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13 pages, 3465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Support Nature of Copper Catalysts on Catalytic Properties in the Hydrogenation of Fatty Acid Esters

by Anastasiya Shesterkina, Anna Strekalova, Mikhail Mashkin, Igor Mishin, Kseniia Vikanova, Obid Tursunov, Sergey Dunaev and Alexander Kustov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073289 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Copper-containing catalysts supported on different commercial oxide supports (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and mixed oxide supports) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and investigated for the selective hydrogenation of methyl esters (methyl butyrate, methyl hexanoate, methyl stearate) [...] Read more.

Copper-containing catalysts supported on different commercial oxide supports (SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and mixed oxide supports) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and investigated for the selective hydrogenation of methyl esters (methyl butyrate, methyl hexanoate, methyl stearate) to fatty alcohols. Characterization techniques, including transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, and the temperature-programmed hydrogen reduction (H₂-TPR) method, were utilized and revealed the relationship between catalyst properties and its structure. The best results of catalytic activity were obtained in the presence of the Cu catalyst supported on SiO₂ with co-precipitated Al₂O₃, where the conversion of esters was above 50% with a selectivity for the corresponding alcohols of 40–70%. This efficient and inexpensive Cu-based catalyst can be widely used in industrial production, which is conducive to promoting the development of non-precious metal catalysts in the biomass industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials and Technologies for Sustainable Development)

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27 pages, 5049 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Microfluidic Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Spatial Transcriptomics

by Yueqiu Sun, Nianzuo Yu, Junhu Zhang and Bai Yang

Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040426 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The development of micro- and nano-fabrication technologies has greatly advanced single-cell and spatial omics technologies. With the advantages of integration and compartmentalization, microfluidic chips are capable of generating high-throughput parallel reaction systems for single-cell screening and analysis. As omics technologies improve, microfluidic chips [...] Read more.

The development of micro- and nano-fabrication technologies has greatly advanced single-cell and spatial omics technologies. With the advantages of integration and compartmentalization, microfluidic chips are capable of generating high-throughput parallel reaction systems for single-cell screening and analysis. As omics technologies improve, microfluidic chips can now integrate promising transcriptomics technologies, providing new insights from molecular characterization for tissue gene expression profiles and further revealing the static and even dynamic processes of tissues in homeostasis and disease. Here, we survey the current landscape of microfluidic methods in the field of single-cell and spatial multi-omics, as well as assessing their relative advantages and limitations. We highlight how microfluidics has been adapted and improved to provide new insights into multi-omics over the past decade. Last, we emphasize the contributions of microfluidic-based omics methods in development, neuroscience, and disease mechanisms, as well as further revealing some perspectives for technological advances in translational and clinical medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Microfluidic Technology in Bioengineering)

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12 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultrafast Breast MRI: A Narrative Review

by Ottavia Battaglia, Filippo Pesapane, Silvia Penco, Giulia Signorelli, Valeria Dominelli, Luca Nicosia, Anna Carla Bozzini, Anna Rotili and Enrico Cassano

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040142 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most effective method for detecting breast cancer due to its high sensitivity. Yet multiple factors limit its widespread use, including high direct and indirect costs, a prolonged acquisition time with consequent patient discomfort, and a [...] Read more.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most effective method for detecting breast cancer due to its high sensitivity. Yet multiple factors limit its widespread use, including high direct and indirect costs, a prolonged acquisition time with consequent patient discomfort, and a lack of trained radiologists. During the last decade, new strategies have been followed to increase the availability of breast MRI, including the omission of non-essential sequences to generate abbreviated MRI protocols (AB-MRIs) aimed at reducing the acquisition time with the potential of improving the patient’s experience and accommodating a higher number of MRI examinations per day. An alternative method is ultrafast MRI (UF-MRI), a novel technique that gathers kinetic data within the first minute after contrast injection, offering high temporal resolution. This enables the analysis of early contrast wash-in curves, showing promising outcomes. In this study, we reviewed the role of UF-MRI in breast imaging and detailed how the integration of this new approach with radiomics and mathematical models might further improve diagnostic accuracy and even have a prognostic role, a fundamental characteristic in the modern scenarios of personalized medicine. In addition, possible clinical applications and advantages of UF-MRI will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Statistical and Mathematical Techniques in Personalized Medicine and Healthcare)

