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13 pages, 4078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Engineered Yeast Expressing an Artificial Heavy Metal-Binding Protein Enhances the Phytoremediation of Alum Mine Soils

by Wenming Wang, Liling Xie, Lin Zhao and Qilin Yu

Microorganisms 2025, 13(3), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030612 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Alum mining leads to significant heavy metal and acid pollution within soils. Phytoremediation is a common strategy used to treat alum mine soils, but its efficiency is frequently compromised by the alum-mining-induced impairment of plant growth. To improve the strength of plants against [...] Read more.

Alum mining leads to significant heavy metal and acid pollution within soils. Phytoremediation is a common strategy used to treat alum mine soils, but its efficiency is frequently compromised by the alum-mining-induced impairment of plant growth. To improve the strength of plants against mine pollution, this study constructed the artificial yeast strain ScHB (heavy metal-binding protein-containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing the de novo designed protein HBGFP (heavy metal-binding green fluorescence protein) and investigated its effect on the phytoremediation of alum mine soils with soil physiochemical assays and heavy metal quantification. This protein was composed of an N-terminal signal peptide, an HB (heavy metal-binding) domain, and a GFP (green fluorescence protein) domain, as well as a C-terminal glycolphosphatidylinositol-anchoring fragment. The exposure of the HBGFP on the ScHB surface increased the growth rate of the yeast cells and enhanced cadmium capture from the cadmium-containing medium. After culturing Medicago sativa in the alum mine soils for 30 days, ScHB remarkably increased the plants’ average height from 17.5 cm to 27.9 cm and their biomass from 3.03 g/plant to 4.35 g/plant, as well as increasing the accumulation of antioxidant agents in the plants. Moreover, the ScHB cells strongly improved the soil quality, with an increase in the soil pH values from 5.47 to 6.21 to 6.9, and increased the levels of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and living bacteria. Furthermore, ScHB efficiently improved the plants’ abilities to remove soil heavy metals, decreasing the levels of cadmium, lead, chromium, and copper by 90%, 86%, 97%, and 88%, respectively. This study developed a genetic engineering method to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation against pollution from alum mining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Molecular Microbial Ecology)

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17 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Positional Performance and Force Control in a Bimanual Lifting Task Among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Haowei Guo, Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen, Jeanine A. M. C. F. Verbunt and Eugene A. A. Rameckers

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15062872 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total [...] Read more.

Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total of 83 participants, including 62 with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy and 21 with non-unilateral spastic cerebral palsy, performed tasks using the Activity of Daily Living Testing and Training Device. Tasks were conducted at maximal (80–100% force) and submaximal (40–80% force) levels of force control, with positional performance measured in six directions using Inertial Measurement Unit sensors. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for levels of force control comparisons, Kruskal–Wallis tests for group differences, and Spearman correlations to assess relationships between maximal and submaximal performance. The results revealed that four of six positional parameters were worse in the maximal zone than in the submaximal zone (

p < 0.05

), highlighting the challenges of higher force demands. Additionally, positive correlations between maximal and submaximal performance suggest consistency across levels of force control. Maximal levels of force control increased variability, with submaximal performance proven to be a reliable predictor of maximal capabilities. This finding offers a safer and more efficient method for assessing motor performance. Overall, these results underscore the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies focused on improving stability and precision in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities so they can perform daily tasks more independently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)

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17 pages, 10085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety-Critical Influence of Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

by Gregor Gstrein, Syed Muhammad Abbas, Eduard Ewert, Michael Wenzl and Christian Ellersdorfer

Batteries 2025, 11(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11030099 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

While the effect of ageing has been thoroughly analysed, to improve the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries, its impact on safety in case of a mechanical loading is still a new field of research. It has to be found out how mechanical properties, [...] Read more.

While the effect of ageing has been thoroughly analysed, to improve the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries, its impact on safety in case of a mechanical loading is still a new field of research. It has to be found out how mechanical properties, such as the tolerable failure force or deformation, change over the operational lifetime of a battery. To answer this question, mechanical abuse tests were carried out with pouch cells used in recent electric vehicles in a fresh state and after usage over 160.000 km. These tests were complemented with a detailed component level analysis, in order to identify mechanisms that lead to changed cell behaviour. For the analysed aged cells, a significantly different mechanical response was observed in comparison with the respective fresh samples. The tolerable force was severely reduced (up to −27%), accompanied by a notable reduction in the allowable deformation level (up to −15%) prior to failure, making the aged cells clearly more safety critical. Based on the subsequent component tests, the predominant mechanism for this different behaviour was concluded to be particle cracking in the cathode active material. The found results are partly in contrast with the (few) other already published works. It is, however, unclear if this difference is rooted in different cell chemistries or types, or another battery state resulting from varying ageing procedures. This underlies the importance of further investigations in this research field to close the apparent gap of knowledge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Batteries Aging Mechanisms and Diagnosis)

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22 pages, 2721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multimodal Livestock Operations Analysis Using Business Process Modeling: A Case Study of Romanian Black Sea Ports

by Catalin Popa, Ovidiu Stefanov and Ionela Goia

Economies 2025, 13(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030069 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

In spite of its strong increase and relevant position in the evolution of international maritime routes, the global livestock trade is still a poorly treated topic in the maritime business domain of research. Aiming to cover this gap, the authors are focused on [...] Read more.

