MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

17 pages, 16785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating the Currents: Land Use Challenges Amidst Water and Food Security Debates and Social Media Misperceptions

by Nadejda Komendantova, Hossein Hassani, Mohammad Reza Yeganegi, Ahmed Al Salaymeh and Louy Qoaider

Land 2024, 13(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091525 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

This research aims to understand the complexities of energy deployment requiring nexus governance solutions. Nexus governance involves coordinating decision-making across policy areas and sectors, seeking compromise among stakeholders with varying positions. The challenge lies in coordinating diverse sectors and stakeholders amidst potentially conflicting [...] Read more.

This research aims to understand the complexities of energy deployment requiring nexus governance solutions. Nexus governance involves coordinating decision-making across policy areas and sectors, seeking compromise among stakeholders with varying positions. The challenge lies in coordinating diverse sectors and stakeholders amidst potentially conflicting priorities and interests. Moreover, social media significantly influence stakeholders’ perceptions and actions, serving as a platform for idea exchange and mobilization but also contributing to echo chambers and polarization. This study examines the impact of social media on perceptions of the oil shale project in Al Attarat, Jordan, focusing on the intersections of social, economic, and environmental concerns. The findings highlight that social media significantly influences public discourse, often skewing perceptions with misperceptions about land use, water, and food security. Analyzing key social media narratives reveals that food security is a primary concern, with energy and water security also gaining attention, though less prominently. Furthermore, misinformation has exacerbated tensions among stakeholders, leading to polarized views and resistance to proposed governance solutions. This research underscores the need for effective strategies to counter misinformation and promote informed dialogue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Ecosystems and Renewable Energy in Landscapes)

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28 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Conservation Behaviour of Cat Owners: Involvement, Attitudes and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

by Geoff Kaine, Vic Wright and Zachary Turk

Conservation 2024, 4(3), 505-532; https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4030031 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cats, including companion cats, inflict extensive harm on wildlife. Using a national survey of 2000 households in New Zealand, we investigated the influence of involvement (an indicator of motivation) on the willingness of cat owners to keep their cats indoors at night. We [...] Read more.

Cats, including companion cats, inflict extensive harm on wildlife. Using a national survey of 2000 households in New Zealand, we investigated the influence of involvement (an indicator of motivation) on the willingness of cat owners to keep their cats indoors at night. We found that respondents’ intentions to protect wildlife, and the frequency with which respondents with cats kept them indoors at night, was influenced by their involvement with cat welfare and their involvement with protecting wildlife, in addition to their attitudes and subjective norms. We also found that keeping cats indoors at night could be characterised as involving approach-avoidance conflict. Our findings have implications for efforts to increase the adoption by cat owners of keeping cats inside at night regarding the attentiveness of cat owners to promotional activities. Our findings suggest that such activities will not be particularly effective in the absence of cat-friendly, inexpensive, practical, and easily maintained devices that enable cats to be kept inside. Importantly, when the adoption of keeping cats inside at night is appropriately characterised as approach-avoidance conflict, our results suggest that promotional activities seeking to persuade cat owners that pet cats cause much greater harm to wildlife than they might believe are most likely to have a limited and likely temporary effect and may even be counterproductive. Full article

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15 pages, 6449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Wood Biowaste Chemically Modified by Bi₂O₃ as a Sorbent Material for Wastewater Treatment

by Nena Velinov, Miljana Radović Vučić, Ivan Jerman, Dragana Marković Nikolić, Goran Nikolić, Danijela Bojić and Aleksandar Bojić

Processes 2024, 12(9), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092025 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Textile dyes discharged into aquatic systems can have significant environmental impacts, causing water pollution and toxicity to aquatic life, and constituting a human health risk. To manage these effects, the sorption ability of wood biowaste chemically modified by Bi₂O₃ for [...] Read more.

Textile dyes discharged into aquatic systems can have significant environmental impacts, causing water pollution and toxicity to aquatic life, and constituting a human health risk. To manage these effects, the sorption ability of wood biowaste chemically modified by Bi₂O₃ for textile dye removal was investigated. Sorbent characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, and elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method for the specific surface area, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). The optimization of the sorption process was carried out, and optimal parameters, such as contact time, pH, the dose of sorbent, the concentration of dye, and temperature, were defined. Also, desorption studies were conducted. Kinetics and isotherms studies were carried out, and the data fits to a pseudo-second order model (r² ≥ 0.99) and Langmuir model (r² ≥ 0.99), indicating that the process occurs in the monolayer form and the dye sorption depends on the active sites of the sorbent surface. The maximal sorption capacity of the sorbent was 434.75 mg/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Adsorbent Materials for Wastewater Treatment)

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15 pages, 3412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cybersecurity Access Control: Framework Analysis in a Healthcare Institution

by Erik William Tomlinson, Wolday D. Abrha, Seong Dae Kim and Salvador A. Ortega

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2024, 4(3), 762-776; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp4030035 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cyber threats are continually evolving and becoming increasingly complex, affecting various industries. Healthcare institutions are the second most targeted industry, preceded by manufacturing. The industry is on the lookout for a reliable cybersecurity system. This research analyzed the feasibility and reality of implementing [...] Read more.

