MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

37 pages, 2694 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synthetic Jet Actuators for Active Flow Control: A Review

by Howard H. Ho, Ali Shirinzad, Ebenezer E. Essel and Pierre E. Sullivan

Fluids 2024, 9(12), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9120290 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

A synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is a fluidic device often consisting of a vibrating diaphragm that alters the volume of a cavity to produce a synthesized jet through an orifice. The cyclic ingestion and expulsion of the working fluid leads to a zero-net [...] Read more.

A synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is a fluidic device often consisting of a vibrating diaphragm that alters the volume of a cavity to produce a synthesized jet through an orifice. The cyclic ingestion and expulsion of the working fluid leads to a zero-net mass-flux and the transfer of linear momentum to the working fluid over an actuation cycle, leaving a train of vortex structures propagating away from the orifice. SJAs are a promising technology for flow control applications due to their unique features, such as no external fluid supply or ducting requirements, short response time, low weight, and compactness. Hence, they have been the focus of many research studies over the past few decades. Despite these advantages, implementing an effective control scheme using SJAs is quite challenging due to the large parameter space involving several geometrical and operational variables. This article aims to explain the working mechanism of SJAs and provide a comprehensive review of the effects of SJA design parameters in quiescent conditions and cross-flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow Control Techniques: Advances in Flow System Analysis, Modeling and Applications)

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18 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermochronological Constraints on the Tectonic History of the Arabian–Nubian Shield’s Northern Tip, Sinai, Egypt

by Sherif Mansour, Khaled M. Abdelfadil, Noriko Hasebe, Akihiro Tamura, Kamal Abdelrahman, Mohamed A. Gharib, Mohammed S. Fnais and Amer A. Shehata

Minerals 2024, 14(12), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121246 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

The effects of different regional tectonic events on the Neoproterozoic basement rocks of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in Sinai, as well as the Egyptian unstable and stable shelves, remain uncertain. Coupling fission-track thermochronometry findings with the modeling of the time–temperature history has proved to [...] Read more.

The effects of different regional tectonic events on the Neoproterozoic basement rocks of the Arabian–Nubian Shield in Sinai, as well as the Egyptian unstable and stable shelves, remain uncertain. Coupling fission-track thermochronometry findings with the modeling of the time–temperature history has proved to be an effective method for tackling these issues. The obtained zircon fission-track ages were differentiated into two groups from the Ediacaran–Cambrian and the Ordovician–Carboniferous periods, while the apatite fission-track data revealed two separate groups of cooling ages of the Carboniferous–Triassic and Late Cretaceous ages. The integration of these cooling ages and modeling of the time–temperature history revealed four discrete cooling pulses during the Neoproterozoic, Devonian–Carboniferous, Cretaceous, and Oligocene–Miocene eras. After integrating our findings with the regional tectonic historical and sedimentological records, these could be identified as cooling/exhumation pulses activated in response to the post-accretional event of erosion, Variscan tectonism, the disintegration of Gondwana, and the Gulf of Suez rifting, respectively. Furthermore, the southern border of the Egyptian unstable shelf was found to extend southward to South Sinai and south of the Bahariya depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Method (Geo-) Thermochronology and Trace Elements Tracing Magmatism, Mineralization and Tectonic Evolution)

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15 pages, 7850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precipitation and Age-Hardening in Fe-25Co-15Mo Carbon-Free High-Speed Steel via Hot Isostatic Pressing

by Shiteng Lu, Xueyuan Ge, Qipeng Hu, Lei Gao, Yuan Meng, Ya Kuang and Lei Lu

Metals 2024, 14(12), 1400; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121400 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

High resistance to tempering and extended service life are pivotal research directions for cutting tools utilized in the machining of industrial machine tool. The design of alloys and their manufacturing processes have become methods for the development of cutting tool materials. Carbon-free Fe-Co-Mo [...] Read more.

High resistance to tempering and extended service life are pivotal research directions for cutting tools utilized in the machining of industrial machine tool. The design of alloys and their manufacturing processes have become methods for the development of cutting tool materials. Carbon-free Fe-Co-Mo steel (FCM) has garnered attention due to its excellent magnetic properties and high-temperature performance, as well as its superior thermal conductivity, making it an ideal choice for applications in high-temperature and high-pressure environments. The µ-phase within this alloy exhibits exceptional high-temperature stability and resistance to aggregation. Its characteristics suggest that it has the potential to replace carbide reinforcement phases, which are prone to coarsening, in high-temperature applications of powder high-speed steel. This application of the µ-phase could lead to an enhancement in the resistance to tempering and the service life of powder metallurgy high-speed steel cutting tools. However, there is a relative scarcity of published research regarding the preparation of carbon-free high-speed steel via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology and the subsequent heat treatment processes. In this study, Fe-Co-Mo alloys reinforced with the intermetallic compound µ-phase were prepared at hot isostatic pressing sintering temperatures of 1200 °C, 1250 °C, and 1350 °C. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of the solid-solution treatment temperature on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of the alloy, the as-prepared materials were subjected to solution annealing treatment at different temperatures (1120 °C, 1150 °C, 1180 °C, and 1210 °C). The results demonstrate that by moderately reducing the sintering temperature, the segregation phenomenon of the reinforcing µ-phase was significantly reduced, leading to an optimization of the microstructural uniformity of the prepared sample, with the micro-scale µ-phase being uniformly dispersed within the α-Fe matrix. As the temperature of the solid-solution annealing increased, the microstructural uniformity was further enhanced, accompanied by a reduction in the quantity of the reinforcing phase and refinement of the grain size. Notably, after solid-solution annealing at 1180 °C, the hardness of the samples reached a peak value of 500.4 HV, attributed to the decrease in the reinforcing phase and grain refinement during the annealing process. Aging treatment at 600 °C for 3 h facilitated the uniform precipitation of the nano-scale µ-phase, resulting in a significant increase in sample hardness to approximately 900 HV. The prepared material exhibited excellent resistance to tempering, indicating its potential for application in high-temperature service environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Powder Metallurgy)

