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12 pages, 3443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Infection of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus and Fowl Adenovirus Serotype E8b Increases Mortality in Chickens

by Lin Liu, Wenming Gao, Jingjing Chang, Jingrui Liu, Zongmei Huang, Wenjie Sun, Yapeng Song and Xinsheng Li

Viruses 2025, 17(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050620 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and fowl adenovirus serotype E8b (FAdV E8b) are pathogens that cause aplastic anemia and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens, respectively. The co-infection of CIAV and FAdV E8b poses a significant threat to poultry health, potentially worsening [...] Read more.

The chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and fowl adenovirus serotype E8b (FAdV E8b) are pathogens that cause aplastic anemia and inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens, respectively. The co-infection of CIAV and FAdV E8b poses a significant threat to poultry health, potentially worsening clinical symptoms and increasing mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the combined pathogenic effects of FAdV E8b and CIAV co-infection on one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The results showed that co-infection led to significantly higher clinical scores and mortality rates compared to FAdV E8b infection alone. Additionally, there were different tissue distribution patterns for FAdV E8b between the single infection and co-infection groups, indicating potential changes in viral tropism. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated markers of liver and/or muscle damage in both the FAdV E8b infection group and the co-infection group, consistent with the viral infection process. These findings suggest that co-infection with FAdV E8b and CIAV can intensify clinical signs and mortality, and may potentially alter viral replication and tissue tropism in chickens. This study establishes a foundation for future investigations into the underlying mechanisms governing the interaction between CIAV and FAdV E8b during co-infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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10 pages, 771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Gospel and Economic Disorder: Ephesus and the Cult of Artemis

by C. Eric Turner

Religions 2025, 16(5), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050553 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper will explore the background of how the first-century cult of Artemis was central to the economy of Ephesus, and subsequently, how Paul’s preaching of the gospel caused an economic disruption during his visit to the city, as narrated in Acts 19:21–41. [...] Read more.

This paper will explore the background of how the first-century cult of Artemis was central to the economy of Ephesus, and subsequently, how Paul’s preaching of the gospel caused an economic disruption during his visit to the city, as narrated in Acts 19:21–41. The goal will be to show how theology and economics are interrelated and, as a result, establish the proper domain for advancing human flourishing in our modern society. The lens through which this paper is seeking to understand economics is through what is known as substantivism over and against formalism, or an empirical-based approach against a deductive–abstract methodology. The substantivist position is undertaken here primarily to explain how economic life is embedded in non-economic structures (here, the cult of Artemis). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Christianity Affects Public Policy)

28 pages, 3583 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Seasonal Energy Storage for Net-Zero Industrial Heat: Thermal and Power-to-X Storage Including the Novel Concept of Renewable Metal Energy Carriers

by Yvonne I. Baeuerle, Cordin Arpagaus and Michel Y. Haller

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092204 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 requires CO₂-neutral industrial process heat, with seasonal energy storage (SES) playing a crucial role in balancing supply and demand. This study reviews thermal energy storage (TES) and Power-to-X (P2X) technologies for applications without thermal [...] Read more.

Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 requires CO₂-neutral industrial process heat, with seasonal energy storage (SES) playing a crucial role in balancing supply and demand. This study reviews thermal energy storage (TES) and Power-to-X (P2X) technologies for applications without thermal grids, assessing their feasibility, state of the art, opportunities, and challenges. Underground TES (UTES), such as aquifer and borehole storage, offer 1–26 times lower annual heat storage costs than above-ground tanks. For P2X, hydrogen storage in salt caverns is 80% less expensive than in high-pressure tanks. Methane and methanol storage costs depend on CO₂ sourcing, while Renewable Metal Energy Carriers (ReMECs), such as aluminum and iron, offer high energy density and up to 580 times lower storage volume, with aluminum potentially achieving the lowest Levelized Cost of X Storage (LCOXS) at a rate of 180 EUR/MWh of energy discharged. Underground TES and hydrogen caverns are cost-effective but face spatial/geological constraints. P2X alternatives have established infrastructure but have lower efficiency, whereas ReMECs show promise for large-scale storage. However, economic viability remains a challenge due to very few annual cycles, which require significant reductions of investment cost and annual cost of capital (CAPEX), as well as improvements in overall system efficiency to minimize losses. These findings highlight the trade-offs between cost, space requirements, and the feasibility of SES deployment in industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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30 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experience of Virtual Help in a Simulated BCI Stroke Rehabilitation Serious Game and How to Measure It

by Bastian Ilsø Hougaard, Hendrik Knoche, Mathias Sand Kristensen and Mads Jochumsen

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2742; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092742 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Designers of digital rehabilitation experiences can accommodate error-prone input devices like brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) by incorporating virtual help mechanisms to adjust the difficulty, but it is unclear on what grounds users are willing to accept such help. To study users’ experience of virtual [...] Read more.