13 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Effects of a Novel Psychosocial Climate Resilience Course on Climate Distress, Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health in Young Adults

by Elissa Epel, Jyoti Mishra, Eve Ekman, Coryna Ogunseitan, Elena Fromer, Lucy Kho, Jillian Grialou and Philippe Goldin

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073139 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The sustainability of ecosystems and human flourishing depends on the well-being of younger generations who are most at risk. Increasing youth climate distress is an important public and mental health issue. Training in resilience skills and climate advocacy may reduce climate distress [...] Read more.

Background: The sustainability of ecosystems and human flourishing depends on the well-being of younger generations who are most at risk. Increasing youth climate distress is an important public and mental health issue. Training in resilience skills and climate advocacy may reduce climate distress and may be accomplished in educational settings, and we aimed to test the efficacy of such training in a university setting. Methods: We developed and implemented a 10-week climate resilience (CR) course for students on eight university campuses that included lectures by experts on varying aspects of the climate crisis, discussion, guided resilience practices, and group climate projects. We administered surveys at baseline, immediately and 4 months post course completion to assess primary outcomes (mental health symptoms, climate distress, and climate self-efficacy). Results from qualitative interviews with a subsample of participants are provided to compliment the quantitative results. Results: From baseline to immediately post course completion in 150 of 190 (79%) assessment responders, students showed significantly reduced climate distress, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and enhanced climate self-efficacy. Course-related reductions in climate distress were associated with (a) lower depressive symptoms and (b) greater coping with climate emotions. Secondary outcomes showed increases in actions taken to combat climate change, community belonging, altruism for climate causes, and decreases in climate-related loneliness. At 5 months post course, improvements were sustained for primary outcomes (climate distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and three of four facets of climate self-efficacy). Conclusions: Our CR course yielded improvements in mental health and confidence to collectively contribute to climate change solutions with evidence of longer-term maintenance. The next challenge is to replicate the findings and disseminate the CR course effectively across educational settings. This will help to promote the engagement of the youth in climate solutions and help to promote the sustainability of ecosystems, importantly, while nurturing personal resilience. Full article

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14 pages, 4828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Damping Applications of Coconut Oil–Silica Gels and Their Rheological Properties

by Jesús Javier Jiménez-Galea and Ana Isabel Gómez-Merino

Gels 2025, 11(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040261 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Phase change materials (PCMs) have the advantage of using the latent thermal heat as energy storage. Coconut oil (CO) has attracted much attention as PCM due to its high stability against oxidation. Although the viscosity of CO-based dispersions has extensively been studied, little [...] Read more.

Phase change materials (PCMs) have the advantage of using the latent thermal heat as energy storage. Coconut oil (CO) has attracted much attention as PCM due to its high stability against oxidation. Although the viscosity of CO-based dispersions has extensively been studied, little research has been performed on time-dependent flow behaviors. In this work, the rheological properties of fumed silica dispersed in CO at fractions of 1, 2, 3, and 4 vol.% were investigated. All suspensions showed shear-thinning behavior, which became more Newtonian at temperatures above the phase change. The 3 and 4 vol.% suspensions showed gel-like microstructures. The thixotropic properties of the 3 vol.% suspension at 30 °C and 35 °C were mainly studied through stepwise changes in the shear rate. The results were consistent with thixotropic behavior, with a complete recovery of the microstructure. The sweep frequency of this sample demonstrated the dominance of the elastic modulus at both temperatures. Therefore, a thixoelastic nature of this gel could be inferred. This gel-like material flowed under high stress, providing superior thermal damping capabilities compared to conventional fluids. A reduction of 8.65 °C was confirmed after 30 min. of the laptop power supply operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thixotropic Gels: Mechanisms, Functions and Applications)

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21 pages, 5645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Methods of Operational Response to Accidents in Urban Water Supply Systems Based on LSTM Neural Network Models

by Aliaksey A. Kapanski, Nadezeya V. Hruntovich, Roman V. Klyuev, Aleksandr E. Boltrushevich, Svetlana N. Sorokova, Egor A. Efremenkov, Anton Y. Demin and Nikita V. Martyushev

