The increasing portability of physical manuscripts to the digital environment makes it common for systems to offer automatic mechanisms for offline Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR). However, several scenarios and writing variations bring challenges...
Improving direct recovery rate while reducing energy consumption remains a fundamental challenge in tin smelting, owing to the strong nonlinearity and complex interactions among process variables. To address this issue, this study proposes an offline...
This study proposes a deep Gamma damage process (DGDP) with rolling Bayesian updating for offline posterior damage-coordinate assessment of rolling bearing degradation. Time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency features are extracted from com...
This study used fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to evaluate students’ performance in an environmental economics course under the mode of online and offline blended teaching (OOBT). OOBT was a new teaching mode combining traditional offl...
Charge variants, as an important quality attribute of mAbs, must be comprehensively characterized and monitored during development. However, due to their complex structure, the characterization of charge variants is challenging, labor-intensive, and...
This study investigates the effects of task-essential training on offline and online processing of verbal morphology and explores how working memory (WM) modulates the effects of training. We compare a no-training control group to two training groups...
Nitrogen leaching threatens groundwater quality, making production retention and efficient water–fertilizer use joint management priorities. Field trials evaluate a limited set of treatments, while adaptive policies generate long sequences of d...
Sawmilling operations are typically one of the most important cells of the wood supply chain as they take the log assortments as inputs to which they add value by processing lumber and other semi-finite products. For this kind of operations, and espe...
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) systems face high computational demands, hindering their real-time implementation on low-end computers. An approach to addressing this challenge involves offline processing, i.e., a map of the environment...
This paper presents a real-time speech-to-text (STT) system designed for edge computing environments requiring ultra-low latency and local processing. Differently from cloud-based STT services, the proposed solution runs entirely on a local infrastru...
Brief post-learning wakeful resting periods and local sleep mechanisms have been proposed to support offline memory consolidation processes. Mind-wandering (MW), thought to reflect the occurrence or need for local sleep, has been linked to momentary...
Arithmetic estimation requires maintaining numerical information while applying rule-based procedures for approximate calculation, yet it remains unclear whether such estimation strategy processing depends on the working memory state in which task-re...
Xuetong, the dried stem of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib, is a traditional Tujia medicine extensively used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). All traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) necessitate a processing stage called “Paozhi” bef...
Aiming at addressing the problem of high computational cost of the traditional Kalman filter in SINS/GPS, a practical optimization algorithm with offline-derivation and parallel processing methods based on the numerical characteristics of the system...
In the manufacture squirrel-cage rotors of asynchronous motors, a high standard of quality is required in every part of the production cycle. The die casting process usually creates porosity in the rotor bars. This most common defect in the rotor oft...
Minimizing experimental data while maintaining good AUV path-following performance is essential to reduce controller design costs and ensure AUV safety, particularly in complex and dynamic underwater environments with unknown ocean currents. To addre...
Comminution is the most energy-intensive stage of mineral processing, and microwave-assisted comminution (MAC) can reduce grinding energy by selectively heating microwave-absorbing minerals within transparent gangue, generating thermal microcracks th...
Image-based colorimetry has been gaining relevance due to the wide availability of smart phones with image sensors and increasing computational power. The low cost and portable designs with user-friendly interfaces, and their compatibility with data...
Neural-network computing has revolutionized the field of machine learning. The systolic-array architecture is a widely used architecture for neural-network computing acceleration that was adopted by Google in its Tensor Processing Unit (TPU). To ensu...
This paper proposes a set of trajectory generation strategies for industrial robots that use ray-casting over the workpiece CAD model for various manufacturing operations. By employing ray-casting on a triangular-mesh representation of the production...
We propose a lightweight cone-based Region of Interest (ROI) filtering method for camera–LiDAR fusion on distributed edge systems. Multiple Neural Processing Unit (NPU) nodes perform camera inference, and a central edge board combines their det...
Visual inspection is an important task in manufacturing industries in order to evaluate the completeness and quality of manufactured products. An autonomous robot-guided inspection system was recently developed based on an offline programming (OLP) a...
Insurance agents offer insurance products to prospective insureds and then submit a Life Insurance Application Letter (SPAJ). The issuance of this SPAJ is done offline. During the pandemic, this process was also carried out online. Our research quest...
Background/Objectives: Continuous manufacturing is gaining importance in the nanopharmaceutical field, offering improved process efficiency and product consistency. To fully leverage its potential, the integration of Process Analytical Technology (PA...
For archaeological studies, the expected outcome of a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey is a series of time-slices (or depth-slices) that mark the position of buried structures at different depths. The clarity of these time-slices is strongly sit...