Cyber threats are continually evolving and becoming increasingly complex, affecting various industries. Healthcare institutions are the second most targeted industry, preceded by manufacturing. The industry is on the lookout for a reliable cybersecurity system. This research analyzed the feasibility and reality of implementing a Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) framework within a large healthcare enterprise with a workforce within the range of 45 k to 50 k personnel. It utilizes a baseline concept centered on the widely used Perimeter-Based Security Model (PBSM) in production environments. The focus is on assessing the feasibility of transitioning from a PBSM to a ZTA framework and specifically aims to assess the effects of such a transition on security, control, cost-effectiveness, supportability, risk, operational aspects, and the extent to which ZTA is applicable across different applications. Company X was used as a case study and provided data for analysis in support engagements and host traffic telemetry values. Findings indicated that a PBSM remains effective in providing defense measures for an organization mainly when a significant financial incentive is involved. On the other hand, ZTA offers a more secure environment with a notable reduction in risk, albeit at an additional cost and with added support variables. Full article

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20 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Breast Cancer Risk Prediction with Machine Learning: Integrating BMI, Smoking Habits, Hormonal Dynamics, and BRCA Gene Mutations—A Game-Changer Compared to Traditional Statistical Models?

by Luana Conte, Emanuele Rizzo, Emanuela Civino, Paolo Tarantino, Giorgio De Nunzio and Elisabetta De Matteis

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8474; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188474 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

The association between genetics and lifestyle factors is crucial when determining breast cancer susceptibility, a leading cause of deaths globally. This research aimed to compare the body mass index, smoking behavior, hormonal influences, and BRCA gene mutations between affected patients and healthy individuals, [...] Read more.

The association between genetics and lifestyle factors is crucial when determining breast cancer susceptibility, a leading cause of deaths globally. This research aimed to compare the body mass index, smoking behavior, hormonal influences, and BRCA gene mutations between affected patients and healthy individuals, all with a family history of cancer. All these factors were then utilized as features to train a machine learning (ML) model to predict the risk of breast cancer development. Between 2020 and 2023, a total of 1389 women provided detailed lifestyle and risk factor data during visits to a familial cancer center in Italy. Descriptive and inferential statistics were assessed to explore the differences between the groups. Among the various classifiers used, the ensemble of decision trees was the best performer, with a 10-fold cross-validation scheme for training after normalizing the features. The performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and its area under the curve (AUC), alongside the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score. Analysis revealed that individuals in the tumor group exhibited a higher risk profile when compared to their healthy counterparts, particularly in terms of the lifestyle and genetic markers. The ML model demonstrated predictive power, with an AUC of 81%, 88% sensitivity, 57% specificity, 78% accuracy, 80% precision, and an F1 score of 0.84. These metrics significantly outperformed traditional statistical prediction models, including the BOADICEA and BCRAT, which showed an AUC below 0.65. This study demonstrated the efficacy of an ML approach in identifying women at higher risk of breast cancer, leveraging lifestyle and genetic factors, with an improved predictive performance over traditional methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare)

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12 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Social Exclusion on Self-Evaluation: Domain Discrepancy Based on the Big Two Model

by Chao Zhang, Bing Chen, Yan Bao, Jiani He, Feng Wu and Yufang Zhao

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090849 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Prior studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of social exclusion on an individual’s self-perception. Nonetheless, existing literature has predominantly focused on its impact on global self-esteem, often neglecting the nuanced effects of various reasons for social exclusion on distinct dimensions of self-evaluation, such [...] Read more.