In spite of its strong increase and relevant position in the evolution of international maritime routes, the global livestock trade is still a poorly treated topic in the maritime business domain of research. Aiming to cover this gap, the authors are focused on revealing the livestock logistics technology in intermodal transports, approaching both equipment reliability and operation flow design, applying the business processes modeling method to map the most relevant stages in animals’ port operation, transfer, and maritime transportation. This paper examines the intricate logistics of maritime livestock transportation through a case study on the Port of Midia, administrated by the Constanța Maritime Port Administration, one of Romania’s primary export hubs for livestock operations, using BPM software, seeking to identify the most important deficiencies and alternatives in improving the technical and technological effectiveness. Key findings indicate that improving ramp availability, automating document verification, and implementing RFID-based animal tracking systems could significantly enhance operational efficiency. By integrating workflow models, real-time monitoring, and simulation-based optimization, the study offers a comprehensive framework for streamlining multimodal livestock transportation. The implications extend to policymakers, port authorities, and logistics operators, emphasizing the necessity of digital transformation, regulatory harmonization, and technological integration in livestock maritime transportation. This research contributes to the expansion of intermodal transportation studies, providing practical recommendations for enhancing livestock logistics efficiency while ensuring compliance with European animal welfare regulations. The findings pave the way for further research into AI-driven risk assessments, smart logistics solutions, and sustainable livestock transportation alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Techniques and Modeling in Business and Economics)

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7 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Massive Adenoma of the Uterine Tube in a Young Intact Female Dog: Surgical Intervention and Outcome

by Kazuyuki Terai, Ryou Tanaka, Aki Takeuchi, Kazumi Shimada, Miki Hirose, Aimi Yokoi, Ikki Mitsui and Lina Hamabe

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030253 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Tumors originating from the uterine tube are exceedingly rare in dogs, with limited clinical and therapeutic data available. This report illustrates a case of a uterine tube adenoma in a one-year-and-two-month-old intact female Pomeranian presented with severe abdominal distension. Diagnostic imaging revealed a [...] Read more.

Tumors originating from the uterine tube are exceedingly rare in dogs, with limited clinical and therapeutic data available. This report illustrates a case of a uterine tube adenoma in a one-year-and-two-month-old intact female Pomeranian presented with severe abdominal distension. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large abdominal mass compressing the left kidney, suspected to originate from the female reproductive organs. Surgical excision of the mass, accompanied by ovariohysterectomy, was performed without complications. The tumor, measuring 30 cm in diameter and weighing 1.086 kg, accounted for 28% of the dog’s body weight. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of benign uterine tube adenoma with no evidence of vascular invasion. The dog experienced no postoperative complications and remained tumor-free for over 912 days post-surgery. This case highlights the possibility of uterine tube tumors developing even at a young age and reaching significant sizes without overt clinical signs. While diagnostic findings were unable to identify the precise tissue origin, surgical excision was an effective treatment, even for this large-sized tumor. The findings of this case underscore the importance of including uterine tube tumors in differential diagnoses for female reproductive mass lesions. Further case accumulation is necessary to expand our understanding of this rare condition in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3271 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Immersive Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Efficacy in Upper Limb Recovery

by Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba and Bruno Bonnechère

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(6), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061783 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Immersive virtual reality (imVR) has shown promise for upper limb stroke rehabilitation (ULSR). However, optimal implementation and treatment modalities remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate imVR’s efficacy in ULSR and determine optimal treatment parameters. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background: Immersive virtual reality (imVR) has shown promise for upper limb stroke rehabilitation (ULSR). However, optimal implementation and treatment modalities remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate imVR’s efficacy in ULSR and determine optimal treatment parameters. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing imVR to conventional rehabilitation (CR) in adult stroke patients, was conducted. Databases including, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, were searched. Meta-regression further explored the relationship between intervention duration, frequency, and outcomes. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review, representing 395 patients, with thirteen incorporated into the meta-analysis. imVR showed statistically significant improvements in the Fugl–Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) Scale (mean difference (MD) = 3.04, 95% CI [1.46; 4.62], p < 0.001) and the Box and Block Test (BBT) (MD = 2.85, 95% CI [0.70; 4.99], p = 0.009) compared to CR, but not in the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) (MD = 3.47, 95% CI [−0.22; 7.15], p = 0.06). However, these improvements did not reach clinically significant thresholds (7 points for FMA-UE and 6 points for BBT). Clinical subgroup analysis showed significant improvements for both subacute (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.92, 95% CI [0.48; 1.36], p = 0.002) and chronic (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI [0.03; 1.35], p = 0.03) stroke stages. Meta-regression indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the intervention duration and upper limb improvement. Conclusions: imVR demonstrates potential for improving upper limb motor function following stroke, particularly with longer intervention durations and individual session lengths for chronic stroke. However, the improvements observed were not clinically significant, highlighting the need for further research with larger sample sizes and standardized outcome measures to determine optimal treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation and Management of Stroke)

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15 pages, 8175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aptamer Paper-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

by Jincai Yang, Zunquan Zhao, Tianyi Ma and Jialei Bai

Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061637 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Point-of-care (POC) antigen detection plays a crucial role in curbing the spread of viruses. Paper-based fluorescence aptasensors are expected to offer a low-cost tool to meet the needs of decentralized POC diagnosis. Herein, we report on a fluorescent paper-based sensing system for detecting [...] Read more.

