Sustainability

57 pages, 3027 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Floating and Amphibious Architecture in Waterfront Built Environments: A Systematic Review of Climate Adaptation and Regenerative Potential

by Jakub Gorzka, Izabela Maria Burda and Lucyna Nyka

Sustainability 2026, 18(12), 5966; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18125966 - 10 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Waterfront built environments are increasingly exposed to hydrological variability and climate-related pressures that challenge conventional land-based building typologies. This systematic review examines permanently buoyant floating systems and flood-responsive amphibious systems as water-adaptive approaches to climate adaptation and regenerative waterfront development. Peer-reviewed studies indexed [...] Read more.

Waterfront built environments are increasingly exposed to hydrological variability and climate-related pressures that challenge conventional land-based building typologies. This systematic review examines permanently buoyant floating systems and flood-responsive amphibious systems as water-adaptive approaches to climate adaptation and regenerative waterfront development. Peer-reviewed studies indexed in Scopus and Web of Science were reviewed for January 2015–August 2025, with searches last updated on 15 August 2025. The review combines PRISMA-guided selection, bibliometric mapping of the screened publication landscape (N = 1410), and qualitative synthesis of the core evidence base (N = 63). Regenerative potential is operationalised as credible only where supported by explicit ecological, socio-spatial, governance-related, or performance-oriented evidence, including life-cycle assessment, post-occupancy evidence, ecological monitoring, habitat enhancement, blue-green infrastructure integration, or documented implementation mechanisms. The findings show that floating typologies dominate the evidence base, whereas amphibious approaches are less frequent but more directly associated with in-place flood adaptation. Persistent gaps concern regulatory frameworks, infrastructure interfaces, life-cycle assessment, ecological validation, and long-term post-occupancy monitoring. The review concludes that scalability depends on context-specific siting, institutional permission, regulatory approval, and verifiable environmental performance. Full article

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24 pages, 2307 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Investigation on Ceramic Waste Aggregate in Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete

by Ghassan Nounu, Asifur Rahman Abir and Heshachanaa Rajanayagam

Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5668; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115668 - 3 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

The increasing generation of ceramic waste from manufacturing defects, construction activities, and demolition operations poses significant environmental and waste management challenges worldwide. This study presents a preliminary investigation into the incorporation of ceramic waste aggregates (CW) as partial and full replacement for natural [...] Read more.

The increasing generation of ceramic waste from manufacturing defects, construction activities, and demolition operations poses significant environmental and waste management challenges worldwide. This study presents a preliminary investigation into the incorporation of ceramic waste aggregates (CW) as partial and full replacement for natural coarse aggregates in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) under water-curing conditions. Five mix compositions were prepared with ceramic waste aggregate replacement levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%. Fresh and hardened properties were evaluated using flow table and early-age compressive strength tests at 7 and 14 days. The 20% replacement mix achieved the best compressive strength value of 5.52 MPa at 14 days, slightly exceeding the control GPC mix (5.09 MPa) among the limited mixtures investigated in this preliminary study. However, higher replacement levels resulted in reduced compressive strength, which may be associated with increased porosity, weaker aggregate–matrix bonding, and limitations related to the adopted water-curing regime. Workability remained within acceptable flow ranges for most mixes, although reduced flowability was observed for the 40% replacement. The comparatively low strength values obtained across all mixtures may largely be associated with the absence of heat curing and the inclusion of additional water to improve workability, both of which likely limited the geopolymerization efficiency. Based on the comparatively low compressive strength values obtained, the investigated mixtures, in their current form, are only suitable for low-strength or non-structural applications rather than structural concrete applications. Overall, this study provides preliminary insights into the influence of ceramic waste coarse aggregates on the workability and early-age compressive strength behavior of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete under the adopted experimental conditions. Further optimization of the curing regimes, mix design parameters, and long-term mechanical and durability performance is necessary before broader engineering applicability can be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling and Reuse of Concrete Materials in Sustainable Engineering)

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66 pages, 3775 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Logistics 5.0 in the 5.0 Ecosystem: Bridging Structural Readiness, Functional Capability, and Sustainable System Performance—A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework

by Lech Bukowski and Sylwia Werbinska-Wojciechowska

Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115630 - 2 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1684

Abstract

The transition toward the 5.0 paradigm, encompassing Society 5.0, Industry 5.0, and Service 5.0, positions logistics as a critical enabler of sustainable and resilient socio-economic transformation. Logistics 5.0 is increasingly associated with sustainability and human-centric system design; however, the assumption that higher technological [...] Read more.

The transition toward the 5.0 paradigm, encompassing Society 5.0, Industry 5.0, and Service 5.0, positions logistics as a critical enabler of sustainable and resilient socio-economic transformation. Logistics 5.0 is increasingly associated with sustainability and human-centric system design; however, the assumption that higher technological readiness leads to improved sustainability performance remains insufficiently examined. This study conducts a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA methodology, covering the period 2016–2026 and synthesizing a final dataset of 149 peer-reviewed articles, synthesizing research on Logistics 5.0 readiness, digital maturity models, resilience capabilities, and sustainability performance. The results reveal three key gaps: (i) the dominance of techno-centric readiness models that marginalize sustainability outcomes, (ii) fragmented and methodologically inconsistent evidence linking digital transformation to environmental and social performance, and (iii) the prevalence of compensatory logic allowing high digitalization levels to offset weaknesses in resilience or sustainability. In response, the paper conceptualizes Logistics 5.0 as an integrative operational layer within the 5.0 ecosystem and proposes a non-compensatory conceptual framework based on a three-layer architecture comprising structural readiness, functional system capabilities, and sustainability performance outcomes. The findings demonstrate that sustainability should be understood as an emergent system property mediated by resilience and adaptability rather than a direct consequence of digitalization. The study contributes to advancing integrated maturity assessment approaches aligned with sustainable development objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Sustainable and Resilient Supply Chain and Logistics Management)

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18 pages, 5025 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable PLA/PEG Biocomposites Reinforced with Moroccan Biowastes: Comparative Analysis Between Injection Molding and 3D Printing

by Mohamed Ait Balla, Fatima Ezzahra Laaguel, Layla El Brigui, Abderrahim Maazouz, Khalid Lamnawar and Fatima Ezzahra Arrakhiz

Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115536 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1801

Abstract

Eco-friendly biocomposites were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) plasticized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and reinforced with Moroccan sugarcane bagasse fibers at 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The aim was to enhance PLA ductility through PEG incorporation while valorizing locally available lignocellulosic residues. Two [...] Read more.

Eco-friendly biocomposites were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) plasticized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and reinforced with Moroccan sugarcane bagasse fibers at 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The aim was to enhance PLA ductility through PEG incorporation while valorizing locally available lignocellulosic residues. Two processing methods, injection molding and melt extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX, 3D printing), were employed to investigate the influence of manufacturing method on the morphological, thermal, rheological and mechanical properties of the composites. Thermal analysis confirmed that PLA maintained its stability within the processing temperature range, supporting its suitability for MEX. Morphological observations revealed improved fiber dispersion and reduced porosity in injection-molded samples, whereas MEX-printed parts exhibited visible interlayer voids. These microstructural differences explained the superior tensile strength and modulus of injection-molded specimens compared to MEX ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Eco-Friendly Materials and Sustainable 3D Printing in Smart Manufacturing)

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39 pages, 13703 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Geopolymers as Multifunctional Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment: Advances in Functionalization Strategies

by Alessio Occhicone and Assunta Campanile

Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115570 - 1 Jun 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Geopolymers, alkali-activated aluminosilicate materials, have gained increasing attention as sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment due to their low-temperature synthesis, cost-effectiveness, and ease of shaping into mechanically robust structures. Their intrinsic negatively charged framework promotes the adsorption of cationic species; however, pristine geopolymers typically [...] Read more.

Geopolymers, alkali-activated aluminosilicate materials, have gained increasing attention as sustainable adsorbents for wastewater treatment due to their low-temperature synthesis, cost-effectiveness, and ease of shaping into mechanically robust structures. Their intrinsic negatively charged framework promotes the adsorption of cationic species; however, pristine geopolymers typically exhibit moderate performance, with adsorption capacities generally below ~70 mg g⁻¹ for dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and in the range of 20–100 mg g⁻¹ for divalent metal ions. To overcome these limitations, different strategies have been developed to tailor their pore structure and surface chemistry. In particular, foaming approaches enable the production of highly porous materials with tunable pore architecture, improving mass transfer and accessibility of active sites. Moreover, functionalization with carbon-based materials (e.g., activated carbon, graphene derivatives, biochar) or zeolitic phases significantly enhances adsorption performance, with reported capacities exceeding 500 mg g⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ and up to 450 mg g⁻¹ for organic dyes in optimized systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in geopolymer synthesis, pore engineering, and functionalization strategies, highlighting the relationships between composition, structure, and adsorption performance. Particular attention is devoted to the comparison between carbon-based and zeolitic modifications, as well as to the role of material shaping in enabling practical applications. Overall, the combination of tunable porosity, chemical versatility, and structural integrity positions functionalized geopolymers as promising candidates for the development of scalable and multifunctional adsorbents for wastewater remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geopolymers and Composite Geopolymeric Materials for Environmental Pollution)

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22 pages, 21049 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Battery-Integrated Hybrid Wind–Solar Plants: A Spanish Case Study

by Santiago Alonso-del-Viejo, Juan José Graña-Magariños, Isabel C. Gil-García and Ana Fernández-Guillamón

Sustainability 2026, 18(11), 5467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18115467 - 29 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2983

Abstract

The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources requires flexible solutions to ensure system stability and economic efficiency. In this context, this study presents a comprehensive assessment of hybrid plants combining wind farms (WF) and photovoltaic (PV) systems integrated with battery energy storage [...] Read more.

The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources requires flexible solutions to ensure system stability and economic efficiency. In this context, this study presents a comprehensive assessment of hybrid plants combining wind farms (WF) and photovoltaic (PV) systems integrated with battery energy storage systems (BESS), using the Casetona project in Spain as a real-world study. Three configurations (PV + WF + BESS, PV + BESS, and WF + BESS) are evaluated based on 2024 operational data combined with simulation tools. Under the assumptions of this study (2024 data, Spanish market), the results indicate that WF generation outperforms PV, mainly due to higher capacity factors and better alignment with high-price periods, while PV output is affected by price cannibalization. Under current Spanish market conditions and at the assumed BESS cost (236 €/kWh), energy arbitrage is not economically viable, yielding negative net present value across all configurations. In contrast, participation in automatic frequency restoration reserve services provides higher revenues under current Spanish market conditions, with the WF + BESS configuration achieving the best performance. From the perspective adopted in this study, the sustainability analysis reveals that the hybrid system enables annual greenhouse gas emissions reductions between 13,695 and 49,195

t_{C O_{2, e q}}

, depending on the displaced generation source. Although BESS does not directly reduce emissions, it enhances renewable integration, reduces curtailment, and improves grid flexibility. The results also highlight the importance of regulatory frameworks and market design in determining the economic viability of storage systems. While the quantitative results are specific to the case study and sensitive to regulatory parameters, this study provides a comprehensive and transferable methodology for evaluating hybrid renewable systems with storage, supporting informed decision-making in the transition toward low-carbon and resilient energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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33 pages, 8377 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Redefining Livestock Architecture: Advancing Timber-Based Construction Systems Through Sustainable Design Strategies

by Stefano Bigiotti, Carlo Costantino and Alvaro Marucci

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4752; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104752 - 10 May 2026

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Although livestock buildings constitute a widespread and structurally significant component of the rural landscape, they are, in most cases, characterised by construction configurations primarily driven by production requirements. Such an approach rarely results from a conscious design process capable of integrating architectural criteria [...] Read more.