Designers of digital rehabilitation experiences can accommodate error-prone input devices like brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) by incorporating virtual help mechanisms to adjust the difficulty, but it is unclear on what grounds users are willing to accept such help. To study users’ experience of virtual help mechanisms, we used three help mechanisms in a blink-controlled game simulating a BCI-based stroke rehabilitation exercise. A mixed-method, simulated BCI study was used to evaluate game help by 19 stroke patients who rated their frustration and perceived control when experiencing moderately high input recognition. None of the help mechanisms affected ratings of frustration, which were low throughout the study, but two mechanisms affected patients’ perceived control ratings positively and negatively. Patient ratings were best explained by the amount of positive feedback, including game help, which increased perceived control ratings by 8% and decreased frustration ratings by 3%. The qualitative analysis revealed appeal, interference, self-blame, and prominence as deciding experiential factors of help, but it was unclear how they affected frustration and perceived control ratings. Building upon the results, we redesigned and tested self-reported measures of help quantity, help appeal, irritation, and pacing with game-savvy adults in a follow-up study using the same game. Help quantity appeared larger when game help shielded players from negative feedback, but this did not necessarily appeal to them. Future studies should validate or control for the constructs of perceived help quantity and appeal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensors in Brain–Computer Interfaces)

16 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of a Multi-User MIMO Reflecting Intelligent Surface-Aided Communication System Under Weibull Fading Channels

by Ricardo C. Ferreira, Gustavo Fraidenraich, Felipe A. P. de Figueiredo and Eduardo R. de Lima

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2743; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092743 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes the performance of a multi-user digital communication system aided by reflecting intelligent surfaces (RIS) in terms of bit error probability and secrecy outage probability for a system sending symbols with M-QAM modulation passing through channels with Weibull fading, where [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the performance of a multi-user digital communication system aided by reflecting intelligent surfaces (RIS) in terms of bit error probability and secrecy outage probability for a system sending symbols with M-QAM modulation passing through channels with Weibull fading, where RIS are employed to improve the signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SINR) for each user. The performance analysis is conducted based on the statistical properties of the phase correction error of the transmitted signal, which follows a von Mises distribution. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the resulting SINR follows a gamma distribution, with its parameters derived analytically. The RIS performance increases the line of sight strength and reduces the secrecy outage probability and error probability when the number of reflectors is sufficiently large, even without direct links between the users and the transmitter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Communications)

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29 pages, 5473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Global Renewable Energy and Sectoral Electrification (GREaSE) Model for Rapid Energy Transition Scenarios

by James Hopeward, Richard Davis, Shannon O’Connor and Peter Akiki

Energies 2025, 18(9), 2205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18092205 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Achieving the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C target requires a global-scale energy transition, reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. This transition demands not only a rapid expansion of renewable energy but also significant upfront energy investment, presenting potential trade-offs between near-term energy security and long-term [...] Read more.

Achieving the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C target requires a global-scale energy transition, reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. This transition demands not only a rapid expansion of renewable energy but also significant upfront energy investment, presenting potential trade-offs between near-term energy security and long-term sustainability. Assuming we cannot rely on as yet unproven negative emissions technology, reductions must be achieved directly, requiring fossil fuel phase-out, accelerated electrification, and substantial renewable infrastructure development. This study presents a detailed, transparent methodology for the creation of a simplified global energy system model designed to rapidly evaluate trade-offs between energy and climate policy, integrating energy investment, depletion, and saturation dynamics into energy transition scenarios. The model simulates energy supply and demand across major sectors, accounting for the upfront energy costs of deploying new renewable infrastructure and the dynamics of electrification in different demand sectors. Its transparent, user-controllable framework allows for rapid scenario adjustments based on variables such as population growth, per capita energy demand, rate and extent of electrification, and strength of climate policy. The primary purpose of this paper is to present the system modelling framework. However, we also present preliminary results from scenario analysis that point to two emergent risks: (1) prioritising energy security increases the likelihood of exceeding carbon budgets, while (2) stringent emissions reductions heighten the risk of energy shortages. Even under non-existent climate policy, fossil fuel depletion makes both the renewable transition and electrification of demand inevitable, though delayed transition leads to more severe emissions overshoot. These findings underscore the urgent need for demand reduction strategies and a more nuanced understanding of the energy investment required for decarbonisation. By offering a flexible scenario tool, this study contributes to informed public discourse and policy decisions on balancing energy security, emissions reduction, and climate resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Neutrality Through Green Innovations—the Role of the Renewable Energy: 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 2630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Ground and Aerial Ultra-Low Volume Applications Using ReMoa Tri Against Deltamethrin-Resistant Aedes aegypti from Collier County, Florida

by Decyo McDuffie, Sara Kacinskas, Suzanne Li, Casey Parker-Crockett and Keira J. Lucas

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050119 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

New intervention methods and product formulations are needed to better control pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti populations and mitigate the risk of mosquito-borne disease. ReMoa Tri is a novel adulticidal space spray that utilizes a different mode of action than the commonly used adulticides: pyrethroids [...] Read more.

New intervention methods and product formulations are needed to better control pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti populations and mitigate the risk of mosquito-borne disease. ReMoa Tri is a novel adulticidal space spray that utilizes a different mode of action than the commonly used adulticides: pyrethroids and organophosphates. As a triple-action space spray, ReMoa Tri combines three components: Fenpropathrin, a mixed-type I/II pyrethroid; abamectin, a macrocyclic lactone; and C8910, a patented fatty acid chain. Prior studies performed by Collier Mosquito Control District showed that ReMoa Tri is effective at controlling type I pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. To further validate these results and the performance of ReMoa Tri, we conducted a semi-field evaluation using ground and aerial ULV (ultra-low volume) applications with field-caught deltamethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti and a susceptible Ae. aegypti laboratory strain. Ground evaluations tested ReMoa Tri and a type II pyrethroid-based product, DeltaGard. While ReMoa Tri was equally effective against Collier’s deltamethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti and the susceptible laboratory strain, DeltaGard was effective against both strains, with reduced efficacy at farther distances. Similarly, aerial evaluations also showed that ReMoa Tri was equally effective against Collier’s deltamethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti strain and susceptible laboratory strain. This study further confirms ReMoa Tri’s potential as an effective alternative to pyrethroid-based adulticides, both in ground and aerial applications, for managing pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Intervention Strategies Used to Control Mosquito Populations and Reduce Disease Transmission)