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18 pages, 4335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Soil Moisture Retrievals from a Portable L-Band Microwave Radiometer

by Runze Zhang, Abhi Nayak, Derek Houtz, Adam Watts, Elahe Soltanaghai and Mohamad Alipour

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4596; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234596 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

A novel Portable L-band radiometer (PoLRa), compatible with tower-, vehicle- and drone-based platforms, can provide gridded soil moisture estimations from a few meters to several hundred meters yet its retrieval accuracy has rarely been examined. This study aims to provide an initial assessment [...] Read more.

A novel Portable L-band radiometer (PoLRa), compatible with tower-, vehicle- and drone-based platforms, can provide gridded soil moisture estimations from a few meters to several hundred meters yet its retrieval accuracy has rarely been examined. This study aims to provide an initial assessment of the performance of PoLRa-derived soil moisture at a spatial resolution of approximately 0.7 m × 0.7 m at a set of sampling pixels in central Illinois, USA. This preliminary evaluation focuses on (1) the consistency of PoLRa-measured brightness temperatures from different viewing directions over the same area and (2) whether PoLRa-derived soil moisture retrievals are within an acceptable accuracy range. As PoLRa shares many aspects of the L-band radiometer onboard NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, two SMAP operational algorithms and the conventional dual-channel algorithm (DCA) were applied to calculate volumetric soil moisture from the measured brightness temperatures. The vertically polarized brightness temperatures from the PoLRa are typically more stable than their horizontally polarized counterparts across all four directions. In each test period, the standard deviations of observed dual-polarization brightness temperatures are generally less than 5 K. By comparing PoLRa-based soil moisture retrievals against the simultaneous moisture values obtained by a handheld capacitance probe, the unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) and the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) are mostly below 0.05 m³/m³ and above 0.7 for various algorithms adopted here. While SMAP models and the DCA algorithm can derive soil moisture from PoLRa observations, no single algorithm consistently outperforms the others. These findings highlight the significant potential of ground- or drone-based PoLRa measurements as a standalone reference for the calibration and validation of spaceborne L-band synthetic aperture radars and radiometers. The accuracy of PoLRa-yielded high-resolution soil moisture can be further improved via standardized operational procedures and appropriate tau-omega parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)

17 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Exercise on Physiological, Biochemical, and Analytical Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

by Francisco Epelde

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122017 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a condition marked by diminished cardiac output and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Exercise, once avoided in HFrEF patients due to safety concerns, is now recognized as an important therapeutic intervention. Structured exercise improves various [...] Read more.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a condition marked by diminished cardiac output and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Exercise, once avoided in HFrEF patients due to safety concerns, is now recognized as an important therapeutic intervention. Structured exercise improves various physiological, biochemical, and analytical parameters, including cardiac output, endothelial function, skeletal muscle performance, and autonomic regulation. Biochemically, exercise induces favorable changes in inflammatory markers, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, and renal function. This paper reviews these changes, highlighting how exercise can be safely incorporated into HFrEF management. Further research is needed to tailor exercise interventions for individual patients to optimize outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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19 pages, 5022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dual Effect of Selenium Application in Reducing Fusarium Wilt Disease Incidence in Banana and Producing Se-Enriched Fruits

by Lina Liu, Chengye Wang, Kesuo Yin, Ming Ni, Yue Ding, Chengyun Li and Si-Jun Zheng

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3435; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233435 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Fusarium wilt disease severely constrains the global banana industry. The highly destructive disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, especially its virulent tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Selenium (Se), a non-essential mineral nutrient in higher plants, is known to [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt disease severely constrains the global banana industry. The highly destructive disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, especially its virulent tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). Selenium (Se), a non-essential mineral nutrient in higher plants, is known to enhance plant resistance against several fungal pathogens. The experiments we conducted showed that selenium (≥10 mg/L) dramatically inhibited the growth of Foc TR4 mycelia and promoted plant growth. The further study we performed recorded a substantial reduction in the disease index (DI) of banana plants suffering from Foc TR4 when treated with selenium. The selenium treatments (20~160 mg/L) demonstrated significant control levels, with recorded symptom reductions ranging from 42.4% to 65.7% in both greenhouse and field trials. The DI was significantly negatively correlated with the total selenium content (TSe) in roots. Furthermore, selenium treatments enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in banana. After two applications of selenium (100 and 200 mg/plant) in the field, the TSe in banana pulps increased 23.7 to 25.9-fold and achieved the Se enrichment standard for food. The results demonstrate that selenium applications can safely augment root TSe levels, both reducing Fusarium wilt disease incidence and producing Se-enriched banana fruits. For the first time, this study has revealed that selenium can significantly reduce the damage caused by soil-borne pathogens in banana by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting fungal growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Functional Traits or Microbiomes Associated with Diseases, Pests, Human Activities and Climate Change)

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26 pages, 1629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quantitative Analysis of Caffeine in Roasted Coffee: A Comparison of Brewing Methods

by Iwona Mystkowska, Aleksandra Dmitrowicz and Monika Sijko-Szpańska

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11395; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311395 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world due to its sensory and health benefits. The caffeine content, a bioactive compound of coffee, depends on many factors, including the brewing method, which is the subject of ongoing scientific research. [...] Read more.