Although livestock buildings constitute a widespread and structurally significant component of the rural landscape, they are, in most cases, characterised by construction configurations primarily driven by production requirements. Such an approach rarely results from a conscious design process capable of integrating architectural criteria with the environmental context in which these structures are embedded. Within this framework, the prevailing construction model—based on prefabricated steel systems and sandwich panels—prioritises rapid execution, standardisation, and cost efficiency, while relegating aspects such as environmental quality, material circularity, and landscape integration to a marginal role. Against this background, the present study investigates the possibility of redefining this paradigm through a technological substitution grounded in the principles of bio-based construction, technological design, and circular economy. To this end, a timber-based architectural solution for poultry houses is developed and adopted as an experimental case study to assess environmental and economic performance through an integrated methodology combining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Construction Cost Analysis. The evaluation is conducted comparatively against a conventional steel-based system, maintaining consistent geometric and functional parameters, within the climatic context of the Italian Mediterranean and in accordance with EN 15978 and EN 15804+A2 standards, over a 30-year reference period. The results indicate a significant reduction in environmental impacts for the timber-based solution, with a decrease in Global Warming Potential of approximately 29%, reaching values close to 50% when accounting for biogenic carbon storage. From an economic perspective, the alternative solution entails an increase in initial costs of approximately 20%, primarily associated with the adoption of a high-performance building envelope. Overall, the study demonstrates how architectural technological design, when supported by quantitative assessment tools, can operate as an effective driver for the ecological transition of rural productive landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

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15 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Biofertilizers in the North Central U.S.

by Akinsola Oyebanji and Tong Wang

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4750; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104750 - 10 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1302

Abstract

Biofertilizers, or microbial fertilizers, are designed to restore soil biological functions that have been degraded by long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers. Although their availability in the United States has increased, adoption among farmers remains limited. To assess the current adoption patterns and the [...] Read more.

Biofertilizers, or microbial fertilizers, are designed to restore soil biological functions that have been degraded by long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers. Although their availability in the United States has increased, adoption among farmers remains limited. To assess the current adoption patterns and the factors influencing farmers’ decisions, we conducted a survey of 1119 producers across Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota in 2022. Results show that only 15% of farmers currently use biofertilizers, yet 88% of adopters intend to continue using them. Among non-adopters, 20% expressed interest in trying biofertilizers within the next 3 years, indicating substantial potential for market growth. Regression analysis reveals that younger farmers, larger-scale operations, and those who place greater importance on workshops as a learning platform are more likely to adopt biofertilizers. Adoption is also strongly associated with the use of complementary conservation practices, including cover crops, no tillage, and soil nutrient testing. These findings suggest that biofertilizer use is embedded within broader conservation management strategies rather than being an isolated decision. To support wider adoption, we recommend integrating biofertilizers into existing cost-share programs, such as the Conservation Stewardship Program, and expanding extension efforts through workshops and field demonstrations to provide practical, experience-based learning opportunities. Full article

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20 pages, 6150 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Volatile Matter Release Characteristics of Selected Textile Wastes in Support of Sustainability

by Michał Kozioł and Joachim Kozioł

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104708 - 9 May 2026

Viewed by 625

Abstract

One of the challenges to sustainability is the management of textile waste. Effective technologies for recycling this type of waste are still lacking. Currently, textile waste is most often landfilled or incinerated. Pyrolysis offers a more advantageous solution, as it enables partial recovery [...] Read more.

One of the challenges to sustainability is the management of textile waste. Effective technologies for recycling this type of waste are still lacking. Currently, textile waste is most often landfilled or incinerated. Pyrolysis offers a more advantageous solution, as it enables partial recovery of raw materials along with energy recovery from the remaining mass, thereby aligning with the circular economy. The kinetics of volatile matter release play an important role in the pyrolysis and combustion of solid substances. This paper presents research related to this issue. The study concerns three waste textile materials (cotton, silk, and polyamide) and the following process parameters: temperatures from 400 to 800 °C and time from 0 to 900 s. The results of the study are characteristics, i.e., functions describing the kinetics of volatile matter release as a function of process parameters. The general forms of these functions were determined taking into account fundamental physical and chemical laws. In addition to process parameters, the functions include coefficients whose values were determined on the basis of experimental measurements. The characteristics were determined for isothermal processes as well as for generalized processes, additionally accounting for temperature variability, which represents an original contribution of this study. Kinetic coefficients were derived from the obtained characteristics. The studies revealed mass fractions of volatile matter exceeding even 90%. The obtained characteristics may serve as tools for improving the sustainable management of textile waste by enabling more rational control of thermal processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Air Quality Management: Bioaerosols, Human Health, and Integrated Environmental Strategies)

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36 pages, 3963 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): A Mini-Review of Advances in Catalytic Pathways Using Lipid-Based Feedstocks and Plastic Waste

by Karoline K. Ferreira, Lucília S. Ribeiro and Manuel Fernando R. Pereira

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104727 - 9 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

The fast growth of the aviation sector has intensified the need for sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-based jet fuels. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while remaining compatible with existing aviation [...] Read more.

The fast growth of the aviation sector has intensified the need for sustainable alternatives to conventional fossil-based jet fuels. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while remaining compatible with existing aviation infrastructure. Among the different feedstocks explored for SAF production, lipid-based resources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oil have received considerable attention due to their high content of triglycerides and free fatty acids. Additionally, the increasing generation of plastic waste has stimulated interest in its catalytic valorization as an alternative carbon source for hydrocarbon fuel production. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in catalytic pathways for producing jet-fuel-range hydrocarbons (C₈–C₁₆) from lipid-based feedstocks and polyolefins. Particular emphasis is given on hydroprocessing reactions, including deoxygenation, cracking, and isomerization, which are essential to adjust fuel properties and meet aviation specifications. In this context, bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts play a crucial role, particularly regarding the influence of the metal phase and catalyst support on catalytic activity and stability. Different support classes, including metal oxides, mesoporous silicas, and zeolites, are discussed. Carbon-based materials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNT), are also highlighted due to their outstanding chemical and textural properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Waste Biomass and Environmental Sustainability: 2nd Edition)

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32 pages, 2410 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Solar PV Modules

by Ramchandra Bhandari and Erisa Sekimuli

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4639; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104639 - 7 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

This review examines an environmental LCA of solar modules and cell technologies across 18 environmental indicators to assess the performance of current solar module types. It provides a more comprehensive analysis by including studies that account for recycling credits in end-of-life PV waste [...] Read more.

This review examines an environmental LCA of solar modules and cell technologies across 18 environmental indicators to assess the performance of current solar module types. It provides a more comprehensive analysis by including studies that account for recycling credits in end-of-life PV waste management. The literature search covered seven databases up to 20 November 2025, resulting in the selection of 43 papers focused on solar modules, LCA, and recycling for data extraction. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included studies were evaluated based on compliance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 requirements. Due to the diversity of methodologies, functional units, and system boundaries across studies, it is observed that there is a wide range of emission values for the various solar PV technologies, with some studies reporting very high or very low figures. Considering one of the main impact categories, GHG emissions of key PV technologies, including mono c-Si, multi c-Si, CdTe, and PERC modules, for the study period 2015–2025 have been reported in the ranges of 493–2760, 640–2418, 312–2140, and 425–1759 kg CO₂-eq/kW_p. It can be generally expected that when assessed under comparable LCA frameworks, emerging solar cells are more likely to exhibit lower emissions than conventional silicon-based solar cells across most indicators. Moreover, results from recent studies show an environmental improvement for the various module and cell types, largely due to advancements in material efficiency during the optimized manufacturing process. A major limitation of this study is the omission of service lifetime considerations, as most sustainability assessments are ideally based on lifetime energy generation (kWh). However, given the assumption of comparable lifetimes among the assessed module types, the use of kW_p-based emissions remains suitable for relative comparisons, although possible differences in long-term performance may not be fully captured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1435 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigation of Motorist Speeds and Crashes in School Zones for Sustainable Safety Policy

by Aemal J. Khattak and MM Shakiul Haque

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4517; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094517 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 1269

Abstract

School zones in the United States require compliance of drivers to decreased speed limits during school start and end times, typically indicated by flashing beacons and warning signs. This study examined school zone safety by evaluating the effects of speed limit differentials on [...] Read more.

School zones in the United States require compliance of drivers to decreased speed limits during school start and end times, typically indicated by flashing beacons and warning signs. This study examined school zone safety by evaluating the effects of speed limit differentials on driver speeds in active school zones, the influence of roadway characteristics on driver behavior, and crash costs associated with school zones. The main goal was to attain a sustainable school zone safety policy. The analysis used speed observations from 378,506 vehicles, school and roadway characteristics, and crash data (2014 to 2018) across 18 study sites. Results showed that 85th-percentile speeds often exceeded posted speed limits during both active and passive school zone periods, with greater non-compliance being associated with larger speed limit differentials. Driver speeds were influenced by school zone status, vehicle type, time of day, traffic signals, street parking, and crosswalks. On average, speeds were 6.2 mph higher during passive periods than during active periods. However, high crash rates were observed during active school zone periods. Crashes during active periods resulted in average crash costs that were 52.5% lower than those during passive periods. The findings provide insights into human factors and mobility behavior in school zones, allowing transportation agencies to make informed and sustainable decisions for school zone design and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Sustainability in Modern Transportation Systems)

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27 pages, 3656 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework for Energy-Efficient Social Housing in Brazil: Balancing Construction Cost and Thermal Comfort Across Diverse Bioclimatic Zones

by Rhayssa Padilha Alves, Edílson Alves Silva, Wanderlei Malaquias Pereira Junior, Mayara C. Lima, Ed Carlo R. Paiva, Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da Guarda, Matteo Bodini and Leonardo Goliatt

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094521 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 1255

Abstract

Achieving thermal comfort in social housing under variable and changing climates presents a critical challenge for sustainable building design and energy efficiency. This study develops a simulation-based multi-objective optimization framework to support early-stage design of climate-resilient social housing in Brazil, aiming to reduce [...] Read more.