Prior studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of social exclusion on an individual’s self-perception. Nonetheless, existing literature has predominantly focused on its impact on global self-esteem, often neglecting the nuanced effects of various reasons for social exclusion on distinct dimensions of self-evaluation, such as agency and communion. Based on the Big Two model perspective, the present research aims to examine the differential impacts of social exclusion on the distinct dimensions of self-evaluation, namely agency and communion, considering the reasons for social exclusion. It is hypothesized that social exclusion affects different facets of self-evaluation—agency and communion—depending on the context of exclusion. Study 1 identified negative correlations between perceived social exclusion and self-evaluation measures through questionnaires, including global self-esteem and the self-concepts of agency and communion, within a sample of 483 participants (283 females). Studies 2a (n = 93; 75 females) and 2b (n = 91; 66 females), which employed a recall paradigm to manipulate social exclusion in the domains of communion and agency, respectively, revealed that communion exclusion diminished communal self-evaluation, and agency exclusion significantly reduced both agentic and communal self-evaluation. These findings highlight the necessity of distinguishing various types of social exclusion and their distinct effects on the dimensions of self-concept. The research has important implications for the development of interventions aimed at enhancing individual psychological well-being and promoting inclusive social environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

18 pages, 340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Results for Double Cyclic Codes over

F_{q} + v F_{q} + v^{2} F_{q}

by Tenghui Deng and Jing Yang

Entropy 2024, 26(9), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090803 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Let

F_{q}

be a finite field with an odd characteristic. In this paper, we present a new result about double cyclic codes over a finite non-chain ring. Specifically, we study the double cyclic code over [...] Read more.

Let

F_{q}

be a finite field with an odd characteristic. In this paper, we present a new result about double cyclic codes over a finite non-chain ring. Specifically, we study the double cyclic code over

F_{q} + v F_{q} + v^{2} F_{q}

with

v^{3} = v

, which is isomorphic to

F_{q} \times F_{q} \times F_{q}

. This study mainly involves generator polynomials and generator matrices. The generating polynomial of the dual code is also obtained. We show the relationship between the generating polynomials of the double cyclic codes and those of their dual codes. Finally, as an application of these results, we construct some optimal codes over

F_{3}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Information Theory, Probability and Statistics)

15 pages, 3651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis of Noise Characteristics on Different Types of Pavements inside and outside Highway Tunnels

by Wanyan Ren, Yi Zhang, Minmin Yuan and Jun Li

Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091213 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Aiming to reduce noise pollution and optimize the acoustic quality in highway tunnels, the noise characteristics on different types of pavements were analyzed and compared in this research, based on the on-site noise measurement in two tunnels with the free fields as a [...] Read more.

Aiming to reduce noise pollution and optimize the acoustic quality in highway tunnels, the noise characteristics on different types of pavements were analyzed and compared in this research, based on the on-site noise measurement in two tunnels with the free fields as a control group. Specifically, the noise characteristics include two aspects: various noise and noise time attenuation performance. Various noise includes on-board sound intensity (OBSI) noise and cabin noise. The noise time attenuation performance uses the indicator of reverberation time. Three types of pavements were measured, including dense-graded asphalt concrete (DAC) and single-layered and double-layered porous asphalt (PA) pavement. The results showed that, for the same type of pavement, compared with the free fields, the difference in OBSI noise in tunnels was within a range of less than 1 dBA; the cabin noise increased by 3.4 dBA~6.6 dBA. The noise level in tunnels was greater than that outside tunnels, and the longer tunnel exhibited higher traffic noise and worse noise time attenuation performances. For the same tunnel, PA pavement could reduce the cabin noise by 3.8 dBA~6.7 dBA. PA pavement also exhibited shorter reverberation time. The application of PA pavement could effectively improve the acoustic quality in the tunnel. This research contributes to noise pollution abatement and the improvement of the comfort and safety of drivers in tunnels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Cleaner Materials for Pavements)

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25 pages, 9183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Accuracy Contour Segmentation and Reconstruction of a Dense Cluster of Mushrooms Based on Improved SOLOv2

by Shuzhen Yang, Jingmin Zhang and Jin Yuan

Agriculture 2024, 14(9), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091646 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study addresses challenges related to imprecise edge segmentation and low center point accuracy, particularly when mushrooms are heavily occluded or deformed within dense clusters. A high-precision mushroom contour segmentation algorithm is proposed that builds upon the improved SOLOv2, along with a contour [...] Read more.

This study addresses challenges related to imprecise edge segmentation and low center point accuracy, particularly when mushrooms are heavily occluded or deformed within dense clusters. A high-precision mushroom contour segmentation algorithm is proposed that builds upon the improved SOLOv2, along with a contour reconstruction method using instance segmentation masks. The enhanced segmentation algorithm, PR-SOLOv2, incorporates the PointRend module during the up-sampling stage, introducing fine features and enhancing segmentation details. This addresses the difficulty of accurately segmenting densely overlapping mushrooms. Furthermore, a contour reconstruction method based on the PR-SOLOv2 instance segmentation mask is presented. This approach accurately segments mushrooms, extracts individual mushroom masks and their contour data, and classifies reconstruction contours based on average curvature and length. Regular contours are fitted using least-squares ellipses, while irregular ones are reconstructed by extracting the longest sub-contour from the original irregular contour based on its corners. Experimental results demonstrate strong generalization and superior performance in contour segmentation and reconstruction, particularly for densely clustered mushrooms in complex environments. The proposed approach achieves a 93.04% segmentation accuracy and a 98.13% successful segmentation rate, surpassing Mask RCNN and YOLACT by approximately 10%. The center point positioning accuracy of mushrooms is 0.3%. This method better meets the high positioning requirements for efficient and non-destructive picking of densely clustered mushrooms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Agricultural Machinery and Robots: Embracing Technological Advancements for a Sustainable and Highly Efficient Agricultural Future)