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13 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Optimal Cutoff Value for the Reverse Shock Index Multiplied by the Glasgow Coma Scale for the Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Pediatric Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Sol Ji Choi, Min Joung Kim, Ha Yan Kim, Shin Young Park, Yoo Seok Park, Moon Kyu Kim, Ji Hwan Lee and Seo Hee Yoon

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2994; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092994 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite the growing burden caused by pediatric trauma, the accuracy of prehospital triage remains suboptimal due to the lack of reliable pediatric-specific tools. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive validity of the reverse shock index multiplied by the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite the growing burden caused by pediatric trauma, the accuracy of prehospital triage remains suboptimal due to the lack of reliable pediatric-specific tools. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive validity of the reverse shock index multiplied by the Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) for in-hospital mortality in pediatric trauma patients and to determine appropriate age-specific rSIG cutoff values for triage use. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective observational study using data from the Korean Emergency Department-Based Injury In-Depth Surveillance registry; these data covered trauma patients aged ≤18 years, spanning the period from 2011 to 2022. The rSIG was calculated using the initial vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale scores upon arrival at the emergency department. Age groups with shared rSIG cutoffs were identified using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Akaike information criterion. Cutoff values were derived using the Youden index or further optimized to align with triage goals (<5% under-triage, <35% over-triage). Results: Among 333,995 pediatric trauma patients, the in-hospital mortality rate was 0.07%. The rSIG cutoff values derived using the Youden index showed strong predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.920 (95% CI: 0.897–0.943). The cutoff values adjusted to meet triage goals—13.3 for those aged 0–9 years, 18.4 for 10–14 years, and 20.9 for 15–18 years—achieved the best balance, with 30.94% over-triage and 9.17% under-triage. Conclusions: The rSIG is a reliable predictor of in-hospital mortality in pediatric trauma cases. We recommend using cutoff values that are optimized to meet triage goals. Further research is warranted to develop standardized methods to derive triage-appropriate cutoff values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Care for Traumatic Injuries and Surgical Outcomes)

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14 pages, 748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Personalized Thermal Comfort Devices for Energy-Efficient and Occupant-Centric Buildings

by Cihan Turhan and Cristina Carpino

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091470 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Personalized thermal comfort (PTC) systems aim to satisfy the individual thermal preferences of occupants rather than relying on average comfort indices. With the growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing energy consumption in buildings, energy efficiency has become a critical factor in the design [...] Read more.

Personalized thermal comfort (PTC) systems aim to satisfy the individual thermal preferences of occupants rather than relying on average comfort indices. With the growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing energy consumption in buildings, energy efficiency has become a critical factor in the design and selection of PTC systems. While the development of PTC tools has accelerated in the last decade, selecting the most appropriate system remains a challenge due to the dynamic, uncertain, and multi-dimensional nature of the decision-making process. This study introduces a novel application of the KEMIRA-M multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to identify the optimal PTC system for university office buildings—an area with limited prior investigation. A case study is conducted in a naturally ventilated office space located in a temperate climate zone. Eight distinct PTC alternatives are evaluated, including data-driven HVAC systems, wearable devices, and localized conditioning units. Six key criteria are considered: estimated energy consumption, capital cost, indoor and outdoor space requirements, system complexity, mobility, and energy efficiency. The results indicate that wearable wristbands, which condition the occupant’s carpus area, offer the most balanced performance across criteria, while radiant ceiling/floor systems perform the poorest. Energy efficiency plays a crucial role in this evaluation, as it directly impacts both the operational cost and the environmental footprint of the system. The study’s findings provide a structured and adaptable framework for HVAC engineers and designers to integrate PTC systems into occupant-centric and energy-efficient building designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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20 pages, 430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transdiagnostic Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Patients with Eating Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Tora Thorsrud, Odin Hjemdal, Linda Thorsen, Nadia Micali, Camilla Lindvall Dahlgren and Siri Weider

Nutrients 2025, 17(9), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091460 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with cognitive inefficiencies related to cognitive flexibility, central coherence, and inhibition. Transdiagnostic cognitive remediation therapy (TCRT) is a new adaption of cognitive remediation therapy aimed at addressing these difficulties across ED diagnoses. This study investigates the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with cognitive inefficiencies related to cognitive flexibility, central coherence, and inhibition. Transdiagnostic cognitive remediation therapy (TCRT) is a new adaption of cognitive remediation therapy aimed at addressing these difficulties across ED diagnoses. This study investigates the effects of TCRT as an adjunctive treatment for patients with EDs on cognitive and clinical outcomes. Methods: A randomized controlled trial compared the effect of 9 individual sessions of TCRT in conjunction with treatment as usual (TAU) compared to TAU only for patients with EDs and concurrent cognitive difficulties. Participants were assessed at baseline, post-treatment (12 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (6 months after post-treatment assessment). The outcome measures included neuropsychological tests and self-report questionnaires measuring cognitive difficulties and ED psychopathology. The analysis was in accordance with intention to treat principles. Results: Sixty patients with various ED diagnosis and concurrent cognitive difficulties were recruited. The TCRT group (n = 30) displayed significantly greater improvement in self-reported executive functioning, measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Adult version compared to the control group (n = 30). However, no superiority of TCRT was observed on performance-based measures of set shifting, central coherence, or inhibition. Moreover, there was no significant difference in improvement in self-reported ED psychopathology. Conclusions: TCRT may enhance compensatory mechanisms for cognitive inefficiencies rather than improve cognitive effectiveness or ED symptoms directly for patients with EDs and concurrent cognitive difficulties. Further investigation of how these impact everyday functioning may provide valuable insights into TCRT’s role in ED treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive and Dietary Behaviour Interventions in Eating Disorders)