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world due to its sensory and health benefits. The caffeine content, a bioactive compound of coffee, depends on many factors, including the brewing method, which is the subject of ongoing scientific research. In addition, various methods are used in studies to determine the caffeine content. However, it is worth noting that there is considerable variation in the individual analytical parameters within these methods. The aim of this study was to update the data on the effects of different brewing methods on the caffeine content of the brew and to present the current state of knowledge on techniques for the determination of this compound. A literature review was conducted, taking into account the latest studies in this field. The results showed that the caffeine content (mg/100 mL) of the brew prepared with the Cold Brew method was 48.50–179.95, Espresso—50.40–965.60, French Press—52.00–123.90, AeroPress—56.35–120.92, and Moka—128.00–539.90. These methods were characterized by different brewing parameters (time, water temperature and pressure, ratio of coffee to water), which differentiated the caffeine content. In addition, some methods were characterized by a wide range of caffeine content, suggesting that even minor variations in brewing method parameters may affect the content of this ingredient. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was the predominant method used. The detector wavelengths, along with other parameters of the HPLC method, such as gradient profiles and column temperatures, can affect the precision and accuracy of the analysis, and these differences can modify analyte retention and detection, leading to discrepancies in results. These results point to the need for studies that consider various brewing methods and a wide range of coffee types, including roast and origin, to accurately determine the effects of these factors on caffeine content determined by one precise method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants in Natural Products)

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41 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Digitalization and Its Context Affect the Urban–Rural Income Gap: A Configurational Analysis Based on 274 Prefecture-Level Administrative Regions in China

by Yulong Jie, Shuigen Hu, Siling Zhu and Lieen Weng

Land 2024, 13(12), 2118; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122118 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Digitalization offers an opportunity to narrow the economic gap between urban and rural areas; however, there are fragmented and competing explanations regarding its impact mechanisms. Responding to calls for research on the complex effects of digitalization, this paper, based on a contextual perspective [...] Read more.

Digitalization offers an opportunity to narrow the economic gap between urban and rural areas; however, there are fragmented and competing explanations regarding its impact mechanisms. Responding to calls for research on the complex effects of digitalization, this paper, based on a contextual perspective and configurational theory, analyzes the impact of digitalization conditions embedded in contexts on the urban–rural income gap. The study, based on a sample of 274 prefecture-level administrative regions in China from 2014 to 2021, employs a Panel Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (Panel fsQCA) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). The combined application of necessity analysis and sufficiency analysis reveals that certain digitalization conditions—such as digital infrastructure, digital industry, and digital finance—have a universal influence on the urban–rural income gap. Importantly, the sufficiency analysis demonstrates that the impact mechanisms of digitalization conditions exhibit configurational effects, varying with changes in contextual and conditional combinations. The models that significantly narrow the urban–rural income gap include (1) the “infrastructure–finance–governance” model, (2) the comprehensive digital transformation model, (3) the “technology–infrastructure–industry” model, and (4) the digital infrastructure transformation model. Among these, the comprehensive digital transformation model is the most universally effective. These configurations reflect the logic of completeness and substitutability and exhibit specific dynamic evolutionary trends and spatial distribution characteristics. These findings provide contextual and adaptable empirical insights for economies, including China, to implement targeted digital transformation strategies that effectively narrow the urban–rural income gap. For instance, economies can focus on developing comprehensive digital transformation in prosperous and open regions to reduce income gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Solutions to Urban-Rural Coordinated Development in the Megacity Regions (3rd Edition))

9 pages, 459 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Calcitriol Concentration in the Early Phase of Myocardial Infarction and Its Relation to Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

by Szymon Olędzki, Aldona Siennicka, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, Ewa Stachowska, Natalia Jakubiak, Radosław Kiedrowicz, Karolina Jakubczyk, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Izabela Gutowska and Jarosław Kaźmierczak

Metabolites 2024, 14(12), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120686 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the European population. A low level of 25-OH vitamin D3 is related to an elevated risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the European population. A low level of 25-OH vitamin D3 is related to an elevated risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between calcidiol and calcitriol serum concentration and left ventricular ejection fraction early after interventional treatment for acute coronary syndrome. A total of 80 patients diagnosed with MI, who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention, were included in the study. Blood samples for calcidiol, calcitriol, and vitamin D-binding protein were obtained 24 h after primary PCI and were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only 9% of patients had a proper level of 25-OHD3 in the serum (30–80 ng/mL). A total of 16% of patients revealed a suboptimal concentration of 25-OHD3 (20–30 ng/mL), and in 75% of patients, the concentration of 25-OHD3 was lower than 20 ng/mL. Moreover, patients with left ventricle ejection fraction of < 40% had significantly lower concentrations of calcidiol and calcitriol. A low calcitriol serum concentration affects post-MI left ventricle ejection fraction early after myocardial infarction onset. It seems that 1.25(OH)D3 may contribute to acute myocardial infarction; however, there are insufficient clinical trials related to this topic, and the available evidence is mainly from in vitro studies. We hope these preliminary reports will provide a better understanding of post-MI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research)

16 pages, 1870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into the Amelioration Effect of Nitric Acid-Modified Biochar on Saline Soil Physicochemical Properties and Plant Growth

by Lei Yan, Guang Gao, Mu Lu, Muhammad Riaz, Mengyang Zhang, Kaiqing Tong, Hualong Yu, Yu Yang, Wenjing Hao and Yusheng Niu