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23 pages, 9925 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanotechnology in Advancing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment

by Xuejia Kang, Nur Mita, Lang Zhou, Siqi Wu, Zongliang Yue, R. Jayachandra Babu and Pengyu Chen

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(9), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091228 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for hematological cancers, yet it faces significant hurdles, particularly regarding its efficacy in solid tumors and concerning associated adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements and [...] Read more.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for hematological cancers, yet it faces significant hurdles, particularly regarding its efficacy in solid tumors and concerning associated adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements and ongoing challenges in CAR-T therapy. We highlight the transformative potential of nanotechnology in enhancing CAR-T therapy by improving targeting precision, modulating the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, and overcoming physical barriers. Nanotechnology facilitates efficient CAR gene delivery into T cells, boosting transfection efficiency and potentially reducing therapy costs. Moreover, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to mitigate cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Cutting-edge nanotechnology platforms for real-time monitoring of CAR-T cell activity and cytokine release are also discussed. By integrating these advancements, we aim to provide valuable insights and pave the way for the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies to overcome current limitations and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Full article

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24 pages, 20939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Brassica rapa BrICE1 and BrICE2 Positively Regulate the Cold Tolerance via CBF and ROS Pathways, Balancing Growth and Defense in Transgenic Arabidopsis

by Wangze Wu, Haobo Yang, Peng Xing, Guoting Zhu, Xueyan Han, Mei Xue, Guotai Min, Haijun Ding, Guofan Wu and Zigang Liu

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2625; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182625 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa) has a good chilling and freezing tolerance. inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) plays a crucial role in cold signaling in plants; however, its role in Brassica rapa remains unclear. In this study, we identified 41 ICE1 [...] Read more.

Winter rapeseed (Brassica rapa) has a good chilling and freezing tolerance. inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) plays a crucial role in cold signaling in plants; however, its role in Brassica rapa remains unclear. In this study, we identified 41 ICE1 homologous genes from six widely cultivated Brassica species. These genes exhibited high conservation, with evolutionary complexity between diploid and allotetraploid species. Cold stress induced ICE1 homolog expression, with differences between strongly and weakly cold-tolerant varieties. Two novel ICE1 paralogs, BrICE1 and BrICE2, were cloned from Brassica rapa Longyou 6. Subcellular localization assays showed that they localized to the nucleus, and low temperature did not affect their nuclear localization. The overexpression of BrICE1 and BrICE2 increased cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and enhanced reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) scavenging ability. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that overexpression of BrICE1 and BrICE2 inhibited root growth in Arabidopsis, and low temperatures could induce the degradation of BrICE1 and BrICE2 via the 26S-proteasome pathway. In summary, ICE1 homologous genes exhibit complex evolutionary relationships in Brassica species and are involved in the C-repeat/DREB binding factor (CBF) pathway and ROS scavenging mechanism in response to cold stress; these regulating mechanisms might also be responsible for balancing the development and cold defense of Brassica rapa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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15 pages, 9259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Pulse Detonation Combustion Characteristics via Atomizer Geometry

by Yoojin Oh, Myeung Hwan Choi and Sungwoo Park

Aerospace 2024, 11(9), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11090776 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent studies have increasingly focused on integrating detonation processes into engine technologies, advancing beyond the fundamental research phase of detonation research. The present study investigates the detonability and combustion characteristics of liquid fuels, specifically ethanol, with an emphasis on the effects of atomization [...] Read more.

