Comprehensive Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in All Types of Fuel Cells Based on a Computational Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Main Research Areas and a Brief Explanation of Each Cluster
3.1. Brief Explanation of SOFCs
3.2. Brief Explanation of PEFC Electrolytes
3.3. Brief Explanation of PEFC Catalysts
3.4. Brief Explanation of Derivatives of PEFCs
3.5. Brief Explanation of BFCs
4. Trends and Hot Research Topics: SOFCs
4.1. Perspectives on SOFCs
4.1.1. Cluster I-A: Oxygen Reduction on Cathode
4.1.2. Cluster I-B: Oxide Ion Conducting Oxide
4.1.3. Cluster I-C: Fuel Oxidation on Anode
4.1.4. Cluster I-D: Anode Tolerance
4.1.5. Cluster I-E: Proton Conducting Oxide
4.2. The Practical SOFC System
4.3. Emerging SOFC Technologies
5. Trends and Hot Research Topics: PEFC Electrolytes
5.1. Perspectives on PEFC Electrolytes
5.1.1. Cluster II-A: Organic/Inorganic Composites
5.1.2. Cluster II-B: Sulfonated Hydrocarbon-Based Polymers
5.1.3. Cluster II-C: SAFCs
5.1.4. Cluster II-D: Nano-Structure of Nafion
5.1.5. Cluster II-E: Phosphoric Acid-Doped Polybenzimidazole Membranes
5.2. The Practical PEFC System
5.3. Emerging Research Topics Related to PEFC Electrolytes
6. Trends and Hot Research Topics: PEFC Catalysts
6.1. Perspectives on PEFC Catalysts
6.1.1. Cluster III-A: Alcohol (Typically Methanol) Oxidation on Anodes
6.1.2. Cluster III-B: Oxygen Reduction on Cathodes
6.1.3. Cluster III-C: Other Fuel Oxidation besides Alcohol on Anodes
6.2. Emerging Research Topics Related to PEFC Catalysts
7. Trends and Hot Research Topics: BFCs
7.1. Perspectives on BFCs
7.1.1. Cluster IV-A: DET in Anodes for MFCs
7.1.2. Cluster IV-B: Overall System and Other Components of MFCs
7.1.3. Cluster IV-C: EBFCs
7.2. Emerging Research Topics Related to BFCs
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SOFCs | PEFCs | BFCs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PEFC Electrolytes | PEFC Catalysts | |||
Publication count | 28,233 | 27,019 | 18,418 | 7507 |
Average publication year | 2009.0 | 2009.9 | 2010.8 | 2012.4 |
Operation conditions | 800–1000 °C | 60–80 °C | MFC: 20–60 °C EBFC: 20–40 °C | |
Conducting ion | O2− (or H+) | H+ (or OH−) | H+ | |
Energy efficiency [19] | 55–65% (85% with cogeneration) | 40–60% | MFC: 15–65% EBFC: 30% | |
Advantages | No requirement of precious metal for catalysts, small number of components (low cost), high energy efficiency, high exergy of waste heat | Quick start and stop, moderate operation condition, small size | Broad fuel selection, moderate operation temperature (around human body temperature), no requirement of precious metals for catalysts, small size | |
Disadvantages | Slow start and stop, high cost for interconnection materials | High cost of platinum for catalysts, low ion conductivity of electrolytes at low humidity condition, requirement of highly purified hydrogen gas | Low durability, low current density | |
Application | Distributed energy generator | Portable power source (automobile, laptop, etc.) | Purification of wastewater with power production, intravital energy source (a cardiac pacemaker, etc.) |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
I-A | Oxygen reduction on cathode | 4541 | 2010.1 |
I-B | Oxide ion conducting oxide | 2705 | 2007.9 |
I-C | Anode tolerance | 1842 | 2010.1 |
I-D | Fuel Oxidation on anode | 1270 | 2009.6 |
I-E | Proton conducting oxide | 744 | 2011.2 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
I-i | Three-dimensional numerical simulation of SOFC stacks | 1423 | 2009.2 |
I-ii | Micro combined heat and power | 817 | 2010.1 |
I-iii | SOFCs with gas turbines | 784 | 2009.8 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
I-1 | MBaCo2O5+δ (M = Gd, Pr, Nd, Sm) for IT-SOFC cathodes | 442 | 2012.1 |
I-2 | BaxSr1−xCo0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) for IT-SOFC cathodes | 405 | 2012.7 |
I-3 | YBaCo3ZnO7 catalyst and GDC for IT-SOFC cathodes | 37 | 2012.4 |
I-4 | Theoretical research on LaMO3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) cathodes | 235 | 2013.0 |
I-5 | Symmetrical SOFCs | 204 | 2012.6 |
I-6 | Diagnostic methodology and degradation techniques | 47 | 2012.4 |
I-7 | Sr2MgMoO6−δ anode tolerance from S poisoning | 118 | 2012.2 |
I-8 | Yttrium-doped BaZrO3 | 209 | 2012.0 |
