as the share of the countries’ exports in total world exports for some selected Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Romania) using co-integration tests and OLS panel estimations with a dataset between 2004 (after four of these selected countries acceded to EU) and 2015 (the latest available data for all the ratios we used in our analysis). Our findings show that the tertiary level of education is the most important factor, positively correlated with both endogenous variables mentioned above. Other important factors for achieving the economic performance and competitiveness goals are the school dropout ratio, the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption, and the employment rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Resilient Entrepreneurship and Technological Development in Self-Sustainable Economies)

22 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability, Transformational Leadership, and Social Entrepreneurship

by Etayankara Muralidharan^1,* and Saurav Pathak²

¹ School of Business, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada

² College of Business Administration, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020567 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 15369

Abstract

This article examines the extent to which culturally endorsed transformational leadership theories (CLTs) and the sustainability of society, both considered societal level institutional indicators, impact the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Using 107,738 individual-level responses from 27 countries for the year 2009 obtained from [...] Read more.

This article examines the extent to which culturally endorsed transformational leadership theories (CLTs) and the sustainability of society, both considered societal level institutional indicators, impact the emergence of social entrepreneurship. Using 107,738 individual-level responses from 27 countries for the year 2009 obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey, and supplementing with country-level data obtained from Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and Sustainability Society Foundation (SSF), our findings from multilevel analysis show that transformational CLTs and sustainability conditions of society positively influence the likelihood of individuals becoming social entrepreneurs. Further, the effectiveness of transformational CLTs matters more for social entrepreneurship when the sustainability of society is low, which suggests the interaction between cultural leadership styles and societal sustainability. This article contributes to comparative entrepreneurship research by introducing strong cultural antecedents of social entrepreneurship in transformational CLTs and societal sustainability. We discuss various implications and limitations of our study, and we suggest directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Resilient Entrepreneurship and Technological Development in Self-Sustainable Economies)

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17 pages, 7785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis of Agricultural Water Use Efficiency: A Case Study of the Heihe River Basin

by Guofeng Wang^1,*, Nan Lin², Xiaoxue Zhou², Zhihui Li^3,4 and Xiangzheng Deng^3,4,5

¹ Faculty of International Trade, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030060, China

² School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

³ Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

⁴ Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

⁵ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020568 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5030

Abstract

Aiming to inspect the water use-related situation in the Heihe River Basin, we used a three-stage data envelopment analysis to examine agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) and related issues in the Heihe River Basin from 2004 to 2012. This method calculates technical efficiency [...] Read more.

Aiming to inspect the water use-related situation in the Heihe River Basin, we used a three-stage data envelopment analysis to examine agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) and related issues in the Heihe River Basin from 2004 to 2012. This method calculates technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and scale efficiency (SE). Results show that water use-related efficiency varies according to scale. TE and SE decreased in the study area, while PTE increased. This means that the effects of pure technology on improving overall technology are very limited, and scale adjustment is vitally important to the agricultural production area in the Heihe River Basin. The results provide recommendations for decision-makers to plan the efficient use of water resources in arid and semiarid areas; in addition, this method will contribute to calculations of water use-related efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology for Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions)

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16 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Difficulty of Climate Change Adaptation in Manufacturing Firms: Developing an Action-Theoretical Perspective on the Causality of Adaptive Inaction

by Ulrike Meinel^1,2,3,* and Ralf Schüle³

¹ alpS—Center for Climate Change Adaptation, Grabenweg 68, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

² Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

³ Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Döppersberg 19, 42103 Wuppertal, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020569 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4380

Abstract

Climate change induces various risks for supply chains of manufacturing firms. However, surveys have suggested that only a minority of firms conducts strategic adaptations, which we define as anticipatory and target-oriented action with the purpose of increasing resilience to climate change. While several [...] Read more.

Climate change induces various risks for supply chains of manufacturing firms. However, surveys have suggested that only a minority of firms conducts strategic adaptations, which we define as anticipatory and target-oriented action with the purpose of increasing resilience to climate change. While several barrier-centered studies have investigated the causality of non-adaptation in industry, the examined barriers are often not problem-specific. Furthermore, it has been shown that even in cases when managers perceive no barriers to adaptation at all, strategic adaptations may still not be conducted. On this background, the present analysis focuses on the logic of adaptive inaction, which we conceive, in particular, as inaction with regard to strategic adaptations. Adopting an action-theoretical perspective, the study examines (a) which aspects may shape the rationality of adaptive inaction among managers, (b) which more condensed challenges of conducting strategic adaptations emerge for managers, and (c) how the theoretical propositions can be tested. For this purpose, the study employs an exploratory approach. Thus, hypotheses on such aspects are explored, which may shape the rationality of adaptive inaction among managers. Subsequently, predictions are inferred from the theoretical propositions, which allow testing their empirical relevance. Methodologically, the hypotheses are explored by reexamining existing explanatory approaches from literature based on a set of pretheoretical assumptions, which include notions of bounded rationality. As a result, the study proposes 13 aspects which may constrain managers in conducting adaptations in such a way, which serves the economic utility of the firm. By condensing these aspects, 4 major challenges for managers are suggested: the challenges of (a) conducting long-term adaptations, of (b) conducting adaptations at an early point in time, of (c) conducting adaptations despite uncertain effects of the measures, and of (d) conducting adaptations despite cross-tier dependencies in supply chains. Finally, the study shows how the propositions can be tested and outlines a research agenda based on the developed theoretical suggestions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy, Ethical Funds, and Engineering Projects)

26 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why the Wind Curtailment of Northwest China Remains High

by Guoliang Luo^1,2,*, Erli Dan¹

, Xiaochun Zhang¹ and Yiwei Guo¹

¹ School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

² Beijing Key Laboratory of New Energy and Low-Carbon Development, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020570 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7854

Abstract

The total grid-connected installed capacity of wind power in northwest China has grown from 16,260 MW in 2013 to 43,290 MW in 2016; an increase of 88.7% each year. However, this region has suffered from increasingly serious wind curtailment since 2014, and the [...] Read more.