Point-of-care (POC) antigen detection plays a crucial role in curbing the spread of viruses. Paper-based fluorescence aptasensors are expected to offer a low-cost tool to meet the needs of decentralized POC diagnosis. Herein, we report on a fluorescent paper-based sensing system for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The sensing system was constructed by loading multi-layer Nb₂C MXene nano-quenchers and carbon-dot-labeled aptamer (G-CDs@Apt) probes onto a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper substrate. On the Nb₂C MXene/G-CDs@Apt sensing paper, abundant G-CDs@Apt probes were attached to the multilayer MXene nano-quenchers and kept in a fluorescence-off state, while recognition of the target detached the G-CDs@Apt probes formed the nano--quenchers, resulting in fluorescence recovery of the sensing paper. The developed paper-based sensor performed well in the one-step detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein with a detection limit of 0.067 ng/mL (0.335 pg/test). The assay exhibited good selectivity and anti-interference in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in artificial saliva. Moreover, the paper-based aptasensor was successfully used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in actual environmental samples with recoveries of 90.87–100.55% and relative standard deviations of 1.52–3.41%. The proposed technology provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional antibody test strips for a wide range of POC diagnostic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Point-of-Care Biosensors: Design and Applications)

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13 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Factors Associated with Non-Compliance with Healthcare Accreditation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Khalid Saad Alkhurayji, Abdulmunim Alsuhaimi, Hesham Alangari, Saja A. Alrayes and Arwa Alumran

Healthcare 2025, 13(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060580 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Compliance with healthcare standards is an absolute must for every healthcare organization seeking accreditation. Several factors were found to affect compliance, and in Saudi Arabia, certain standards were observed for non-compliance. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Compliance with healthcare standards is an absolute must for every healthcare organization seeking accreditation. Several factors were found to affect compliance, and in Saudi Arabia, certain standards were observed for non-compliance. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify the factors associated with non-compliance with healthcare accreditation in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) model was used to refine the research question. The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (Press) guidelines were used to improve the search strategy. The databases used for the search were PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The dates searched were from 1 January 2000 to 1 November 2024. We used a data extraction form for study characteristics and outcome data, which was piloted on five studies in this review. The risk of bias was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The analysis was carried out using the Fisher r-to-z transformed correlation coefficient as the outcome measure. A random-effects model was fitted to the data. Results: A total of ten studies were included for qualitative synthesis and five for quantitative synthesis. Several factors were observed for non-compliance, including insufficient training organization hurdles, a lack of implementation strategies, and the attitudes of healthcare providers. The estimated average correlation coefficient based on the random-effects model was 0.2568 (95% CI: −0.1190 to 0.6326). Conclusions: The dimension of quality in healthcare through pooled correlations from various studies highlighted a weak association among these dimensions. Full article

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15 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services, Risk Management, and Infection Prevention in Surgical Settings: A Qualitative Study

by Alice Yip, Jeff Yip, Zoe Tsui, Cheung-Hai Yip, Hau-Ling Lung, Kam-Yee Shit and Rachel Yip

Healthcare 2025, 13(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060579 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective In every surgical environment, the prevention of surgical site infections is not merely desirable but essential, given their profound impact on patient health and healthcare costs. To optimize patient care during surgery, a thorough exploration and assessment of all intraoperative nursing practices [...] Read more.

Background/Objective In every surgical environment, the prevention of surgical site infections is not merely desirable but essential, given their profound impact on patient health and healthcare costs. To optimize patient care during surgery, a thorough exploration and assessment of all intraoperative nursing practices are necessary, guided by empirical evidence. The aim of this study was to explore nurses’ experiences with surgical site infection prevention practices in the intraoperative setting. Methods Twenty-one nurses working in clinical settings in Hong Kong participated in semi-structured interviews for this qualitative study. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results Four main themes were identified from the interview data: ensuring safety and minimizing threats; facing silent, intangible, and hidden risks; team collaboration in eliminating risks; and persistent knowledge acquisition. Conclusions Nurses encountered diverse obstacles tied to teamwork, updated knowledge, communication, and patient safety. Enhanced quality of care in clinical settings can be achieved through strategic implementations. Focusing on quality improvement initiatives, establishing consistent teams, and recognizing the vital role of nurses strengthen care delivery. These actions contribute significantly to preventing surgical site infections and ensuring patient safety during intraoperative nursing practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services)

37 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Stakeholders for Sustainable and Smart Cities: An Innovative Identification and Management Methodology

by Rafael Esteban-Narro, Vanesa G. Lo-Iacono-Ferreira and Juan Ignacio Torregrosa-López

Smart Cities 2025, 8(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8020041 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

The global challenges that cities must face regarding sustainability, efficiency, integration, and resilience have found in the smart city concept a guideline of action as a model for urban development and transformation. The multidimensional nature of the smart city, along with the importance [...] Read more.