Recent studies have increasingly focused on integrating detonation processes into engine technologies, advancing beyond the fundamental research phase of detonation research. The present study investigates the detonability and combustion characteristics of liquid fuels, specifically ethanol, with an emphasis on the effects of atomization properties facilitated by different atomizer designs to implement pulse detonation combustion engines. Oxygen was used as the oxidizer. We employed internal injectors (I45, I90, IB4) and atomizer venturis (VA, VB, VR) to examine how variations in liquid fuel atomization and atomizer configurations influence detonation. The occurrence of detonation was assessed using predicted Sauter mean diameters (SMDs) and exit velocities for different atomizer setups. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of nitrogen dilution at concentrations of 0%, 25%, and 50% on velocity variations and changes in detonation characteristics. The findings suggest that while higher exit velocities decrease SMD, facilitating detonation, excessively high velocities hinder detonation initiation. Conversely, lower exit velocities emphasize the role of SMD in initiating detonation. However, the introduction of nitrogen, which reduces the SMD, was found to decrease reactivity and impede detonation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supersonic Combustion in Scramjet Engine)

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18 pages, 10051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Vertical Irregularities on Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame Structures According to Eurocode 8

by Davi Santos, José Melo and Humberto Varum

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2982; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092982 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Eurocode 8 is undergoing a revision process encompassing novel ductility classes, damage limitation limits, local ductility conditions corresponding to detailing prescriptions and structural irregularity criteria. In this paper, we specifically assessed the influence of an irregularity in elevation, imposed by different elevations, on [...] Read more.

Eurocode 8 is undergoing a revision process encompassing novel ductility classes, damage limitation limits, local ductility conditions corresponding to detailing prescriptions and structural irregularity criteria. In this paper, we specifically assessed the influence of an irregularity in elevation, imposed by different elevations, on the first and third storeys of buildings, and variations in the cross-sections of columns during the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. To assess this impact, an extensive examination was conducted on thirteen five-storey moment-resisting frame (MRF) buildings. The design of those structures was carried out on the Robot Structural Analysis Professional framework following the current generation of Eurocodes 2 and 8, and the seismic response analysis was carried out using the SeismoStruct v2024 software. The results were compared to evaluate the influence of imposed irregularities in elevation due to the increasing height, column cross-section, mass, and resistance variation. The study’s outcomes revealed that, for DCM structures, the imposed irregularities in elevation have different impacts on the seismic response. Increasing the heights of ground or middle floor have substantial deleterious effects on the building’s seismic response. The planned geometry and variations in the cross-sections of columns substantially impact inter-storey drift and base shear. The effects of mass and resistance irregularities were neglected in this study. As such, more studies on those matters are necessary to allow our results to be further generalised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures)

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13 pages, 21084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meron-Mediated Phase Transitions in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Chiral Magnets with Easy-Plane Anisotropy: Successive Transformation of the Hexagonal Skyrmion Lattice into the Square Lattice and into the Tilted FM State

by Andrey O. Leonov

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181524 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

I revisit the well-known structural transition between hexagonal and square skyrmion lattices and subsequent first-order phase transition into the tilted ferromagnetic state as induced by the increasing easy-plane anisotropy in quasi-two-dimensional chiral magnets. I show that the hexagonal skyrmion order first transforms into [...] Read more.

I revisit the well-known structural transition between hexagonal and square skyrmion lattices and subsequent first-order phase transition into the tilted ferromagnetic state as induced by the increasing easy-plane anisotropy in quasi-two-dimensional chiral magnets. I show that the hexagonal skyrmion order first transforms into a rhombic skyrmion lattice, which, adjusts into a perfect square arrangement of skyrmions (“a square meron-antimeron crystal”) within a narrow range of anisotropy values. These transitions are mediated by merons and anti-merons emerging in the boundaries between skyrmion cells; energetically unfavorable anti-merons annihilate, whereas pairs of neighboring merons merge. The tilted ferromagnetic state sets in via mutual annihilation of oppositely charged merons; as an outcome, it contains bimeron clusters (chains) with the attracting inter-soliton potential. Additionally, I demonstrate that domain-wall merons are actively involved in the dynamic response of the square skyrmion lattices. As an example, I theoretically study spin–wave modes and their excitations by AC magnetic fields. Two found resonance peaks are the result of the complex dynamics of the domain-wall merons; whereas in the high-frequency mode the merons rotate counterclockwise, as one might expect, in the low-frequency mode merons are instead created and annihilated consistently with the rotational motion of the domain boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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16 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Church Amidst the War of Attrition: Ukrainian Evangelical Community in Search of a New Mission Paradigm

by Roman Soloviy

Religions 2024, 15(9), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091136 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

The article is a comprehensive analysis of the struggles and challenges faced by Ukrainian evangelicals in the wake of the Russian aggression against Ukraine between 2022 and 2024. This analysis focuses on how the ongoing war has impacted the church’s overall mission and [...] Read more.