The total grid-connected installed capacity of wind power in northwest China has grown from 16,260 MW in 2013 to 43,290 MW in 2016; an increase of 88.7% each year. However, this region has suffered from increasingly serious wind curtailment since 2014, and the wind curtailment amount accounts for nearly a half of China’s total. The wind curtailment rate of Gansu Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in this area has increased and remains high. This paper constructs an analytical model to explore the reasons of the high wind curtailment of these three provinces from the four aspects of the wind power supply capacity, demand, grid transmission capacity, power system flexibility and market mechanism and laws. The results show that the relationship between the wind energy distribution and supply and the local load is incompatible, which is the source causing the high wind curtailment in northwest China. On the one hand, the game between the local government and developers has driven the development of wind power bases. On the other hand, the electricity sector is growing slowly and oversupply of electricity is seen in many areas of China. The wind power grid of northwest China not only faces limit of grid transmission capacity, but also constraint of insufficient flexibility of the electricity system. Presently, China has not set up a market mechanism and subsidy mechanism for the peak load adjustment, thus the thermal power companies lack motivation to voluntarily adjust the peak load. Moreover, the regional segregation and market barriers are also obstacles for the wind power outward transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Power System and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Coordination Strategy of Regional Vertical Emission Abatement Collaboration in a Low-Carbon Environment

by Daming You^1,2, Ke Jiang^1,3,*

and Zhendong Li^3,4,*

¹ School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

² Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-Conserving & Environment-Friendly Society and Ecological Civilization, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

³ Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

⁴ College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020571 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4016

Abstract

This study introduces a time factor into a low-carbon context, and supposes the contamination control state of local government and the ability of polluting enterprise to abate emissions as linear increasing functions in a regional low-carbon emission abatement cooperation chain. The local government [...] Read more.

This study introduces a time factor into a low-carbon context, and supposes the contamination control state of local government and the ability of polluting enterprise to abate emissions as linear increasing functions in a regional low-carbon emission abatement cooperation chain. The local government effectuates and upholds the low-carbon development within the jurisdiction that is primarily seeking to transform regional economic development modes, while the polluting enterprise abates the amounts of emitted carbon in the entire period of product through simplifying production, facilitating decontamination, and adopting production technology, thus leading to less contamination. On that basis, we infer that the coordinated joint carbon reduction model and two decentralization contracts expound the dynamic coordination strategy for a regional cooperation chain in terms of vertical carbon abatement. Furthermore, feedback equilibrium strategies that are concerned with several diverse conditions are compared and analyzed. The main results show that a collaborative centralized contract is able to promote the regional low-carbon cooperation chain in order to achieve a win–win situation in both economic and environmental performance. Additionally, the optimal profits of the entire regional low-carbon cooperation channel under an integration scenario evidently outstrip that of two non-collaborative decentralization schemes. Eventually, the validity of the conclusions is verified with a case description and numerical simulation, and the sensitivity of the relevant parameters is analyzed in order to lay a theoretical foundation and thus facilitate the sustainable development of a regional low-carbon environment. Full article

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23 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study on the Manufacturing Firm’s Strategic Choice for Sustainability in SMEs

by Chang Juck Suh and In Tae Lee^*

Graduate School of Business, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020572 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6866

Abstract

To survive in the current competitive, unpredictable business environment, it is significant for firms to search and enforce capabilities that lead them to adapt and cope with dynamic changes of environment for their sustainability. We try to connect operation issues with sustainability in [...] Read more.

To survive in the current competitive, unpredictable business environment, it is significant for firms to search and enforce capabilities that lead them to adapt and cope with dynamic changes of environment for their sustainability. We try to connect operation issues with sustainability in this paper. From the perspective of the dynamic capabilities of the firm, this study suggests a conceptual model that presents relationships among supply chain visibility, modular design, supply chain flexibility, and agility. We do not focus on the module buyer but on the small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs). An empirical study is performed to verify the relationships proposed, using datasets collected from 232 manufacturing SMEs as module suppliers in South Korea. We used SPSS to analyze data and structural equation modeling to verify the hypotheses of the research model. The important contributions of this study are as follows. Firstly, we suggest relationships among supply chain visibilities and a modular design for supply chain flexibility and agility in sustainable performance. Secondly, we show that supply chain visibility directly leads firms to implement modular design in sustainable development. Thirdly, we verify the importance of supply chain visibility, not for module buyers, but for module suppliers by switching views in terms of SMEs’ sustainability. Lastly, this study shows that the suppliers’ modular design affects supply chain flexibility and agility, which is consistent with the findings presented in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in SMEs)

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15 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

International Alliance of Green Hotels to Reach Sustainable Competitive Advantages

by Hufei Ge¹, Silu Chen^2,* and Yujie Chen³

¹ School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing 212000, China

² School of Economics and Business Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China

³ Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 00853, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020573 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8128

Abstract

Under increasing environmental pressure, hotel firms need to improve their ability to access international alliances while maintaining good performance for sustainable development. This paper uses survey data from 784 hotels running at different levels of service in China to test the hypothesis in [...] Read more.

Under increasing environmental pressure, hotel firms need to improve their ability to access international alliances while maintaining good performance for sustainable development. This paper uses survey data from 784 hotels running at different levels of service in China to test the hypothesis in an integrated analytical model, and the findings show that the impact of international alliances varies with different levels of green hotels. Despite operating in the same sector, hotels running at different levels of service vary their respective tactics to gain sustainable competitive advantage and achieve significantly different results. This study intends to inform hotel managers in obtaining specific performance goals by developing absorptive capacity, and by choosing the most suitable alliance for their level of operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

15 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Current State and Future Directions of Organic No-Till Farming with Cover Crops in Canada, with Case Study Support

by Heather M. Beach¹, Ken W. Laing², Morris Van De Walle³ and Ralph C. Martin^1,*

¹ Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

² Orchard Hill Farm, 45415 Fruit Ridge Line, St. Thomas, ON N5P 3S9, Canada

³ Vandeholm Farms Ltd., 560 Emily St. R.R.#1, St. Marys, ON N4X 1C4, Canada

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020373 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7468

Abstract

Eliminating regular tillage practices in agriculture has numerous ecological benefits that correspond to the intentions of organic agriculture; yet, more tillage is conducted in organic agriculture than in conventional agriculture. Organic systems face more management challenges to avoid tillage. This paper identifies factors [...] Read more.