Achieving thermal comfort in social housing under variable and changing climates presents a critical challenge for sustainable building design and energy efficiency. This study develops a simulation-based multi-objective optimization framework to support early-stage design of climate-resilient social housing in Brazil, aiming to reduce thermal discomfort and associated mechanical conditioning energy demands. The goal is to identify building envelope configurations that minimize total construction cost while maximizing annual thermal comfort hours, thereby reducing the need for active heating and cooling systems. A reference single-room prototype is simulated in EnergyPlus for five cities representing distinct climatic zones. A wide range of construction alternatives for walls, roofs, slabs, and glazing are evaluated, with costs derived from the national SINAPI database and comfort assessed using the ASHRAE adaptive model based on operative temperature. The optimization, performed with the NSGA-II algorithm (via PyMOO), generates city-specific Pareto fronts that quantify the inherent trade-off between cost and comfort. Results show that optimal solutions range from approximately R$4800 to R$8900 in cost, achieving between 1350 and 3550 annual comfort hours, heavily influenced by local climate. Frequency analysis reveals that wall and roof assemblies are the most influential design variables. The proposed framework provides a transparent, data-driven decision-support tool for defining cost-effective, climate-adapted construction standards, contributing directly to sustainable housing policy, energy poverty reduction, and the development of resilient, low-carbon built environments aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping Sustainable Environments: Advances in Building and Infrastructure Design)

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27 pages, 22509 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Socio-Economic Impacts of Pluvial Floods in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona in a Climate Change Context

by Àlex de la Cruz-Coronas, Beniamino Russo, Sofia Pacho-Gómez and Daniel Yubero-Peña

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094530 - 4 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1337

Abstract

Pluvial floods can cause severe socio-economic impacts on coastal urban areas like the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. This study combined the development of high-resolution flood maps, based on a large-scale coupled 1D/2D model and empirical functions, to quantify direct economic damage to buildings [...] Read more.

Pluvial floods can cause severe socio-economic impacts on coastal urban areas like the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. This study combined the development of high-resolution flood maps, based on a large-scale coupled 1D/2D model and empirical functions, to quantify direct economic damage to buildings and determine risk to pedestrians and vehicles. Importantly, the flood model included a network of 36 municipalities and covered 636 km². Three scenarios were considered: single-hazard (extreme precipitation), multi-hazard (coincident extreme precipitation and storm surge), and adaptation (implementation of resilience measures). In total, 20 rain events were applied for each scenario: 5 were historic design storms, while 15 considered the effect of climate change (60 simulations in total). By the end of the century, results show potential increases in expected annual damage of up to 36%, from €139.8 M to €190.3 M. Risk for pedestrians could increase by 25% (494 ha to 620 ha) and for vehicles by 26% (59 km to 75 km) in the T10 single-hazard scenario. In the multi-hazard case, the socio-economic impacts are approximately 5% higher, while the adaptation simulations considering sustainable urban drainage systems show reductions between 6 and 18%. The metropolitan results were compared and validated with a previous assessment done in the City of Barcelona. Based on these results, urban planners, emergency responders, and public administrations can develop effective adaptation measures based on cost–benefit analyses for current and future climate scenarios. Compared to previous studies, this approach adapts existing urban-scale methodologies to regional-scale flood risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Climate Resilience of Critical Asset: Asset-Level Modelling to Achieve A Better Understanding of Climate-Related Impacts)

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21 pages, 1881 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation Using a Hybrid GWO–NN Method for Sustainable Power Loss Reduction and Voltage Profile Improvement

by Byron Corrales, Milton Ruiz, Edwin Garcia and Alexander Aguila Téllez

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094516 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 1329

Abstract

Distribution networks are being transformed by the growing penetration of distributed generation (DG), which changes power flows, voltage profiles, and the optimal operating point of the feeder. This study proposes a hybrid technique that combines the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) with a neural [...] Read more.

Distribution networks are being transformed by the growing penetration of distributed generation (DG), which changes power flows, voltage profiles, and the optimal operating point of the feeder. This study proposes a hybrid technique that combines the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) with a neural network (NN) surrogate model to solve the distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) problem. The method minimizes active power losses while improving voltage regulation and preserving radial operation under operational constraints. The GWO performs global exploration of discrete switch configurations, whereas the NN accelerates local refinement by screening candidates before exact AC power flow validation. This manuscript presents benchmark results for the IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus distribution test systems. For the IEEE 33-bus benchmark, DG units are installed at buses 14, 25, and 30. For the IEEE 33-bus case, losses are reduced from 282.94 kW in the base case to 120.65 kW with DG and to 87.08 kW after hybrid reconfiguration, while the minimum voltage magnitude improves from 0.8829 p.u. to 0.9587 p.u. For the IEEE 69-bus case, total active losses decrease from 224.95 kW to 82.22 kW with DG and to 29.92 kW after reconfiguration while concurrently improving the voltage profile and line loading. From a sustainability perspective, the main contribution of the proposed workflow is to reduce technical losses at the distribution level, thereby improving energy efficiency for a given demand. Overall, the results show that the combined use of DG and surrogate-assisted reconfiguration can yield substantial efficiency gains across benchmark feeders of varying sizes, while broader multi-feeder validation and more detailed surrogate error quantification remain necessary before claiming general applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid and Sustainable Energy Systems)

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24 pages, 2002 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Equity-Oriented Public Transport Accessibility Analysis Using GTFS, Spatial Proximity, and Demographic Sensitivity

by Hoda Pourramazani, Eric Gielen and José Lluís Miralles-Garcia

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094506 - 3 May 2026

Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Promoting equitable and sustainable urban mobility requires accessibility assessment approaches that extend beyond purely geometric proximity measures toward service-sensitive and behavior-informed evaluation. This study develops an open-source GIS workflow that integrates General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) datasets, demographic grid data, and spatial proximity [...] Read more.

Promoting equitable and sustainable urban mobility requires accessibility assessment approaches that extend beyond purely geometric proximity measures toward service-sensitive and behavior-informed evaluation. This study develops an open-source GIS workflow that integrates General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) datasets, demographic grid data, and spatial proximity modelling to construct three complementary accessibility-related indicators. Transit operational data are processed to derive service-strength indicators representing temporal service intensity at the stop level. Spatial proximity is evaluated through distance-based measurements between population grid centroids and the nearest public transport stops, subsequently transformed into a normalized proximity score reflecting perceived spatial effort. Demographic attributes, specifically age and gender structure, are also translated into a behavior potential index representing relative travel sensitivity across the urban grid. Then, rather than aggregating these components into a single composite accessibility indicator, the study analyses the spatial distribution of service strength (Sg), behavior potential (Bg), and proximity score (Pg) independently. Its empirical application to the metropolitan area of Valencia, Spain, reveals notable spatial disparities across these dimensions and highlights zones where demographic demand potential diverges from operational service provision. By relying exclusively on standardized open datasets and non-proprietary GIS tools, the proposed framework enhances methodological transparency, reproducibility, and transferability. The workflow provides a diagnostic foundation for future integrated accessibility modelling while preserving interpretative clarity at the indicator level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioural Approaches to Promoting Sustainable Transport Systems, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 717 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Jobs-to-Be-Done Framework for Mapping Digital Innovation Opportunities in Climate-Smart Agrifood Systems

by Lourival Carmo Monaco Neto and Allan Wayne Gray

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094487 - 2 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1411

Abstract

The agrifood sector faces well-documented barriers to climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption, reflecting systematic difficulty identifying where digital tools address specific stakeholder needs rather than a technology shortage. This paper presents a prescriptive framework for mapping digital innovation opportunities in complex, multi-stakeholder agrifood systems. [...] Read more.

The agrifood sector faces well-documented barriers to climate-smart agriculture (CSA) adoption, reflecting systematic difficulty identifying where digital tools address specific stakeholder needs rather than a technology shortage. This paper presents a prescriptive framework for mapping digital innovation opportunities in complex, multi-stakeholder agrifood systems. Grounded in Jobs-to-be-Done (JTBD) theory and structured as a two-dimensional matrix of meta-jobs and value chain segments, the framework was developed through a design science research (DSR) paradigm evaluated on utility, coherence, and actionability. Construction involved a purposive synthesis of three literature streams and iterative refinement through 136 stakeholder engagements within a six-month university-affiliated startup studio cycle. Applied to climate-smart agriculture, the framework produces 54 strategic opportunity areas across nine meta-jobs and six value chain segments. A cross-cutting pattern analysis identifies three structural constraints: agricultural data fragmentation and absence of interoperability standards; inadequate measurement, reporting, and verification infrastructure; and misalignment between financing mechanisms and climate-smart time horizons. The framework equips entrepreneurs and investors with a segment-differentiated opportunity map, supports agribusiness portfolio analysis, and directs policymakers toward three priority areas where coordinated systemic action generates value across the opportunity landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies in the Strategic Management and Sustainable Development of Agribusiness)

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30 pages, 4798 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Photovoltaic Model Accuracy Using an Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm for Sustainable Energy Systems

by Youssef Chahet, Abdelmalek Mimouni, Mohamed El Amraoui, Aumeur El Amrani, Abdellatif Bouaichi and Lahcen Bejjit

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094486 - 2 May 2026

Viewed by 1295

Abstract

Parameter estimation of photovoltaic (PV) models is crucial for the theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of PV cells and modules, with the objective of enhancing their efficiency and reliability, thereby supporting the long-term sustainability of solar energy systems. Nevertheless, the nonlinear and multimodal [...] Read more.