The article is a comprehensive analysis of the struggles and challenges faced by Ukrainian evangelicals in the wake of the Russian aggression against Ukraine between 2022 and 2024. This analysis focuses on how the ongoing war has impacted the church’s overall mission and how it has adapted to a rapidly changing political and social environment. The author argues that with Ukrainian society experiencing significant social and existential challenges due to the ongoing war, the traditional model of mission work that solely focuses on evangelism and promoting Christian values as a counter to “neo-Marxist gender ideology” is gradually being replaced by a more holistic and inclusive approach to missionary theology and practice. This new approach emphasizes compassion, solidarity, social responsibility, and a prophetic vision for Ukrainian society after the war. Through this article, the author hopes to deepen understanding of how the role and mission of the Ukrainian Evangelical Church have evolved recently and outline a concept of missional theology that can be relevant for other communities facing significant social, economic, and political challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evangelical Theology Today: Exploring Theological Perspectives)

14 pages, 546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusive Education Virtual Professional Development: School-Based Professionals’ Knowledge of Best Practices

by Cristin Montalbano, Julie Lang, James C. Coviello, Jessica A. McQueston, Joseph A. Hogan, Jenelle Nissley-Tsiopinis, Francesca Ciotoli and Fred Buglione

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14091030 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the effectiveness of a five-session virtual professional development program designed to increase the knowledge of inclusive education practices among school-based professionals from 26 schools on a topic of their choice. Participants, including administrators, general and special education teachers, child study [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a five-session virtual professional development program designed to increase the knowledge of inclusive education practices among school-based professionals from 26 schools on a topic of their choice. Participants, including administrators, general and special education teachers, child study team members (i.e., school psychologists, school counselors, and social workers), and others, demonstrated statistically significant increases in content knowledge on Accommodations and Modifications, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), Co-teaching, and Differentiation, as measured by pre- and post-assessments. Utilizing multilevel modeling and dependent samples t-tests, the results confirm the usefulness of virtual professional development in building knowledge of inclusive education practices. The findings provide empirical support for virtual training and offer insights into best practices for delivering professional development in inclusive education, suggesting future research should investigate the long-term impacts on classroom practices and student outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inclusive Education Experiences and Intersections of Identity)

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19 pages, 5928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of Digital PID Control for Mass-Damper Rectilinear Systems

by Humam Al-Baidhani and Marian K. Kazimierczuk

Mathematics 2024, 12(18), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12182921 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

The mechanical systems were modeled using various combinations of mass-damper-spring elements to analyze the system dynamics and improve the system stability. Due to the marginal stability property of the mass-damper rectilinear system, a proper control law is required to control the mass position [...] Read more.

The mechanical systems were modeled using various combinations of mass-damper-spring elements to analyze the system dynamics and improve the system stability. Due to the marginal stability property of the mass-damper rectilinear system, a proper control law is required to control the mass position accurately, improve the relative stability, and enhance the dynamical response. In this paper, a mathematical model of the electromechanical system was first derived and analyzed. Next, a digital PID controller was developed based on the root locus technique, and a systematic design procedure is presented in detail. The proposed digital control system was simulated in MATLAB and compared with other control schemes to check their tracking performance and transient response characteristics. In addition, the digital PID control algorithm of the mass-damper rectilinear system was implemented via dSPACE platform to investigate the real-time control system performance and validate the control design methodology. It has been shown that the digital PID controller yields zero percentage overshoot, fast transient response, adequate stability margins, and zero steady-state error. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control of Dynamical Systems)

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22 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Silymarin Extraction and Liposomal Encapsulation Techniques for Potential Applications in Food

by Sina Makouie, Joanna Bryś, Jolanta Małajowicz, Piotr Koczoń, Marta Siol, Bharani K. Palani, Andrzej Bryś, Marko Obranović, Sanja Mikolčević and Eliza Gruczyńska-Sękowska

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8477; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188477 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

This review explores advances in silymarin extraction and liposomal encapsulation techniques, highlighting their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The study evaluates a range of extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, emphasising their [...] Read more.

This review explores advances in silymarin extraction and liposomal encapsulation techniques, highlighting their potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The study evaluates a range of extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction, emphasising their efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Furthermore, it examines conventional and innovative liposomal encapsulation techniques, including supercritical carbon dioxide encapsulation and microfluidics, which enhance silymarin’s bioavailability and therapeutic effects. The integration of these methods promises more effective, safe, and eco-friendly silymarin products. This comprehensive review aims to inform readers of the latest research and future industrial applications, with a particular focus on the refinement and scaling up of these processes to meet commercial demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Products and Co-products Applications)

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9 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) with Invasive Arterial Pressure Monitoring during Aortic Coarctation Surgery in Pediatric Patients

by Jelena Pjevalica Dragic, Tatjana Zecevic, Ivan Divac, Andrija Pavlovic, Dejan Bisenic, Luka Stanisic, Jasna Kalanj, Igor Stefanovic, Dejan Nikolic, Ivana Petrov and Vladimir Milovanovic

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181884 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Aortic coarctation surgery in pediatric patients requires the placement of two arterial cannulas to monitor pressure gradients and surgical correction adequacy. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring provides insight into regional blood flow. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between NIRS values and invasive [...] Read more.

