Proceedings

16 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Management by Objectives (MBO) in the Greek Local Government: An Empirical Study on the Municipalities of the Central Macedonia Region (Part I)

by Maria Liozidou and Amalia Stafyla

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111017 - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

This article presents the first part of an empirical study on the implementation of Management by Objectives (MBO) in Greek local governance. Focusing on the 38 municipalities of the Region of Central Macedonia, the study investigated the degree of MBO implementation, its main [...] Read more.

This article presents the first part of an empirical study on the implementation of Management by Objectives (MBO) in Greek local governance. Focusing on the 38 municipalities of the Region of Central Macedonia, the study investigated the degree of MBO implementation, its main characteristics, and its specific features. This research is considered original in its scope and type. Data were collected via an online questionnaire with closed-ended questions from a sample of 222 participants, primarily municipal employees. Results indicate that only 3.6% of the municipalities fully implement MBO, while 29.3% implement it partially or use an alternative process. Beyond identifying the necessary conditions and initiatives for successful MBO implementation, the research also explores MBO’s contributions and key obstacles hindering its full implementation in Greek local governance. Full article

5 pages, 169 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: XVIII International Seminars on Overarching Issues of the European Area: “Building Sustainable and Resilient Territories”

by Helena Pina, Felisbela Martins, Diogo Miguel Pinto and André Samora-Arvela

Proceedings 2025, 113(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025113021 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

In the wake of the pandemic and amidst ongoing global conflicts, our interconnected world is grappling with significant challenges [...] Full article

1 pages, 121 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Juliana Gerard, Morgan Macleod, Adina Camelia Bleotu and Muskaan Singh

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114009 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

3 pages, 132 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface to ‘Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress’

by Muskaan Singh, Juliana Gerard, Muhammad Usman Hadi, Morgan Macleod, Kelly Norwood, Antoine Rivoire, Jocelyn Dautel, Zhiwei Lin, Aisling Reid, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Caitlin Meyer and Adina Camelia Bleotu

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114007 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

‘Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress’ was an online workshop dedicated to exploring the innovative and transformative role of generative AI in education [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

7 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Degree of Satisfaction of Vulnerable Social Groups with the Social Services of the Local Government: The Case of the Roma of the Municipality of Heraklia Serron

by Georgia Trentsiou, Dimitris Pascaloudis and Despoina Nalbanti

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111016 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

During the last few years, the local government in Greece has been at the center of continuous reforms in both its political and administrative operations. In general, a systematic expansion of its responsibilities has been observed, which has also included the exercise of [...] Read more.

During the last few years, the local government in Greece has been at the center of continuous reforms in both its political and administrative operations. In general, a systematic expansion of its responsibilities has been observed, which has also included the exercise of social policy, which is based on European and national strategies and includes programs for the social integration of the Roma, one of the largest national minorities in the European region. The aim of this article is to present the satisfaction level of vulnerable social groups with the services provided by the local government. In particular, this article examines the case of the Roma of the Municipality of Heraklia as an empirical example in order to reveal the strong and weak topics of social policy which is practiced by this particular municipality. This paper is based on a quantitative method, and the sample comprises 91 Roma people, beneficiaries of the social services of the Municipality of Heraklia. According to the results, the level of satisfaction is high, especially with the services of the Department of Social Protection, Education and Culture and the community center of the Municipality of Heraklia. However, this particular social group needs more services in more social areas. Full article

4 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Railway Tourism and Sustainability in Águeda

by Eunice Duarte, Diogo M. Pinto and Helena Pina

Proceedings 2025, 113(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025113020 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable tourism is evident in regions like Águeda, Center of Portugal, where the Historic Vouga Train attracts a significant number of visitors. This study analyzes the intersection of this historic train’s use and sustainability principles, focusing on tourist demand. [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable tourism is evident in regions like Águeda, Center of Portugal, where the Historic Vouga Train attracts a significant number of visitors. This study analyzes the intersection of this historic train’s use and sustainability principles, focusing on tourist demand. The methodology includes analyzing news from 2020 to 2023 and CP’s passenger data. The findings show the train boosts tourism in Águeda, attracting visitors keen on historical and cultural preservation. Sustainable initiatives such as promoting public transport and minimizing environmental impact are highlighted. This study underscores the importance of integrating railway heritage preservation with sustainability goals to foster local economic development. Full article

5 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Enhancing Climate Resilience Through Aligned Municipal Strategies

by Madalena Cabeleira and Ana Paula Oliveira

Proceedings 2025, 113(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025113019 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Cities are increasingly vulnerable to climate change, prompting many municipalities to adopt Municipal Strategic Plans for the Adaptation to Climate Change (MSPACC). The success of these plans depends on coordinated efforts, particularly from Municipal Civil Protection Services (MCPS), which play a key role [...] Read more.