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13 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Quality of Life and Difficulties in Recording Data from Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaires in Patients with Cancer Undergoing Immunotherapy Treatment

by Laura Bibiano Guillén, Cristina Recio Carrasco, José Miguel Cárdenas Rebollo, Dihan van Niekerk, Jesús Rodríguez Pascual, María Carmen Rubio-Rodríguez and Miguel A. Reina

Healthcare 2025, 13(9), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13091002 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Prospective studies evaluating the challenges of systematically assessing health-related quality of life in patients with cancer outside clinical trials are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy such as checkpoint inhibitors and [...] Read more.

Background: Prospective studies evaluating the challenges of systematically assessing health-related quality of life in patients with cancer outside clinical trials are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy such as checkpoint inhibitors and to determine the difficulties and limitations in achieving data collection from health-related quality of life questionnaires. Methods: We carried out a prospective observational study over 15 months in 30 patients with solid tumors undergoing checkpoint inhibitor therapy in an outpatient setting. We assessed health-related quality of life using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire at treatment initiation, three months, and six months. We analyzed compliance rates, reported difficulties, and treatment-related toxicities. Results: Of the 30 patients, 26 completed the health-related quality of life standardized questionnaire at one month (86.6%), 24 at three months (80%), and 18 at six months (56.6%). Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy showed an improvement in global health status scores from 60 at baseline to 65 at three months and 70.8 at six months. These findings suggest that checkpoint inhibitor therapy delays symptom onset and positively impacts quality of life. Fatigue was the most frequently reported adverse effect, followed by pain, dyspnea, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: Checkpoint inhibitor treatments may delay the onset of cancer-related symptoms, positively influencing patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes. However, this study highlights significant methodological challenges in collecting standardized HRQoL questionnaire data outside of clinical trials, including declining patient compliance over time. These findings underscore the need for adapted HRQoL assessment strategies tailored to the unique treatment trajectories of immunotherapy patients. Full article

16 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Culture of Gracilariopsis longissima Seaweed and Penaeus monodon Shrimp for Environmental and Economic Resilience in Poor South-East Asian Coastal Aquaculture Communities

by Reindert W. Nauta, Romy A. Lansbergen, Restiana W. Ariyati, Lestari L. Widowati, Sri Rejeki and Adolphe O. Debrot

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093910 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

A significant body of controlled laboratory research suggests different biological mechanisms by which the low-cost co-culture of seaweed and shrimp could improve sustainability whilst increasing income for the many poor pond farmers of South-East Asia. However, at the pond level, production and cost–benefit [...] Read more.

A significant body of controlled laboratory research suggests different biological mechanisms by which the low-cost co-culture of seaweed and shrimp could improve sustainability whilst increasing income for the many poor pond farmers of South-East Asia. However, at the pond level, production and cost–benefit assessments remain largely lacking. Here, we studied the extensive co-culture of Gracilariopsis longissima seaweed and Penaeus monodon shrimp on pond production output, nutrient concentrations, and farm income on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. Co-culture showed 18% higher seaweed production during the first cycle (2261.0 ± 348.0 kg·ha⁻¹) and 27% higher production during the second (2,361.0 ± 127.3 kg·ha⁻¹) compared to monoculture. Shrimp production per cycle was 53.8% higher in co-culture (264.4 ± 47.6 kg·ha⁻¹) than in single-species cultivation (171.7 ± 10.4 kg·ha⁻¹). Seaweed agar content and gel strength did not differ between treatments, and neither did shrimp bacterial or heavy metals concentrations. The profit of co-culture was, respectively, 156% and 318% compared to single-species seaweed and shrimp cultivation. Co-cultivation lowered nutrient loading in the pond water and in the sediment and is argued to be a low-investment and environmentally friendly option for poor pond farmers to improve their income and financial resilience through product diversification. Full article

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10 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sports Injury Prevalence and Patterns in Recreational Sports Activities in South Korea: Applying the Association Rule Method

by Byeong Seok Min and Nara Jang

Life 2025, 15(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050701 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the prevalence and patterns of sports injuries in recreational sports activities in South Korea. This study utilized data from the “survey of safety accidents” conducted by the Korea Sports Safety Foundation and finally, 3182 recreational sports participants who experienced injuries were selected for the study. For data processing, data related to recreational sports injuries were first collected and organized using Excel 2015, and frequency analysis was conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. Furthermore, the association rule method was applied via Python 3.13.3 to analyze the patterns of injury sites and types. First, by investigating the prevalence of injuries in recreational sports, it was found that the injury frequency was highest in soccer, followed by cycling, hiking, and badminton. Second, in soccer, it was found that when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, knee, toe, and sprain injuries also occur together (Lift: 1.843). Additionally, in cycling, when knee injuries occur, toe, sprain, and strain (bruise) injuries also occur together (Lift: 2.420). In mountain biking, when ankle injuries, which have a high injury frequency, occur, cuts, sprains, stab wounds (cuts), sprains, and strains (bruises) also occur together (Lift: 1.808). The current survey on recreational sports injuries is expected to be used as basic data to prevent injuries in advance for participants in recreational sports, and it is expected that this will allow them to participate in sports by recognizing common injury sites before participating in sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