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3434; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233434 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Soil salinization is a major factor threatening global food security. Soil improvement strategies are therefore of great importance in mitigating the adverse effect of salt stress. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar (BC) and nitric acid-modified biochar (HBC) (1%, 2%, [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is a major factor threatening global food security. Soil improvement strategies are therefore of great importance in mitigating the adverse effect of salt stress. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar (BC) and nitric acid-modified biochar (HBC) (1%, 2%, and 3%; m/m) on the properties of salinized soils and the morphological and physiological characteristics of pakchoi. Compared with BC, HBC exhibited a lower pH and released more alkaline elements, reflected in reduced contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺, while its hydrophilicity and polarity increased. Additionally, the microporous structure of HBC was altered, showing a rougher surface, larger pore size, pore volume, specific surface area, and carboxyl and aliphatic carbon content, along with lower aromatic carbon content and crystallinity. Moreover, HBC application abated the pH of saline soil. Both BC and HBC treatments decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of saline soil as their concentration increased. Conversely, both types of biochar enhanced the cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and available phosphorus and potassium content in saline soils, with HBC demonstrating a more potent improvement effect. Furthermore, biochar application promoted the growth-related parameters in pakchoi, and reduced proline and Na⁺ content, whilst increasing leaf K⁺ content under salt stress. Biochar also enhanced the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) in leaves, and reduced hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Collectively, modified biochar can enhance soil quality and promote plant growth in saline soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar Effects on Soil and Plant Health)

20 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is There Anything New in Canine AGASACA?

by Marzia Cino and Marina Martano

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120629 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally invasive tumor with a high potential for early metastasis. The most recent studies indicate that 23.4–83% of dogs have metastases to the iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs), and 2.1–31% have distant metastases to other organs [...] Read more.

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally invasive tumor with a high potential for early metastasis. The most recent studies indicate that 23.4–83% of dogs have metastases to the iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs), and 2.1–31% have distant metastases to other organs at the time of first presentation. Usually, only one anal sac is affected, but bilateral involvement has been reported in 4–20% of dogs. About 16–53% of dogs present with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. The most recent studies show an overall improvement in median survival time (MST) (15–28 months) for dogs with different stages of AGASACA treated with surgery and adjuvant therapy compared to those treated with chemotherapy alone (6.9 to 8.7 months). The highest MST (22–32 months) was reported when radiation therapy (RT) was selected as a sole or adjunctive treatment. Several studies have been published to identify the subset of tumors with more aggressive behavior and higher metastatic potential. The main negative prognostic factors are the size of the primary tumor, metastatic regional lymphadenopathy at first presentation, the size and the number of the metastatic lymph nodes, distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, and the histological characteristics of the primary tumor. In this critical review, the latest advancements in histological diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASACA are described. The aim is to provide a full overview of this neoplasm, focusing on the latest advancements on prognostic variables and treatments. Full article

13 pages, 1363 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Minimally Invasive Versus Open Distal Gastrectomy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer: Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Trials

by Alberto Aiolfi, Matteo Calì, Francesco Cammarata, Federica Grasso, Gianluca Bonitta, Antonio Biondi, Luigi Bonavina and Davide Bona

Cancers 2024, 16(23), 4098; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16234098 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background. Minimally invasive distal gastrectomy (MIDG) has been shown to be associated with improved short-term outcomes compared to open distal gastrectomy (ODG) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). The impact of MIDG on long-term patient survival remains debated. Aim was to [...] Read more.

Background. Minimally invasive distal gastrectomy (MIDG) has been shown to be associated with improved short-term outcomes compared to open distal gastrectomy (ODG) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). The impact of MIDG on long-term patient survival remains debated. Aim was to compare the MIDG vs. ODG effect on long-term survival. Methods. Systematic review and trial sequential analysis (TSA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were queried. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as pooled effect size measures. Five-year overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were primary outcomes. Results. Five RCTs were included (2835 patients). Overall, 1421 (50.1%) patients underwent MIDG and 1414 (49.9%) ODG. The ages ranged from 48 to 70 years and 63.4% were males. The pooled 5-year OS (HR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.70–1.04; I² = 0.0%) and 5-year DFS (HR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.87–1.23; I² = 0.0%) were similar for MIDG vs. ODG. The TSA shows a cumulative z-curve without crossing the monitoring boundaries line (Z = 1.96), thus suggesting not conclusive 5-year OS and DFS results because the total information size was not sufficient. Conclusions. MIDG and ODG seem to have equivalent 5-year OS and DFS in patients with LAGC. However, the cumulative evidence derived from the TSA showed that the actual information size is not sufficient to provide conclusive data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical Management of Gastric Cancer: New Insights and Future Prospectives)

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14 pages, 1696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EXACT-Net: Framework for EHR-Guided Lung Tumor Auto-Segmentation for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Radiotherapy

by Hamed Hooshangnejad, Gaofeng Huang, Katelyn Kelly, Xue Feng, Yi Luo, Rui Zhang, Ziyue Xu, Quan Chen and Kai Ding