Cities are increasingly vulnerable to climate change, prompting many municipalities to adopt Municipal Strategic Plans for the Adaptation to Climate Change (MSPACC). The success of these plans depends on coordinated efforts, particularly from Municipal Civil Protection Services (MCPS), which play a key role in climate adaptation. To assess their involvement, a survey of MCPS coordinators was conducted, yielding 279 responses (90.6% of all Portuguese MCPS). Statistical analysis revealed that 53.4% were familiar with adaptation strategies, with 59.1% identifying MSPACC development and implementation as a key approach. Additionally, 63.4% acknowledged that climate risks were anticipated in their Municipal Civil Protection Emergency Plans (MCPEP). However, findings highlighted a critical misalignment between MSPACC and MCPEP, potentially weakening both adaptation and mitigation efforts. Bridging this gap through integrated planning and collaboration is essential to strengthening municipal resilience and safeguarding communities. Full article

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11 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Communication Between Auditors and Taxpayers in the Context of the Preventive Audit

by Anna Varvariotou, Iordanis Kotzaivazoglou, Ioannis Stergiou, Alkiviadis Karagiorgos and Theodoros Maroudas

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111015 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Auditing stands to be a strong enforcement mechanism in bringing tax compliance, safeguards public revenue and is strongly influenced by communication between auditors and audited taxpayers. This present work studied the opinions of auditors of the auditing body of the Public Revenue Research [...] Read more.

Auditing stands to be a strong enforcement mechanism in bringing tax compliance, safeguards public revenue and is strongly influenced by communication between auditors and audited taxpayers. This present work studied the opinions of auditors of the auditing body of the Public Revenue Research and Assurance Services (Y.E.D.D.E.) in order to investigate the communication between them and the taxpayers in the context of the preventive audit. Primary research was conducted. Findings from previous research were utilized and a questionnaire was used to collect primary data. The survey was conducted all over Greece by randomly sampling 120 auditors. This study provides useful insights for policymakers and implies that investigating the causes of taxpayers’ aggressiveness, providing lifelong education to auditors, enhancing collaboration between auditors and the fairness and efficiency of the tax system would have a beneficial effect on the communication between tax auditors and taxpayers and thus on tax compliance. Full article

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5 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

The Role of Parish Councils in Georeferencing for Emergency Planning: Approach and Methods

by Andreia Rodrigues, Aldina Santiago, Domingos Xavier Viegas and José Luís Zêzere

Proceedings 2025, 113(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025113018 - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

Rural fires are becoming increasingly impactful, not only due to their rapid and intense spread but also because of the growing number of people affected. In Portugal, numerous remote housing clusters are difficult to access and are primarily occupied by seniors or individuals [...] Read more.

Rural fires are becoming increasingly impactful, not only due to their rapid and intense spread but also because of the growing number of people affected. In Portugal, numerous remote housing clusters are difficult to access and are primarily occupied by seniors or individuals with disabilities. These areas are situated in high-risk wildfire zones. Therefore, it is crucial to document the locations of the individuals who are most at risk to ensure that relief efforts can be focused on and directed towards them in case of emergency. The aim of this paper is to propose an inventory plan for communities at risk of wildfire, requiring the involvement of parish councils. The plan involves the use of simple and cost-free georeferencing tools (such as Mymaps of Google) to enable these organizations to assist in municipal emergency planning and facilitate the exchange of real-time information. The outcomes of this paper will be demonstrated in three parishes in mainland Portugal, where the key benefits and limitations were identified. The goal is to enhance the project for potential replication in other areas. Full article

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8 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Teaching Critical Thinking in Sport Sociology

by Conor Heffernan

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114008 - 18 Mar 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Can Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer or “ChatGPT” and other Large Language Models (LLMs) be used to create challenging and creative assignments for undergraduate students? This article explores the use of ChatGPT as an interview proxy for students. Drawing inspiration from the medical community’s [...] Read more.

