Image-Based Quantification of Color and Its Machine Vision and Offline Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results
3.1. Dyed T-Shirts
3.2. Methylene Blue (MB) Solutions
3.3. Water Quality Inspection Color Chart
3.4. Tongue Color
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brightness | RGB Values | HSV Values | CIELAB Values | Munsell Color | Average Color | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | Area (Pixel) | Intensity Mean | Intensity StdDev | Red Mean | Red StdDev | Green Mean | Green StdDev | Blue Mean | Blue StdDev | H | S | V | L* | a* | b* | h | V | C | Hex Color Code | Color |
a | 24,742 | 97.1 | 61.0 | 100.2 | 88.8 | 92.4 | 81.3 | 105.0 | 72.5 | 280.0 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 40.2 | 5.7 | −5.7 | 5 P | 3 | 4 | #645C68 | |
b | 21,366 | 115.9 | 34.5 | 87.2 | 31.7 | 121.3 | 37.0 | 135.2 | 35.4 | 197.5 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 48.8 | −8.4 | −11.5 | 7.5 B | 5 | 2 | #577987 | |
c | 25,275 | 136.3 | 32.3 | 205.5 | 25.5 | 89.0 | 36.9 | 163.1 | 35.5 | 321.5 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 54.7 | 54.8 | −17.9 | 2.5 RP | 5 | 12 | #CD58A3 | |
d | 25,365 | 100.7 | 55.9 | 158.0 | 44.9 | 73.2 | 58.5 | 99.8 | 64.1 | 341.6 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 42.7 | 38.1 | 1.9 | 10 RP | 3 | 8 | #9E4963 | |
e | 23,411 | 109.5 | 40.7 | 178.5 | 51.6 | 95.3 | 54.5 | 70.4 | 46.9 | 13.9 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 49.6 | 31.3 | 29.2 | 10 R | 5 | 8 | #B25F46 | |
f | 21,958 | 155.8 | 46.4 | 179.8 | 58.2 | 140.0 | 53.5 | 164.9 | 54.8 | 323.1 | 0.22 | 0.70 | 62.5 | 18.8 | −7.0 | 10 P | 8 | 2 | #B38CA4 | |
g | 19,368 | 189.5 | 25.5 | 227.8 | 20.3 | 214.2 | 23.2 | 103.3 | 42.1 | 53.7 | 0.55 | 0.89 | 84.7 | −9.5 | 55.6 | 7.5 Y | 8 | 8 | #E3D667 | |
h | 23,574 | 102.6 | 56.1 | 81.2 | 61.6 | 108.4 | 67.1 | 113.7 | 52.8 | 189.4 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 43.8 | −8.6 | −6.0 | 10 BG | 3 | 2 | #516C71 | |
i | 24,971 | 92.7 | 40.1 | 102.4 | 74.1 | 76.4 | 46.2 | 117.3 | 55.6 | 278.0 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 36.5 | 19.3 | −19.3 | 5 P | 5 | 6 | #664C75 | |
j | 22,275 | 123.7 | 31.8 | 35.9 | 37.9 | 139.4 | 33.4 | 181.7 | 28.8 | 197.3 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 54.2 | −14.0 | −30.2 | 10 B | 7 | 10 | #238BB5 | |
k | 19,739 | 137.4 | 36.6 | 165.0 | 30.6 | 131.6 | 39.4 | 122.7 | 40.4 | 12.6 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 57.7 | 11.6 | 9.8 | 10 R | 5 | 4 | #A5837A | |
l | 25,247 | 92.9 | 58.7 | 65.3 | 56.0 | 105.0 | 58.7 | 97.9 | 62.3 | 168.0 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 41.4 | −16.1 | 0.0 | 2.5 BG | 4 | 2 | #416961 | |
m | 23,587 | 122.2 | 46.5 | 114.5 | 45.4 | 112.7 | 47.6 | 150.3 | 45.8 | 243.2 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 48.7 | 9.4 | −20.3 | 10 PB | 6 | 2 | #727096 | |
n | 24,079 | 89.6 | 62.3 | 118.5 | 76.1 | 83.7 | 77.5 | 74.1 | 65.2 | 12.3 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 38.8 | 13.3 | 11.1 | 10 R | 5 | 4 | #76534A | |