Aortic coarctation surgery in pediatric patients requires the placement of two arterial cannulas to monitor pressure gradients and surgical correction adequacy. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring provides insight into regional blood flow. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between NIRS values and invasive arterial pressures, exploring NIRS monitoring as a potential substitute for arterial cannulation. In a cohort of 21 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing aortic coarctation surgery, recordings of NIRS and invasive arterial pressure values were evaluated at various time intervals. Pearson correlation evaluated the relationship between NIRS values and invasively measured arterial pressures. Moderate to strong correlations were observed between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the upper and lower arteries and cerebral (rSO₂-C) and somatic (rSO₂-S) NIRS values 5 min after cross-clamp placement (r = 0.621, p = 0.003; r = 0.757, p < 0.001). Strong correlations were found 15 min after cross-clamp placement (r = 0.828, p = 0.002; r = 0.783, p = 0.004). Before transfer to the ICU, a strong correlation existed between the upper artery MAP and rSO₂-C (r = 0.730, p < 0.001), but there was no correlation between the lower artery MAP and rSO₂-S. These findings are promising, but further studies are required to validate it as a reliable substitute for invasive pressure monitoring in this patient population. Full article

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24 pages, 31715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Flow Cytometry-Based Examination of the Mouse White Blood Cell Differential in the Context of Age and Sex

by Elise Arlt, Andrea Kindermann, Anne-Kristin Fritsche, Alexander Navarrete Santos, Heike Kielstein and Ivonne Bazwinsky-Wutschke

Cells 2024, 13(18), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181583 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Analysis of the white blood cell differential as part of a flow cytometry-based approach is a common routine diagnostic tool used in clinics and research. For human blood, the methodological approach, suitable markers, and gating strategies are well-established. However, there is a lack [...] Read more.

Analysis of the white blood cell differential as part of a flow cytometry-based approach is a common routine diagnostic tool used in clinics and research. For human blood, the methodological approach, suitable markers, and gating strategies are well-established. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mouse blood count. In this article, we deliver a fast and easy protocol for reprocessing mouse blood for the purpose of flow cytometric analysis, as well as suitable markers and gating strategies. We also present two possible applications: for the analysis of the whole blood count, with blood from a cardiac puncture, and for the analysis of a certain leukocyte subset at multiple time points in the framework of a mouse experiment, using blood from the facial vein. Additionally, we provide orientation values by applying the method to 3-month-old and 24-month-old male and female C57BL/6J mice. Our analyses demonstrate differences in the leukocyte fractions depending on age and sex. We discuss the influencing factors and limitations that can affect the results and that, therefore, need to be considered when applying this method. The present study fills the gap in the knowledge related to the rare information on flow cytometric analysis of mouse blood and, thus, lays the foundation for further investigations in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow Cytometry in Immunology Research)

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9 pages, 2242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Fabrication of Gold Nanostructures as SERS Substrates for the Detection of Contaminants in Water

by Cristhian A. Visbal, Wilkendry Ramos Cervantes, Lorena Marín, John Betancourt, Angélica Pérez, Jesús E. Diosa, Luis Alfredo Rodríguez and Edgar Mosquera-Vargas

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181525 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Gold nanostructures (AuNSs) were used to fabricate surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. These AuNSs were produced using the solid-state dewetting method from thin films. The fragmentation process was studied at 300 °C, with durations of thermal treatment of 1, 3, 6, and 12 [...] Read more.

Gold nanostructures (AuNSs) were used to fabricate surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates. These AuNSs were produced using the solid-state dewetting method from thin films. The fragmentation process was studied at 300 °C, with durations of thermal treatment of 1, 3, 6, and 12 h. These SERS substrates were then employed to detect Rhodamine B (RhB) as the model analyte, simulating a contaminant in the water at a concentration of 5 ppm. The morphology of the AuNSs was examined using SEM, which revealed a spheroidal shape that began to coalesce at 12 h. The size of the AuNSs was estimated to range from 22 ± 7 to 24 ± 6 nm, depending on the annealing time. The localized surface plasmon resonance of the AuNSs was determined using absorption spectroscopy, showing a shift as the annealing time increased. The SERS signals of RhB adsorbed on the AuNS substrates were validated by performing a 10 × 10 point map scan over each sample surface (1, 3, 6, and 12 h), and a comparative analysis showed no significant differences in the positions of the bands; however, variations in intensity enhancement ranged from 5 to 123 times at 6 and 1 h, respectively. Full article