Can Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer or “ChatGPT” and other Large Language Models (LLMs) be used to create challenging and creative assignments for undergraduate students? This article explores the use of ChatGPT as an interview proxy for students. Drawing inspiration from the medical community’s concept of the simulated patient, ChatGPT was employed to act as an imagined proxy for a figure from the world of sports. Students in an undergraduate “Politics of Sport” course conducted interviews with the ChatGPT proxy using questions derived from peer-reviewed academic research. The assignment had two main objectives: to challenge students to engage meaningfully with academic research and apply it to real-world situations by simulating real-world conditions and to help students consider the limitations of ChatGPT when handling real-world scenarios. Despite some issues that arose during the module, student feedback and coursework indicated that this approach was engaging, fun, and creative for students. It is suggested that this method could be effectively applied across various academic disciplines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

17 pages, 3690 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

HRM Practices and Their Impact on Job Satisfaction: Evidence from the Public Sector in Greece

by Maria Mamaki and Michail Pazarskis

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111014 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to investigate human resource management (HRM) practices and their effects on the job satisfaction of public sector employees in Greece. More specifically, a survey was carried out via a structured questionnaire distributed to all the employees of [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper was to investigate human resource management (HRM) practices and their effects on the job satisfaction of public sector employees in Greece. More specifically, a survey was carried out via a structured questionnaire distributed to all the employees of the Regional Administration of Crete (Region of Crete), who were selected as research samples. The results of the survey showed a good level of job satisfaction, but a moderate level of satisfaction from the HRM practices of the organization. However, a strong correlation between HRM practices and job satisfaction was statistically proven. Furthermore, significant correlations were identified between specific demographic variables or certain occupational features and the levels of satisfaction from both the job and the HRM practices. In conclusion, the research suggested that there were areas that must be emphasized and problems to be addressed by the top management. These, among others, were the improvement of evaluation procedures, the promotion of fair treatment, and the better planning of development of human resources. Full article

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6 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Accounting-Based Analysis of the Size Effect of Local Government Organizations on Their Post-Merger Performance: Evidence from Greece

by Nikolaos Giovanis, Aikaterini Chasiotou and Michail Pazarskis

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111013 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of mergers on the performance of local government organizations (LGOs) in Greece, using public accounting. More specifically, this research analyzes the progress of performance at several LGOs (municipalities) by employing accounting-based data (derived [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of mergers on the performance of local government organizations (LGOs) in Greece, using public accounting. More specifically, this research analyzes the progress of performance at several LGOs (municipalities) by employing accounting-based data (derived from the statements of LGOs) after the mergers that took place in Greece and tries to identify the existence or non-existence of differences in their performance that is possibly due to their different sizes, based on total revenues of municipalities in Greece. The obtained results indicate that medium-size LGOs present a better performance in all financial ratios and public accounting metrics. The present research can provide an important framework for further analysis and study of differences in the implementation of public economic policies after mergers in LGOs. Full article

7 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Detecting Discontinuities in the Distribution of Earnings Around Zero as an Indication of Earnings Management

by Ioanna Malkogianni and Dimitrios Kourtidis

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111012 - 10 Mar 2025

Abstract

This manuscript aims to investigate whether Greek public hospitals engage in earnings management practices in order to avoid great deficits or surpluses. For this purpose, the bootstrap kernel density estimation was used in order to detect discontinuities at the distribution of earnings around [...] Read more.

This manuscript aims to investigate whether Greek public hospitals engage in earnings management practices in order to avoid great deficits or surpluses. For this purpose, the bootstrap kernel density estimation was used in order to detect discontinuities at the distribution of earnings around zero. The sample consists of 1110 financial statements of Greek public hospitals for the period 2009–2020. By using the bootstrap kernel density estimation, we revealed that Greek public hospitals engage in EM techniques to report positive earnings close to zero in order to enforce their primary role, which is contribution to social welfare. This research expands the literature on EM by offering insights regarding the quality of net earnings that Greek public hospitals report. Full article

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8 pages, 886 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Best Practices for the Responsible Adoption of Generative AI in Higher Education

by Alexander Mikroyannidis, Audrey Ekuban, Joseph Kwarteng and John Domingue

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114006 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a set of best practices for the responsible adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education. These best practices provide a comprehensive framework for higher education institutions to effectively and ethically integrate Generative AI into their teaching [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a set of best practices for the responsible adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in higher education. These best practices provide a comprehensive framework for higher education institutions to effectively and ethically integrate Generative AI into their teaching and learning practices. The framework prioritises a responsible and human-centred approach, alongside pedagogical soundness, careful planning, transparency, as well as content quality. By exploring the responsible adoption of Generative AI in higher education, we seek to provide scalable, personalised learning experiences for large cohorts of students. Our research focuses on harnessing Generative AI to offer tailored educational content and generate constructive feedback for students. Additionally, by adhering to responsible AI practices, we aim to address challenges such as misinformation, copyright violations, and bias. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