Parameter estimation of photovoltaic (PV) models is crucial for the theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of PV cells and modules, with the objective of enhancing their efficiency and reliability, thereby supporting the long-term sustainability of solar energy systems. Nevertheless, the nonlinear and multimodal characteristics of PV models make the task of accurate parameter estimation challenging. This paper proposes an improved differential evolution algorithm, named opposition-based parent selection differential evolution (OBPSDE), to enhance the reliability and robustness of PV parameter estimation. The method integrates a parent-selection mechanism with an opposition-based learning strategy to exploit both solution quality and population diversity during the search process. The proposed method is evaluated using measured data from several PV cells and modules (RTC France, PVM752GaAs, PWP201, and STP6-120/36) for parameter estimation of the double-diode model (DDM). Its performance is compared with standard DE, DE variants, and four metaheuristic algorithms using statistical metrics including root mean square error (RMSE), individual absolute error (IAE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate that OBPSDE achieves stable performance, competitive computational cost, and improved convergence behavior, with RMSE values of 6.93726 × 10^–4 for RTC France, 5.89070 × 10^–5 for PVM752GaAs, 1.93772 × 10^–3 for PWP201, and 1.39519 × 10^–2 for STP6-120/36. Additionally, the improved parameter estimation accuracy may support more reliable performance prediction and analysis of PV systems, contributing to effective PV system modeling and diagnostic applications. Full article

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23 pages, 685 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hydrogen Production from Biomass Through Conversion Pathways and Energy Efficiency Analysis—A Review

by Nevena M. Mileva, Penka Zlateva, Angel Terziev and Krastin Yordanov

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094470 - 1 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Hydrogen is increasingly seen as a viable energy carrier in the transition to low-carbon energy systems, mainly because of its high gravimetric energy density and the absence of carbon emissions at the point of use. In this context, producing hydrogen from biomass represents [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is increasingly seen as a viable energy carrier in the transition to low-carbon energy systems, mainly because of its high gravimetric energy density and the absence of carbon emissions at the point of use. In this context, producing hydrogen from biomass represents a practical and sustainable option, as it allows the use of renewable and waste resources while supporting circular economy principles. This work examines the main pathways for hydrogen production from biomass, considering both thermochemical and biochemical routes, with a focus on their energy performance and practical limitations. The analysis shows that thermochemical processes, particularly gasification, remain the most developed and scalable solutions for converting solid biomass into hydrogen-rich gas, although their performance depends strongly on feedstock properties, reactor design, and operating conditions. By comparison, biochemical processes such as dark fermentation and photofermentation are more suitable for wet biomass but are limited by lower hydrogen yields and issues related to process stability. From a thermal engineering standpoint, system performance is influenced by heat transfer constraints, the energy demand of endothermic reactions, and the efficiency of gas cleaning, while parameters such as temperature, steam-to-biomass ratio, and equivalence ratio play a key role in optimization. Advanced approaches, including catalytic and sorption-enhanced gasification, show potential for improving performance. Overall, efficient hydrogen production requires a system-level approach, as no single technology can be considered universally optimal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of the Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Technologies)

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27 pages, 693 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimating Lifecycle Management of Retired Electric Motorcycle Batteries into Total Cost of Ownership Modelling in Indonesia

by Ferry Fathoni, Kang Li and Jon C. Lovett

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4428; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094428 - 1 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1312

Abstract

Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) are promoted as lower-emission options in emerging economies. Their long-term cost competitiveness depends mainly on battery durability and how batteries are managed at the end of their life. This research examines Li-ion and nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM)-type batteries versus the previously common [...] Read more.

Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) are promoted as lower-emission options in emerging economies. Their long-term cost competitiveness depends mainly on battery durability and how batteries are managed at the end of their life. This research examines Li-ion and nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM)-type batteries versus the previously common lead-acid batteries in these markets. The study uses a 12-year total cost of ownership (TCO) framework that includes battery degradation, estimated first-life duration, and alternative lifecycle pathways. It covers three sensitivity analysis cases: conservative, base case, and optimistic. Three scenarios are evaluated: (1) no lifecycle management, (2) refurbishment for first-life extension, and (3) integrated lifecycle management with refurbishment, second-life utilisation, and recycling. Results show that managing the battery lifecycle can reduce TCO. The amount of reduction depends on first-life duration, ownership horizon, refurbishment cost, downstream residual value, and use intensity. The greatest TCO gains are found in battery categories with short first-life duration, allowing substantial residual value recovery during ownership. Batteries with first-life durations of 12 years or more provide smaller benefits. These findings support optimising lifecycle pathways for maximum residual value. Improved TCO performance, along with supportive infrastructure, policies, and market development, is critical for broader E2W adoption. Full article

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25 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of CO₂ Emissions from Asphalt Pavement Maintenance Using a Life-Cycle Perspective: A Case Study of the Mexicali–San Felipe Highway

by Diego Flores-Ruiz, Marco Montoya-Alcaraz, Leonel García, José Manuel Gutiérrez-Moreno, Carlos Salazar-Briones, Julio Calderón-Ramírez and Alejandro Sánchez-Atondo

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094461 - 1 May 2026

Viewed by 1246

Abstract

Maintaining asphalt pavements requires substantial quantities of materials and energy, which significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in the road infrastructure sector. This study quantified the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emissions associated with a maintenance and rehabilitation plan for an asphalt [...] Read more.

Maintaining asphalt pavements requires substantial quantities of materials and energy, which significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in the road infrastructure sector. This study quantified the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emissions associated with a maintenance and rehabilitation plan for an asphalt pavement using a simplified life-cycle perspective integrated with the Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4). The methodology combined HDM-4 to define a 35-year intervention plan (2022–2057) with CO₂e emission factors for three quantified components: material production, transportation, and construction machinery operation. The approach was applied to a 7.8 km section of the Mexicali–San Felipe highway in Baja California, Mexico. The results indicate that the intervention plan generated approximately 2483.9 t CO₂e over the 35-year analysis period. Reconstruction was the most carbon-intensive activity, accounting for 1890 t CO₂e, while milling and overlay generated 292.15 t CO₂e per direction. Material extraction and production were the dominant sources of emissions, contributing about 70% of the total emissions in milling and overlay and 60% in reconstruction; in the latter case, transportation also represented a substantial share (35%) due to long haul distances. These findings show that the proposed approach can identify the most emission-intensive activities and processes within pavement maintenance plans and provide quantitative environmental criteria to support more sustainable road management decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Sustainable Pavement Materials and Technologies)

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27 pages, 14299 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring Building Information Modeling (BIM) Adoption in SMEs: A Bibliometric Analysis and State-of-the-Art Review

by Jakub Ejdys, Danuta Szpilko, Joanna Ejdys, Janusz Krentowski, Dariusz Surel, George Lăzăroiu and Leonas Ustinovičius

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4465; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094465 - 1 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

This study reviews and summarizes existing research on how small and medium-sized construction enterprises adopt Building Information Modeling (BIM), while also highlighting potential areas for future investigation. The analyses aimed to address two research questions: RQ1: What research areas are explored in scientific [...] Read more.

This study reviews and summarizes existing research on how small and medium-sized construction enterprises adopt Building Information Modeling (BIM), while also highlighting potential areas for future investigation. The analyses aimed to address two research questions: RQ1: What research areas are explored in scientific publications on the use of BIM in small and medium-sized enterprises? RQ2: What future research directions should be pursued regarding the implementation and development of BIM in SMEs? A bibliometric analysis and science-mapping analysis was conducted on 162 Scopus-indexed publications (2007–2025) using Excel, VOSviewer and Biblioshiny, complemented by a state-of-the-art review of 69 recent studies (2022–2025). Keyword analyses revealed five thematic clusters: implementation and adaptation, collaboration and integration, construction industry digitalization, project management, and information systems. Within the identified areas, a state-of-the-art review was conducted to indicate the main research domains and directions for future research. Emerging topics include Industry 4.0-enabled digitalization, common data environments, interoperability, decision-making, human resource management, and safety and risk assessment. Future studies should examine managerial competencies, behavioral drivers of adoption and value creation in resource-constrained contexts. Policymakers and professional bodies should combine capacity building, incentives and lightweight interoperable tools to lower entry barriers for SMEs. Integrating bibliometric mapping with qualitative synthesis, this paper offers an evidence-based research agenda and guidance to support BIM diffusion in SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainable Construction Management Through Decision Support System)

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23 pages, 367 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Benefits of Cycling Infrastructure: Insights from Existing Research

by Muhammad Sajjad Ansar and Raktim Mitra

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094414 - 30 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1194

Abstract

Cycling is widely recognized as a sustainable urban mobility solution, and many municipalities focus on cycling infrastructure expansion to promote improved environmental sustainability. However, the current literature on cycling has predominantly focused on safety and health benefits, while the environmental benefits including GHG [...] Read more.

Cycling is widely recognized as a sustainable urban mobility solution, and many municipalities focus on cycling infrastructure expansion to promote improved environmental sustainability. However, the current literature on cycling has predominantly focused on safety and health benefits, while the environmental benefits including GHG mitigation benefits remain less explored. To summarize findings from the current literature that explore the GHG emissions-related benefits (or costs) of cycling infrastructure, we conducted a literature review using five major scientific databases, following the PRISMA guidelines. Out of 824 screened records, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were published in the last decade, reflecting a limited but growing interest in this topic. The current analytical approaches include mode shift analysis, life cycle assessment, and scenario modelling. Among these, mode shift analysis (i.e., assessing the potential benefits related to replacement of car trips with cycling) remains a commonly used method. We found that cycling offers significant operational benefits by reducing GHG emissions, especially in the context of large-scale expansions of cycling infrastructure. Existing research indicates that even when embodied emissions are considered, bicycle is a more sustainable mode of transportation compared to cars or even public transit. However, emissions associated with installation and maintenance of cycling infrastructure may sometimes negate the GHG benefits associated with additional cycling. We discussed gaps in the current literature and directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Green Transport and Mobility: Lessons from Practice)

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24 pages, 7539 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Social Acceptance of Offshore Wind Farms in Morocco

by Korchy Hanan and Mishima Nozomu

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4347; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094347 - 28 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1110

Abstract

Morocco is a leading African nation in renewable energy, with growing interest in expanding offshore wind energy. As offshore wind projects have gained momentum worldwide, public acceptance, particularly regarding their environmental and visual impacts, has become a critical consideration. This exploratory study examines [...] Read more.

Morocco is a leading African nation in renewable energy, with growing interest in expanding offshore wind energy. As offshore wind projects have gained momentum worldwide, public acceptance, particularly regarding their environmental and visual impacts, has become a critical consideration. This exploratory study examines the social acceptance of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in Morocco by integrating social acceptance analysis with a visual impact assessment based on three-dimensional (3D) image modeling in an emerging offshore wind context. Social perceptions were first assessed through a small-scale survey, with findings interpreted descriptively and considered alongside results from a public perception survey conducted in Japan, which served as a contextual reference. A hypothetical offshore wind installation along the Moroccan coast was then simulated, followed by a small-scale exploratory perception survey to examine initial reactions to different visual configurations. Given the limited sample size, the findings are indicative rather than generalizable. Nevertheless, they provide preliminary insights into the prominent role of environmental considerations, particularly ecological protection and visual integration, in shaping attitudes toward OWFs. This study highlights the relevance of careful site selection, transparent communication, and early stakeholder engagement as context-sensitive considerations for offshore wind development in Morocco. Full article

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19 pages, 2234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Hidden Costs of Recurring Drought: Climate Change and Economic Losses in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area

by Sergio Baraibar Molina, Helena Torres Alvaro and Jaume Freire-González

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4266; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094266 - 24 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1231

Abstract

Mediterranean water systems face intensifying drought pressure under climate change, yet the long-term macroeconomic consequences of recurrent water restrictions remain largely unquantified at the metropolitan scale. This study estimates the cumulative economic costs of drought-induced water restrictions in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB) [...] Read more.