o | 21,736 | 77.0 | 43.9 | 121.3 | 75.5 | 58.1 | 48.5 | 71.9 | 55.9 | 347.6 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 33.0 | 28.9 | 4.9 | 7.5 RP | 5 | 4 | #793A47 | |
p | 24,273 | 79.3 | 56.0 | 117.1 | 92.3 | 73.7 | 72.5 | 54.1 | 49.8 | 18.1 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 35.6 | 16.5 | 19.1 | 2.5 YR | 4 | 6 | #754936 | |
q | 25,645 | 102.1 | 51.5 | 84.5 | 62.3 | 95.0 | 52.2 | 135.7 | 49.5 | 228.2 | 0.38 | 0.53 | 40.6 | 6.9 | −24.1 | 7.5 PB | 5 | 4 | #545E87 | |
r | 23,373 | 116.8 | 34.9 | 100.3 | 80.0 | 102.8 | 45.2 | 162.8 | 42.9 | 238.1 | 0.38 | 0.64 | 45.4 | 14.5 | −32.7 | 7.5 PB | 2 | 8 | #6466A2 | |
s | 24,780 | 132.8 | 28.7 | 81.2 | 32.5 | 166.1 | 27.0 | 119.3 | 31.0 | 146.8 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 62.0 | −36.9 | 16.6 | 5 G | 7 | 4 | #51A677 | |
t | 23,795 | 144.7 | 24.1 | 143.8 | 24.2 | 144.1 | 24.2 | 148.0 | 23.8 | 228.0 | 0.03 | 0.58 | 59.8 | 0.4 | −2.3 | 7.5 PB | 6 | 4 | #8F9094 | |
u | 22,178 | 132.8 | 26.1 | 97.0 | 31.7 | 182.0 | 22.7 | 71.8 | 32.3 | 106.4 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 66.5 | −46.4 | 47.1 | 10 GY | 8 | 8 | #60B547 | |
v | 20,812 | 164.5 | 28.9 | 153.6 | 63.8 | 171.6 | 36.7 | 162.7 | 58.5 | 150.0 | 0.11 | 0.67 | 68.4 | −8.1 | 2.5 | 7.5 G | 7 | 2 | #99ABA2 | |
w | 22,275 | 119.0 | 46.7 | 88.0 | 54.9 | 109.3 | 54.5 | 171.0 | 46.6 | 224.8 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 46.9 | 9.7 | −35.6 | 7.5 PB | 7 | 6 | #586DAB | |
x | 24,872 | 143.8 | 52.0 | 196.0 | 68.9 | 144.5 | 86.4 | 91.7 | 56.5 | 30.6 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 63.6 | 13.1 | 35.5 | 7.5 YR | 7 | 4 | #C3905B | |
y | 25,236 | 125.0 | 40.3 | 164.7 | 30.6 | 106.0 | 45.5 | 124.6 | 42.1 | 340.7 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 51.2 | 26.3 | −0.7 | 5 RP | 4 | 2 | #A4697C | |
z | 25,609 | 109.0 | 53.3 | 161.4 | 68.9 | 115.9 | 73.4 | 44.3 | 39.6 | 36.4 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 51.9 | 11.1 | 44.8 | 10YR | 7 | 8 | #A1732C | |
aa | 26,092 | 183.5 | 42.9 | 206.9 | 26.6 | 170.2 | 52.1 | 188.3 | 46.0 | 330.0 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 73.2 | 16.1 | −4.3 | 2.5 RP | 7 | 4 | #CEAABC | |
ab | 23,683 | 112.4 | 43.1 | 193.5 | 39.0 | 97.9 | 60.8 | 61.9 | 41.6 | 16.4 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 52.1 | 35.6 | 37.7 | 10 R | 7 | 8 | #C1613D | |
ac | 23,160 | 140.8 | 36.6 | 88.4 | 54.9 | 167.4 | 41.4 | 141.4 | 51.8 | 160.3 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 63.0 | −30.7 | 6.0 | 10 G | 7 | 4 | #58A78D |
Sample ID | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration (ppm) | DW | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10.0 | |
Representing Color | |||||||||
RGB Color | R | 156 | 161 | 154 | 152 | 92 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
G | 167 | 173 | 176 | 178 | 175 | 164 | 154 | 141 | |
B | 171 | 178 | 182 | 183 | 187 | 189 | 186 | 178 | |