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15 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FusionNetV2: Explicit Enhancement of Edge Features for 6D Object Pose Estimation

by Yuning Ye and Hanhoon Park

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183736 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

FusionNet is a hybrid model that incorporates convolutional neural networks and Transformers, achieving state-of-the-art performance in 6D object pose estimation while significantly reducing the number of model parameters. Our study reveals that FusionNet has local and global attention mechanisms for enhancing deep features [...] Read more.

FusionNet is a hybrid model that incorporates convolutional neural networks and Transformers, achieving state-of-the-art performance in 6D object pose estimation while significantly reducing the number of model parameters. Our study reveals that FusionNet has local and global attention mechanisms for enhancing deep features in two paths and the attention mechanisms play a role in implicitly enhancing features around object edges. We found that enhancing the features around object edges was the main reason for the performance improvement in 6D object pose estimation. Therefore, in this study, we attempt to enhance the features around object edges explicitly and intuitively. To this end, an edge boosting block (EBB) is introduced that replaces the attention blocks responsible for local attention in FusionNet. EBB is lightweight and can be directly applied to FusionNet with minimal modifications. EBB significantly improved the performance of FusionNet in 6D object pose estimation in experiments on the LINEMOD dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Synergy: Vision, Language, and Modality)

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20 pages, 2862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Producers’ Perception of the Benefits of Farm Certification: The Case of the National Good Agricultural Practices Programme

by Małgorzata Pink, Michał Niewiadomski, Katarzyna Grochola and Anna Gorczyca

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8196; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188196 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to assess the perception of a national certification programme for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), specifically IPR (Integrated Plant Production). Another aim was to indicate the barriers of the implementation and the benefits of the practices within the [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to assess the perception of a national certification programme for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), specifically IPR (Integrated Plant Production). Another aim was to indicate the barriers of the implementation and the benefits of the practices within the IPR certification. The study was conducted using a survey questionnaire. The results were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and an analysis of the correlations between demographic characteristics and the perception of the certificate among IPR-certified farmers. Among the motivations for implementing the certificate and perceived benefits, respondents revealed specific values: a high level of social and environmental awareness and responsibility, a relatively high pursuit of material security, and a strong pro-market attitude. Of these factors, the responsibility and awareness factor best described the population, while the material security factor was less significant. The demographic characteristics in the researched population were found to be statistically insignificant for the perception of the programme and presented values. The second part of the study revealed a number of phenomena observed in the context of implementing the certificate, including positive environmental changes and those related to relations with market partners. One of the hidden factors behind these changes was the time factor. In this context, it was suggested that the longer validity of the certificate may increase interest in it. Recommendations were also formulated regarding addressing the values declared by respondents as being key in implementing IPR certification and minimising the gap in expectations regarding the price and the price obtained for certified products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Sustainable Agriculture: Pollution Prevention and Control Technologies)

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12 pages, 3331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SMURF1/2 Are Novel Regulators of WNK1 Stability

by Ankita B. Jaykumar, Sakina Plumber, Derk Binns, Chonlarat Wichaidit, Katherine Luby-Phelps and Melanie H. Cobb

Kinases Phosphatases 2024, 2(3), 294-305; https://doi.org/10.3390/kinasesphosphatases2030019 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2024

Abstract

Angiogenesis is essential for remodeling and repairing existing vessels, and this process requires signaling pathways including those controlled by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). We have previously reported crosstalk between TGF-β and the protein kinase With No lysine (K) 1 (WNK1). Homozygous disruption [...] Read more.

Angiogenesis is essential for remodeling and repairing existing vessels, and this process requires signaling pathways including those controlled by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). We have previously reported crosstalk between TGF-β and the protein kinase With No lysine (K) 1 (WNK1). Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding WNK1 results in lethality in mice near embryonic day E12 due to impaired angiogenesis, and this defect can be rescued by the endothelial-specific expression of an activated form of the WNK1 substrate kinase Oxidative Stress-Responsive 1 (OSR1). However, molecular processes regulated via a collaboration between TGF-β and WNK1/OSR1 are not well understood. Here, we show that WNK1 interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligases SMURF1/2. In addition, we discovered that WNK1 regulates SMURF1/2 protein stability and vice versa. We also demonstrate that WNK1 activity regulates TGF-β receptor levels, in turn, controlling TGF-β signaling. Full article

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