The global challenges that cities must face regarding sustainability, efficiency, integration, and resilience have found in the smart city concept a guideline of action as a model for urban development and transformation. The multidimensional nature of the smart city, along with the importance of identifying key urban stakeholders and ensuring their engagement, are two widely recognized characteristics within the scientific community. However, proposals for the identification, classification, and management of urban stakeholders are very scarce and almost non-existent when considered in conjunction with the holistic nature of smart cities. Thus, the significant importance attributed to stakeholder engagement contrasts with the lack of clear guidelines to develop it properly. Based on an iterative analysis of the scientific literature combined with the cross-referencing of smart city dimensions, statistical analysis tools, and multi-criteria analysis methods, this paper proposes a new methodology for the identification and management of urban stakeholders. The proposal includes a comprehensive classification and a new framework for developing urban stakeholder identification processes at their early stages or the monitoring and assessment of ongoing or completed processes, including tools for analyzing the extent and homogeneity achieved. The practical application of the methodology to a specific case study is also discussed. Full article

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18 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neural Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance in Motor Aging: From Genetic Mechanisms to Therapeutic Challenges

by Xuhui Chen, Ya Wang, Yongning Zhang, Xucheng Li, Le Zhang, Shangbang Gao and Cuntai Zhang

Biology 2025, 14(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030272 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Neural excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance plays a pivotal role in the aging process. However, despite its significant impact, the role of E/I imbalance in motor dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases has not received sufficient attention. This review explores the mechanisms underlying motor aging through the [...] Read more.

Neural excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance plays a pivotal role in the aging process. However, despite its significant impact, the role of E/I imbalance in motor dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases has not received sufficient attention. This review explores the mechanisms underlying motor aging through the lens of E/I balance, emphasizing genetic and molecular factors that contribute to this imbalance (such as SCN2A, CACNA1C, GABRB3, GRIN2A, SYT, BDNF…). Key regulatory genes, including REST, vps-34, and STXBP1, are examined for their roles in modulating synaptic activity and neuronal function during aging. With insights drawn from ALS, we discuss how disruptions in E/I balance contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related motor dysfunction. The genes discussed above exhibit a certain association with age-related motor neuron diseases (like ALS), a relationship that had not been previously recognized. Innovative genetic therapies, such as gene editing technology and optogenetic manipulation, are emerging as promising tools for restoring E/I balance, offering hope for ameliorating motor deficits in aging. This review explores the potential of these technologies to intervene in aging-related motor diseases, despite challenges in their direct application to human conditions. Full article

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19 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Assessment of Miscanthus x giganteus for Landfill Leachate Treatment: A Case Study of the Grebača Landfill in Obrenovac

by Svetozar Andrić, Goran Knežević, Snežana Maletić, Srđan Rončević, Marijana Kragulj Isakovski, Tijana Zeremski and Jelena Beljin

Processes 2025, 13(3), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030768 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Water pollution caused by landfill leachate, which contains high concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants, poses a serious environmental threat. Among the potential remediation strategies, phytoremediation using Miscanthus x giganteus (giant miscanthus) has gained attention due to its strong resistance to harsh [...] Read more.

Water pollution caused by landfill leachate, which contains high concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants, poses a serious environmental threat. Among the potential remediation strategies, phytoremediation using Miscanthus x giganteus (giant miscanthus) has gained attention due to its strong resistance to harsh conditions and its capacity to accumulate heavy metals. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Miscanthus x giganteus in treating landfill leachate, with a focus on removing key pollutants such as zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) by simulating wetland conditions. A pilot-scale experiment conducted at the Grebača landfill site assessed the plant’s ability to enhance metal bioavailability, stabilize contaminants, and limit their mobility within the leachate system. The results demonstrated that Miscanthus x giganteus effectively mobilized Zn and Ni through rhizospheric activity, whereas Cu remained largely immobile, indicating potential for phytostabilization. Sequential extraction analysis further confirmed that the plant significantly reduced the mobile fractions of Zn and Ni in the soil, highlighting its dual role in both phytoremediation and phytostabilization. These findings suggest that Miscanthus x giganteus offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach to landfill leachate treatment, serving as a viable alternative to conventional methods. By integrating this nature-based solution into industrial and municipal waste management, it promotes environmental sustainability while enhancing remediation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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25 pages, 4295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sound Change and Consonant Devoicing in Word-Final Sibilants: A Study of Brazilian Portuguese Plural Forms

by Wellington Mendes, Jr.

Languages 2025, 10(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10030048 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study investigates consonant devoicing in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in order to assess whether an ongoing sound change is taking place. We examine plural forms consisting of a stop consonant followed by a word-final sibilant, such as in redes [hedz] ~ [heds] ~ [...] Read more.

This study investigates consonant devoicing in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in order to assess whether an ongoing sound change is taking place. We examine plural forms consisting of a stop consonant followed by a word-final sibilant, such as in redes [hedz] ~ [heds] ~ [hets] and sedes [sɛdz] ~ [sɛds] ~ [sɛts], focusing on the emergence of voiceless sibilants before word-initial vowels (e.g., redes amarelas, ‘yellow hammocks’). If sibilants remain voiceless despite a following vowel, this challenges the expected regressive voicing assimilation in BP and raises the question of the conditions under which this devoicing occurs. Data were collected through recordings of oral production from twenty Brazilian speakers, using reading and picture naming tasks. Sibilant voicing was quantified using harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR). A linear mixed-effects model—including random intercepts and slopes for both speakers and words—reveals that sibilants are significantly more voiced before a vowel than before a pause, but this voicing is substantially reduced when the sibilant is preceded by voiceless consonants. These findings indicate an ongoing devoicing process at pre-vocalic word boundaries in BP, affecting clusters [pz, tz, kz] and [bz, dz, gz] alike. Spectrographic analyses indicate that not only the sibilants but also their preceding stop may exhibit devoicing. Moreover, minimal-pair considerations suggest that speakers potentially maintain sibilant voicing in certain lexical items to preserve intelligibility (e.g., gra[dz] ‘grades’ and se[dz] ‘headquarters’ vs. grá[ts] ‘free’ and se[ts] ‘sets’). Drawing on Exemplar Theory, we propose a competition between the influence of the phonological environment and word-final devoicing: sibilants are sometimes voiced due to a following vowel (e.g., botes argentinos [bɔtz ah.ʒẽ.’tʃi.nus] ‘Argentine boats’), but they often emerge as voiceless due to consonantal devoicing (e.g., [bɔts ah.ʒẽ.’tʃi.nus]), resulting in both expected and unexpected forms. We suggest that fine phonetic detail, whether associated with allophonic or emergent sound patterns, contributes to the construction of phonological representations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phonetics and Phonology of Ibero-Romance Languages)