Smart Cities 2025, 8(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8020059 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the application of recurrent neural networks, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, for pressure forecasting in urban water supply systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LSTM models for pressure prediction tasks. To acquire real-time [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the application of recurrent neural networks, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, for pressure forecasting in urban water supply systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LSTM models for pressure prediction tasks. To acquire real-time pressure data, an information system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology using the MQTT protocol was proposed. The paper presents a data pre-processing algorithm for model training, as well as an analysis of the influence of various architectural parameters, such as the number of LSTM layers, the utilization of Dropout layers for regularization, and the number of neurons in Dense (fully connected) layers. The impact of seasonal factors, including month, day of the week, and time of day, on the pressure forecast quality was also investigated. The results obtained demonstrate that the optimal model consists of two LSTM layers, one Dropout layer, and one Dense layer. The incorporation of seasonal parameters improved prediction accuracy. The model training time increased significantly with the number of layers and neurons, but this did not always result in improved forecast accuracy. The results showed that the optimally tuned LSTM model can achieve high accuracy and outperform traditional methods such as the Holt–Winters model. This study confirms the effectiveness of using LSTM for forecasting in the water supply field and highlights the importance of pre-optimizing the model parameters to achieve the best forecasting results. Full article

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15 pages, 4838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Antioxidant Defense Confers Chilling Tolerance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

by Weixia Liu, Jielin Wang, Dan Zhu, Xiaomin Yin, Gongfu Du, Yuling Qin, Zhiyuan Zhang and Ziji Liu

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071100 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chilling stress inhibits the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), reduces its overall agricultural yield, and deteriorates fruit quality. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanism through which okra plants respond to chilling stress. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Chilling stress inhibits the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), reduces its overall agricultural yield, and deteriorates fruit quality. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanism through which okra plants respond to chilling stress. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of chilling tolerance by comparing the transcriptome and metabolome of chilling-tolerant (Ae182) and chilling-sensitive (Ae171) okra varieties. We found that Ae182 exhibits higher antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD, POD, CAT, and APX, suggesting it mitigates oxidative stress more effectively than Ae171. Metabolomics analysis revealed that Ae182 produces higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) under chilling stress, potentially activating genes that alleviate oxidative damage. Additionally, integrated analyses identified key transcription factors, such as AP2, BHLH, and MYB, associated with JA and chilling stress. These findings provide candidate genes for further research on chilling resistance in okra. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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44 pages, 549 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

The PACE Trial’s GET Manual for Therapists Exposes the Fixed Incremental Nature of Graded Exercise Therapy for ME/CFS

by Mark Vink and Katarzyna Partyka-Vink

Life 2025, 15(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040584 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published its updated guidelines for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in October 2021. NICE concluded, after an extensive review of the literature, that graded exercise therapy (GET) is harmful and should not be [...] Read more.

The British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published its updated guidelines for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in October 2021. NICE concluded, after an extensive review of the literature, that graded exercise therapy (GET) is harmful and should not be used, and that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is only an adjunctive and not a curative treatment. An article by White et al., which is written by 51 researchers, claims that there are eight anomalies in the review process and the interpretation of the evidence by NICE. In this article, we reviewed the evidence they used to support their claims. Their three most important claims are that NICE redefined the disease, that CBT and GET are effective, and that fixed incremental increases are not part of GET. However, our analysis shows that the disease was not redefined by NICE. Instead, it was redefined in the 1990s by a group of doctors, including a number of authors of White et al., when they erased the main characteristic of the disease (an abnormally delayed muscle recovery after trivial exertion, which, over the years, has evolved into post-exertional malaise) and replaced it with chronic disabling severe fatigue. Their own studies show that CBT and GET do not lead to a substantial improvement of the quality-of-life scores or a reduction in CFS symptom count, nor do they lead to objective improvement. Also, both treatments have a negative instead of a positive effect on work and disability status. Moreover, a recent systematic review, which included one of the authors of White et al., showed that ME/CFS patients remain severely disabled after treatment with CBT. Our analysis of, for example, the PACE trial’s GET manual for therapists exposes the fixed incremental nature of GET. Why the authors are not aware of that is unclear because eight of them were involved in the PACE trial. Three of them were centre leaders and its principal investigators, four others were also centre leaders, and another one was one of the three independent safety assessors of the trial. Moreover, many of these eight authors wrote, or were involved in writing, this manual. In conclusion, our analysis shows that the arguments that are used to claim that there are eight anomalies in the review process and the interpretation of the evidence by NICE are anomalous and highlight the absence of evidence for the claims that are made. Furthermore, our analysis not only exposes the fixed incremental nature of GET, but also of CBT for ME/CFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