25 pages, 6120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Rain Gardens Resistant to Salinization Stresses? The Consequences of De-Icing Chemicals’ Implementation for Soil Health, Plant Condition, and Groundwater Quality

by Olga Romzaykina, Viacheslav Vasenev, Ekaterina Kozlova, Igor Shchukin, Artem Losev and Andrey Smagin

Land 2025, 14(5), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14050942 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Rain gardens are efficient nature-based solutions (NBSs) for the sustainable management of surface run-off in urban areas. The functionality of a rain garden in an urban environment depends on the resistance of plant and soil components to anthropogenic stressors. In temperate climates, the [...] Read more.

Rain gardens are efficient nature-based solutions (NBSs) for the sustainable management of surface run-off in urban areas. The functionality of a rain garden in an urban environment depends on the resistance of plant and soil components to anthropogenic stressors. In temperate climates, the negative effects of de-icing chemicals applied in wintertime are one of the major anthropogenic stressors for the rain gardens’ ecosystem. The research aimed to study the effect of a NaCl-based de-icer in the mesocosm experiment, where materials of soil mixtures (seven parts by volume of quartz or carbonate sand and three parts by volume of loam or peat), plants (Hemerocallis hybrida), de-icer dose (529 mg L⁻¹ for Cl⁻ and 472 mg L⁻¹ for Na⁺ concentrations), and irrigation period simulated typical conditions for the Moscow city—the largest world megapolis with permanent snow cover during the wintertime. For all soil mixtures, a short-term negative impact of salinization on soil health included a decrease in microbial biomass (4–7-times) and basal respiration (2–3.6-times). After six months, soil health indicators recovered by 80–90% in the peat and carbonate sand mixture, whereas the negative effects on the quartz sand and loam mixtures remained irreversible (1.3 and 3 times lower than the control, respectively). The chlorophyll content of the plants on all soil mixtures was reduced compared to the control plants (37.1 ± 4.1 vs. 39.9 ± 1.2 SPAD units). The worst plat condition was observed for soil mixtures based on quartz sand. In this variant, the negative effect of salinization coincided with low nutrient content. In our results, the ash content was up to three times less compared to the initial state, as well as to the other materials. Plants grown in mixtures based on loam were more resistant to salinization due to higher nutrient content than peat. Overall, based on soil Na uptake, plant biomass, and recovery of soil microbiota, soil mixtures based on peat, loam, and carbonate sand will be the most resistant to NaCl-based de-icers and could be recommended for the creation of rain gardens in cities with permanent snow cover in winter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Urban Ecology: Application into Landscape Design and Green Infrastructure)

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16 pages, 4986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of 3D Network-Structured LiFePO₄@Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/Carbon Nanofibers via Coaxial Electrospinning as Self-Supporting Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Ruixia Chu, Hongtao Zhang, Wanyou Huang, Fangyuan Qiu, Yan Wang, Zhenyu Li and Xiaoyue Jin

Materials 2025, 18(9), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18091969 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power, high capacity, and support for fast charging are increasingly favored by consumers. As a commercial electrode material for power batteries, LiFePO₄ was limited from further wide application due to its low conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion rate. [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high power, high capacity, and support for fast charging are increasingly favored by consumers. As a commercial electrode material for power batteries, LiFePO₄ was limited from further wide application due to its low conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion rate. The development of advanced architectures integrating rational conductive networks with optimized ion transport pathways represents a critical frontier in optimizing the performance of cathode materials. In this paper, a novel self-supporting cathode material (designated as LFP@LVP-CES) was synthesized through an integrated coaxial electrospinning and controlled pyrolysis strategy. This methodology directly converts LiFePO₄, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)) into flexible, binder-free cathodes with a hierarchical structural organization. The 3D carbon nanofiber (CNF) matrix synergistically integrates LiFePO₄ (Li/Fe/PO_x) and Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (Li/V/PO_x) nanoparticles, where CNFs act as a conductive scaffold to enhance electron transport, while the PO_x polyanionic frameworks stabilize Li⁺ diffusion pathways. Morphological characterizations (SEM and TEM) revealed a 3D cross-connected carbon nanofiber matrix (diameter: 250 ± 50 nm) uniformly embedded with active material particles. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated that the LFP@LVP-CES cathode delivers an initial specific capacity of 165 mAh·g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, maintaining 80 mAh·g⁻¹ at 5 C. Notably, the material exhibited exceptional rate capability and cycling stability, demonstrating a 96% capacity recovery after high-rate cycling upon returning to 0.1 C, along with 97% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 1 C. Detailed kinetic analysis through EIS revealed significantly reduced R_ct and increased Li⁺ diffusion. This superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects between the 3D conductive network architecture and dual active materials. Compared with traditional coating processes and high-temperature calcination, the preparation of controllable electrospinning and low-temperature pyrolysis to some extent avoid the introduction of harmful substances and reduce raw material consumption and carbon emissions. This original integration strategy establishes a paradigm for designing freestanding electrode architectures through 3D structural design combined with a bimodal active material, providing critical insights for next-generation energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)

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13 pages, 3997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Inflammation of Pancreatic Exocrine Tissue in Autoimmune Diabetes Follows Onset of Islet Damage and Utilizes Heparanase-1

by Charmaine J. Simeonovic, Zuopeng Wu, Sarah K. Popp, Gerard F. Hoyne and Christopher R. Parish

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094120 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Inflammation of the exocrine pancreas accompanies autoimmune diabetes in mouse models and humans. However, the relationship between inflammation in the exocrine and endocrine (islet) compartments has not been explored. To address this issue, we used a transgenic mouse model in which autoimmune diabetes [...] Read more.