Cancers 2024, 16(23), 4097; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16234097 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is a devastating disease with the highest mortality rate among cancer types. Over 60% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, accounting for 87% of lung cancer diagnoses, require radiation therapy. Rapid treatment initiation significantly increases the patient’s survival rate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer is a devastating disease with the highest mortality rate among cancer types. Over 60% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, accounting for 87% of lung cancer diagnoses, require radiation therapy. Rapid treatment initiation significantly increases the patient’s survival rate and reduces the mortality rate. Accurate tumor segmentation is a critical step in diagnosing and treating NSCLC. Manual segmentation is time- and labor-consuming and causes delays in treatment initiation. Although many lung nodule detection methods, including deep learning-based models, have been proposed. Most of these methods still have a long-standing problem of high false positives (FPs). Methods: Here, we developed an electronic health record (EHR)-guided lung tumor auto-segmentation called EXACT-Net (EHR-enhanced eXACtitude in Tumor segmentation), where the extracted information from EHRs using a pre-trained large language model (LLM) was used to remove the FPs and keep the TP nodules only. Results: The auto-segmentation model was trained on NSCLC patients’ computed tomography (CT), and the pre-trained LLM was used with the zero-shot learning approach. Our approach resulted in a 250% boost in successful nodule detection using the data from ten NSCLC patients treated in our institution. Conclusions: We demonstrated that combining vision-language information in EXACT-Net multi-modal AI framework greatly enhances the performance of vision only models, paving the road to multimodal AI framework for medical image processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Methods and Technologies Development)

10 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Sharing Data and Transferring Samples Within Pediatric Clinical Studies: How to Overcome Challenges and Make Them a Science Opportunity

by Annalisa Landi, Federica D’Ambrosio, Silvia Faggion, Francesca Rocchi, Carla Paganin, Maria Grazia Lain, Adriana Ceci and Viviana Giannuzzi

Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2473; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232473 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

EPIICAL (Early treated Perinatally HIV-Infected individuals: Improving Children’s Actual Life) is a consortium of European and non-European research-driven organizations inter-connected with the aim of establishing a clinical and experimental platform for the early identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the pediatric Human Immunodeficiency [...] Read more.

EPIICAL (Early treated Perinatally HIV-Infected individuals: Improving Children’s Actual Life) is a consortium of European and non-European research-driven organizations inter-connected with the aim of establishing a clinical and experimental platform for the early identification of novel therapeutic strategies for the pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Within the EPIICAL project, several pediatric clinical studies were conducted, requiring the collection and transfer of biological samples and associated data across boundaries within and outside Europe. To ensure compliance with the applicable rules on pediatric data and sample transfer and to support the efforts of academic partners, which may not always have the necessary expertise and resources in place for designing, managing and conducting multi-national studies, the consortium established a dedicated expert Working Group. This group has guided the consortium since the start of the project through the complexities of the ethical and regulatory aspects of international clinical studies. The group provided support in the design and preparation of the prospective and retrospective multi-center and multi-national pediatric studies with a focus on the clinical study protocols, informed consent and assent forms. In particular, well-structured informed consent and assent templates were developed, and data sharing and material transfer agreements were set up to regulate the transfer of samples among partners and sites. We considered that such support and the implementation of ad hoc agreements could provide effective practical solutions for addressing ethical and regulatory hurdles related to sharing data and transferring samples in international pediatric clinical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Driven Insights in Healthcare)

16 pages, 3197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Proffling, Physiological and Biochemical Analyses Reveal Comprehensive Insights into Cadmium Stress in Myricaria laxiflora

by Yang Peng, Yu-Bing Yang, Jing-Cheng Wang, Mao-Yuan Tian, Xing-Hai Yuan, Zhi-Jiang Yang, You-Wei Zuo and Hong-Ping Deng

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3433; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233433 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

With the expansion of cities and the development of industries, heavy metal pollution has caused a serious negative impact on the growth and development of animals and plants, which has become a global economic and social problem. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the [...] Read more.

With the expansion of cities and the development of industries, heavy metal pollution has caused a serious negative impact on the growth and development of animals and plants, which has become a global economic and social problem. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the main heavy metals that threaten the growth and development of plants, and it can lead to the imminent extinction of plants in severe cases. The part of upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China from Yibin to the Three Gorges Reservoir has been contaminated with varying degrees of Cd, and a rare and endangered plant called Myricaria laxiflora also lives in this area. The stress of heavy metal Cd on M. laxiflora populations is still unknown. In this study, we used the seedlings of M. laxiflora as materials, and adopted conventional physiological and biochemical analyses to characterize the morphological and physiological responses of M. laxiflora under different concentrations of Cd, and analyzed its response to Cd stress at the transcriptional level. The results showed that the wild population of M. laxiflora was stressed by the heavy metal Cd. High concentrations of Cd can inhibit the growth of M. laxiflora. M. laxiflora responded to the Cd stress through resistance substances such as malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and phytohormones such as auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Transcriptome analysis was carried out on M. lasiflora seedlings exposed to 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of Cd stress. Compared with 0 h (control), 2470, 11,707, and 11,733 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively. Among them, the number of down-regulated genes is more than the number of up-regulated genes. Transcriptome analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway, ethylene-induced pathway, ABA response pathway and other pathways, and the downregulated genes were mainly enriched in photosynthesis related pathways. Cd stress affected photosynthesis of M. laxiflora, and M. laxiflora may activate the MAPK signaling pathway through ethylene and ABA to improve the ability of Cd stress tolerance. These results reveal morphological changes, physiological and biochemical reactions and related key response pathways of M. laxiflora during Cd stress. It can provide a reference basis for habitat restoration and selection of wildlife environments for M. laxiflora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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29 pages, 4333 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sensors, Techniques, and Future Trends of Human-Engagement-Enabled Applications: A Review

by Zhuangzhuang Dai, Vincent Gbouna Zakka, Luis J. Manso, Martin Rudorfer, Ulysses Bernardet, Johanna Zumer and Manolya Kavakli-Thorne

Algorithms 2024, 17(12), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17120560 - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Human engagement is a vital test research area actively explored in cognitive science and user experience studies. The rise of big data and digital technologies brings new opportunities into this field, especially in autonomous systems and smart applications. This article reviews the latest [...] Read more.