Mediterranean water systems face intensifying drought pressure under climate change, yet the long-term macroeconomic consequences of recurrent water restrictions remain largely unquantified at the metropolitan scale. This study estimates the cumulative economic costs of drought-induced water restrictions in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB) over 2016–2099 using a supply-driven Input–Output (Ghosh) model driven by six hydro-climatic projections. Drought conditions persist in more than half of all simulated months across all climate projections, generating substantial cumulative undiscounted losses of €52–61 billion through repeated restriction episodes rather than isolated extreme events. The present value of total GDP losses ranges between €8.4 and €41.4 billion depending on the discount rate applied (1%, 3% and 5%). Losses concentrate in service sectors due to strong intersectoral propagation effects, despite agriculture exhibiting the highest direct water dependence. The framework provides a transferable approach for assessing long-term climate-driven drought costs in metropolitan urban or regional economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Climate Resilience of Critical Asset: Asset-Level Modelling to Achieve A Better Understanding of Climate-Related Impacts)

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20 pages, 1326 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Mining Impacts on Communities: A Systematic Review of Social, Economic, Environmental, Territorial, and Health Dimensions

by Vilson Carlesso dos Reis, Gabriel Mateus Oliveira Cubi, Guilherme José Oliveira Cubi, Felipe Ribeiro Souza, Edmo da Cunha Rodovalho and Hernani Mota de Lima

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094208 - 23 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Mining plays a central role in global development, but its benefits are often accompanied by significant social, economic, environmental, territorial, and health-related impacts on affected communities. This study aimed to identify, organize, and synthesize the main impacts of mining on communities through a [...] Read more.

Mining plays a central role in global development, but its benefits are often accompanied by significant social, economic, environmental, territorial, and health-related impacts on affected communities. This study aimed to identify, organize, and synthesize the main impacts of mining on communities through a systematic literature review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. The search was carried out in the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Journal Portal, covering the period from 2009 to 2024, and resulted in 57 eligible empirical studies. Data were extracted, organized, and synthesized through thematic analysis and structured binary coding of impact indicators. The results showed that mining impacts are widely distributed across multiple dimensions, with economic (98.25%), environmental (92.98%), and social (91.23%) impacts being the most recurrent, followed by territorial/cultural and mental health dimensions (85.96%). Indicators such as economic dependence, loss of livelihoods, conflicts, and contamination were particularly frequent. In contrast, post-closure vulnerability received comparatively limited attention in the literature. These findings suggest the multidimensional and systemic nature of mining impacts and highlight the need for more integrated and long-term approaches, especially those addressing the post-operational period and progressive mine closure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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66 pages, 7328 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable Valorization of Spent Coffee Grounds Within the Circular Economy: Innovative Applications in Food, Agriculture, Environmental, and Industrial Sectors

by Nicoleta Ungureanu and Nicolae-Valentin Vlăduț

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084127 - 21 Apr 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are one of the most abundant agro-industrial by-products worldwide, with 650 kg generated per ton of green coffee processed, corresponding to an estimated global production of 6.7 million tons in 2022/2023. Improper disposal of SCG raises environmental concerns, while [...] Read more.

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are one of the most abundant agro-industrial by-products worldwide, with 650 kg generated per ton of green coffee processed, corresponding to an estimated global production of 6.7 million tons in 2022/2023. Improper disposal of SCG raises environmental concerns, while their reuse offers opportunities for sustainable resource management and circular economy strategies. This review examines SCG valorization by addressing their chemical composition, functional properties, and key applications in sectors such as food, agriculture, environmental remediation, bioenergy, and selected industrial fields, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, construction materials, and functional devices. In this context, it discusses technological approaches, performance outcomes, and implementation considerations, emphasizing the multifunctional potential of SCGs as a renewable feedstock capable of reducing waste, improving resource efficiency, and generating economic value. By consolidating the current state of knowledge and exploring diverse valorization pathways, this work frames SCG utilization within a circular bioeconomy framework and highlights how innovative applications can transform this widely available waste into sustainable and economically valuable products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Valorization of Biomass for Clean Energy and High-Value Products)

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38 pages, 1343 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Sustainable Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Removal from Water

by Jair Idrobo Gutierrèz, Bladimir Andrés Dita Ávila, Leonardo Nunez Argumedo, Jaime Rubiano Camargo, Fernanda Luz de Freitas, Débora Pez Jaeschke, Marssele Martins Crispim, Anelise Christ Ribeiro, Eliezer Quadro Oreste and Janaína Oliveira Gonçalves

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18083827 - 13 Apr 2026

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

The search for new technologies for the removal of heavy metals has intensified due to the increasing contamination of aquatic environments. In this context, biopolymer-based nanocomposites have stood out in the synthesis of new adsorbent materials. These nanocomposites are considered promising due to [...] Read more.

The search for new technologies for the removal of heavy metals has intensified due to the increasing contamination of aquatic environments. In this context, biopolymer-based nanocomposites have stood out in the synthesis of new adsorbent materials. These nanocomposites are considered promising due to their abundance, low toxicity, versatility, and high affinity for metal ions. Therefore, this work presents a comprehensive discussion on the development, properties, and performance of biopolymer-based nanocomposites applied to the removal of heavy metals from aqueous systems. Biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose, alginate, lignin, and pectin are highlighted due to their functional groups and the possibility of chemical modification and/or incorporation of nanoparticles to improve adsorption capacity. In addition, the main mechanisms involved in the metal adsorption process, such as ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, complexation, and chelation, are discussed together with the most commonly used isotherm and kinetic models to describe adsorption behavior. Furthermore, the potential for reuse of these materials is also described in order to evaluate their stability. Finally, possible processes related to nanoparticle leaching, bioaccumulation, and potential ecological risks are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials for Environmental Remediation: Innovations and Applications)

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22 pages, 2065 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Local Institutions Mediate Effects of Land Scarcity in Indigenous Territories in Amazonia

by Ana Lucía Araujo Raurau and Oliver T. Coomes

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 3665; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18083665 - 8 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1635

Abstract

Indigenous territories in Amazonia sustain forest cover through the practice of swidden-fallow agriculture, yet declining land availability threatens both the ecological sustainability of this agricultural system and its contributions to community livelihoods. While scholars recognize land scarcity’s potential to drive transformations in shifting [...] Read more.

Indigenous territories in Amazonia sustain forest cover through the practice of swidden-fallow agriculture, yet declining land availability threatens both the ecological sustainability of this agricultural system and its contributions to community livelihoods. While scholars recognize land scarcity’s potential to drive transformations in shifting cultivation systems, we lack a systematic understanding of how local institutional frameworks shape heterogeneous responses to resource constraints. This study examines how land access mechanisms, distribution dynamics and property regimes among Indigenous communities mediate experiences of and adaptations to land scarcity in the Peruvian Amazon. We conducted a comparative case study of Solidaridad and Tamboruna, two land-scarce Indigenous communities in Peru’s Napo River basin, employing mixed methods including household surveys (n = 74), plot-level assessments, and qualitative interviews with community leaders. Our findings reveal three critical pathways through which institutions mediate scarcity outcomes. First, land access mechanisms determine whether scarce resources produce equitable constraint or acute land inequality. Second, land use intensification emerges not from scarcity alone but from accumulated inequality and household labor capacity, with land accumulated over lifecycles showing stronger associations with management practices than initial endowments. Third, where scarcity manifests as extreme polarization, it precipitates renegotiation of land property norms shaped by Indigenous sociability and moral economies, defying straightforward trajectories toward either resource privatization or collective governance. These results demonstrate that land scarcity produces divergent trajectories mediated by community-specific institutions, with swidden-fallow systems likely diminishing their capacity to sustain forest regeneration in Indigenous communities where scarcity leads to acute land inequality. Rather than uniform solutions, sustainability policy must therefore tailor interventions to local institutional contexts—prioritizing territorial expansion, facilitating communities’ own governance development, and supporting household adaptive capacity to resource scarcity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolving Indigenous Nations and Communities: Sustainable Territories and Social Ecology in a Changing Geopolitical Context)

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28 pages, 4290 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prioritisation of Native Tree Species for Biodiversity Conservation, Carbon Capture, and Livelihoods Improvement in Shade-Grown Coffee Regions of Chiapas, Mexico

by María Guadalupe Chávez Hernández, César Mateo Flores-Ortiz, Robert Hunter Manson, María Toledo-Garibaldi, Maraeva Gianella and Tiziana Ulian

Sustainability 2026, 18(7), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18073511 - 3 Apr 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1071

Abstract

Coffee production, particularly in shade-grown farms, plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of Mexican farmers. Shade-grown coffee systems are also recognised for supporting biodiversity and enhancing carbon capture. Nevertheless, the geographical heterogeneity of Mexico makes the selection of tree species in these [...] Read more.

Coffee production, particularly in shade-grown farms, plays a crucial role in the livelihoods of Mexican farmers. Shade-grown coffee systems are also recognised for supporting biodiversity and enhancing carbon capture. Nevertheless, the geographical heterogeneity of Mexico makes the selection of tree species in these agroforestry systems challenging. This study develops region-specific priority lists to conserve biodiversity, improve carbon capture, and support the livelihoods of producers across nine coffee-growing regions within the state of Chiapas. We identified the tree species distributed in each region using an extensive dataset from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and a novel approach that enhanced spatial resolution of the prioritisation process, despite biases in collection efforts. A set of 23 criteria, including conservation status, carbon content, and documented uses by local communities, was compiled from databases and literature reviews and used to calculate a priority score for each species. Based on these scores, a list of 20 recommended species was generated for each region. However, additional participatory validation is needed to translate these lists into practice. A similarity analysis revealed that geographically proximate regions shared similar species composition. Overall, this study provides a transparent framework for regionally tailored shade-tree selection to inform conservation and restoration planning in coffee agroforestry landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nature-Based Solutions-2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Assessment of the Energy Efficiency of Diesel and Electric Cars for Sustainable Urban Logistics

by Rytis Engelaitis, Aldona Jarašūnienė and Margarita Išoraitė

Sustainability 2026, 18(7), 3212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18073212 - 25 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1629

Abstract

Transport decarbonization and electrification are the current concepts of sustainable logistics. The European Green Deal aims to remove internal combustion engine vehicles from the roads and make the continent climate neutral by 2050. However, there is much debate about the means to achieve [...] Read more.