Inflammation of the exocrine pancreas accompanies autoimmune diabetes in mouse models and humans. However, the relationship between inflammation in the exocrine and endocrine (islet) compartments has not been explored. To address this issue, we used a transgenic mouse model in which autoimmune diabetes is acutely induced after the transfer of islet beta cell-specific transgenic T cells. Histological analyses demonstrated that inflammation of the exocrine pancreas, which was initially mild, resulted in the transient but widespread disruption of acinar tissue. Islet inflammation preceded exacerbated exocrine pathology, progressed to T cell-induced islet damage/destruction and persisted when exocrine inflammation subsided. Heparanase-1 (HPSE-1), an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate in basement membranes (BMs), when preferentially expressed in recipient cells but not donor (HPSE-1-deficient (HPSE-KO)) T cells, played a critical role in both exocrine and islet inflammation. In this context, HPSE-1 facilitates the passage of autoimmune T cells across the sub-endothelial basement membrane (BM) of pancreatic blood vessels and initially into the exocrine tissue. Peak exocrine inflammation that preceded or accompanied the acute onset of diabetes and HPSE-1 potentially contributed to acinar damage. In contrast to inflammation, HPSE-1 expressed by donor T cells played a key role in the induction of diabetes by allowing autoimmune T cells to traverse peri-islet BMs in order to destroy insulin-producing beta cells. Overall, our findings suggest that major exocrine pancreas injury is not required for the initiation of autoimmune islet damage and is not essential at the time of diabetes onset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Type 1 Diabetes and Its Complications: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into the Geometry and Topology of DNA Replication Intermediates

by Victor Martínez, Edith Ruiz-Díaz, Delia Cardozo, Cristian Cappo, Christian E. Schaerer, Jorge Cebrián, Dora B. Krimer and María José Fernández-Nestosa

Biology 2025, 14(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050478 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The regulation of superhelical stress, mediated by the combined action of topoisomerases and fork rotation, is crucial for DNA replication. The conformational changes during DNA replication are still experimentally challenging, mainly due to the rapid kinetics of the replication process. Here, we present [...] Read more.

The regulation of superhelical stress, mediated by the combined action of topoisomerases and fork rotation, is crucial for DNA replication. The conformational changes during DNA replication are still experimentally challenging, mainly due to the rapid kinetics of the replication process. Here, we present the first molecular dynamics simulations of partially replicated circular DNA molecules, with stalled replication forks at both early and late stages of DNA replication. These simulations allowed us to map the distribution of superhelical stress after deproteinization. We propose a five-component model that determines the linking number difference of replication intermediates. At a thermodynamic equilibrium, the contribution of these five components was correlated to the progress of the replication forks. Additionally, we identified four types of segment collision events in replication intermediates, characterized by their geometric properties, including chirality and topological sign. The distribution of these collision events between the early and late stages of DNA replication provides new insights into the coordinated function of topoisomerases, warranting further discussion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Investigators in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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13 pages, 72508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Anti-Reflective Composite Structures on Inverted Pyramids Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching

by Zhiwei Fan, Liang Xu, Biyun Zhou and Tao Chen

Micromachines 2025, 16(5), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16050503 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The anti-reflective properties of silicon surfaces play a pivotal role in determining the light absorption efficiency of various silicon-based optoelectronic devices, with surface micro-nanostructures emerging as a crucial technological approach for achieving enhanced anti-reflection. In this study, inverted pyramid structures were employed as [...] Read more.

The anti-reflective properties of silicon surfaces play a pivotal role in determining the light absorption efficiency of various silicon-based optoelectronic devices, with surface micro-nanostructures emerging as a crucial technological approach for achieving enhanced anti-reflection. In this study, inverted pyramid structures were employed as the micron-scale framework, and micro-nano composite structures were successfully prepared using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching system. This paper, mainly focused on the micro-nano fabrication, investigated the effects of gas flow rate ratio (SF₆:O₂:C₄F₈), ICP power, RF power, and etching time on the surface morphology and reflectance of the composite structures. The results demonstrate that the optimal anti-reflective micro-nano composite structure was achieved under the following conditions: SF₆ flow rate of 18 sccm, O₂ flow rate of 9 sccm, C₄F₈ flow rate of 4 sccm, ICP power of 300 W, RF power of 5 W, and etching time of 5 min. The average reflectivity of the prepared surface structure was as low as 1.86%. Full article