Average ** | 165 | 171 | 172 | 172 | 157 | 129 | 124 | 115 | |
HSV Color | H | 196 | 197.6 | 192.9 | 189.7 | 187.6 | 188 | 190.4 | 192.7 |
S | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98 | |
V | 0.67 | 0.7 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.7 | |
CIELAB Color | L | 67.8 | 70 | 70.4 | 70.8 | 66.9 | 61.9 | 58.7 | 54.3 |
a | −3.06 | −3.18 | −6.29 | −7.8 | −21.91 | −26.39 | −22.26 | −18.15 | |
b | −3.4 | −4.01 | −5.63 | −5.54 | −13.92 | −22.89 | −26.1 | −28.26 | |
Munsell Color | Munsell-h | 7.5B | 7.5B | 5B | 5B | 2.5B | 2.5B | 2.5B | 7.5B |
V | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 6 | |
C | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | |
Hexadecimal Color | Color Code | #9CA7AB | #A1ADB2 | #9AB0B6 | #98B2B7 | #5CAFBB | #01A4BD | #029ABA | #038DB2 |
R | G | B | Average ** | H | S | V | HexCode | Color | Remarks | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Hardness | Pre Test | 64 | 43 | 160 | 77.5 | 250.8 | 0.73 | 0.63 | #402BA0 | Pre Test | |
0 | 4 | 25 | 146 | 50.0 | 231.1 | 0.97 | 0.57 | #041992 | Low | ||
100 | 39 | 56 | 171 | 80.5 | 232.3 | 0.77 | 0.67 | #2738AB | Low | ||
250 | 66 | 43 | 158 | 77.5 | 252.0 | 0.73 | 0.62 | #422B9E | OK | ||
500 | 135 | 59 | 158 | 102.8 | 286.1 | 0.63 | 0.62 | #873B9E | OK | ||
1000 | 145 | 32 | 139 | 87.0 | 303.2 | 0.78 | 0.57 | #91208B | High | ||
Total Chlorine (ppm) Total Bromine | Pre Test | 188 | 220 | 150 | 194.5 | 87.4 | 0.32 | 0.86 | #BCDC96 | Pre test | |
0 | 254 | 255 | 168 | 233.0 | 60.7 | 0.34 | 1.00 | #FEFFA8 | |||
0.5 | 241 | 254 | 171 | 230.0 | 69.4 | 0.33 | 1.00 | #F1FEAB | |||
1 | 232 | 246 | 159 | 220.8 | 69.7 | 0.35 | 0.96 | #E8F69F | OK | ||
3 | 185 | 216 | 139 | 189.0 | 84.2 | 0.36 | 0.85 | #B9D88B | Ideal | ||
5 | 146 | 197 | 121 | 165.3 | 100.3 | 0.39 | 0.77 | #92C579 | OK | ||
10 | 77 | 162 | 97 | 124.5 | 134.1 | 0.52 | 0.64 | #4DA261 | |||
Free Chroline (ppm) | Pre Test | 184 | 160 | 226 | 182.5 | 261.8 | 0.29 | 0.89 | #B8A0E2 | Pre Test | |
0 | 254 | 253 | 206 | 241.5 | 58.8 | 0.19 | 1.00 | #FEFDCE | Low | ||
0.5 | 246 | 249 | 228 | 243.0 | 68.6 | 0.08 | 0.98 | #F6F9E4 | Low | ||
1 | 231 | 223 | 217 | 223.5 | 25.7 | 0.06 | 0.91 | #E7DFD9 | Poor | ||
3 | 173 | 139 | 208 | 164.8 | 269.6 | 0.33 | 0.82 | #AD8BD0 | Spa OK | ||
5 | 159 | 106 | 189 | 140.0 | 278.3 | 0.44 | 0.74 | #9F6ABD | Spa OK | ||
10 | 128 | 29 | 153 | 84.8 | 287.9 | 0.81 | 0.60 | #801D99 | High | ||
pH | Pre Test | 225 | 79 | 37 | 105.0 | 13.4 | 0.84 | 0.88 | #E14F25 | Pre Test | |
6.2 | 242 | 174 | 63 | 163.3 | 37.2 | 0.74 | 0.95 | #F2AE3F | Low | ||
6.8 | 235 | 106 | 45 | 123.0 | 19.3 | 0.81 | 0.92 | #EB6A2D | Low | ||
7.2 | 227 | 54 | 37 | 93.0 | 5.4 | 0.84 | 0.89 | #E33625 | OK | ||
7.8 | 224 | 45 | 33 | 86.8 | 3.8 | 0.85 | 0.88 | #E02D21 | OK | ||
8.4 | 214 | 45 | 34 | 84.5 | 3.7 | 0.84 | 0.84 | #D62D22 | High | ||
Total Alkalinity (ppm) | Pre Test | 91 | 116 | 71 | 98.5 | 93.3 | 0.39 | 0.45 | #5B7447 | Pre Test | |
0 | 229 | 190 | 66 | 168.8 | 45.6 | 0.71 | 0.90 | #E5BE42 | Low | ||