I-9 | Calcium-doped LaNbO4 | 88 | 2011.7 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
II-A | Organic/inorganic composites | 4851 | 2009.2 |
II-B | Sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers | 3547 | 2010.4 |
II-C | SAFCs | 950 | 2012.6 |
II-D | Nano-structure of Nafion | 597 | 2009.8 |
II-E | Phosphoric acid-doped PBI membranes | 282 | 2009.5 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
II-i | Modeling mass transport in PEFCs | 11,084 | 2009.7 |
II-ii | Bipolar plates/optimization of components in PEFCs | 4357 | 2010.7 |
II-iii | Micro-DMFCs | 1794 | 2008.5 |
II-iv | AFCs | 171 | 2005.9 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
II-1 | Fuel cell vehicles | 768 | 2011.9 |
II-2 | Anion exchange membrane for SAFCs | 488 | 2013.7 |
II-3 | Nano-organic/inorganic composite using graphene oxides and CNTs | 254 | 2012.9 |
II-4 | Cost analysis of hybrid system combining sustainable energy and PEFCs | 52 | 2013.5 |
II-5 | Tomography of catalyst layers | 42 | 2013 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
III-A | Alcohol (typically methanol) oxidation on anodes | 8668 | 2010.0 |
III-B | Oxygen reduction on cathodes | 6365 | 2012.1 |
III-C | Other fuel oxidation besides alcohol on anodes | 2795 | 2011.2 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
III-B-a | N-doped graphene/CNT and non-precious metals (typically Co and Fe) | 2859 | 2013.0 |
III-B-b | Pt-based alloys | 2823 | 2011.4 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
III-1 | Nanostructure of Pt-based bimetallic catalysts | 1112 | 2013.1 |
III-2 | Pt on graphene for methanol oxidation | 581 | 2013.2 |
III-3 | Pd-based catalyst for electrooxidation of alcohol in alkali media | 371 | 2013.0 |
III-4 | Fe- or Co-based catalysts on N-doped graphene/CNT | 592 | 2014.6 |
III-5 | N-Doped graphene/CNT for cathodes | 379 | 2012.8 |
III-6 | Other heteroatom-doped graphene/CNT for cathodes | 372 | 2014.2 |
III-7 | Preparation of N-doped C from ionic liquids or biomass | 149 | 2013.8 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
IV-A | DET in anodes for MFCs | 1656 | 2012.8 |
IV-B | Overall system and each component of MFCs | 3554 | 2012.6 |
IV-C | EBFCs | 2459 | 2011.3 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Count | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
IV-A-a | Nanostructured C-supported anodes for MFCs | 275 | 2013.7 |
IV-A-b | Electron transfer mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter | 448 | 2012.8 |
IV-B-a | Optimizing MFC performance | 353 | 2013.5 |
IV-B-b | Bioremediation using MFCs | 596 | 2013.4 |
IV-B-c | Non-Pt cathodes for MFCs | 471 | 2013.4 |
IV-B-d | Cell stack engineering for scale-up | 572 | 2012.9 |
IV-B-e | Electricity production from sediment and sulfide in seawater | 227 | 2012.6 |
IV-B-f | Electricity production during wastewater treatment | 591 | 2012.3 |
IV-C-a | Practical demonstration in vivo | 250 | 2013.7 |
IV-C-b | Enzymatic bioelectrocatalyst for EBFCs | 413 | 2012.6 |
IV-C-c | High current density and long durability of EBFCs | 585 | 2011.7 |
IV-C-d | EBFCs with mediators or redox polymers | 842 | 2009.7 |
Cluster | Research Topic | Publication Number | Average Publication Year |
---|---|---|---|
IV-1 | MBRs integrated with MFCs for wastewater treatment | 73 | 2014.2 |
IV-2 | N-doped nanostructured carbons as cathode in MFCs | 62 | 2014.6 |
IV-3 | EBFCs for contact lenses | 59 | 2014.7 |
IV-4 | FAD-dependent GDHs for EBFCs | 43 | 2014.3 |
IV-5 | Paper-based MFCs | 38 | 2014.2 |
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Ogawa, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Kajikawa, Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in All Types of Fuel Cells Based on a Computational Method. Sustainability 2018, 10, 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020458
Ogawa T, Takeuchi M, Kajikawa Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in All Types of Fuel Cells Based on a Computational Method. Sustainability. 2018; 10(2):458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020458
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgawa, Takaya, Mizutomo Takeuchi, and Yuya Kajikawa. 2018. "Comprehensive Analysis of Trends and Emerging Technologies in All Types of Fuel Cells Based on a Computational Method" Sustainability 10, no. 2: 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020458