Human engagement is a vital test research area actively explored in cognitive science and user experience studies. The rise of big data and digital technologies brings new opportunities into this field, especially in autonomous systems and smart applications. This article reviews the latest sensors, current advances of estimation methods, and existing domains of application to guide researchers and practitioners to deploy engagement estimators in various use cases from driver drowsiness detection to human–robot interaction (HRI). Over one hundred references were selected, examined, and contrasted in this review. Specifically, this review focuses on accuracy and practicality of use in different scenarios regarding each sensor modality, as well as current opportunities that greater automatic human engagement estimation could unlock. It is highlighted that multimodal sensor fusion and data-driven methods have shown significant promise in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of engagement estimation. Upon compiling the existing literature, this article addresses future research directions, including the need for developing more efficient algorithms for real-time processing, generalization of data-driven approaches, creating adaptive and responsive systems that better cater to individual needs, and promoting user acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Algorithms for Positive Change in Digital Futures)

14 pages, 2072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Microstructure of Sr_0.75Ba_0.25Nb₂O₆ Thin Films by Brillouin Light Scattering

by Alexey Pugachev, Andrey Tumarkin, Sergey Adichtchev, Ludmila Ivleva and Alexey Bogdan

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231963 - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Strontium-barium niobate (Sr_xBa_(1−x)Nb₂O₆) films can be considered as a promising material for microwave applications due to high dielectric nonlinearity and relatively low losses. Since strontium-barium niobate has a disordered structure that determines its unique electrical [...] Read more.

Strontium-barium niobate (Sr_xBa_(1−x)Nb₂O₆) films can be considered as a promising material for microwave applications due to high dielectric nonlinearity and relatively low losses. Since strontium-barium niobate has a disordered structure that determines its unique electrical properties, the identification of structural features of the Sr_xBa_(1−x)Nb₂O₆ films is the key to their successful use. The Sr_xBa_(1−x)Nb₂O₆ films were synthesized on a sapphire substrate by magnetron sputtering. The structure of the films was studied by both traditional methods of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the rarely used for thin films investigation Brillouin light scattering method, which was the focus of our study. We show that Brillouin light scattering is an excellent nondestructive method for studying the structural features of thin ferroelectric strontium-barium niobate films. An analysis of the features of the Brillouin light scattering spectra in thin-film structures and their comparison with the spectra of bulk crystals allowed us to determine with high accuracy the thickness of the films under study and their structural features determined by the resonant scattering of acoustic waves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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28 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Low-Carbon Transition Impact the High-Quality Development of the Manufacturing Industry?—Experience Evidence from a Low-Carbon Pilot Policy

by Keqiang Wang and Chunxin Lin

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310739 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Low-carbon transition is a wide-ranging and deep economic and social transformation. Can we enhance high-quality development of the manufacturing industry (HQDM) during the low-carbon transition process? The enactment of the low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCP) is considered a “quasinatural experiment”. This study initially [...] Read more.

Low-carbon transition is a wide-ranging and deep economic and social transformation. Can we enhance high-quality development of the manufacturing industry (HQDM) during the low-carbon transition process? The enactment of the low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCP) is considered a “quasinatural experiment”. This study initially constructs a theoretical model of the impact of the policy on the high-quality development of a company. A staggered DID approach is then employed to evaluate this impact, using microdata from listed manufacturing enterprises from 2003 to 2021, and a variety of robustness tests, such as PSM-DID and the double machine learning method, are also employed. The main results show that the LCCP led to a significant 9.8% increase in the TFP of the manufacturing industry in the pilot regions. Therefore, the LCCP promoted the HQDM. The impact of the policy has demonstrated a year-by-year upward trend. The influence mechanism test demonstrates that the LCCP resulted in a 14.3% improvement in resource allocation within the manufacturing of the pilot regions but led to a 0.3% decrease in technological innovation. In addition, the LCCP has been more effective in promoting the HQDM in western regions, along with in state-owned enterprises and low-technology manufacturing industries. This paper offers valuable insights into the implementation of differentiated low-carbon policies for manufacturing industries in different regions with different characteristics. Full article

13 pages, 2203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algae Removal and Release of Algal Organic Matter During Ozonation of Synechococcus sp

by Yanting Zuo, Jiali Chen, Haolin Liu, Wei Liu, Shi Cheng, Huaicheng Zhang and Mingguo Peng

Water 2024, 16(23), 3522; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233522 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Pre-ozonation can enhance the removal of algae in source water during cyanobacterial blooms; however, little is known about the influence of the co-existing allochthonous natural organic matter (NOM) on algal removal and algal organic matter (AOM) behavior during ozonation. This study aims to [...] Read more.