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11 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂-Responsive Plugging Gel with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Polyethyleneimine, and Silica

by Fanghui Liu, Mingmin Zhang, Huiyu Huang, Rui Cheng and Xin Su

Polymers 2025, 17(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17060706 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

Gas channeling during CO₂ flooding poses a significant challenge to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs, limiting both oil recovery and CO₂ sequestration efficiency. To address this issue, a CO₂-responsive plugging gel was developed using polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium [...] Read more.

Gas channeling during CO₂ flooding poses a significant challenge to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs, limiting both oil recovery and CO₂ sequestration efficiency. To address this issue, a CO₂-responsive plugging gel was developed using polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and nano-silica. The gel formulation, containing 0.8% SDS, 0.8% PEI, and 0.1% nano-silica, demonstrated excellent CO₂-responsive thickening behavior, achieving a viscosity of over 12,000 mPa·s under selected conditions. The gel exhibited reversible viscosity changes upon CO₂ and N₂ injection, shear-thinning and self-healing properties, and stability under high-temperature (90 °C) and high-salinity (up to 20,000 mg/L) conditions. Plugging experiments using artificial cores with gas permeabilities of 100 mD and 500 mD achieved a plugging efficiency exceeding 95%, reducing permeability to below 0.2 mD. These results emphasize the potential of the CO₂-responsive plugging gel as an efficient approach to reducing gas channeling, boosting oil recovery, and enhancing CO₂ storage capacity in crude oil reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structure, Characterization and Application of Polymer Networks and Gels)

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24 pages, 1543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Up-Scaling of Discrete Fine-Scale Models Using Bayesian Updating

by Muhammad Sadiq Sarfaraz, Bojana V. Rosić and Hermann G. Matthies

Computation 2025, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13030068 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

In this work, we present an up-scaling framework in a multi-scale setting to calibrate a stochastic material model. In particular with regard to application of the proposed method, we employ Bayesian updating to identify the probability distribution of continuum-based coarse-scale model parameters from [...] Read more.

In this work, we present an up-scaling framework in a multi-scale setting to calibrate a stochastic material model. In particular with regard to application of the proposed method, we employ Bayesian updating to identify the probability distribution of continuum-based coarse-scale model parameters from fine-scale measurements, which is discrete and also inherently random (aleatory uncertainty) in nature. Owing to the completely dissimilar nature of models for the involved scales, the energy is used as the essential medium (i.e., the predictions of the coarse-scale model and measurements from the fine-scale model) of communication between them. This task is realized computationally using a generalized version of the Kalman filter, employing a functional approximation of the involved parameters. The approximations are obtained in a non-intrusive manner and are discussed in detail especially for the fine-scale measurements. The demonstrated numerical examples show the utility and generality of the presented approach in terms of obtaining calibrated coarse-scale models as reasonably accurate approximations of fine-scale ones and greater freedom to select widely different models on both scales, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergy between Multiphysics/Multiscale Modeling and Machine Learning)

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18 pages, 4016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kale Seed Germination and Plant Growth Responses to Two Different Processed Biostimulants from Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization

by Yuxuan Tang, Raphael Ofoe, Lokanadha R. Gunupuru, Dengge Qin and Lord Abbey

Seeds 2025, 4(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds4010013 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025

Abstract

The cost of producing organic crops is increasing. Agricultural wastes can be used as biostimulants to increase plant growth and productivity and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. A pouch assay and a potted greenhouse experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of [...] Read more.

The cost of producing organic crops is increasing. Agricultural wastes can be used as biostimulants to increase plant growth and productivity and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. A pouch assay and a potted greenhouse experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of pyroligneous acid (PA) and sea lettuce (SL) on kale (Brassica oleracea subsp. acephala (DC.) Metzg) seed germination and growth. Although previous studies have demonstrated that these two biostimulants could promote plant germination and growth, there is little research to compare their effects on seed germination and plant growth. The pouch assay showed that PA liquid affected the seed germination rate under different concentrations; the seed germination rate decreased as the concentration of PA liquid increased. However, the effect of seed germination was less pronounced in SL liquids. Kale seeds treated with 0.01% PA showed the best elongation and seedling growth performance. Moreover, the greenhouse experiment indicates that SL liquids significantly (p < 0.05) affected kale growth production, while PA liquid had less difference on kale growth under various concentrations. The 0.25% PA and 1% SL increased the aboveground fresh weight by ca. 26% and 29%, respectively. Also, the phytochemical contents of kale leaves, including phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbate, and protein, were significantly increased with 0.25% PA and 1% SL application. These results suggest that low concentrations of PA are more suitable for seedling root growth in kale and 1% SL had the most significant growth-promoting effect on kale. Hydrothermal carbonization sea lettuce liquid can be used as a good biostimulant for agricultural production to improve kale germination and growth. Full article

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20 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessReview

Proteasomes and Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 as Biomarkers of Tissue Damage and Inflammatory Response to Different Types of Injury—A Short Review

by Marzena Tylicka, Ewa Matuszczak, Joanna Kamińska, Beata Modzelewska and Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz

Life 2025, 15(3), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030413 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

The proteasomal system of protein degradation is crucial for various cellular processes, including transduction of signals and differentiation of cells. Proteasome activity rises after various traumatic stressors such as hyperoxia, radiation, or oxidative damage. Removal of damaged proteins is essential to provide the [...] Read more.