Eliminating regular tillage practices in agriculture has numerous ecological benefits that correspond to the intentions of organic agriculture; yet, more tillage is conducted in organic agriculture than in conventional agriculture. Organic systems face more management challenges to avoid tillage. This paper identifies factors to consider when implementing no-till practices particularly in organic agronomic and vegetable crop agriculture and describes techniques to address these factors. In some cases, future research is recommended to effectively address the current limitations. The format includes a literature review of organic no-till (OrgNT) research and two case studies of Ontario organic farmers that highlight no-till challenges and practices to overcome these challenges. Cover crops require significant consideration because they are the alternative to herbicides and fertilizers to manage weeds and provide nutrients in the OrgNT system. Equipment requirements have also proven to be unique in OrgNT systems. In the future, it is recommended that researchers involve organic farmers closely in studies on no-till implementation, so that the farmers’ concerns are effectively addressed, and research is guided by possibilities recognized by the practitioners. Full article

19 pages, 4899 KiB

Open AccessReview

Worldwide Research on Plant Defense against Biotic Stresses as Improvement for Sustainable Agriculture

by Estela Gimenez¹

, Maria Salinas² and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro^1,3,*

¹ Central Research Services, University of Almeria, Crta, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain

² Biology and Geology Department, University of Almeria, Crta, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain

³ Engineering Department, University of Almeria, Crta, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almeria, Spain

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020391 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 131 | Viewed by 11348

Abstract

Agriculture is the basis for food production on a global scale. Sustainable agriculture tries to improve or maintain the quality of food without compromising the environment. As sessile organisms, plants cannot avoid adverse environmental conditions and contact with other living organisms. The damage [...] Read more.

Agriculture is the basis for food production on a global scale. Sustainable agriculture tries to improve or maintain the quality of food without compromising the environment. As sessile organisms, plants cannot avoid adverse environmental conditions and contact with other living organisms. The damage caused to plants by other living organisms such as parasites and pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, nematodes or insects) brings about what is known as biotic stress. Plants are constantly exposed to biotic stress, which causes changes in plant metabolism involving physiological damages that lead to a reduction of their productivity. To fight biotic stress, plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms. Thus, understanding plant defense mechanisms might prevent important crop and economic losses. In this article, a bibliometric analysis of biotic stress is carried out. Different aspects of the publications are analyzed, such as publication type, research field, journal type, countries and their institutions, as well as the keyword occurrence frequency, and finally special attention is paid to the plant studied by the leading countries and institutions. As expected, journals selected by authors to publish their relevant findings are plant-specific journals. However, it should be noted that the fourth position, in terms of the number of publications per journal, is occupied by BMC Genomics journal. Such a journal considers mainly articles on genomics, which indicates the involvement of genetic factors in the control of biotic stress. Analysis of the keywords used in publications about biotic stress shows the great interest in the biotic–abiotic stress interaction, in the gene expression regulation in plants as well as phytohormones in the current research. In short, the great effort made by the scientific community in the biotic and abiotic stresses field with the aim to understand, regulate and control plant damages caused by biotic stress agents will help in the development of sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology: Principles and Application for Efficient and Sustainable Agricultural Production)

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16 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessReview

Life Cycle Assessment Application to the Wine Sector: A Critical Review

by Carmen Ferrara and Giovanni De Feo^*

Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Sa), Italy

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020395 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 10838

Abstract

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool that allows evaluation of the environmental performances of a product, service or process considering the whole life cycle or a part of it. In the wine sector, the application of LCA has grown significantly in [...] Read more.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool that allows evaluation of the environmental performances of a product, service or process considering the whole life cycle or a part of it. In the wine sector, the application of LCA has grown significantly in recent years and several studies have been carried out about this topic that are similar to other research fields. Nowadays, LCA is an important and acknowledged environmental assessment tool but its application to the wine sector is still in a developing phase. For this reason, the present study proposes a critical review of papers dealing with both the wine sector and LCA. The critical review points out that the main wine hotspots are the viticulture phase (mainly due to fuel, fertilizer and pesticides consumption) and the wine primary packaging production (due to glass bottles). Furthermore, the papers taken into consideration have a wide variability in the system boundaries definition as well as a shortage of availability of original and site-specific inventory data. Such key factors are sensitive aspects that have a huge influence on the results of a study and they are also affected by a wide variability: these issues need further scientific contribution through future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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26 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessReview

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Adoption of Best Management Practices: A Review and Synthesis

by Tingting Liu^1,*

, Randall J. F. Bruins² and Matthew T. Heberling³

¹ National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0988, USA

² Ecosystems Integrity Branch, Systems Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA

³ Watershed Management Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020432 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 281 | Viewed by 26178

Abstract

Best management practices (BMPs) for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution are widely available. However, agriculture remains a major global contributor to degradation of waters because farmers often do not adopt BMPs. To improve water quality, it is necessary to understand the factors that [...] Read more.

Best management practices (BMPs) for reducing agricultural non-point source pollution are widely available. However, agriculture remains a major global contributor to degradation of waters because farmers often do not adopt BMPs. To improve water quality, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence BMP adoption by farmers. We review the findings of BMP adoption studies from both developed and developing countries, published after (or otherwise not included in) two major literature reviews from 2007 and 2008. We summarize the study locations, scales, and BMPs studied; the analytical methods used; the factors evaluated; and the directionality of each factor’s influence on BMP adoption. We then present a conceptual framework for BMP adoption decisions that emphasizes the importance of scale, the tailoring or targeting of information and incentives, and the importance of expected farm profits. We suggest that future research directions should focus on study scale, on measuring and modeling of adoption as a continuous process, and on incorporation of social norms and uncertainty into decision-making. More research is needed on uses of social media and market recognition approaches (such as certificate schemes and consumer labeling) to influence BMP adoption. Full article

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30 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in All Types of Fuel Cells Based on a Computational Method

by Takaya Ogawa^1,*,†, Mizutomo Takeuchi² and Yuya Kajikawa²

¹ SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

² Department of Technology and Innovation Management, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 108–0023, Japan

^† Present address: Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020458 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7190

Abstract

Fuel cells have been attracting significant attention recently as highly efficient and eco-friendly energy generators. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed all types of fuel cells using computational analysis based on a citation network that detects emerging technologies objectively and provides interdisciplinary data to [...] Read more.