Pre-ozonation can enhance the removal of algae in source water during cyanobacterial blooms; however, little is known about the influence of the co-existing allochthonous natural organic matter (NOM) on algal removal and algal organic matter (AOM) behavior during ozonation. This study aims to elucidate in the presence and absence of allochthonous NOM and the effects of varying ozone doses on Synechococcus sp. cell removal, membrane integrity, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) release and removal. The results indicate that ozone effectively disrupted algal cell membranes, reducing algal density; however, the presence of allochthonous NOM delayed cell rupture by competing for ozone due to aromatic humic-like substances. Pterin-like and protein-like fluorescent compounds were released upon cell disruption. Due to that, excess ozone led to the oxidation of the released pterin-like compounds, with characteristic fluorescence changes correlating to ozone dosage; these changes are potential to be used as an indicator to determine the optimized ozone dosage, avoiding more adverse release of intracellular AOM to form disinfection byproducts. Full article

19 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attica: A Hot Spot for Forest Fires in Greece

by Margarita Arianoutsou, George Athanasakis, Dimitrios Kazanis and Anastasia Christopoulou

Fire 2024, 7(12), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120467 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Forest fires are widespread in Mediterranean-climate regions and are becoming very common in urban and peri-urban areas. (2) Methods: Wildfires in Attica since 1977 are mapped and types of vegetation burned are reported. (3) Results: Fires are becoming larger. During the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Forest fires are widespread in Mediterranean-climate regions and are becoming very common in urban and peri-urban areas. (2) Methods: Wildfires in Attica since 1977 are mapped and types of vegetation burned are reported. (3) Results: Fires are becoming larger. During the period of study (1977–2024), 45% of the burned area was covered with Pinus halepensis forests, 1.4% with Abies cephalonica forests, and 18.5% with shrublands. A relatively high percentage of the burned area (BA) affected more than once consisted of pine forests (65%). Ten percent of the total BA lies within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, Europe’s most important network of protected areas, of which 38.9% was burned. At the interannual scale, the BA in Attica is negatively correlated with relative humidity, while reduced precipitation may contribute to the expansion of wildfires. (4) Conclusions: Fires are becoming larger over time, with low humidity increasing the higher fire risk. Since the changing climate is expected to create more severe and uncontrollable conditions, mitigation and adaptation measures should be planned and be introduced immediately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Fires on Forest Ecosystems)

15 pages, 1507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Humans Living with and Without Companion Animals

by Kyung-Hyo Do, Jiwon Park, Nahee Kim, Dahye Ryu, Min-Gyu Kim, Hyunjung Ahn, Hakhyun Kim, Jun Gi Hwang, Min Kyu Park, Kwang-Won Seo and Wan-Kyu Lee

Life 2024, 14(12), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121621 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Cohabitation with companion animals (CAs) has been suggested as a significant modifier of gut microbial diversity. This study investigated the influence of cohabitation with CAs on human gut microbiota composition. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the gut microbiota of 20 families [...] Read more.

Cohabitation with companion animals (CAs) has been suggested as a significant modifier of gut microbial diversity. This study investigated the influence of cohabitation with CAs on human gut microbiota composition. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the gut microbiota of 20 families with CAs (40 adults, 20 children) and 20 families without CAs (40 adults, 20 children). Alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed, and the differentially abundant genera were identified. There were significant differences in beta diversity across the groups (p-value = 0.001). The Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio was considerably lower in the CAs group (0.67) than in the without-CAs group (1.02). Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 (log2 fold change: 7.3; adjusted p-value ≤ 0.001), Ruminococcaceae (log2 fold change: 6.3; adjusted p-value ≤ 0.001), and Oscillospira (log2 fold change: 5.1; adjusted p-value = 0.012) were elevated in the group cohabiting with CAs, whereas Megamonas (with CAs: 3.81%; without CAs: 13.52%) and Veillonella (with CAs: 3.77%; without CAs: 6.50%) were more prevalent in the group without CAs. Cohabitation with CAs may positively influence the gut microbiota by promoting the presence of beneficial bacteria and reducing the Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio. This study highlights the potential for cohabitation with CAs to promote gut microbial health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2025)

35 pages, 4591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Soil Freeze–Thaw and Surface Deformation Patterns in the Qilian Mountains Alpine Permafrost Region Using SBAS-InSAR Technique

by Zelong Xue, Shangmin Zhao and Bin Zhang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4595; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234595 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

The Qilian Mountains, located on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, are characterized by unique high-altitude and cold-climate terrain, where permafrost and seasonally frozen ground are extensively distributed. In recent years, with global warming and increasing precipitation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, permafrost [...] Read more.

The Qilian Mountains, located on the northeastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, are characterized by unique high-altitude and cold-climate terrain, where permafrost and seasonally frozen ground are extensively distributed. In recent years, with global warming and increasing precipitation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, permafrost degradation has become severe, further exacerbating the fragility of the ecological environment. Therefore, timely research on surface deformation and the freeze–thaw patterns of alpine permafrost in the Qilian Mountains is imperative. This study employs Sentinel-1A SAR data and the SBAS-InSAR technique to monitor surface deformation in the alpine permafrost regions of the Qilian Mountains from 2017 to 2023. A method for spatiotemporal interpolation of ascending and descending orbit results is proposed to calculate two-dimensional surface deformation fields further. Moreover, by constructing a dynamic periodic deformation model, the study more accurately summarizes the regular changes in permafrost freeze–thaw and the trends in seasonal deformation amplitudes. The results indicate that the surface deformation time series in both vertical and east–west directions obtained using this method show significant improvements in accuracy over the initial data, allowing for a more precise reflection of the dynamic processes of surface deformation in the study area. Subsidence is predominant in permafrost areas, while uplift mainly occurs in seasonally frozen ground areas near lakes and streams. The average vertical deformation rate is 1.56 mm/a, with seasonal amplitudes reaching 35 mm. Topographical (elevation; slope gradient; aspect) and climatic factors (temperature; soil moisture; precipitation) play key roles in deformation patterns. The deformation of permafrost follows five distinct phases: summer thawing; warm-season stability; frost heave; winter cooling; and spring thawing. This study enhances our understanding of permafrost deformation characteristics in high-latitude and high-altitude regions, providing a reference for preventing geological disasters in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau area and offering theoretical guidance for regional ecological environmental protection and infrastructure safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Modelling of Geological Disasters Based on InSAR Observations: 3rd Edition)

24 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toluene Alkylation Reactions over Y-Type Zeolite Catalysts: An Experimental and Kinetic Study

by Samaa H. Al-Sultani, Ali Al-Shathr and Bashir Y. Al-Zaidi

Reactions 2024, 5(4), 1042-1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions5040055 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

The present study demonstrated an improvement in both 1-heptene conversion and mono-heptyltoluene selectivity. It simultaneously depicted the isomerization reactions of 1-heptene and toluene alkylation over Y zeolite catalysts having a Si/Al of 3.5 and a surface area of 817 m²/g. The [...] Read more.