4 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Ophthalmic Engineering—Integrating Biomechanics, Tissue Engineering, and Imaging for the Future of Vision Science

by Sanfeng Xin, Zhuxin Xiong and Xiaofei Wang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(4), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12040374 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Vision is one of the most essential senses, enabling individuals to interpret the world around them [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ophthalmic Engineering)

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14 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Social Media and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Enhancing Digital Marketing Resilience During Crises

by Bora Gündüzyeli

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073134 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

In an increasingly interconnected world, businesses may face the challenge of managing crises, whether they are economic downturns, natural disasters, or global pandemics. During such times, building strong and sustainable marketing resilience becomes crucial for businesses aiming to survive and thrive. Digital technologies—particularly [...] Read more.

In an increasingly interconnected world, businesses may face the challenge of managing crises, whether they are economic downturns, natural disasters, or global pandemics. During such times, building strong and sustainable marketing resilience becomes crucial for businesses aiming to survive and thrive. Digital technologies—particularly social media platforms and artificial intelligence (AI)—can play a vital role in enhancing marketing resilience. This research seeks to answer the core question: “How can social media and AI technologies help businesses build marketing resilience during crises”? Drawing from a literature review, this study analyzes a wide range of relevant research. The findings indicate that AI and social media together contribute to enhancing marketing resilience during crises by enabling real-time engagement, data-driven decision-making, and personalized communication. However, these technologies also present challenges, such as privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and potential risks to brand reputation. This research contributes to the field by analyzing how AI and social media technologies enable companies to remain agile, reduce the impact of crises, and maintain sustainability objectives in their marketing practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilience and Sustainable Societies: The Intersection of Digital Technologies, Cyber Resilience, and Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Chemical Catalytic Mechanisms for Enhancing Bonding Energy in Direct Silicon Dioxide Wafer Bonding

by Aziliz Calvez, Vincent Larrey, Paul Noël, François Rieutord and Frank Fournel

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073883 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The influence of pH on silicon dioxide direct bonding is studied, unveiling its role in bonding energy enhancement. We show that the deposition of basic salt or molecules consistently increases the silicon dioxide adherence energy. The underlying mechanisms, including silica hydrolysis and catalysis [...] Read more.

The influence of pH on silicon dioxide direct bonding is studied, unveiling its role in bonding energy enhancement. We show that the deposition of basic salt or molecules consistently increases the silicon dioxide adherence energy. The underlying mechanisms, including silica hydrolysis and catalysis of siloxane bond formation, are explored. The results offer valuable insights into optimized direct bonding processes for microelectronics and related applications. Full article

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16 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and Its Communion with the Bishop of Rome: Nurturing Its Ecumenical Engagement

by Roman Fihas

Religions 2025, 16(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040457 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is an Eastern Catholic Church that lives according to the Ukrainian–Byzantine Christian theological, liturgical, canonical and spiritual tradition and is in full and visible communion with the successor of Peter. Unity with the Roman Apostolic See has [...] Read more.

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is an Eastern Catholic Church that lives according to the Ukrainian–Byzantine Christian theological, liturgical, canonical and spiritual tradition and is in full and visible communion with the successor of Peter. Unity with the Roman Apostolic See has become one of the most important foundations of the UGCC’s identity, enriching its church life and strengthening its ecumenical ministry. As a sui iuris Church in the “family” of Catholic communion, the UGCC actively develops its ecumenical commitments with the Orthodox Churches and Protestant ecclesial communities. In this article, we will briefly examine how the UGCC developed its communion with the Bishop of Rome and how communion with the Apostolic See was a blessing for this Church, but at the same time sometimes became a threat to its existence in times of persecution by totalitarian regimes. We will also present the current religious context in which the UGCC operates, analyze some of its most important ecumenical initiatives and examine its participation in the development of interfaith dialogue in Ukraine. We will consider the challenges that the Russian invasion has brought to the UGCC and other religions in Ukraine, and how the UGCC, by developing communion with Rome, manages to witness the Gospel of life in the difficult circumstances of war and death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light from the East: The Catholic Eastern Churches Sixty Years After Vatican II)