Fuel cells have been attracting significant attention recently as highly efficient and eco-friendly energy generators. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed all types of fuel cells using computational analysis based on a citation network that detects emerging technologies objectively and provides interdisciplinary data to compare trends. This comparison shows that the technologies of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrolytes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are at the mature stage, whereas those of biofuel cells (BFCs) and catalysts in PEFCs are currently garnering attention. It does not mean, however, that the challenges of SOFCs and PEFC electrolytes have been overcome. SOFCs need to be operated at lower temperatures, approximately 500 °C. Electrolytes in PEFCs still suffer from a severe decrease in proton conductivity at low relative humidity and from their high cost. Catalysts in PEFCs are becoming attractive as means to reduce the platinum catalyst cost. The emerging technologies in PEFC catalysts are mainly heteroatom-doped graphene/carbon nanotubes for metal-free catalysts and supports for iron- or cobalt-based catalysts. BFCs have also received attention for wastewater treatment and as miniaturized energy sources. Of particular interest in BFCs are membrane reactors in microbial fuel cells and membrane-less enzymatic biofuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Economy: Technology and Social Issue)

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24 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in Water Electrolysis Research Based on a Computational Method: A Comparison with Fuel Cell Research

by Takaya Ogawa^1,*,†, Mizutomo Takeuchi² and Yuya Kajikawa²

¹ SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

² Department of Technology and Innovation Management, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan, [email protected] (M.T.)

^† Current address: Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020478 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 11458

Abstract

Water electrolysis for hydrogen production has received increasing attention, especially for accumulating renewable energy. Here, we comprehensively reviewed all water electrolysis research areas through computational analysis, using a citation network to objectively detect emerging technologies and provide interdisciplinary data for forecasting trends. The [...] Read more.

Water electrolysis for hydrogen production has received increasing attention, especially for accumulating renewable energy. Here, we comprehensively reviewed all water electrolysis research areas through computational analysis, using a citation network to objectively detect emerging technologies and provide interdisciplinary data for forecasting trends. The results show that all research areas increase their publication counts per year, and the following two areas are particularly increasing in terms of number of publications: “microbial electrolysis” and “catalysts in an alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE) and in a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer (PEME).”. Other research areas, such as AWE and PEME systems, solid oxide electrolysis, and the whole renewable energy system, have recently received several review papers, although papers that focus on specific technologies and are cited frequently have not been published within the citation network. This indicates that these areas receive attention, but there are no novel technologies that are the center of the citation network. Emerging technologies detected within these research areas are presented in this review. Furthermore, a comparison with fuel cell research is conducted because water electrolysis is the reverse reaction to fuel cells, and similar technologies are employed in both areas. Technologies that are not transferred between fuel cells and water electrolysis are introduced, and future water electrolysis trends are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Economy: Technology and Social Issue)

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22 pages, 3128 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Is the Optimal and Sustainable Lifetime of a Mine?

by Friedrich-Wilhelm Wellmer^1,*,†

and Roland W. Scholz^2,3,4

¹ Formerly Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany

² Department of Knowledge Management and Communication, Faculty of Business and Globalization, Danube University, 3500 Krems, Austria

³ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8096 Zurich, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Physical Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

^† Private address: Neue Sachlichkeit 32, D-30655 Hannover, Germany.

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020480 - 11 Feb 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5930

Abstract

The first stage of the circular economy, mining, is examined from the perspective of sustainability. The authors discuss how to maximize the use of phosphate rock, a primary commodity. To attract investment capital in a market economy system, a mine has to operate [...] Read more.

The first stage of the circular economy, mining, is examined from the perspective of sustainability. The authors discuss how to maximize the use of phosphate rock, a primary commodity. To attract investment capital in a market economy system, a mine has to operate profitably, i.e., its lifetime must be optimized under economic conditions, for example, according to Taylor’s Rule. From a sustainability perspective, however, the lifetime should extend as long as possible and the grades mined be as low as possible. The authors examine methods for optimizing a mine’s lifetime under economic conditions according to practical experience and learning effects to optimize exploration and exploitation. With the condition of sustainability, a recently developed concept of cut-off grade for a layered phosphate deposit is examined and considerations for prolonging a mine’s lifetime are discussed. As there are big losses from the current and potential future value chains above and below the current cut-off grade, we argue that the losses and use efficiency of phosphorus are key parts of a circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphorus Circular Economy: Closing Loops through Sustainable Innovation)

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25 pages, 1071 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Sustainability Practices on Corporate Financial Performance: Literature Trends and Future Research Potential

by Ali Alshehhi^1,*, Haitham Nobanee¹ and Nilesh Khare²

¹ College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, P.O. Box 59911, Abu Dhabi, UAE

² Jagran Lakecity Business School, Jagran Lakecity University, Bhopal 462044, India

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020494 - 13 Feb 2018

Cited by 274 | Viewed by 60973

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of the literature concerning the impact of corporate sustainability on corporate financial performance. The relationship between corporate sustainable practices and financial performance has received growing attention in research, yet a consensus remains elusive. This paper identifies developing trends [...] Read more.

This paper presents an analysis of the literature concerning the impact of corporate sustainability on corporate financial performance. The relationship between corporate sustainable practices and financial performance has received growing attention in research, yet a consensus remains elusive. This paper identifies developing trends and the issues that hinder conclusive consensus on that relationship. We used content analysis to examine the literature and establish the current state of research. A total of 132 papers from top-tier journals are shortlisted. We find that 78% of publications report a positive relationship between corporate sustainability and financial performance. Variations in research methodology and measurement of variables lead to the divergent views on the relationship. Furthermore, literature is slowly replacing total sustainability with narrower corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is dominated by the social dimension of sustainability, while encompassing little to nothing of environmental and economic dimensions. Studies from developing countries remain scarce. More research is needed to facilitate convergence in the understanding of the relationship between corporate sustainable practices and financial performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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24 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Sustainability of Concrete in Sewer Tunnel—A Narrative Review of Acid Corrosion in the City of Edmonton, Canada

by Linping Wu¹, Chaoshi Hu² and Wei Victor Liu^1,*

¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada

² Utility Planning & Design, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB T5M 3B8, Canada

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020517 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 12036

Abstract

This paper is intended to conduct a narrative review on the acid corrosion of sewer tunnel concrete in the City of Edmonton—an investigation on the MIC (microbially induced corrosion) mechanism and the potential control methods to improve the sustainability of concrete. Firstly, three [...] Read more.