The proteasomal system of protein degradation is crucial for various cellular processes, including transduction of signals and differentiation of cells. Proteasome activity rises after various traumatic stressors such as hyperoxia, radiation, or oxidative damage. Removal of damaged proteins is essential to provide the necessary conditions for cell repair. Several studies report the activation of the proteasomal degradation system after thermal injury, CNS injury, abdominal trauma, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and possible clinical implications of the use of proteasome inhibitors. It is important to highlight the distinct and crucial roles of UCHL1, 26S, and 20S proteasome subunits as biomarkers. UCHL1 appears to be particularly relevant for identifying brain and neuronal damage and in advancing the diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other neurological conditions. Meanwhile, the 26S and 20S proteasomes may serve as markers for peripheral tissue damage. This differentiation enhances our understanding and ability to target specific types of tissue damage in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common and Novel Markers of Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Various Pathological Conditions)

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16 pages, 20081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-ACE: Enhancing YOLO with Augmented Contextual Efficiency for Precision Cotton Weed Detection

by Qi Zhou, Huicheng Li, Zhiling Cai, Yiwen Zhong, Fenglin Zhong, Xiaoyu Lin and Lijin Wang

Sensors 2025, 25(5), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051635 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Effective weed management is essential for protecting crop yields in cotton production, yet conventional deep learning approaches often falter in detecting small or occluded weeds and can be restricted by large parameter counts. To tackle these challenges, we propose YOLO-ACE, an advanced extension [...] Read more.

Effective weed management is essential for protecting crop yields in cotton production, yet conventional deep learning approaches often falter in detecting small or occluded weeds and can be restricted by large parameter counts. To tackle these challenges, we propose YOLO-ACE, an advanced extension of YOLOv5s, which was selected for its optimal balance of accuracy and speed, making it well suited for agricultural applications. YOLO-ACE integrates a Context Augmentation Module (CAM) and Selective Kernel Attention (SKAttention) to capture multi-scale features and dynamically adjust the receptive field, while a decoupled detection head separates classification from bounding box regression, enhancing overall efficiency. Experiments on the CottonWeedDet12 (CWD12) dataset show that YOLO-ACE achieves notable [email protected] and [email protected]:0.95 scores—95.3% and 89.5%, respectively—surpassing previous benchmarks. Additionally, we tested the model’s transferability and generalization across different crops and environments using the CropWeed dataset, where it achieved a competitive [email protected] of 84.3%, further showcasing its robust ability to adapt to diverse conditions. These results confirm that YOLO-ACE combines precise detection with parameter efficiency, meeting the exacting demands of modern cotton weed management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensing and Machine Vision in Precision Agriculture: 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 2262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating the “Empty Shell” Phenomenon in Farmer Professional Cooperatives: Insights Based on Demonstration Cooperative Policies in China

by Jing Yu, Sixian Li, Yaodong Zhou and Lingyu Song

Land 2025, 14(3), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030557 - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Farmer professional cooperatives are essential in promoting China’s rural revitalization. However, the widespread occurrence of “empty shell” cooperatives, which are characterized by operational stagnation and human resource depletion, presents significant challenges to achieving this objective. This study explores the role of award-rated demonstration [...] Read more.

Farmer professional cooperatives are essential in promoting China’s rural revitalization. However, the widespread occurrence of “empty shell” cooperatives, which are characterized by operational stagnation and human resource depletion, presents significant challenges to achieving this objective. This study explores the role of award-rated demonstration cooperatives in addressing this issue by utilizing a unique dataset of 1570 cooperatives from a particular city in Guizhou Province. The analysis employs mediation and moderation effect models and identifies two primary mechanisms. First, the policy improves cooperatives’ access to government subsidies and loan facilities, which helps mitigate constraints related to human resources and operational risks. Second, cooperative characteristics, including member size, education levels, and leading entity, positively influence the effectiveness of these policy measures. Conversely, the equity structure shows a dual moderating effect, reducing policy benefits in resource retention while enhancing them in operational improvement. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between policy design and cooperative attributes in addressing structural inefficiencies and provide valuable insights for strengthening cooperative governance and advancing rural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)

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22 pages, 369 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Osteosarcoma Progression: From Biology to Therapy

by Andrei-Valentin Patrașcu, Elena Țarcă, Ludmila Lozneanu, Carmen Ungureanu, Eugenia Moroșan, Diana-Elena Parteni, Alina Jehac, Jana Bernic and Elena Cojocaru