Transport decarbonization and electrification are the current concepts of sustainable logistics. The European Green Deal aims to remove internal combustion engine vehicles from the roads and make the continent climate neutral by 2050. However, there is much debate about the means to achieve this goal and the rivalry between diesel and electric vehicles. This article aims to analyze the impact of the energy efficiency of diesel and electric vehicles on the sustainability of urban logistics and the benefits for the average transport user—the driver. The study uses scientific literature, statistical, comparative, SWOT analysis methods, and experimental research methods. In addition, a qualitative study was conducted with the help of experts, and the problematic relationships between diesel and electric vehicles were analyzed. The results of the study showed that even an old diesel vehicle is not inferior to a new electric vehicle in terms of energy efficiency and operation for the average user but does not meet the theoretical sustainability standards for urban logistics. Therefore, broader apolitical discussion and practical experiments are needed to ensure that the results of future research are unbiased. Full article

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21 pages, 1006 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems: Implications for Ecosystem Services and the Sustainability of Fisheries

by Doaa M. Mokhtar

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18063021 - 19 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

Microplastic pollution has become widespread in aquatic ecosystems worldwide; however, its consequences for ecosystem service provision and fisheries’ long-term sustainability remain poorly integrated across scientific disciplines. While previous reviews have primarily focused on sources, distribution patterns, and toxicological responses, this review advances the [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution has become widespread in aquatic ecosystems worldwide; however, its consequences for ecosystem service provision and fisheries’ long-term sustainability remain poorly integrated across scientific disciplines. While previous reviews have primarily focused on sources, distribution patterns, and toxicological responses, this review advances the field by synthesizing existing evidence through an ecosystem-service framework. Specifically, it integrates organism-level biological responses with population dynamics and fishery productivity to evaluate how microplastic exposure may influence provisioning, regulating, and supporting services. It also critically provides patterns of sublethal effects, trophic transfer dynamics, and interactions with co-stressors. Particular attention is given to the challenge of scaling from physiological responses to measurable impacts on biomass production, recruitment stability, and habitat functionality. To clarify these linkages, the review provides a structured synthesis of service pathways connecting microplastic exposure to fishery-relevant outcomes and highlights priority research gaps necessary for quantitative risk assessment. In conclusion, advancing sustainability assessments requires long-term, field-based integration of ecotoxicology, population modeling, and ecosystem process metrics. By reframing microplastic pollution within a service-delivery context, this review offers a focused analytical foundation for evaluating its significance to sustainable fisheries and aquatic resource governance. Full article

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27 pages, 2643 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.) as a Support for Sustainable Agriculture

by Piotr Jarosław Żarczyński, Ewa Mackiewicz-Walec, Sławomir Józef Krzebietke, Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Soňa Hlinková and Katarzyna Żarczyńska

Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062823 - 13 Mar 2026

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.) is a pseudocereal that has recently gained increasing interest among both farmers and scientists. Its low soil requirements, high adaptability, and high resistance to diseases and pests allow it to be cultivated in many regions of the [...] Read more.

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.) is a pseudocereal that has recently gained increasing interest among both farmers and scientists. Its low soil requirements, high adaptability, and high resistance to diseases and pests allow it to be cultivated in many regions of the world. It is recommended for various cultivation systems, especially for low-input and organic farming. Currently, buckwheat is grown mainly for seeds and less often for green fodder. Thanks to its above-average nutritional value and many benefits that support human health, it is considered one of the leaders in functional food. It can be a basic raw material for many food products such as flour, groats, and flakes, but can also be used as a valuable addition to crisps, bars and drinks. Recently, buckwheat’s usefulness in the energy industry, construction, medicine, and pharmacology has been confirmed. Buckwheat, as a plant species distinct from the dominant global crops, fits very well into the current standards and assumptions of sustainable development. Its cultivation and consumption are associated with a number of benefits not only for human health but also for the whole environment. It is considered a species that counteracts climate change. Buckwheat’s valuable properties include its positive impact on soil physicochemical properties, its enhancement of biodiversity, and its support for pollinators. It is considered a species that can be cultivated in a changing climate, generating a very low carbon footprint. The aim of this study was to determine the contemporary economic importance of buckwheat, its place among species supporting sustainable development, and to identify potential research areas that will contribute to strengthening buckwheat’s role in sustainable agriculture. Full article

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45 pages, 6030 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Open-Source Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Model to Assess the Environmental Impacts of IGBT Power Semiconductor Manufacturing

by Thomas Guillemet, Pierre-Yves Pichon and Nicolas Degrenne

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052663 - 9 Mar 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

While sustainability is set as a goal by a broad range of international organizations, its definition varies, and there is still a lack of practical criteria for product designers to evaluate the degree of (un)sustainability in the design phase. Life cycle assessment (LCA) [...] Read more.

While sustainability is set as a goal by a broad range of international organizations, its definition varies, and there is still a lack of practical criteria for product designers to evaluate the degree of (un)sustainability in the design phase. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can allow quantification of the environmental impacts of a product but is often carried out post-design, when the manufacturing process is already settled. Finally, while significant advances have been made towards standardizing LCA calculations by providing product category rules, large uncertainties remain in the calculation results due to a lack of transparency regarding the choices of databases, system boundaries, allocation, cut-off rules, and level of data granularity. A practical way to improve in those areas is to share with the semiconductor community a parametrizable life cycle inventory (LCI) model based on a target device to (1) identify knowledge gaps in LCA methods for such products, (2) identify the main process variables, and (3) provide a starting point for LCA calculations by the designers themselves. With this aim, a parametrizable cradle-to-gate manufacturing LCI model was developed based on the peer-reviewed process flow of a trench field-stop silicon insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) semiconductor power device. The model allows computation of the environmental impacts of the IGBT manufacturing process based on different tunable parameters such as die size, wafer diameter, manufacturing yield, abatement efficiency, wafer fab throughput, wafer fab location, and associated electricity mix. Embedding a high level of data granularity, it helps identify, at elementary process levels, key environmental hotspots and associated technical levers for their reduction. Analysis of the IGBT manufacturing process tends to demonstrate the importance of an impact assessment approach considering multiple environmental categories, going beyond the sole focus on greenhouse gas emissions and accounting for potential transfers of impact. With an open-source mindset and in a continuous improvement prospective, the manufacturing inventory model and its associated tools are freely available from a public GitHub repository and open for comments and consolidation from users. Full article

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37 pages, 3912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Sweetener Innovation 4.0 Manifesto: How AI Is Architecting the Future of Functional Sweetness

by Ali Ayoub

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052488 - 4 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Sweeteners occupy a pivotal role in the global transition toward sustainable, health-aligned, and resource-efficient food systems. Conventional sucrose production carries significant environmental burdens, while escalating metabolic health concerns intensify demand for viable alternatives. This paper reframes sweeteners not as commodity ingredients, but as [...] Read more.

Sweeteners occupy a pivotal role in the global transition toward sustainable, health-aligned, and resource-efficient food systems. Conventional sucrose production carries significant environmental burdens, while escalating metabolic health concerns intensify demand for viable alternatives. This paper reframes sweeteners not as commodity ingredients, but as digitally engineered, biologically manufactured, and circularity-optimized materials within the emerging bioeconomy. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), metabolic engineering, precision fermentation, and lignocellulosic valorization are fundamentally reshaping sweetener innovation. We introduce the Sweetener Innovation 4.0 framework, in which AI functions as the integrative engine linking molecular design, bioprocess optimization, and system-level sustainability. Across diverse sweetener classes, including steviol glycosides, mogrosides, rare sugars, sweet proteins, and forestry-derived polyols, AI accelerates discovery, improves metabolic flux control, optimizes downstream processing and enables more adaptive manufacturing systems. This digital–biological convergence is progressively decoupling sweetness production from land-intensive agriculture, reducing dependence on geographically constrained crops, and enabling resilient, low-carbon manufacturing pathways. Comparative life-cycle assessments highlight substantial sustainability gains, but also reveal persistent methodological gaps, particularly in accounting for downstream-processing energy and digital infrastructure emissions. Socioeconomic analysis further underscores the importance of equitable transitions, transparent labeling, and effective consumer communication as fermentation-derived sweeteners enter global markets. Looking forward, we identify key frontiers for Sweetener Innovation 4.0, including de novo AI-designed sweeteners, autonomous fermentation systems, carbon-negative feedstocks, personalized sweetness modulation, and integrated circular biorefineries. Together, these developments position sweeteners as a top domain for demonstrating how AI, biotechnology, and sustainability principles can jointly reshape ingredient development and industrial systems within the 21st-century circular-economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Food)

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10 pages, 677 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

AI, Maritime Decarbonization, and Ocean Conservation

by Mark J. Spalding

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052337 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 7580

Abstract

International shipping contributes approximately 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions while serving as the circulatory system of global commerce. The International Maritime Organization’s 2023 GHG Strategy mandates net-zero emissions by or around 2050, with indicative targets requiring a 20–30% reduction by 2030 and [...] Read more.

International shipping contributes approximately 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions while serving as the circulatory system of global commerce. The International Maritime Organization’s 2023 GHG Strategy mandates net-zero emissions by or around 2050, with indicative targets requiring a 20–30% reduction by 2030 and a 70–80% reduction by 2040. From a coastal and ocean conservation perspective, these targets represent more than climate mitigation—they offer an opportunity to reduce the maritime sector’s broader ecological footprint, including underwater noise pollution, chemical contamination from antifouling coatings, and the transfer of invasive species through biofouling. This article examines the role of artificial intelligence in supporting maritime decarbonization across multiple domains: voyage optimization, wind-assisted propulsion management, vessel automation, port coordination, predictive maintenance, ship design optimization, and hull maintenance robotics. Critically, the analysis also addresses AI’s own environmental footprint—the substantial energy demands of data centers that power these technologies—and emphasizes the importance of transparent accounting of AI-related emissions. The article proposes research directions that advance both climate objectives and marine ecosystem protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transdisciplinary Approach in Sustainable Shipping: Transition to a Zero-Emission Maritime Industry)

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24 pages, 2558 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Urban Climate Governance and Urban Planning: A Systematic Review of Recent Literature (2020–2025)

by Beatrice Lorenz Fontolan, Sílvia Jorge and Jorge Gonçalves

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2362; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052362 - 28 Feb 2026

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2871

Abstract

Climate change poses increasing challenges to cities, requiring integrated governance and planning approaches to promote sustainable, resilient, and equitable urban development. In this context, this study aims to systematically review scientific literature on climate governance and urban planning, identifying dominant themes, conceptual frameworks, [...] Read more.

Climate change poses increasing challenges to cities, requiring integrated governance and planning approaches to promote sustainable, resilient, and equitable urban development. In this context, this study aims to systematically review scientific literature on climate governance and urban planning, identifying dominant themes, conceptual frameworks, and research gaps. A systematic literature review was conducted following established review protocols, including database searches, screening procedures, and bibliometric and qualitative content analyses. Keyword co-occurrence and thematic clustering were applied to map the intellectual structure of the field. The results reveal a highly interdisciplinary research landscape organized around four main thematic domains: urban governance and sustainable development, climate adaptation and nature-based solutions, risk, vulnerability and participatory approaches, and land-use planning, mitigation, and environmental policy. Urban planning emerges as a central integrative platform connecting governance arrangements, ecological strategies, and climate risk management. The findings also highlight a growing emphasis on participatory governance and adaptation-oriented planning, alongside persistent gaps related to climate justice, Global South perspectives, and the integration of social inequalities into planning frameworks. Overall, the study demonstrates that effective climate governance increasingly depends on coordinated urban planning strategies capable of integrating environmental, social, and institutional dimensions, contributing to more sustainable and resilient cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)

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41 pages, 2268 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Can Digital Twin Technology Enhance Supply-Chain Resilience? A Systematic Literature Review

by Congyang Liu, Yingli Wang, Laura Purvis and Andrew Potter

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2361; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052361 - 28 Feb 2026

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3945

Abstract

Digital twin technology (DTT) creates a virtual replica of a physical object, system, or process and uses real-time data to support monitoring, analysis, and control. Although DTT is increasingly discussed as a means to enhance supply-chain resilience, prior evidence is fragmented and lacks [...] Read more.

