Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Franchise Industry
2.2. Ethical Leadership
2.3. Corporate Social Responsibility
2.4. Organizational Performance
2.5. Research Hypothesis Development
3. Methods
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
3.2. Operationalization of Variables
4. Results
4.1. Profile of Respondents
4.2. Data Analysis
4.3. Testing Hypothesized Structural Models
4.4. Hypothesis Testing
4.5. Mediation Test
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constructs and Items | Standardized Loading | t-Value |
---|---|---|
Economic CSR (α = 0.773) | ||
Our business has a procedure in place to respond to every customer complaint. | - | - |
We continuously improve the quality of our products. | - | - |
We use customer satisfaction as an indicator of our business performance. | 0.727 | Fixed |
We have been successful at maximizing profits. | 0.684 | 8.602 |
We strive to lower operating costs. | 0.787 | 9.651 |
We closely monitor employee’s productivity. | - | - |
Top management establishes long-term strategies for our business. | - | - |
Legal CSR (α = 0.854) | ||
Managers are informed about relevant environmental laws. | 0.757 | Fixed |
All our products meet legal standards. | 0.764 | 10.887 |
Our contractual obligations are always honored. | 0.801 | 11.488 |
The managers of this organization try to comply with the law. | - | - |
Our company seeks to comply with all laws regulating hiring and employee benefits. | 0.769 | 10.978 |
We have programs that encourage the diversity of our workplace (in terms of age, gender or race). | - | - |
Ethical CSR (α = 0.873) | ||
Our business has a comprehensive code of conduct. | - | - |
Members of our organization follow professional standards. | 0.820 | Fixed |
Top managers monitor the potential negative impacts of our activities in our community. | 0.834 | 13.697 |
We are recognized as a trustworthy company. | 0.767 | 12.178 |
Fairness toward co-workers and business partners is an integral part of our employee evaluation process. | 0.761 | 12.053 |
A confidential procedure is in place for employees to report any misconduct at work. | - | - |
Philanthropic CSR (α = 0.923) | ||
The corporation tries to improve perception of its business conduct. | 0.898 | Fixed |
The corporation tries to help the poor. | 0.950 | 22.187 |
The corporation tries to contribute toward bettering the local community. | 0.861 | 17.608 |
The corporation tries to fulfill its social responsibility. | 0.767 | 14.013 |
Constructs and Items | Standardized Loading | t-Value |
---|---|---|
Ethical leadership (α = 0.964) | ||
Conducts his/her personal life in an ethical manner. | 0.791 | Fixed |
Defines success not just by results but also the way that they are obtained. | 0.935 | 15.930 |
Listens to what employees have to say. | - | - |
Disciplines employees who violate ethical standards. | 0.957 | 16.472 |
Makes fair and balanced decisions. | 0.911 | 15.318 |
Can be trusted. | - | - |
Discusses business ethics or values with employees. | - | - |
Sets an example of how to do things the right way in terms of ethics. | 0.869 | 14.302 |
Has the best interests of employees in mind. | - | - |
When making decisions, asks “what is the right thing to do?” | - | - |
CSR (α = 0.964) | ||
Economic CSR. | 0.750 | Fixed |
Legal CSR. | 0.884 | 12.939 |
Ethical CSR. | 0.876 | 12.805 |
Philanthropic CSR. | 0.857 | 12.494 |
Operational performance (α = 0.965) | ||
Final production costs. | - | - |
Product quality. | 0.833 | Fixed |
Innovation capacity in new product development. | 0.850 | 14.292 |
Pace of new product launching and range of products in catalogue. | 0.836 | 13.947 |
Costs effiiciency. | 0.664 | 10.141 |
Commercial performance (α = 0.877) | ||
Corporate reputation. | 0.875 | Fixed |
Alignment between company’s offer and market expectations. | 0.864 | 17.000 |
Successful launching of new products onto the markets. | 0.816 | 15.205 |
Corporate and brand image. | 0.916 | 19.298 |
Customer loyalty. | - | - |
Customer satisfaction. | 0.889 | 18.014 |
Economic performance (α = 0.919) | ||
Firm’s profitability. | 0.909 | Fixed |
Sales growth. | - | - |
Firm’s economic results. | 0.891 | 19.554 |
Profit before tax. | 0.874 | 18.641 |
Market share. | 0.898 | 19.961 |
Construct | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Ethical leadership | 1 | ||||
2. CSR | 0.650 ** | 1 | |||
3. Operational performance | 0.582 ** | 0.602 ** | 1 | ||
4. Commercial performance | 0.512 ** | 0.616 ** | 0.703 ** | 1 | |
5. Economic performance | 0.515 ** | 0.509 ** | 0.625 ** | 0.742 ** | 1 |
Mean | 3.998 | 5.018 | 4.875 | 5.092 | 4.742 |
SD | 1.453 | 1.052 | 1.089 | 1.202 | 1.337 |
AVE | 0.800 | 0.711 | 0.639 | 0.761 | 0.798 |
CCR | 0.952 | 0.908 | 0.875 | 0.941 | 0.940 |
Path | Standardized Estimates | Standardized Error | t-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Ethical leadership → CSR | 0.655 ** | 0.056 | 8.128 |
Ethical leadership → Operational performance | 0.164 * | 0.063 | 2.097 |
Ethical leadership → Commercial performance | −0.037 | 0.054 | −0.620 |
CSR → Operational performance | 0.637 ** | 0.108 | 6.847 |
CSR → Commercial performance | 0.311 ** | 0.110 | 3.672 |
CSR → Economic performance | −0.069 | 0.109 | −0.933 |
Operational performance → Commercial performance | 0.641 ** | 0.096 | 7.466 |
Operational performance → Economic performance | 0.051 | 0.128 | 0.506 |
Commercial performance → Economic performance | 0.903 ** | 0.125 | 8.300 |
Endogenous variables | SMC (R2) | ||
CSR | 0.429 | ||
Operational performance | 0.570 | ||
Commercial performance | 0.762 | ||
Economic performance | 0.801 |
Path | Indirect Effect | Direct Effect | LL CIs (95%) | UL CIs (95%) | Z-Value | Mediating Role |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethical leadership → CSR → Operational performance | 0.576 ** | 0.164 ** | 0.319 | 0.558 | 5.210 | Partial mediator |
CSR → Operational performance → Commercial performance | 0.408 ** | 0.311 ** | 0.289 | 0.558 | 5.018 | Partial mediator |
CSR → Commercial performance → Economic performance | 0.682 ** | −0.069 | 0.546 | 0.845 | 3.331 | Full mediator |
Operational performance → Commercial performance → Economic performance | 0.579 ** | 0.051 | 0.426 | 0.817 | 5.519 | Full mediator |
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Kim, M.-S.; Thapa, B. Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance. Sustainability 2018, 10, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020447
Kim M-S, Thapa B. Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance. Sustainability. 2018; 10(2):447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020447
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Min-Seong, and Brijesh Thapa. 2018. "Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance" Sustainability 10, no. 2: 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020447
APA StyleKim, M. -S., & Thapa, B. (2018). Relationship of Ethical Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Performance. Sustainability, 10(2), 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020447