This paper is intended to conduct a narrative review on the acid corrosion of sewer tunnel concrete in the City of Edmonton—an investigation on the MIC (microbially induced corrosion) mechanism and the potential control methods to improve the sustainability of concrete. Firstly, three categories of main influencing factors were identified for the rate of MIC: hydraulic parameters, environmental factors, and concrete mixture design. Secondly, it is found that the sewer tunnel design plays an essential role in the control of the MIC. Building on that, a review was conducted on eight municipal drainage design standards in consideration of the MIC, indicating a lack of design standards of the flow velocity and pipe material. Finally, an investigation was done for cement-based rehabilitating techniques and materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Civil Engineering: from Sustainable Materials to Sustainable Cities)

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13 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessReview

Milk Protein Polymorphism Characterization: a Modern Tool for Sustainable Conservation of Endangered Romanian Cattle Breeds in the Context of Traditional Breeding

by Andrei Cristian Grădinaru¹

, Ioan Valentin Petrescu-Mag^2,3,*, Firuţa Camelia Oroian², Claudia Balint² and Ion Oltean²

¹ Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, 3 Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu, 700490 Iași, Romania

² Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Calea Mănăștur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

³ Doctoral School of Engineering, University of Oradea, 1 Universităţii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020534 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5594

Abstract

The paper aims to review literature data with respect to Romanian native cattle breeds which are considered at risk of extinction. In the last decades, the number of individuals of Romanian indigenous cows decreased significantly, as a consequence of the intensification and specialization [...] Read more.

The paper aims to review literature data with respect to Romanian native cattle breeds which are considered at risk of extinction. In the last decades, the number of individuals of Romanian indigenous cows decreased significantly, as a consequence of the intensification and specialization of animal productions and agriculture modernization. Some of the native cattle breeds are already lost, due to their crossing with improved breeds. However, after the accession of Romania to the European Union, various preservation programs were initiated, and most of them included biochemical research and studies of molecular or quantitative genetics. All these, associated with the application of reproduction biotechnologies, give a chance to these animals, which are extremely valuable in terms of their genetic resistance to diseases and environmental factors. The reviewed literature on Romanian indigenous endangered cattle breeds confirms that these animals are carriers of a valuable gene pool, which can be kept and bred while applying different reproductive biotechnologies. Consequently, this paper raises awareness on two issues: the decrease of genetic diversity in two Romanian native cow breeds threatened with extinction (Grey Steppe and Romanian Pinzgauer); and the benefits of genetic diversity of the two breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In the Quest of Sustainability: Responses for Ecological and Social-Economic Systems in Front of Risks and Disasters)

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17 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessReview

Life Cycle Sustainability Evaluations of Bio-based Value Chains: Reviewing the Indicators from a Swedish Perspective

by Michael Martin^1,*

, Frida Røyne², Tomas Ekvall^1,3 and Åsa Moberg¹

¹ IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 210 60, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden

² RISE-Research Institutes of Sweden, Eklandagatan 86, 412 61 Gothenburg, Sweden

³ Department of Technology Management and Economics, Division of Environmental Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Vera Sandbergs Allé 8, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020547 - 20 Feb 2018

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 6419

Abstract

Policymakers worldwide are promoting the use of bio-based products as part of sustainable development. Nonetheless, there are concerns that the bio-based economy may undermine the sustainability of the transition, e.g., from the overexploitation of biomass resources and indirect impacts of land use. Adequate [...] Read more.

Policymakers worldwide are promoting the use of bio-based products as part of sustainable development. Nonetheless, there are concerns that the bio-based economy may undermine the sustainability of the transition, e.g., from the overexploitation of biomass resources and indirect impacts of land use. Adequate assessment methods with a broad systems perspective are thus required in order to ensure a transition to a sustainable, bio-based economy. We review the scientifically published life cycle studies of bio-based products in order to investigate the extent to which they include important sustainability indicators. To define which indicators are important, we refer to established frameworks for sustainability assessment, and include an Open Space workshop with academics and industrial experts. The results suggest that there is a discrepancy between the indicators that we found to be important, and the indicators that are frequently included in the studies. This indicates a need for the development and dissemination of improved methods in order to model several important environmental impacts, such as: water depletion, indirect land use change, and impacts on ecosystem quality and biological diversity. The small number of published social life cycle assessments (SLCAs) and life cycle sustainability assessments (LCSAs) indicate that these are still immature tools; as such, there is a need for improved methods and more case studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Transition Towards a Bio-Based Economy: New Technologies, New Products, New Policies)

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14 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Silver Buckshot or Bullet: Is a Future “Energy Mix” Necessary?

by Barry W. Brook^1,*

, Tom Blees², Tom M. L. Wigley^3,4 and Sanghyun Hong¹

¹ Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart 7001, Australia

² Science Council for Global Initiatives, North Fort Myers, FL 33903, USA

³ National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA

⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020302 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 13735

Abstract

To displace fossil fuels and achieve the global greenhouse-gas emissions reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change, the prevalent argument is that a mix of different low-carbon energy sources will need to be deployed. Here we seek to challenge that [...] Read more.