Digital twin technology (DTT) creates a virtual replica of a physical object, system, or process and uses real-time data to support monitoring, analysis, and control. Although DTT is increasingly discussed as a means to enhance supply-chain resilience, prior evidence is fragmented and lacks an integrated view across disruption stages. This study conducts a systematic literature review of 89 peer-reviewed articles on DTT and supply-chain resilience, applying relevance-based screening to retain studies with substantive theoretical and practical implications. The review indicates that DTT applications for resilience are emergent but gaining momentum, and that their contribution differs by resilience stage. Specifically, DTT capabilities support preparedness through enhanced visibility, risk sensing, and scenario testing; resistance through real-time monitoring, early warning, and evaluation of mitigation options; rebound through response coordination, recovery planning, and adaptive reconfiguration; and growth through post-disruption learning and network redesign. The synthesis also identifies key barriers to adoption, including data quality limitations, high implementation costs, shortages of specialised skills, and governance challenges, and suggests that integration with complementary digital technologies often enables more advanced functionality. Overall, the study provides a stage-based consolidation of DTT capabilities, benefits, and barriers to guide research and managerial deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Management Strategies and Practices—2nd Edition)

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40 pages, 670 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

AI Solutions for Improving Sustainability in Water Resource Management

by Jorge Alejandro Silva

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18042154 - 23 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Water systems experience increasing sustainability challenges from climate variability, aging infrastructure, and energy and chemical intensity demands, but AI has typically been assessed against prediction accuracy rather than demonstrated operational success. This PRISMA 2020 systematic review analyzed the role of AI solutions on [...] Read more.

Water systems experience increasing sustainability challenges from climate variability, aging infrastructure, and energy and chemical intensity demands, but AI has typically been assessed against prediction accuracy rather than demonstrated operational success. This PRISMA 2020 systematic review analyzed the role of AI solutions on sustainability in distribution, treatment, and basin management. The database search identified 920 records; after deduplication (n = 185), screening was conducted on n = 735 titles/abstracts and examination of the full text for n = 85, providing a total of n = 41 included peer-reviewed studies for qualitative synthesis and n = 38 for quantitative/bibliometric synthesis with the additional analysis of seven grey-literature sources. Evidence mapping reveals high growth post-2020, and distribution and wastewater operations are dominated by a few companies. The most deployable evidence is found with monitoring, anomaly/leak detection, and short-term forecasting, while optimization and reinforcement-learning control are primarily simulation validated with limited field applications. While accuracy metrics are often reported, transformation into water saved, kWh/m³, chemicals, compliance/reliability/resilience/equity measures are inconsistently and less frequently operationalized. In general, AI is most believable when it is part of analysis-ready workflows, bounded decision support, and measurement-and-verification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Solutions for Improving Sustainability in Water Resource Management)

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26 pages, 2846 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electric Minibus Taxis in Cape Town: Energy Demand, Emissions, and Costs

by Joshua Tokollo Sello, Mienke Knipe, Maria Elizabeth Marais, Salma Abdelgadir, Christo Venter and Marthinus Johannes Booysen

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18042122 - 21 Feb 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1799

Abstract

Minibus taxis are Cape Town’s ubiquitous public transport mode, carrying about 69% of public transport users. As electric mobility accelerates, the implications of electrifying this paratransit fleet must be quantified. We present a multi-perspective assessment of energy, environmental and operator impacts of electric [...] Read more.

Minibus taxis are Cape Town’s ubiquitous public transport mode, carrying about 69% of public transport users. As electric mobility accelerates, the implications of electrifying this paratransit fleet must be quantified. We present a multi-perspective assessment of energy, environmental and operator impacts of electric minibus taxis (eMBTs). Using a high-resolution tracking dataset representative of MBT operations in Cape Town, South Africa, we estimate daily charging energy demand, compare greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions for electric and internal combustion operation under South Africa’s coal-dominated grid, and evaluate the operator’s total cost of ownership. Key results show that eMBTs require approximately 50.8 kWh of energy per day, based on the fleet’s median daily distance. Under current grid conditions, diesel minibus taxis emit 14.37% less CO₂e than eMBTs, but eMBTs drastically reduce noise pollution and particulate matter emissions when compared to diesel vehicles. Despite higher purchase prices, eMBTs can reduce operating costs and become financially attractive under favourable electricity prices and financing conditions. The study provides evidence to guide charging infrastructure planning, grid policy and incentive design for paratransit electrification in developing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Transportation and Urban Traffic—3rd Edition)

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43 pages, 3048 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Life Cycle Assessment of Power Plants: A Systematic Review of Environmental Impacts Across Electricity Generation Technologies

by Beatrice Marchi, Enrico Bertagna and Lucio E. Zavanella

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041994 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impact of power generation systems and inform energy and climate policy decisions. In recent years, numerous LCA studies have examined the life-cycle implications of power plants utilizing renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel [...] Read more.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate the environmental impact of power generation systems and inform energy and climate policy decisions. In recent years, numerous LCA studies have examined the life-cycle implications of power plants utilizing renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel technologies. Nevertheless, the resultant data is fragmented, exhibiting significant diversity among investigations attributable to disparities in system boundaries, technical assumptions, and methodological selections. This document offers a systematic overview of peer-reviewed LCA studies and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) evaluating the environmental implications of predominant power production technologies, such as solar photovoltaic, wind, hydropower, nuclear, and natural gas power plants. Various environmental effect categories are evaluated, with a specific focus on Global Warming Potential as the most frequently reported and policy-relevant metric. The review consolidates documented impact ranges, assesses the effects of plant size and technological design, and evaluates the contribution of several life cycle stages to overall environmental performance. The findings emphasize prevalent tendencies and significant variability among technologies and studies, illustrating the susceptibility of LCA results to modeling assumptions and data sources. Although current LCAs offer relevant insights into the environmental impact of electricity generation, the review highlights enduring methodological deficiencies, particularly the inadequate handling of uncertainty, the static portrayal of long-lasting infrastructures, and the lack of explicit attention to technological risk. This study consolidates and critically evaluates existing literature, providing a thorough reference on the life-cycle environmental consequences of power plants and facilitating a more educated interpretation of LCA results within energy system planning and policy analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Renewable Energy Supply and Sustainability Transitions: System Performance, Industrial Integration, and Risk-Aware Assessment)

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16 pages, 257 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Environmental Blind Spot of AI Policy: Energy, Infrastructure, and the Systematic Externalization of Sustainability

by Carlos García-Llorente and Ignacio Olmeda

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031633 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1539

Abstract

Contemporary artificial intelligence policies systematically externalize environmental costs. Despite divergent governance models, the European Union, the United States, and China converge on the same outcome: none impose binding restrictions on the energy intensity, carbon footprint, or infrastructural expansion of AI systems. This article [...] Read more.

Contemporary artificial intelligence policies systematically externalize environmental costs. Despite divergent governance models, the European Union, the United States, and China converge on the same outcome: none impose binding restrictions on the energy intensity, carbon footprint, or infrastructural expansion of AI systems. This article demonstrates that sustainability is treated as an externality, rather than as a mandatory regulatory constraint, in all major jurisdictions. Focusing on energy consumption, computational infrastructure, and carbon budgets, the analysis shows that current AI policy choices generate predictable patterns of environmental omission and cost externalization. Policy measures aimed at strengthening rights protection and technological autonomy—such as tightening compliance requirements, developing large-scale models, and duplicating infrastructure—are adopted without corresponding limits on energy use or emissions, generating growing tensions with planetary constraints. This article makes three contributions to the literature on AI governance and sustainability. First, it conceptualizes sustainability as a binding material constraint, rather than as a normative objective or efficiency-based goal. Second, through a comparative policy analysis, it shows that despite divergent regulatory styles, the European Union, the United States, and China converge in the absence of enforceable environmental limits applicable to AI systems. Third, it identifies the policy mechanisms—compliance-driven computational expansion, infrastructure duplication, and scale-oriented incentives—that systematically generate environmental externalization across jurisdictions. The article concludes that effective AI policy requires recognizing sustainability as a hard material limit, translated into binding environmental restrictions that condition regulatory design, infrastructure planning, and the permissible scale of computational systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI for Sustainable Development: Innovations, Challenges, and Real-World Applications)

16 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climate Change Distress (But Not Impairment) Mediates the Relationship Between Positive Traits and Pro-Environmental Behaviour

by Carolina Cabaços, António Macedo, Margarida Baptista and Ana Telma Pereira

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031501 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1793

Abstract

Personality traits are essential to understanding individual differences in values, attitudes, behaviours, and cognitive-emotional reactions to climate change (CC). Prosocial traits (empathy and altruism) and nature relatedness (NR), that is, the subjective sense of connection with the natural world, have been linked both [...] Read more.

Personality traits are essential to understanding individual differences in values, attitudes, behaviours, and cognitive-emotional reactions to climate change (CC). Prosocial traits (empathy and altruism) and nature relatedness (NR), that is, the subjective sense of connection with the natural world, have been linked both to pro-environmental behaviours (PEB) and to CC-related psychological distress. As these reactions are increasingly common in the context of CC, it is crucial to distinguish their adaptive components from their maladaptive ones, namely, by identifying which psychological predictors most strongly promote PEB, in order to design targeted interventions and communication strategies that effectively foster sustainable action. This study examined whether CC-worry, CC-distress, and CC-impairment mediate the relationships between prosocial traits, NR, and PEB. A community sample of 577 adults (mean age = 32.62 ± 14.71 years; 64.6% women) completed self-report measures of the abovementioned study variables, and a multiple mediation model using structural equation modelling was tested. Prosocial traits and NR were positively associated with CC-related psychological distress and PEB, and CC-worry and CC-distress showed significant mediating roles, whereas CC-impairment did not. The model explained 40% of PEB’s variance. Overall, CC-worry and CC-distress appear to function as adaptive, motivational processes that link positive traits and nature connection to environmental action, while CC-impairment reflects a maladaptive, unconstructive response that may index the more pathological end of climate change-related psychological distress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Well-Being from the Perspective of Sustainable Development: Second Edition)

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40 pages, 13484 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial and Economic Differentiation of Land Use for Organic Farming in the European Union

by Adam Pawlewicz and Katarzyna Pawlewicz

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031454 - 1 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1394

Abstract

This study investigates the spatial and economic differentiation of organic farming across the European Union by analyzing regional specialization patterns using Location Quotients (LQ). The results reveal a highly heterogeneous landscape shaped by the interaction of agro-ecological conditions, production traditions, market development, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the spatial and economic differentiation of organic farming across the European Union by analyzing regional specialization patterns using Location Quotients (LQ). The results reveal a highly heterogeneous landscape shaped by the interaction of agro-ecological conditions, production traditions, market development, and structural characteristics of national agricultural systems. Six distinct regional models of organic farming are identified: the Nordic–Baltic cereal–forage model, the Alpine–Central European grassland model, the Mediterranean permanent-crop model, the Central–Eastern European raw-material model, the Western European intensive horticultural model, and the island-based niche-specialization model. Regression analyses show that overall organic specialization is strongly associated with market development, whereas the structure of organic crop production is primarily determined by agro-ecological and structural factors rather than consumer demand or purchasing power. These findings highlight the strong embeddedness of organic farming within long-term regional development pathways and underscore the need for regionally differentiated policy instruments within the Common Agricultural Policy. Effective support measures should be tailored to dominant crop types, production systems, and comparative advantages across Member States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Production: The Interaction on Soil Microorganisms and Soil Health in Arable Land)

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25 pages, 369 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Intelligent Technologies: Are They Making the Workplace Productive?

by Jacques Bughin

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031419 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1735

Abstract

This paper investigates whether intelligent workplace technologies improve firm-level productivity and, if so, under what conditions, with particular attention to their implications for the economic and social sustainability of firms. This investigation occurs in a context where firms increasingly combine automation, artificial intelligence [...] Read more.