Diagnostics 2025, 15(5), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050644 - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells lose their cell–cell adhesion and gain migratory and invasive properties, has been extensively studied in various carcinomas. [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process in which epithelial cells lose their cell–cell adhesion and gain migratory and invasive properties, has been extensively studied in various carcinomas. However, its role in mesenchymal tumors like osteosarcoma remains less explored. EMT is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the progression of osteosarcoma, contributing to tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms driving EMT in osteosarcoma, highlighting the involvement of signaling pathways such as TGF-β, transcription factors like Snail, Twist, and Zeb, and the role of microRNAs in modulating EMT. Furthermore, we discuss how EMT correlates with poor prognosis and therapy resistance in osteosarcoma patients, emphasizing the potential of targeting EMT for therapeutic intervention. Recent advancements in understanding EMT in osteosarcoma have opened new avenues for treatment, including EMT inhibitors and combination therapies aimed at overcoming drug resistance. By integrating biological insights with clinical implications, this review underscores the importance of EMT as a critical process in osteosarcoma progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tumours: From Molecular Pathology to Clinical Practice)

16 pages, 4776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analytical Modeling and Numerical Simulation Framework for Design Optimization of Electromagnetic Soft Actuators

by Hussein Zolfaghari, Nafiseh Ebrahimi, Yuan Ji, Xaq Pitkow and Mohammadreza Davoodi

Actuators 2025, 14(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14030128 - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

The growing interest in soft robotics arises from their unique ability to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of rigid robots, with soft actuators playing a central role in this innovation. Among these, electromagnetic soft actuators (ESAs) stand out for their fast response, simple [...] Read more.

The growing interest in soft robotics arises from their unique ability to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of rigid robots, with soft actuators playing a central role in this innovation. Among these, electromagnetic soft actuators (ESAs) stand out for their fast response, simple control mechanisms, and compact design. Analytical and experimental studies indicate that smaller ESAs enhance the force per unit cross-sectional area (F/CSA) without compromising force efficiency. This work uses the magnetic vector potential (MVP) to calculate the magnetic field of an ESA, which is then used to derive the actuator’s generated force. A mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimization framework is introduced to maximize the ESA’s F/CSA. Unlike prior methods that independently optimized parameters, such as ESA length and permanent magnet diameter, this study jointly optimizes these parameters to achieve a more efficient and effective design. To validate the proposed framework, finite element-based COMSOL 5.4 is used to simulate the magnetic field and generated force, ensuring consistency between MVP-based calculations and the physical model. Additionally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of MINLP optimization in identifying the optimal design parameters for maximizing the F/CSA of the ESA. The data and code are available at GitHub Repository. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Theory to Practice: Incremental Nonlinear Control)

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18 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phyllanthus emblica: Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Potential with Antibiotic Enhancement, and Toxicity Insights

by Gagan Tiwana, Ian Edwin Cock and Matthew James Cheesman

Microorganisms 2025, 13(3), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030611 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (commonly known as Amla or Indian Gooseberry) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat respiratory infections, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. The fruit contains an abundance of polyphenols, which contribute to its strong antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of [...] Read more.

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (commonly known as Amla or Indian Gooseberry) is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat respiratory infections, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal issues. The fruit contains an abundance of polyphenols, which contribute to its strong antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of fruit extracts derived from P. emblica against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined along with the antibiotic-resistant variants extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and ESBL K. pneumoniae. Disc diffusion and broth dilution assays were conducted to assess the activity of aqueous, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts, with large zones of inhibition of up to 15 mm on agar observed for S. aureus and MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 158 to 1725 µg/mL were calculated. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. emblica were less active against E. coli, ESBL E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and ESBL K. pneumoniae, with the only noteworthy MIC (633 µg/mL) observed for the aqueous extract against K. pneumoniae. Interestingly, a lack of inhibition was observed on agar for any of the extracts against these bacteria. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis identified several notable flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins. Notably, Artemia nauplii bioassays indicated that all extracts were nontoxic. The antibacterial activity and absence of toxicity in P. emblica extracts suggest their potential as candidates for antibiotic development, highlighting the need for further mechanistic and phytochemical investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts and Antimicrobials, Second Edition)

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12 pages, 2914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon-Coated Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrodeoxygenation of Lipids to Alcohols

by Long Chen, Jing Wu, Ai Chang, Guo-Ping Lu and Chun Cai

Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030254 - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

The abundant metal-catalyzed selective hydrodeoxygenation of lipids to alcohols has great industrial application potential. Herein, a carbon-coated Co catalyst has been fabricated by a simple detonation-reduction method. This material exhibits outstanding performance for the selective hydrodeoxygenation of lipids to alcohols (200 °C, 5 [...] Read more.

The abundant metal-catalyzed selective hydrodeoxygenation of lipids to alcohols has great industrial application potential. Herein, a carbon-coated Co catalyst has been fabricated by a simple detonation-reduction method. This material exhibits outstanding performance for the selective hydrodeoxygenation of lipids to alcohols (200 °C, 5 h, 2 MPa H₂, over 5 runs), which mainly benefits from the carbon layer on the Co surface. This carbon layer optimizes substrate adsorption, which enhances the H₂ adsorption process. The carbon coating also inhibits the oxidation of Co particles, resulting in the co-existence of Co⁰ and CoO, which is beneficial for H₂ activation. In addition, kinetic studies indicate that hydrogen activation should be included in the rate-determining step of this reaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topical Advisory Panel Members' Collection Series: Biomass Catalytic Conversion)

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23 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Based Meat Alternatives on the Island of Ireland: Changes in the Market and Comparisons with Conventional Meat

by Leona Lindberg, Jayne V. Woodside, Hannah Fitzgerald, Niamh Campbell, Hannah Vogan, Ciara Kelly, Mehrnoush Robinson and Anne P. Nugent

Foods 2025, 14(5), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050903 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

The plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) market and consumer base on the island of Ireland (IOI) has grown rapidly in recent years. Therefore, this study compared the changes in PBMAs available on the IOI over time and the nutritional profiles of PBMAs with meat [...] Read more.

The plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) market and consumer base on the island of Ireland (IOI) has grown rapidly in recent years. Therefore, this study compared the changes in PBMAs available on the IOI over time and the nutritional profiles of PBMAs with meat counterparts. Three online audits of PBMAs available in Tesco’s and Sainsbury’s in 2021/2022, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 were conducted. All on-pack information was extracted and analysed using descriptive statistics to identify trends over time. The nutritional content of selected categories of PBMAs identified in the 2023/2024 audit was compared to similar categories of meat using independent samples t-tests or Mann–Whitney-U tests. The number of PBMAs available on the IOI has increased over time (n = 350, n = 321 and n = 398), with a trend in slight improvements in A-scores observed for most categories. Compared to meat, PBMAs had significantly lower total and saturated fat contents and higher carbohydrate, fibre and sugar contents across most categories. The increase in PBMAs over time suggests that the development of new products is ongoing. However, the higher salt contents of PBMAs compared to meat in some categories and only slight improvements in A-scores suggest that focus should be redirected to product reformulation and refinement to improve the nutritional quality of PBMAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)

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16 pages, 4035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abiotic Degradation of the Toxin Simplexin by Soil Collected from a Pimelea-Infested Paddock

by Zhi Hung Loh, Natasha L. Hungerford, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve and Mary T. Fletcher

Toxins 2025, 17(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030124 - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Pimelea poisoning of cattle is caused by the toxin simplexin present in native Pimelea plant species. Surface weathering and burial of Pimelea plant material under soil in Pimelea-infested pastures previously showed simplexin degradation, suggesting soil microbial metabolism and/or abiotic degradation of simplexin [...] Read more.

Pimelea poisoning of cattle is caused by the toxin simplexin present in native Pimelea plant species. Surface weathering and burial of Pimelea plant material under soil in Pimelea-infested pastures previously showed simplexin degradation, suggesting soil microbial metabolism and/or abiotic degradation of simplexin in the field. This current study investigated whether soil from a Pimelea-infested paddock was capable of simplexin degradation in the laboratory. The effects of temperature on isolated simplexin levels and simplexin levels in Pimelea plant material treated with field-collected soil, acid-washed sand or bentonite were determined. Pimelea plant material incubated in field-collected soil at 22 °C for seven days did not show any simplexin degradation. Isolated simplexin preadsorbed to field-collected soil, acid-washed sand or bentonite showed simplexin decrease after one hour of incubation at 100 °C with three breakdown products identified by UPLC-MS/MS, indicating that toxin breakdown can be a heat-induced process rather than a microbial-based metabolism. Decreased simplexin levels were observed in Pimelea plant material mixed with acid-washed sand under similar incubation conditions. Overall, the study showed the field-collected soil did not contain soil microorganisms capable of simplexin metabolism within a short period of time. However, the co-exposure to high temperature resulted in significant abiotic simplexin breakdown, without microorganism involvement, with the product structures suggesting that the degradation was a heat promoted acid hydrolysis/elimination process. Overall, this study demonstrated that simplexin breakdown in the field could be a thermal abiotic process with no indication of microbial involvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Toxins)

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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Report of Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy—A Rare Lipid Metabolic Disorder of the Cornea

by Nina Stoyanova, Abdulrahman Imran, Zain Ul Hassan, Krasimir Kraev, Yordanka Basheva-Kraeva, Maria Kraeva, Petar Uchikov, Plamena Novakova, Veselin Vasilev, Ivaylo Minev, Bozhidar Hristov, Desislava Koleva-Georgieva, Petko Petrov, Luboslav Dimov, Svetlan Dermendzhiev and Marin Atanassov

Life 2025, 15(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030409 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral corneal opacification due to abnormal cholesterol and phospholipid deposition. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene, identified as causative in 2007, underline the condition, although its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Case [...] Read more.

Background: Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by bilateral corneal opacification due to abnormal cholesterol and phospholipid deposition. Mutations in the UBIAD1 gene, identified as causative in 2007, underline the condition, although its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Case Presentation: A 55-year-old female presented with persistent photophobia, blepharospasm, and corneal discomfort. She also reported joint pain related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), managed with Ro-Actemra (tocilizumab). The ophthalmological evaluation revealed bilateral corneal stromal deposits resembling snowflakes, with visual acuities of 0.8 (right eye) and 0.7 (left eye). Multimodal imaging confirmed stromal hyperreflective deposits. Based on the clinical findings, SCD was diagnosed, although no genetic testing was performed. Symptomatic management with artificial tears was initiated. Discussion: This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges of SCD, particularly in the absence of corneal crystals, a hallmark feature that is not universally present. Advanced imaging techniques aided diagnosis, and the coexistence of SCD and RA highlights the need for multidisciplinary care. Treatment options remain limited, although emerging therapies targeting oxidative stress and lipid metabolism show promise. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of integrating ophthalmological and systemic care in SCD management and underscores the need for further research to expand diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this rare disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision Science and Optometry)

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