The present study demonstrated an improvement in both 1-heptene conversion and mono-heptyltoluene selectivity. It simultaneously depicted the isomerization reactions of 1-heptene and toluene alkylation over Y zeolite catalysts having a Si/Al of 3.5 and a surface area of 817 m²/g. The physical properties of the fresh zeolite catalyst were characterized using XRD, FTIR, XRF, TPD, and N₂ adsorption–desorption spectroscopy. The experimental part was carried out in a 100 mL glass flask connected to a reflux condenser at different reaction temperatures ranging from 70 to 90 °C, toluene:1-heptene ratios of 3–8, and catalyst weights of 0.25–0.4 g. The highest conversion of ⁓96% was obtained at the highest toluene:1-heptene ratio (i.e., 8:1), 0.25 g of zeolite Y, at 180 min of reaction time and under a reaction temperature of 90 °C. However, the selectivity of 2-heptyltoluene reached its highest value of ⁓25% under these conditions. Likewise, the kinetic modeling developed in this study helped describe the proposed reaction mechanism by linking the experimental results with the predicted results. The kinetic parameters were determined by nonlinear regression analysis using the MATLAB^® package genetic algorithm. The ordinary differential equations were integrated with respect to time using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, and the resulting mole fractions were fitted against the experimental data. The mean relative error (MRE) values were calculated from the experimental and predicted results, which showed a reasonable agreement with the average MRE being ⁓11.7%. The calculated activation energies showed that the reaction rate follows the following order: coking (55.9–362.7 kJ/mol) > alkylation (73.1–332.1 kJ/mol) > isomerization (69.3–120.2 kJ/mol), indicating that isomerization reactions are the fastest compared to other reactions. A residual activity deactivation model was developed to measure the deactivation kinetic parameters, and the deactivation energy value obtained was about 48.2 kJ/mol. Full article

39 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review of Animal-Based Welfare Indicators for Calves and Cattle

by Sierra Harris, Michael Shallcrass and Shari Cohen

Ruminants 2024, 4(4), 565-603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4040040 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

As the human population continues to rise, so does the consumption of animal proteins and products. To meet this demand, animal agriculture has intensified. Simultaneously, there are increased public concerns related to improving calf and cattle welfare to ensure ethical and sustainable livestock [...] Read more.

As the human population continues to rise, so does the consumption of animal proteins and products. To meet this demand, animal agriculture has intensified. Simultaneously, there are increased public concerns related to improving calf and cattle welfare to ensure ethical and sustainable livestock production. To meet these expectations, it is essential to maintain high standards of cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) welfare. The use of animal-based welfare indicators is critical when assessing and developing assessments for animal welfare. A review of calf and cattle animal-based individual and herd health indicators in the scientific and grey literature was conducted. Indicators were initially grouped into the categories of behavioral, physiological, or physical indicators and further analyzed to determine potential affective states, ease of training, cost, special equipment, time, and current use as herd health indicators. The indicators identified in this review have the potential to inform future research priorities, improve animal welfare assessment, and support uplift in animal welfare in cattle production and research to better meet societal expectations of animal care and use. Full article

17 pages, 1435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Causal Inference for Modality Debiasing in Multimodal Emotion Recognition

by Juyeon Kim, Juyoung Hong and Yukyung Choi

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11397; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311397 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Multimodal emotion recognition (MER) aims to enhance the understanding of human emotions by integrating visual, auditory, and textual modalities. However, previous MER approaches often depend on a dominant modality rather than considering all modalities, leading to poor generalization. To address this, we propose [...] Read more.

Multimodal emotion recognition (MER) aims to enhance the understanding of human emotions by integrating visual, auditory, and textual modalities. However, previous MER approaches often depend on a dominant modality rather than considering all modalities, leading to poor generalization. To address this, we propose Causal Inference in Multimodal Emotion Recognition (CausalMER), which leverages counterfactual reasoning and causal graphs to capture relationships between modalities and reduce direct modality effects contributing to bias. This allows CausalMER to make unbiased predictions while being easily applied to existing MER methods in a model-agnostic manner, without requiring any architectural modifications. We evaluate CausalMER on the IEMOCAP and CMU-MOSEI datasets, widely used benchmarks in MER, and compare it with existing methods. On the IEMOCAP dataset with the MulT backbone, CausalMER achieves an average accuracy of 83.4%. On the CMU-MOSEI dataset, the average accuracies with MulT, PMR, and DMD backbones are 50.1%, 48.8%, and 48.8%, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that CausalMER is robust in missing modality scenarios, as shown by its low standard deviation in performance drop gaps. Additionally, we evaluate modality contributions and show that CausalMER achieves balanced contributions from each modality, effectively mitigating direct biases from individual modalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in HCI: Recognition Technologies and Their Applications)

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