22 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Central Pixel-Based Dual-Branch Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification

by Dandan Ma, Shijie Xu, Zhiyu Jiang and Yuan Yuan

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071255 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hyperspectral image classification faces significant challenges in effectively extracting and integrating spectral-spatial features from high-dimensional data. Recent deep learning (DL) methods combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated exceptional performance. However, two critical challenges may cause degradation in the [...] Read more.

Hyperspectral image classification faces significant challenges in effectively extracting and integrating spectral-spatial features from high-dimensional data. Recent deep learning (DL) methods combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated exceptional performance. However, two critical challenges may cause degradation in the classification accuracy of these methods: interference from irrelevant information within the observed region, and the potential loss of useful information due to local spectral variability within the same class. To address these issues, we propose a central pixel-based dual-branch network (CPDB-Net) that synergistically integrates CNN and ViT for robust feature extraction. Specifically, the central spectral feature extraction branch based on CNN serves as a strong prior to reinforce the importance of central pixel features in classification. Additionally, the spatial branch based on ViT incorporates a novel frequency-aware HiLo attention, which can effectively separate high and low frequencies, alleviating the problem of local spectral variability and enhancing the ability to extract global features. Extensive experiments on widely used HSI datasets demonstrate the superiority of our method. Our CPDB-Net achieves the highest overall accuracies of 92.67%, 97.48%, and 95.02% on the Indian Pines, Pavia University, and Houston 2013 datasets, respectively, outperforming recent representative methods and confirming its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Scene Reconstruction, Modeling and Analysis Using Remote Sensing)

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3 pages, 156 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Cancer: The Future Is Bright

by Matthew J. Hadfield, Benedito A. Carneiro and Liang Cheng

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040141 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The last two decades have ushered in unprecedented advancements in the treatment of cancer [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Precision Medicine: Personalized Therapy, Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine)

16 pages, 4998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Nanosized Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite on Cell Lines and Their Relevance to the Alveolar Augmentation Process

by Wojciech Zakrzewski, Maria Szymonowicz, Anna Nikodem, Agnieszka Rusak, Zbigniew Rybak, Katarzyna Szyszka, Dorota Diakowska, Benita Wiatrak, Rafal J. Wiglusz and Maciej Dobrzyński

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040125 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. Methods: The nHAp and nFAp nanosized materials were obtained using the microwave hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the tablets were prepared from these nanosized powders as further studied materials. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted on Balb/3T3 fibroblast cells and L929 cells. Fluoride ion release was tested at 3, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h periods. Results: Both materials presented viability levels above 70%, indicating a lack of cytotoxic potential. The amount of fluoride (F⁻) ions released and accumulated from nFAp was greatly higher than from nHAp. The release of F⁻ ions in both samples was the highest in the first 3 h of exposition. The accumulation of F⁻ ions reached the highest values in the deionized water. The most significant differences in the released or cumulated fluoride ions were observed between deionized water and lower 4.5 pH AS (artificial saliva) samples. Conclusions: Both nanosized hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite materials are biocompatible, and their in vitro examination showed promising results for their future in vivo application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanoparticles/Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications)

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16 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Citizen Science Data on the Evaluation of Local Biodiversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities

by Alessandro Lagrotteria, Samuele Roccatello and Alberto Doretto

Ecologies 2025, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6020031 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Citizen science is increasingly utilized for environmental monitoring and educational purposes. For lotic ecosystems, this approach could be used to implement traditional methods and gain more data on local biodiversity, particularly in areas where professional monitoring is limited. This study, conducted in Italy, [...] Read more.