To displace fossil fuels and achieve the global greenhouse-gas emissions reductions required to meet the Paris Agreement on climate change, the prevalent argument is that a mix of different low-carbon energy sources will need to be deployed. Here we seek to challenge that viewpoint. We argue that a completely decarbonized, energy-rich and sustainable future could be achieved with a dominant deployment of next-generation nuclear fission and associated technologies for synthesizing liquid fuels and recycling waste. By contrast, non-dispatchable energy sources like wind and solar energy are arguably superfluous, other than for niche applications, and run the risk of diverting resources away from viable and holistic solutions. For instance, the pairing of variable renewables with natural-gas backup fails to address many of the entrenched problems we seek to solve. Our conclusion is that, given the urgent time frame and massive extent of the energy-replacement challenge, half-measures that distract from or stymie effective policy and infrastructure investment should be avoided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Waste Management and Sustainability of Nuclear Systems)

24 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Tourism Diversification and Its Implications for Smart Specialisation

by Adi Weidenfeld

School of Marketing and Management, Faculty of Business and Law, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020319 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 78 | Viewed by 21453

Abstract

The complex nature of tourism, its strong inter-sectoral relationships and regional dimension challenge innovation. The advent of smart specialisation, which focuses on regional diversification across sectors, offers considerable and hitherto largely unrealized potential for developing innovative tourism policies within this new agenda. This [...] Read more.

The complex nature of tourism, its strong inter-sectoral relationships and regional dimension challenge innovation. The advent of smart specialisation, which focuses on regional diversification across sectors, offers considerable and hitherto largely unrealized potential for developing innovative tourism policies within this new agenda. This paper addresses the understudied concept of tourism diversification and its unrealized relevance to smart specialisation, which has emerged as a mainstream logic underpinning EU Cohesion Policy reforms and has diffused into other OECD countries. It provides a theoretical framework for studying product, market, sectoral and regional diversification as well as related variety in tourism. Some policy implications for realizing tourism diversification and for the potential role of tourism in smart specialisation strategies in particular are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism, Rural Development and Rural Resilience)

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21 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

Towards Homo Digitalis: Important Research Issues for Psychology and the Neurosciences at the Dawn of the Internet of Things and the Digital Society

by Christian Montag^1,2,*

and Sarah Diefenbach³

¹ Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany

² Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China

³ Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020415 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 17593

Abstract

The present article gives an overview on central challenges humans face at the dawn of complex digital societies and the Internet of Things (IoT), i.e., a world completely connected to the Internet. Among the many challenges to be handled in digital societies is [...] Read more.

The present article gives an overview on central challenges humans face at the dawn of complex digital societies and the Internet of Things (IoT), i.e., a world completely connected to the Internet. Among the many challenges to be handled in digital societies is a growing fragmented life style leading to loss of productivity as well as moments for self-reflection. In all this, it is of tremendous importance to understand the impact of digital worlds on our brains and psyches and to reveal possible unintended side-effects of technology use. Does human nature change due to constant interactions with virtual realities? In this context, we also face the challenge to design digital worlds according to our mammalian-emotional heritage deeply anchored in subcortical areas of the human brain. Here, we refer to emotional needs as carved out by Panksepp’s Affective Neuroscience Theory and how they can or cannot be fulfilled in digital worlds. Aside from a review of several key studies dealing with the raised challenges, some first solutions to successfully meet the mentioned problems are provided to achieve sustainable and healthy digital worlds, with whom humans can interact carefree on a daily basis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Digital Environment)

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15 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Land Use and Cover Change during the Rapid Economic Growth Period from 1990 to 2010: A Case Study of Shanghai

by Ge Shi^1,2,3

, Nan Jiang^1,2,3,* and Lianqiu Yao^1,2,3

¹ Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China

² Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210046, China

³ School of Geographic Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020426 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 87 | Viewed by 6413

Abstract

China has experienced a period of rapid economic growth during the past few decades especially in Shanghai. The rapid urbanization has caused great change for land use and cover change (LUCC), which is a prominent feature of global change. This paper focuses on [...] Read more.

China has experienced a period of rapid economic growth during the past few decades especially in Shanghai. The rapid urbanization has caused great change for land use and cover change (LUCC), which is a prominent feature of global change. This paper focuses on land use history and the driving forces of LUCC in Shanghai from 1990 to 2010. We evaluated the LUCC of Shanghai based on three period Landsat images using the land use transition matrix model, the land use dynamic degree model, and the land use degree model. Then we analyzed the potential driving forces from different dimensions. The results show that the most obvious pattern of LUCC is the increase of built-up area and the decrease of arable land. The land use change dynamic from 2000 to 2010 is much greater than that from 1990 to 2010. The main driving forces of LUCC are human activity and social economic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Planning for Urban Health and Sustainability)

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8 pages, 488 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Governance Strategies for a Sustainable Digital World

by Igor Linkov^1,*, Benjamin D. Trump¹, Kelsey Poinsatte-Jones¹ and Marie-Valentine Florin²

¹ US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 696 Virginia Road, Concord, MA 01742, USA

² Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, IRGC, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020440 - 8 Feb 2018

Cited by 126 | Viewed by 24680

Abstract

Digitalization is changing society by the increased connectivity and networking that digital technologies enable, such as enhancing communication, services, and trade. Increasingly, policymakers within various national governments and international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [...] Read more.

Digitalization is changing society by the increased connectivity and networking that digital technologies enable, such as enhancing communication, services, and trade. Increasingly, policymakers within various national governments and international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are examining the original sustainability policy concepts applied within the Brundtland Report of 1987 through the lens of digitalization. While the growth of a digital economy may increase productivity and benefit local and global economies, digitalization also raises potential sustainability challenges pertaining to social (i.e., the benefits or costs imposed by disruptive digital technologies upon social networks and ways of life, including threats to economic sustainability and the rise of economic disparity) and environmental wellbeing (i.e., natural resource stewardship and concern for future generations) driven by the automation of information processing and delivery of services. Various perspectives have been raised regarding how the process of digitalization might be governed, and national governments remain at odds regarding a single best strategy to promote sustainable digitalization using the Brundtland concept to meet the development needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations (i.e., social and environmental well-being). This paper reviews three governance strategies that countries can use in conjunction with adaptive governance to respond to digitalization sustainability threats: (i) a laissez-faire, industry-driven approach; (ii) a precautionary and preemptive strategy on the part of government; and (iii) a stewardship and “active surveillance” approach by government agencies that reduce the risks derived from digitalization while promoting private sector innovation. Regardless of a state’s digital governance response and how it is shaped by political and institutional realities, adaptive governance approaches are likely necessary to address the economic and social sustainability challenges posed within differing manifestations of digitalization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Digital Environment)

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10 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Accelerated Window Work Method Using Vertical Formwork for Tall Residential Building Construction

by Taehoon Kim¹, Hyunsu Lim^2,*, Chang-Won Kim², Dongmin Lee¹, Hunhee Cho¹ and Kyung-In Kang¹

¹ School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea

² BK21 Innovative Leaders for Creating Future Value in Civil Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020456 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5759

Abstract

In tall residential building construction, there is a process gap between the window work and the structural work. This process gap extends the total period of the project and increases its cost. In addition, as this process gap increases external exposure to noise [...] Read more.