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18 pages, 8784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Research of 3D DLP-Printed Solid and Voronoi PLA Resin Specimens Under Tensile and Bending Loads

by Zorana Golubović, Jovan Tanasković, Aleksa Milovanović and Božica Bojović

Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091180 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM), especially vat photopolymerization processes such as digital light processing (DLP), enables the production of highly detailed and complex geometries with precise material structure control. In this study, the influence of internal structure on the mechanical properties of PLA resin specimens [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM), especially vat photopolymerization processes such as digital light processing (DLP), enables the production of highly detailed and complex geometries with precise material structure control. In this study, the influence of internal structure on the mechanical properties of PLA resin specimens produced using a DLP 3D printer is investigated. Two designs were analyzed: a fully solid structure and a shell with a Voronoi pattern. Tensile and bending tests revealed that solid specimens exhibited higher strength, while Voronoi structures performed better under bending loading despite lower load-bearing capacity due to their porosity ratio. The developed numerical model, analyzed through different numerical simulations using the Ansys 2025R01 Software package and validated by experimental results, showed a strong correlation between experimental and numerical results that confirmed the reliability of the developed models for preliminary design verification. These models hold significant potential for the design of mechanical and biomedical components, including orthopedic immobilization devices. Microscopic analysis revealed brittle fracture in solid specimens with striations and bubble-shaped irregularities, while Voronoi specimens exhibited fragmented surfaces with clean, brittle failure along structural voids. Based on the results obtained, this research demonstrates how additive manufacturing enables the optimization of mechanical properties and material efficiency through precise control of internal structures. In the future, validated numerical models can be used to check the preliminary designs of different components, which will significantly reduce development costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanic Properties of Polymer Materials)

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14 pages, 3030 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Vascular Photobiomodulation in the Postoperative Period of Alveolar Bone Grafting

by Nicole Rosa de Freitas, Luisa Belluco Guerrini, Denise Sabbagh Haddad, Roberta Martinelli de Carvalho, Renato Yassutaka Faria Yaedú and Ana Lúcia Pompéia Fraga de Almeida

Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050190 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM) on pain intensity, edema, and facial temperature variation in patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting (ABG) surgery. Methods: A total of 42 patients with cleft lip and palate (aged 9–25 years) scheduled for ABG [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of vascular photobiomodulation (VPBM) on pain intensity, edema, and facial temperature variation in patients undergoing alveolar bone grafting (ABG) surgery. Methods: A total of 42 patients with cleft lip and palate (aged 9–25 years) scheduled for ABG using iliac crest bone were randomly assigned in equal numbers (14 per group) to one of three groups: control (ABG only), test (ABG + VPBM), and placebo (ABG + simulated VPBM). Iliac and facial pain and edema were clinically evaluated 24 h post-surgery, along with thermographic facial analysis. Follow-up was conducted via phone calls for one week. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed among the groups regarding facial pain and edema at 24 h post-surgery. However, iliac pain significantly differed between the placebo and control groups (p = 0.045). A significant time-related effect on both facial and iliac pain outcomes was noted during follow-up, irrespective of the group. The need for rescue medication and self-perception of reduced edema did not differ significantly. Thermographic analysis reveals a significantly lower temperature variation in the test group (2.36 °C) compared to the other groups (p = 0.007). Conclusions: Overall, VPBM therapy influenced postoperative pain in the early recovery phase and temperature in the immediate postoperative period but did not significantly affect edema. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Dentistry: The Current Status and Developments)

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24 pages, 6275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Domain Feature Analysis and Application Research of GPR Aliased Signals

by Chuan Li, Yawei Wang, Qibing Ma and Xiaorong Wan

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092741 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

In radar detection of concrete structures, the significant differences in electromagnetic properties between rebar and concrete result in strong reflections at rebar interfaces. The electromagnetic waves reflected by the dual-layer rebar interfere with and superimpose, severely obscuring their characteristic signals, making accurate identification [...] Read more.

In radar detection of concrete structures, the significant differences in electromagnetic properties between rebar and concrete result in strong reflections at rebar interfaces. The electromagnetic waves reflected by the dual-layer rebar interfere with and superimpose, severely obscuring their characteristic signals, making accurate identification challenging. This study investigates the aliasing effect in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals through simulation analysis of aliased signals at different rebar spacings and examines their characteristics across the time, frequency, and time–frequency domains. Experimental results indicate amplitude increases in the time domain. The Hilbert transform effectively extracts instantaneous phase inversions, and STFT provides an intuitive time–frequency distribution, facilitating the extraction and analysis of signal features. Additionally, this study includes the design and implementation of an aliasing peak point extraction algorithm with a relative error of less than 10% in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radar Sensors)

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24 pages, 7394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurements of High-Froude Number Boat Wakes near a Seawall

by Steven D. Meyers, Stacey Day and Mark E. Luther

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4807; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094807 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Characterizing the coastal wave environment, typically composed of wind-driven waves and boat wakes, and its interaction with built infrastructure is essential for planning sustainable and resilient shoreline development and protection. Objectively identifying and measuring non-stationary wave features, particularly boat wakes, in longer data [...] Read more.