Citizen science is increasingly utilized for environmental monitoring and educational purposes. For lotic ecosystems, this approach could be used to implement traditional methods and gain more data on local biodiversity, particularly in areas where professional monitoring is limited. This study, conducted in Italy, aimed to complement data on river macroinvertebrates collected by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) with additional data gained by volunteers. Our results revealed taxonomic differences between the macroinvertebrate communities of ARPA and citizen science sites. ARPA sites host 34.4% of the total biodiversity, with 22 exclusive taxa, while citizen science sites, with 6 exclusive taxa, represent 9.4% of the total gamma diversity. Compositional differences are mainly explained by taxa turnover between sites. ARPA sites, located along the main river stretches, are richer in alpha and gamma diversity, while volunteer-monitored sites, mostly in agricultural ditches, show lower richness at the local and regional scales but host some unique taxa, increasing the total biodiversity. This study supports the implementation of volunteer programs to increase the number of monitored rivers, enhancing information on macroinvertebrate diversity and distribution and generating relevant data to support decision-making and develop strategies for river conservation and ecosystem restoration at a local scale. Full article

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19 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Behavioral Risk Management in Investment Strategies: Analyzing Investor Psychology

by Jacob Odei Addo, Juraj Cúg, Solomon Abekah Keelson, John Amoah and Zora Petráková

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020053 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Behavioral risk management is an increasingly important consideration in investment strategies, as research has shown that investor psychology can significantly impact portfolio performance. This study examines how psychological variables influence investing choices and the effects that these actions have on risk mitigation and [...] Read more.

Behavioral risk management is an increasingly important consideration in investment strategies, as research has shown that investor psychology can significantly impact portfolio performance. This study examines how psychological variables influence investing choices and the effects that these actions have on risk mitigation and overall investment performance. The primary respondents for this study were the employees of Takoradi Technical University. Partial Least Square Structural Modeling was adopted for the data processing, analysis, and testing of the study’s hypotheses. The study’s findings, which were based on a carefully chosen sample of 348 investors, showed that investigating behavioral risk management in investment strategies is an effective method for thoroughly comprehending and utilizing investors’ psychology to maximize risk management procedures and enhance investment results in dynamic financial markets. Seven hypotheses were deemed insignificant, and five were considered significant. This study is limited by its exclusive focus on only one technical university. This study augmented the growing corpus of research on risk management in investment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Behavioural Finance and Economics 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 7688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Geographic Information Systems and Hydraulic Modeling to Analyze the Hydraulic Response of an Urban Area Under Different Conditions: A Case Study to Assist Engineering Practice

by Panagiota Galiatsatou, Panagiota Stournara, Ioannis Kavouras, Michail Raouzaios, Christos Anastasiadis, Filippos Iosifidis, Dimitrios Spyrou and Alexandros Mentes

Geographies 2025, 5(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020017 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters [...] Read more.

Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters of the consumers in the urban district is therefore conducted in the frame of a District Metered Area (DMA) zoning. Different consumptions according to water meters and patterns of daily water demand, resulting from both theoretical and measured data from a limited number of smart meters, are used in the hydraulic simulations. The analysis conducted assists common engineering practice to identify critical locations for constructing new hydraulic infrastructure, resulting in the restructuring and reorganization of the DMA, assisting to face existing and common problems of WDNs within the general framework of DMA design and efficient water management. A case study on the WDN of Efkarpia, located in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, satisfying the principal design criteria of DMAs, is presented in this work, under both normal and emergency conditions. Hydraulic analysis is performed based on different scenarios, mainly consisting of different consumptions according to water meters and different demand patterns, all resulting in high pressures in the southern part of the DMA. Hydraulic simulations are then performed considering two basic operating scenarios, namely the operation of the old DMA of Efkarpia and a new DMA, which is reduced in size. The two scenarios are compared in terms of estimated pressures in the studied area, as well as in terms of energy consumption in the upstream pumping station. The comparisons reveal that the new DMA outperforms the old one, with a large increase in the pressure at nodes where low pressures were assessed in the old DMA, a reduction in daily pressure variation up to 45%, and quite significant energy savings assessed around 21.6%. Full article

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20 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Grammatical Structure of Prompts Influence the Responses of Generative Artificial Intelligence? An Exploratory Analysis in Spanish

by Rhoddy Viveros-Muñoz, José Carrasco-Sáez, Carolina Contreras-Saavedra, Sheny San-Martín-Quiroga and Carla E. Contreras-Saavedra