In tall residential building construction, there is a process gap between the window work and the structural work. This process gap extends the total period of the project and increases its cost. In addition, as this process gap increases external exposure to noise and dust, it negatively affects the environment of a site and often causes civil complaints. This paper introduces a new window work process called the accelerated window work (AWW) method, which minimizes the process gap and can reduce construction cost and duration and the number of civil complaints. We provide technical details and management elements of the AWW method with a case study that demonstrates the reductions in construction costs and duration compared with the conventional method. This work contributes to the body of knowledge in window work in tall buildings by introducing and validating a new window work method and process. The proposed method will be useful for practitioners who are under short-term constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction Engineering)

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14 pages, 2790 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Developing Socio-Techno-Economic-Political (STEP) Solutions for Addressing Resource Nexus Hotspots

by Bassel Daher^1,2

, Rabi H. Mohtar^1,3,4,*, Efstratios N. Pistikopoulos⁵, Kent E. Portney⁶, Ronald Kaiser² and Walid Saad⁷

¹ Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

² Water Management and Hydrologic Sciences Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

³ Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

⁴ Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon

⁵ Texas A&M Energy Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

⁶ The Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

⁷ The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020512 - 14 Feb 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8165

Abstract

The challenge of meeting increasing water, energy, and food needs is linked not only to growing demands globally, but also to the growing interdependency between these interconnected resource systems. Pressures on these systems will emerge to become hotspots with different characteristics, and will [...] Read more.

The challenge of meeting increasing water, energy, and food needs is linked not only to growing demands globally, but also to the growing interdependency between these interconnected resource systems. Pressures on these systems will emerge to become hotspots with different characteristics, and will require a fresh look at the challenges existing both within each of the resource systems and at their respective interfaces. Proposing solutions to address different resource hotspots must be multi-faceted and need to acknowledge the multiple dimensions of the biophysical water, energy, and food systems, and the players connected with them. This commentary first explores the multiple dimensions of water, energy, and food systems as these relate to government, business, and society. It then identifies contemporary critical questions at the interface of these stressed resource systems. A 3-Filter framework is then introduced for vetting the feasibility of proposed resource allocation scenarios and to account for the bio-physical resource interactions and trade-offs, the stakeholder interactions and trade-offs, and to address governance and financing schemes for carrying forward the implementation of those scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical issues on Agri-food System Management: Addressing Complexity in Present and Future Challenges)

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11 pages, 12648 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Investing in Natural and Nature-Based Infrastructure: Building Better Along Our Coasts

by Ariana E. Sutton-Grier^1,2,*

, Rachel K. Gittman^3,*

, Katie K. Arkema⁴, Richard O. Bennett⁵, Jeff Benoit⁶, Seth Blitch⁷, Kelly A. Burks-Copes⁸, Allison Colden⁹

, Alyssa Dausman¹⁰, Bryan M. DeAngelis¹¹, A. Randall Hughes¹²

, Steven B. Scyphers¹² and Jonathan H. Grabowski¹²

¹ The Nature Conservancy, MD/DC Chapter, 425 Barlow Place, Suite 100A, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA

² Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA

³ Department of Biology and Institute for Coastal Science & Policy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA

⁴ Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, C/O School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

⁵ United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035, USA

⁶ Restore America’s Estuaries, 2300 Clarendon Blvd, #603, Arlington, VA 22201, USA

⁷ The Nature Conservancy, 721 Government St., Suite 200, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA

⁸ United States Army Corps of Engineers Regional Planning & Environmental Center, Southwestern Division, 2000 Fort Point Road, Galveston, TX 77550, USA

⁹ Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 6 Herndon Ave., Annapolis, MD 21403, USA

¹⁰ The Water Institute of the Gulf, One American Place, 301 N. Main Street, Suite 2000, Baton Rouge, LA 70825, USA

¹¹ The Nature Conservancy, URI Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA

¹² Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA 01908, USA

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Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020523 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 16174

Abstract

Much of the United States’ critical infrastructure is either aging or requires significant repair, leaving U.S. communities and the economy vulnerable. Outdated and dilapidated infrastructure places coastal communities, in particular, at risk from the increasingly frequent and intense coastal storm events and rising [...] Read more.

Much of the United States’ critical infrastructure is either aging or requires significant repair, leaving U.S. communities and the economy vulnerable. Outdated and dilapidated infrastructure places coastal communities, in particular, at risk from the increasingly frequent and intense coastal storm events and rising sea levels. Therefore, investments in coastal infrastructure are urgently needed to ensure community safety and prosperity; however, these investments should not jeopardize the ecosystems and natural resources that underlie economic wealth and human well-being. Over the past 50 years, efforts have been made to integrate built infrastructure with natural landscape features, often termed “green” infrastructure, in order to sustain and restore valuable ecosystem functions and services. For example, significant advances have been made in implementing green infrastructure approaches for stormwater management, wastewater treatment, and drinking water conservation and delivery. However, the implementation of natural and nature-based infrastructure (NNBI) aimed at flood prevention and coastal erosion protection is lagging. There is an opportunity now, as the U.S. government reacts to the recent, unprecedented flooding and hurricane damage and considers greater infrastructure investments, to incorporate NNBI into coastal infrastructure projects. Doing so will increase resilience and provide critical services to local communities in a cost-effective manner and thereby help to sustain a growing economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social-Ecological Restoration for Coastal Sustainability)

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23 pages, 6677 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Engineering Perspectives and Environmental Life Cycle Optimization to Enhance Aggregate Mining in Vietnam

by Petra Schneider^1,*

, Klaus-Dieter Oswald², Wolfgang Riedel², Andreas Meyer¹, Georg Schiller³, Tamara Bimesmeier³

, Viet Anh Pham Thi⁴ and Long Nguyen Khac⁵

¹ Department for Water, Environment, Civil Engineering and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Breitscheidstraße 2, D-39114 Magdeburg, Germany

² C&E Consulting and Engineering GmbH, Jagdschänkenstrasse 52, D-09117 Chemnitz, Germany

³ Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, Germany

⁴ Department of Environmental Management, The Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam

⁵ Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Hoa Binh Province, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hoa Binh Province, 350000 Hoa Binh City, Vietnam

Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020525 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6023

Abstract

Cleaner Production (CP) addresses precautionary, site-specific environmental measures to reduce emissions and assess resource efficiency potentials at the point of origin by analyzing operational material and energy flows. The approach is generally based on the criteria quality as well as environmental/occupational health and [...] Read more.