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing process comes with high profits and high costs, and thus mAb productivity is of vital importance. However, many factors can impact the cell culture process, and lead to mAb productivity reduction. Nowadays,...
The use of 2D fluorescence spectra is a powerful, instantaneous, and highly accurate method to estimate the state of bioprocesses. The conventional approach for calibrating a chemometric model from raw spectra needs a large number of offline measurem...
In this study, a scatterometry-based monitoring system designed for tracking the quality and reproducibility of laser-textured surfaces in industrial environments was validated in off-line and real-time modes. To this end, a stainless steel plate was...
This paper is the introductory paper of the Special Issue titled: “New Research on the Role and Effects of Structured Input in Assessing the Nature of Language Processing”. It provides a clear analysis of the nature and role of structured...
Grammatical error correction (GEC) for Chinese learner English is still dominated by sentence-level modeling, which limits discourse-level consistency and weakens adaptation to learner-specific error profiles. From an instructional perspective, these...
We formalise aircraft stand pre-assignment as a constrained Markov decision process whose hard operational predicates (stand validity, size compatibility, buffered temporal non-overlap and adjacency exclusion) define a feasible action mask; we prove...
With the increasing demand for processing precision in the manufacturing industry, feed-rate scheduling is a crucial component in achieving the processing quality of complex surfaces. A smooth feed-rate profile not only guarantees machining quality b...
The conventional method for the color-matching process involves the compounding of polymers with pigments and then preparing plaques by using injection molding before measuring the color by an offline spectrophotometer. If the color fails to meet the...
During the production process, a whole range of analytical methods must be developed to monitor the quality of production and the desired product(s). Most of those methods belong to the group of off-line monitoring methods and are usually recognized...
Edge servers frequently manage their own offline digital twin (DT) services, in addition to caching online digital twin services. However, current research often overlooks the impact of offline caching services on memory and computation resources, wh...
In this study, we explored the interactive relationship between social media online word-of-mouth and offline word-of-mouth and its impact on consumers’ decision process for purchasing remanufactured products in China. This study adopted an exp...
The paper presents the identification process of the mathematical model parameters of a differential-drive two-wheeled mobile robot. The values of the unknown parameters of the dynamics model were determined by carrying out their identification offli...
In the dual-channel retail industry, excessive enthusiasm in offline retailers’ services often extends beyond the customer’s “interpersonal distance zone”, leading to psychological discomfort for customers and a subsequent los...
The implementation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) faces significant challenges in achieving the same level of anonymity and convenience in offline transactions as cash. This limitation imposes considerable constraints on the development a...
In industrial process fault monitoring, it is very important to collect accurate data, but in the actual process, there are often various noises that are difficult to eliminate in the collected data due to sensor accuracy, measurement errors, or huma...
This study presents an upper bound energy-based offline digital twin framework developed for rapid forging load prediction during early-stage spur gear forging die design. The proposed framework integrates an analytically driven prediction model base...
Intelligent operation and maintenance of urban rail transit systems is essential for improving train safety and efficiency. This study focuses on reducing time, physical effort, and safety risks in deploying intelligent metro inspection robots. This...
The final phase of powder production typically involves a mixing process where all of the particles are combined and agglomerated with a binder to form a single compound. The traditional means of inspecting the physical properties of the final produc...
This study develops a comprehensive carbon footprint assessment model that integrates forward and reverse logistics to evaluate and compare greenhouse gas emissions from online and offline apparel sales channels in China, with a particular focus on h...
This research presents an innovative methodology aimed at monitoring jet trajectory during the jetting process using imagery captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This approach seamlessly integrates UAV imagery with an offline learnable prompt...
As omnichannel shopping behavior becomes increasingly popular among consumers, how to leverage the respective advantages and synergies of online and offline channels to retain customers for a long time is an urgent issue for retailers to solve. The p...
Pre-column fluorescent derivatization has been used for the fast quantification of amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. However, it generally requires an offline in-vial derivatization process with multiple derivat...
With the increase in the amount of actual operating data on electric vehicles, how to analyze and process useful information from existing battery charging and discharging data and apply it to subsequent state estimation is worthy of in-depth thinkin...
As online education advances, there is a growing interest in conducting various online courses. However, design thinking education, which heavily relies on active interactions and discussions among team members, has predominantly taken place in offli...
Hybrid electric vehicles can achieve better fuel economy than conventional vehicles by utilizing multiple power sources. While these power sources have been controlled by rule-based or optimization-based control algorithms, recent studies have shown...
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