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073882 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed personal and professional domains by enabling creative content generation and problem-solving. However, the influence of users’ grammatical abilities on AI-generated responses remains unclear. This exploratory study examines how language and grammar abilities in Spanish affect the quality [...] Read more.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed personal and professional domains by enabling creative content generation and problem-solving. However, the influence of users’ grammatical abilities on AI-generated responses remains unclear. This exploratory study examines how language and grammar abilities in Spanish affect the quality of responses from ChatGPT (version 3.5). Despite the robust performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, they face challenges with grammatical moods specific to non-English languages, such as the subjunctive in Spanish. Higher education students were chosen as participants due to their familiarity with AI and its potential use in learning. The study assessed ChatGPT’s ability to process instructions in Chilean Spanish, analyzing how linguistic complexity, grammatical variations, and informal language impacted output quality. The results indicate that varied verbal moods and complex sentence structures significantly influence prompt evaluation, response quality, and response length. Based on these findings, a framework is proposed to guide higher education communities in promoting digital literacy and integrating AI into teaching and learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techniques and Applications of Natural Language Processing)

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16 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relaxing the Φ-Family Auxiliary Functions and Related Results

by Salvatore Sessa, Yahya Almalki, Monairah Alansari, Muhammad Usman Ali and Essam Saleh Saad Said Al-Yar

Axioms 2025, 14(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14040268 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to [...] Read more.

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to as the

Δ

-family, which simplifies the axioms in comparison to the previously defined

Φ

-family, the study unifies a few classical fixed-point theorems. The practical relevance of the theoretical findings is demonstrated by applying the results to investigate the existence of solutions for a system of integral equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)

20 pages, 4739 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

LLM Fine-Tuning: Concepts, Opportunities, and Challenges

by Xiao-Kun Wu, Min Chen, Wanyi Li, Rui Wang, Limeng Lu, Jia Liu, Kai Hwang, Yixue Hao, Yanru Pan, Qingguo Meng, Kaibin Huang, Long Hu, Mohsen Guizani, Naipeng Chao, Giancarlo Fortino, Fei Lin, Yonglin Tian, Dusit Niyato and Fei-Yue Wang

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040087 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with [...] Read more.

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with a focus on the essential cognitive conditions that underpin this process. Drawing on Gadamer’s concepts of Vorverständnis, Distanciation, and the Hermeneutic Circle, the paper explores how LLM fine-tuning evolves from initial learning to deeper comprehension, ultimately advancing toward self-awareness. It examines the core principles, development, and applications of fine-tuning techniques, emphasizing its growing significance across diverse field and industries. The paper introduces a new term, “Tutorial Fine-Tuning (TFT)”, which annotates a process of intensive tuition given by a “tutor” to a small number of “students”, to define the latest round of LLM fine-tuning advancements. By addressing key challenges associated with fine-tuning, including ensuring adaptability, precision, credibility and reliability, this paper explores potential future directions for the co-evolution of humans and AI. By bridging theoretical perspectives with practical implications, this work provides valuable insights into the ongoing development of LLMs, emphasizing their potential to achieve higher levels of cognitive and operational intelligence. Full article

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19 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Mode on Lung Function, Exercise Tolerance, Vital Signs, and Dyspnea After Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Emilia Raposo Nascimento, Paloma Lopes Francisco Parazzi, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, Maria Ângela Gonçalves Oliveira Ribeiro, Carla Cristina Sousa Gomez, Patrícia Blau Margosian Conti, Bianca Aparecida Siqueira, Edvane Aparecida Braz Araújo Silva and José Dirceu Ribeiro