Cleaner Production (CP) addresses precautionary, site-specific environmental measures to reduce emissions and assess resource efficiency potentials at the point of origin by analyzing operational material and energy flows. The approach is generally based on the criteria quality as well as environmental/occupational health and safety, and promotes their integration. The paper presents options for applying CP to aggregate mining, based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and illustrated by results from a study of small-scale industrial aggregate mining in Hoa Binh Province (Vietnam). The regulatory framework to limit the impact of mining on the environment is largely comparable to international standards and is suitably enforced. Despite gaining experience through the practical handling of enforcement procedures over the long term, there is still a considerable potential to optimize CP strategies in Vietnam’s aggregate mining industry. This is shown by the results of a survey of aggregates mining companies in Hoa Binh Province as well as on-site data collection to determine the technological characteristics of production facilities alongside economic and environmental factors. The assessment of the survey is supported by LCA results for: (a) the existing situation; and (b) the scenario of a merging of companies, undertaken to improve the resource efficiency of the aggregate mining in Hoa Binh. Findings can help implement an integrated approach to foster the sustainable mining of building aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in the Mining, Minerals and Energy Industries)

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21 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Maristem—Stem Cells of Marine/Aquatic Invertebrates: From Basic Research to Innovative Applications

by Loriano Ballarin^1,*

, Baruch Rinkevich²

, Kerstin Bartscherer³, Artur Burzynski⁴

, Sebastien Cambier⁵, Matteo Cammarata⁶, Isabelle Domart-Coulon⁷, Damjana Drobne⁸

, Juanma Encinas⁹

, Uri Frank¹⁰, Anne-Marie Geneviere¹¹, Bert Hobmayer¹², Helike Löhelaid¹³, Daniel Lyons¹⁴

, Pedro Martinez¹⁵

, Paola Oliveri¹⁶, Lorena Peric¹⁷, Stefano Piraino¹⁸

, Andreja Ramšak¹⁹, Sebastian Rakers²⁰

, Fabian Rentzsch²¹, Amalia Rosner²², Tiago Henriques Da Silva²³

, Ildiko Somorjai²⁴

, Sherif Suleiman²⁵ and Ana Varela Coelho²⁶

Show full author list Hide full author list

¹ Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B 35100 Padova, Italy

² Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, PO Box 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel

³ Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, and Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany

⁴ Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland

⁵ Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

⁶ Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy

⁷ Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, MCAM Laboratory (UMR 7245CNRS-MNHN) 75005 Paris, France

⁸ Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

⁹ Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, Sede Building, Barrio Sarriena, E-48940 Leioa, and Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science. María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013 Bilbo, Spain

¹⁰ Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

¹¹ Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique, F-66650 Banyuls/Mer, France

¹² Institut für Zoologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 50, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria

¹³ Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia

¹⁴ Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia

¹⁵ Departament de Genetica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028-Barcelona, Spain and Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), 08010-Barcelona, Spain

¹⁶ GEE & CDB Departments, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

¹⁷ Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Aquaculture and Pathology of Aquaculture Organisms, Bijenicka cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia

¹⁸ Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy

¹⁹ National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia

²⁰ Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Mönkhofer Weg 239a, 23562 Lübeck, Germany

²¹ Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, N-5006 Bergen, Norway

²² Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, PO Box 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel

²³ Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal

²⁴ Scottish Oceans Insitute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, KY16 8LB and School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK

²⁵ Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Msida MSD2080, Malta

²⁶ Universitade Nova de Lisboa, ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal

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Sustainability 2018, 10(2), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020526 - 15 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8349

Abstract

The “stem cells” discipline represents one of the most dynamic areas in biomedicine. While adult marine/aquatic invertebrate stem cell (MISC) biology is of prime research and medical interest, studies on stem cells from organisms outside the classical vertebrate (e.g., human, mouse, and zebrafish) [...] Read more.

The “stem cells” discipline represents one of the most dynamic areas in biomedicine. While adult marine/aquatic invertebrate stem cell (MISC) biology is of prime research and medical interest, studies on stem cells from organisms outside the classical vertebrate (e.g., human, mouse, and zebrafish) and invertebrate (e.g., Drosophila, Caenorhabditis) models have not been pursued vigorously. Marine/aquatic invertebrates constitute the largest biodiversity and the widest phylogenetic radiation on Earth, from morphologically simple organisms (e.g., sponges, cnidarians), to the more complex mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and protochordates. These organisms contain a kaleidoscope of MISC-types that allow the production of a large number of novel bioactive-molecules, many of which are of significant potential interest for human health. MISCs further participate in aging and regeneration phenomena, including whole-body regeneration. For years, the European MISC-community has been highly fragmented and has established scarce ties with biomedical industries in an attempt to harness MISCs for human welfare. Thus, it is important to (i) consolidate the European community of researchers working on MISCs; (ii) promote and coordinate European research on MISC biology; (iii) stimulate young researchers to embark on research in MISC-biology; (iv) develop, validate, and share novel MISC tools and methodologies; (v) establish the MISC discipline as a forefront interest of biomedical disciplines, including nanobiomedicine; and (vi) establish collaborations with industries to exploit MISCs as sources of bioactive molecules. In order to fill the recognized gaps, the EC-COST Action 16203 “MARISTEM” has recently been launched. At its initial stage, the consortium unites 26 scientists from EC countries, Cooperating countries, and Near Neighbor Countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Marine Invertebrates Stem Cells for Science, Industry and Biodiversity)

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