40 | 163 | 168 | 53 | 138.0 | 62.6 | 0.68 | 0.66 | #A3A835 | Low | ||
80 | 138 | 158 | 60 | 128.5 | 72.2 | 0.62 | 0.62 | #8A9E3C | OK | ||
120 | 73 | 110 | 57 | 87.5 | 101.9 | 0.48 | 0.43 | #496E39 | OK | ||
180 | 35 | 82 | 48 | 61.8 | 136.6 | 0.57 | 0.32 | #235230 | High | ||
240 | 35 | 88 | 98 | 77.3 | 189.5 | 0.64 | 0.38 | #235862 | High | ||
Cyanuric Acid (ppm) | Pre Test | 205 | 99 | 37 | 110.0 | 22.1 | 0.82 | 0.80 | #CD6325 | Pre Test | |
0 | 229 | 136 | 49 | 137.5 | 29.0 | 0.79 | 0.90 | #E58831 | Low | ||
30–50 | 207 | 93 | 38 | 107.8 | 19.5 | 0.82 | 0.81 | #CF5D26 | OK | ||
100 | 190 | 38 | 32 | 74.5 | 2.3 | 0.83 | 0.75 | #BE2620 | OK | ||
150 | 177 | 37 | 124 | 93.8 | 322.7 | 0.79 | 0.69 | #B1257C | High | ||
300 | 121 | 27 | 127 | 75.5 | 296.4 | 0.79 | 0.50 | #791B7F | High |
No. | Region of Interest | Area (Pixel) | Red | Green | Green | Hexadecimal Color | HSV | CIELAB | Munsell Color | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min | Max | Range | Stdev | Mean | Min | Max | Range | Stdev | Mean | Min | Max | Range | Stdev | Hex Code | Color | H | S | V | L* | a* | b* | h | V | C | |||
1 | Heart | 5495 | 202.6 | 47 | 227 | 180 | 30.9 | 105.7 | 81 | 217 | 136 | 12.7 | 106.1 | 67 | 230 | 163 | 18.0 | #CA696A | 359.4 | 0.48 | 0.79 | 55.8 | 38.5 | 17.1 | 2.5 R | 7 | 6 | |
2 | Lung | 19,641 | 214.5 | 47 | 244 | 197 | 24.1 | 122.3 | 82 | 217 | 135 | 12.0 | 123.3 | 82 | 230 | 148 | 13.0 | #D67A7B | 359.3 | 0.43 | 0.84 | 61.3 | 35.8 | 15.2 | 2.5 R | 7 | 6 | |
3 | Spleen, Stomach | 11,939 | 215.8 | 47 | 252 | 205 | 39.7 | 129.7 | 82 | 220 | 138 | 16.5 | 130.9 | 88 | 230 | 142 | 15.8 | #D78182 | 359.3 | 0.4 | 0.84 | 63.1 | 33.3 | 13.8 | 2.5 R | 7 | 6 | |
4 | Liver, Gallbladder (Left) | 49,115 | 227.7 | 47 | 255 | 208 | 21.0 | 150.3 | 82 | 225 | 143 | 17.7 | 150.1 | 113 | 230 | 117 | 17.4 | #E39696 | 0 | 0.34 | 0.89 | 69.7 | 29.0 | 12.0 | 5 R | 6 | 2 | |
5 | Liver, Gallbladder (Right) | 12,972 | 224.4 | 47 | 255 | 208 | 21.8 | 135.4 | 82 | 217 | 135 | 15.7 | 133.5 | 87 | 230 | 143 | 16.0 | #E08785 | 1.3 | 0.41 | 0.88 | 65.6 | 33.8 | 15.7 | 5 R | 6 | 10 | |
6 | Kidney, Bladder, Intestines | 28,219 | 205.0 | 47 | 255 | 208 | 32.5 | 129.5 | 26 | 217 | 191 | 28.9 | 126.9 | 29 | 230 | 201 | 29.9 | #CD817E | 2.3 | 0.39 | 0.8 | 61.8 | 29.0 | 14.0 | 2.5 R | 8 | 4 |
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Yoo, W.S.; Kang, K.; Kim, J.G.; Yoo, Y. Image-Based Quantification of Color and Its Machine Vision and Offline Applications. Technologies 2023, 11, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020049
Yoo WS, Kang K, Kim JG, Yoo Y. Image-Based Quantification of Color and Its Machine Vision and Offline Applications. Technologies. 2023; 11(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Woo Sik, Kitaek Kang, Jung Gon Kim, and Yeongsik Yoo. 2023. "Image-Based Quantification of Color and Its Machine Vision and Offline Applications" Technologies 11, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11020049