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040073 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of pulmonary involvement. In this context, this study aimed to compare vital signs, the sensation of dyspnea (Borg scale), lung function, and exercise tolerance before and after the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in adults of both sexes after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: A cross-sectional analytical clinical study was performed with the inclusion of individuals who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 at least three months before data collection. Individuals were evaluated for vital signs (heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation), Borg scale, spirometry, and submaximal exercise protocol of two minutes of the step test before and after receiving NIV in ventilation mode by continuous positive airway pressure of 6 cm H₂O for 30 min. Results: A total of 50 participants were enrolled and grouped as a mild (N = 25) or severe (N = 25) clinical phenotype during SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. In our data, the forced vital capacity (p < 0.001), the ratio between the forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity and the forced vital capacity (p = 0.020), and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p = 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the severe clinical phenotype group after NIV. In addition, forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity (p = 0.032) and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p < 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the mild clinical phenotype group after NIV. No changes were described for vital signs and the Borg scale. Conclusions: This study allowed us to identify that NIV is a tool that promotes better exercise capacity by increasing the number of steps achieved in both clinical phenotype groups and improving lung function observed in the spirometry markers. Full article

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19 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Triethylammonium Tetrafluoroborate Electrolyte for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance over a Wide Temperature Range

by Ezgi Yurttas, Yavuz Gokce, Nazife Isik Semerci, Emine Yagmur and Zeki Aktas

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041057 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) [...] Read more.

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) is tested as a new IL to operate supercapacitors in a wide temperature range (−40 °C, 25 °C, and 80 °C) in the presence of commercial activated carbon. The performance of Et₃NHBF₄ is compared to two different commercial ILs. This study also investigates the application of heat treatment to determine suitable activated carbon surface characteristics for ILs. The results indicate that heat treatment enhances the electrode–electrolyte interaction, and the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors prepared from the heat-treated activated carbon are significantly higher than the original commercial activated carbon. Electrochemical tests show that the synthesised Et₃NHBF₄ (with propylene carbonate) can be used over a wide temperature range and has a better energy storage performance, especially at −40 °C (specific capacitance of 42.12 F/g at 2 A/g), compared to the other two commercial ionic liquids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Conductor Materials for Energy Storage and Electrocaloric Applications)

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6 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stimulator of InterferoN Genes (STING)-Associated Vasculopathy with Onset in Infancy Syndrome (SAVI) Associated with Disseminated Molluscum Contagiosum Under Baricitinib Treatment

by Thilo Gambichler, Yusa Devrim and Laura Susok

Dermato 2025, 5(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermato5020006 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and skin ulcerations. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, including baricitinib, have shown promise in mitigating systemic and organ-specific manifestations. However, these inhibitors broadly suppress immune pathways, potentially increasing vulnerability to infections. Case presentation: This case report describes a 21-year-old woman with SAVI (due to a heterozygous TMEM173 mutation) who developed disseminated molluscum contagiosum (MC) while receiving baricitinib therapy. Laboratory results revealed lymphopenia, low CD4/CD8 ratio, and impaired immune cell activity, suggesting compromised antiviral immunity. Discussion: Despite SAVI’s association with excessive type I interferon signaling, this chronic hyperactivation may cause immune dysregulation, exhausting T cells and natural killer cells vital for viral defense. Furthermore, baricitinib suppresses interferon signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway, reducing inflammatory damage in SAVI but also impairing antiviral responses. Moreover, MC viruses evade host immune defenses by antagonizing STING and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated interferon activation, further contributing to infection risk. This report is the first to document MC in a SAVI patient and highlights the rare complication of disseminated MC due to impaired type I interferon signaling and immune suppression from baricitinib therapy. This case underscores the need for vigilance regarding viral infections in SAVI patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Your Diagnosis?—Case Report Collection)

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12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted-Amplicon NGS for Blastocystis sp. in Shepherd Dogs of Portugal Discriminates Co-Colonization with Multiple Zoonotic Subtypes

by Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Maria João Feiteiro, Guilherme Moreira, Rita Cruz, Fernando Esteves, Helena Vala and João R. Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040325 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact [...] Read more.

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact increases the potential for shepherd dogs to act as intermediates in the transmission of Blastocystis. To clarify the role of these dogs as reservoirs for this parasite, this study investigated the presence of Blastocystis in shepherd dogs. Stool samples from Portuguese shepherd dogs were analyzed using SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR and melting curve analysis followed by targeted-amplicon NGS for mixed infections detection. Our results revealed a 60% occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in shepherd dog stools and frequent identification of zoonotic subtypes ST1–ST4 and ST14. Additionally, we observed mixed infections and subtype diversity within individual dogs, suggesting a potential role in cross-species transmission between livestock and humans. Full article

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