Characterizing the coastal wave environment, typically composed of wind-driven waves and boat wakes, and its interaction with built infrastructure is essential for planning sustainable and resilient shoreline development and protection. Objectively identifying and measuring non-stationary wave features, particularly boat wakes, in longer data records remains a challenge. A wave gauge array of four pressure sensors was deployed for several weeks in the northernmost section of urbanized Tampa Bay, FL, a sheltered, shallow (mean depth 1.2 m) region with frequent recreational small-boat activity. New methods for analyzing these measurements were explored. The array had a square geometry, allowing the calculation of directional spectra. Most prior studies of boat wakes could only examine amplitude spectra. A nearby seawall was found to be a significant source of wave reflection. Additionally, a novel empirical method for identifying wakes, distinguishing them from wind-driven waves, and providing an estimate of their duration and amplitude was developed. The method was found to reliably identify most primary wakes but not reflected wakes. Reflected boat wakes were identified manually, and only during times of relatively high water levels when the shoreline in front of the seawall was flooded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infrastructure Resilience Analysis)

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18 pages, 8401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mg₂(Co_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3), Mg₂(Cu_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3), Mg₂(Co_1/3Cu_1/3Fe_1/3), Mg₂(Co_1/3Cu_1/3Ni_1/3), and Mg₂(Co_1/4Cu_1/4Fe_1/4Ni_1/4) Materials for Hydrogen Storage

by Eduardo David Ruiz-Santacruz, Paula del Carmen Cintrón Núñez, Nidia Libia Torres García and Karina Suárez-Alcántara

Inorganics 2025, 13(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13050135 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hydrogen is a promising energy vector; however, its storage in solid-state materials is still an unresolved problem. Hydrogen storage on Mg-based materials is an ongoing research area. Here, five materials, Mg₂(Co_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3), Mg₂(Cu_1/3 [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is a promising energy vector; however, its storage in solid-state materials is still an unresolved problem. Hydrogen storage on Mg-based materials is an ongoing research area. Here, five materials, Mg₂(Co_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3), Mg₂(Cu_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3), Mg₂(Co_1/3Cu_1/3Fe_1/3), Mg₂(Co_1/3Cu_1/3Ni_1/3), and Mg₂(Co_1/4Cu_1/4Fe_1/4Ni_1/4), are reported for hydrogen storage. The hydriding and dehydriding reactions in these materials proceed via two steps. The first step is associated with the Mg/MgH₂ equilibrium, while the second step is related to the simultaneous formation of mixtures of hydrided Mg-intermetallics. All of the studied materials demonstrate easy hydriding in mild conditions (15 bar, 300 °C). Mg₂(Co_1/3Fe_1/3Ni_1/3) can be considered the best material among the studied series, with a hydrogen storage capacity of 3.8 wt. % and a dehydriding onset temperature of 243 °C. The presence of Cu modified the equilibrium pressure of the second hydriding step and induced partial dehydriding at 250 °C in pressure-composition isothermal testing. The presence of Fe favored the hydrogen uptake in the first hydriding reaction, from 0.5 wt. % at the material without Fe to 1.1–2.2 wt. % in the Fe materials. The elements Co, Co, Cu, and Fe demonstrated synergistic effects on hydriding/dehydriding reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)

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11 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

2D/3D Perovskite Surface Passivation-Enabled High-Detectivity Near-Infrared Photodiodes

by Xuefeng Huangfu, Junyu Chen, Gaohui Ge, Jianyu Li, Jiazhen Zhang, Qinhao Lin, Hao Xu and Shu Min Wang

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092740 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Due to high responsivity and wide spectral sensitivity, metal halide perovskite photodiodes have a wide range of applications in the fields of visible light and near-infrared photodetection. Specific detectivity is an important quality factor for high-performance perovskite-based photodiodes, while one of the keys [...] Read more.

Due to high responsivity and wide spectral sensitivity, metal halide perovskite photodiodes have a wide range of applications in the fields of visible light and near-infrared photodetection. Specific detectivity is an important quality factor for high-performance perovskite-based photodiodes, while one of the keys to achieving high detectivity is to reduce dark current. Here, 3-fluoro phenethylammonium iodide (3F-PEAI) was used to passivate the perovskite surface and form the two-dimensional (2D) perovskite on the three-dimensional (3D) perovskite surface. The as-fabricated passivated perovskite photodiodes with 2D/3D hybrid-dimensional perovskite heterojunctions showed two orders of magnitude smaller dark current, larger open circuit voltage and faster photoresponse, when compared to the control perovskite photodiodes. Meanwhile, it maintained almost identical photocurrent, achieving a high specific detectivity up to 2.4 × 10¹² Jones and over the visible-near-infrared broadband photodetection. Notably, the champion photoresponsivity value of 0.45 A W⁻¹ was achieved at 760 nm. It was verified that the 2D capping layers were able to suppress trap states and accelerate photocarrier collection. This work demonstrates strategic passivation of surface iodine vacancies, offering a promising pathway for developing ultrasensitive and low-power consumption photodetectors based on metal halide perovskites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors Based on Optoelectronic and Piezoelectric Materials)

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19 pages, 21281 KiB

Open AccessReview

MXene Surface Architectonics: Bridging Molecular Design to Multifunctional Applications

by Wenxuan Huang, Jiale Wang, Wei Lai and Mengdi Guo

Molecules 2025, 30(9), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30091929 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This review delves into the surface modification of MXenes, underscoring its pivotal role in improving their diverse physicochemical properties, including tailor MXenes’ electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and wettability. It outlines various surface modification strategies and principles, highlighting their contributions to performance enhancements across [...] Read more.

This review delves into the surface modification of MXenes, underscoring its pivotal role in improving their diverse physicochemical properties, including tailor MXenes’ electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and wettability. It outlines various surface modification strategies and principles, highlighting their contributions to performance enhancements across diverse applications, including energy storage and conversion, materials mechanics, electronic devices, biomedical sciences, environmental monitoring, and fire-resistant materials. While significant advancements have been made, the review also identifies challenges and future research directions, emphasizing the continued development of innovative materials, methods, and applications to further expand MXenes’ utility and potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

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