This paper investigates whether intelligent workplace technologies improve firm-level productivity and, if so, under what conditions, with particular attention to their implications for the economic and social sustainability of firms. This investigation occurs in a context where firms increasingly combine automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and work-from-home (WFH) practices to sustain performance under structural shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence that firms adopt these technologies jointly and reorganize work accordingly, existing research typically examines them in isolation. We develop a micro-founded, task-based production model in which firms allocate tasks between on-site and remote labor and automated capital in an optimal manner. This model allows both automation technologies and remote work collaboration tools to affect productivity and coordination costs that are central to long-term organizational sustainability. Using firm-level survey data from nearly 4000 large firms across industries and countries (2018–2021), we show that working from home (WFH) exhibits diminishing productivity returns when scaled in isolation, reflecting rising coordination frictions. In contrast, firms that combine WFH with automation and digital collaboration tools experience significantly higher labor productivity growth. These integrated technology systems support sustainable productivity by enabling capital deepening, resilient task reallocation, and more efficient use of labor resources over time. Overall, the findings suggest that productivity gains—and by extension sustainable firm performance—stem from integrated workplace technology systems rather than isolated investments, highlighting the importance of coherent technology strategies for organizing work in the post-pandemic economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of AI on Business Sustainability and Efficiency)

30 pages, 2381 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circular Models for the Sustainable Regeneration of Italian Rural Villages: A Critical Analysis of Good Practices Toward the Definition of a Circular Rural Village

by Francesca Buglione, Piera Della Morte, Mariarosaria Angrisano, Antonia Gravagnuolo and Luigi Fusco Girard

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031405 - 30 Jan 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1762

Abstract

In the context of the European Green Deal and the New European Bauhaus, circularity and sustainability have emerged as central paradigms for rethinking development models in both urban and rural areas. While most literature focuses on cities, rural villages are increasingly recognised as [...] Read more.

In the context of the European Green Deal and the New European Bauhaus, circularity and sustainability have emerged as central paradigms for rethinking development models in both urban and rural areas. While most literature focuses on cities, rural villages are increasingly recognised as living laboratories where cultural heritage, landscape values, and community-based practices can support sustainable and responsible tourism. This study applies the Circular Development framework to 54 European case studies of rural regeneration, examining the interrelations among cultural heritage enhancement, sustainable tourism, circular resource management, and community engagement. Through a mixed-methods approach combining frequency and cluster analysis, the research identifies strategic domains and recurring configurations of actions, contributing to the definition of a conceptual model for the Circular Rural Village. Three pillars (Circular Tourism, Circular Land, and Circular Living) articulate how cultural identity, experiential tourism, ecological regeneration, and participatory governance can foster integrated and sustainable development. The findings offer insights for policy-makers and practitioners aiming to activate regenerative tourism and heritage-led circular transitions aligned with sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Urban Tourism)

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16 pages, 1287 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biochar and Compost as Sustainable Amendments for Soil Health and Water Functions in Semi-Arid Agroecosystems

by Sangam Panta, Prakriti Bista, Sangu Angadi and Rajan Ghimire

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031369 - 30 Jan 2026

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2674

Abstract

Organic amendments, including biochar and compost, are widely recognized for their potential to improve soil health, but their linkage to soil water functions (e.g., storage, infiltration, plant availability) is not clear. Over two years (2024–2025), we investigated soil water infiltration and associated soil [...] Read more.

Organic amendments, including biochar and compost, are widely recognized for their potential to improve soil health, but their linkage to soil water functions (e.g., storage, infiltration, plant availability) is not clear. Over two years (2024–2025), we investigated soil water infiltration and associated soil health properties in response to soil amendment application under no-tillage conditions in semi-arid agroecosystems of the southwestern USA. Soil water infiltration was measured in biochar, compost, biochar and compost, and control plots using the SATURO dual-head infiltrometer. Soil physical and chemical properties, including bulk density (BD), soil moisture content (SMC), water-filled pore space (WFPS), residue cover, mean weight diameter (MWD) of dry aggregates, water-stable aggregates (WSA), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN), were assessed at 0–15 cm soil depth. The results show a 31.5% higher infiltration rate along with, a small but statistically significant (3.7% lower) bulk density, and 119% greater wet aggregate stability in the biochar-amended plots than in the control plots. Compost with biochar also improved soil health, but infiltration responses were variable. Infiltration was positively correlated with residue cover and soil pH, whereas it was negatively correlated or not correlated with other soil properties. This study demonstrates that biochar under no-tillage conditions can enhance soil health and resilience of semi-arid agroecosystems by improving soil water functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health Impacting Ecosystem Resilience)

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20 pages, 40210 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transport Affordability vs. Housing Affordability: An Indicator to Highlight the Economic Efficiency of Sustainable Modes of Transport

by Maren Schnieder

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031208 - 24 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

Background: The rising costs in the metropolitan real estate market are compelling individuals to relocate outside of the city. The anticipated financial savings, however, may be undermined by long and costly commutes; raising the question of whether this trade-off is a worthwhile proposition. [...] Read more.

Background: The rising costs in the metropolitan real estate market are compelling individuals to relocate outside of the city. The anticipated financial savings, however, may be undermined by long and costly commutes; raising the question of whether this trade-off is a worthwhile proposition. This paper uses a digital model of workplace commutes, income levels and house prices in England as well as Wales, to evaluate the trade-off between (i) moving to the city centre and cycling to work versus (ii) continuing to commute by car from a residence on the periphery. Methods: An indicator has been introduced that unifies the transport and housing affordability by expanding the concept of the ‘effective speed’ to include housing costs. The effective speed itself is commonly defined as the travel distance divided by the time dedicated to the transport activity (i.e., travel duration and time given to earn the money to pay for the costs incurred). Results: If only the associated fuel and mortgage costs are considered, residing on the periphery can—for those already living there—be a cost-effective option specially in cities like Cambridge and Oxford. Yet, accounting for the total ownership costs of cars or external effects, this advantage shifts in favour of relocating to the city centre. Conclusion: This study does not negate the existence of an affordable housing crisis in urban environments, though it demonstrates that strategies to cut transport emissions can produce economic gains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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15 pages, 1964 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing an Agrivoltaic System Pilot in a Small-Scale Solar Farm: A Case Study in the Colombian Tropical Dry Forest

by Carlos M. Burgos-De La Cruz, Brayan J. Anaya, Diego C. Duran, Diego F. Tirado and Leonardo Velasco

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031197 - 24 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Agrivoltaic systems, which integrate solar energy generation with agricultural production, offer a promising solution to optimize land use efficiency. This work presents a case study for the assessment of an agrivoltaic pilot project in a small-scale solar farm operated by SOLENIUM in San [...] Read more.

Agrivoltaic systems, which integrate solar energy generation with agricultural production, offer a promising solution to optimize land use efficiency. This work presents a case study for the assessment of an agrivoltaic pilot project in a small-scale solar farm operated by SOLENIUM in San Diego (Cesar, Colombia), located in the Colombian tropical dry forest. The project evaluated environmental conditions, selected melon and watermelon as shade-tolerant crops, and assessed technical challenges, including mechanization constraints. Preliminary results indicated that agrivoltaic systems can maintain agricultural productivity while generating renewable energy, with photosynthetically active radiation measurements averaging 1342 μmol/m²/s in cultivation areas. This case study demonstrates the viability of agrivoltaic systems as a scalable model for sustainable rural development in the Colombian tropical dry forest. Full article

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34 pages, 3678 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Systemic Carbon Lock-In Dynamics and Optimal Sustainable Reduction Pathways for a Just Industrial Transition in South Africa

by Oliver Ibor Inah, Prosper Zanu Sotenga and Udochukwu Bola Akuru

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020956 - 17 Jan 2026

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

South Africa’s manufacturing sector, a driving force for sustainable development, faces a profound challenge in decarbonizing without deindustrializing. This study provides an optimized, scenario-based assessment of the sector explicitly aligned with its Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) objectives. A novel framework is applied, [...] Read more.

South Africa’s manufacturing sector, a driving force for sustainable development, faces a profound challenge in decarbonizing without deindustrializing. This study provides an optimized, scenario-based assessment of the sector explicitly aligned with its Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) objectives. A novel framework is applied, integrating an extended Kaya–Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (Kaya–LMDI) decomposition with scenario forecasting and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization. The decomposition disaggregates a conventional carbon intensity (CI) driver to include Electrification Share (ELE), Renewable Share (REN), and a newly defined Residual Carbon Factor (RCF) that captures direct fossil fuel use for industrial process heat. Historical analysis (2002–2022) shows that emissions growth was primarily driven by the RCF (224.1 MtCO₂, 160%) and Economic Activity (187.5 MtCO₂, 134%), partly offset by gains in Energy Intensity (−141.8 MtCO₂, 101.35%) and REN (−202.2 MtCO₂, −144.53%). Carbon emissions projections to 2040 reveal a critical sustainability trilemma: the Just Transition accelerated scenario (JTAS), despite achieving rapid renewable deployment, increases emissions by 469% as economic growth overwhelms decarbonization efforts. Conversely, the mathematically optimal (GA) pathway achieves a 90.8% reduction but only through structural contraction that implies socially unsustainable deindustrialization. This tension exposes the systemic limits of incremental decarbonization and underscores that a truly sustainable pathway requires transcending this binary choice by directly addressing the fossil fuel substrate of industrial production. Full article

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