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16 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Digital Revolution at the Service of Public Action: Managing by Creating Communication Channels of Innovation

by Aspasia Chita

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111011 - 5 Mar 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, the concept of innovation has gained prominence in the public sector as governments, facing economic constraints, seek solutions to increasingly complex problems. Innovation has emerged as a potential strategy to address these challenges, despite the significant obstacles it poses to [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the concept of innovation has gained prominence in the public sector as governments, facing economic constraints, seek solutions to increasingly complex problems. Innovation has emerged as a potential strategy to address these challenges, despite the significant obstacles it poses to traditional bureaucratic structures. Nevertheless, the notion of innovation has become widespread globally. This paper aims to explore the sources of innovation and the potential pathways for its effective consolidation. It advocates for a “human-centered” approach to ensure successful integration and demonstrates that innovation is the result of a multifaceted creative process. The consolidation of innovation, as argued, hinges on the credibility of its source—specifically, public administration. Consequently, political and administrative leadership must be persuaded to invest in innovative communication channels, both internal and external, to foster organizational flexibility and adaptability. Full article

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2 pages, 123 KiB

Open AccessAbstract

Nanoscale Imaging of Human Milk Cells

by Qiongxiang Lin, Sharon L. Perrella, Ashleigh H. Warden, Cameron W. Evans, Donna T. Geddes, Leon R. Mitoulas, Haibo Jiang, Kai Chen and Killugudi Swaminatha Iyer

Proceedings 2025, 112(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025112023 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Human milk is a complex biofluid containing a diverse array of cells crucial for infant health. Despite their importance, our understanding of these cells remains incomplete due to technical challenges. To fully comprehend human milk cells, high-resolution imaging technologies that can directly measure [...] Read more.

Human milk is a complex biofluid containing a diverse array of cells crucial for infant health. Despite their importance, our understanding of these cells remains incomplete due to technical challenges. To fully comprehend human milk cells, high-resolution imaging technologies that can directly measure biological processes are required. We have developed a specialized imaging platform combining light and electron microscopy for human milk cell imaging. To identify different cell types, human milk cells were first stained with several specific cell markers (e.g., EpCAM and MUC1 for lactocytes, CD16 and CD66b for neutrophils, and HLA-DR and CD68 for macrophages) prior to light (confocal) microscopy. Following this, the same cells were processed with osmium staining, resin embedding, and sectioning for electron microscopy, allowing us to observe ultrastructural details. Our imaging workflow has enabled nanoscale visualization of human milk cells, resulting in a first-of-its-kind comprehensive database profiling the organelle-level ultrastructure of different cell types present in human milk. The cells in the human milk are highly heterogenous, featuring a large proportion of lactocytes and lipid droplets, binucleated lactocytes, neutrophil aggregation, neutrophil extracellular traps, dendritic cells/macrophages with bacteria, and immunophagocytosis. This study provides valuable cellular insights contributing to a deeper understanding of human milk biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Australian Breastfeeding + Lactation Research and Science Translation Conference 2024)

11 pages, 341 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Integrity Advisor as a Reference Point in Cases of Violation of the Principle of Gender Equality in the Greek Public Administration

by Dimitris Folinas, Zafeiro Fragkaki, Aspasia Tsaoussi and Dimitris Mylonas

Proceedings 2024, 111(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024111010 - 27 Feb 2025

Abstract

Gender equality is a fundamental principle that forms the basis of modern society. In the context of the Greek Public Administration, the promotion of gender equality is highlighted as a priority. However, despite efforts, incidents of violation of this principle continue to occur. [...] Read more.

Gender equality is a fundamental principle that forms the basis of modern society. In the context of the Greek Public Administration, the promotion of gender equality is highlighted as a priority. However, despite efforts, incidents of violation of this principle continue to occur. In this context, the Integrity Advisor is emerging as an important tool for addressing incidents of gender equality violations, being the guardian of coherence and transparency in the public sector. The Integrity Advisor represents the ‘guardian’ of values and ethical principles within the public administration. His/her role focuses on ensuring that public organizations comply with the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethics. In this context, the violation of the principle of gender equality emerges as a specific area of intervention for the Integrity Advisor. The institutionalization of the Integrity Advisor is an innovative attempt to create an institution capable of helping any public body to ‘confide’ problems that have been identified in its environment and to mediate their management, the possible finding of a solution, or their referral to the appropriate authorities. The Integrity Advisor is required to develop a strong channel of communication with public sector employees and executives to establish a sense of security and trust among all. Full article

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14 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Insights Gained from Using AI to Produce Cases for Problem-Based Learning

by Enjy Abouzeid and Patricia Harris

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114005 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Ulster University’s School of Medicine embraces a problem-based learning (PBL) approach, yet crafting scenarios for this method poses challenges, requiring collaboration among medical and academic experts who are often difficult to convene. This obstacle can compromise scenario quality and ultimately impede students’ learning [...] Read more.

Ulster University’s School of Medicine embraces a problem-based learning (PBL) approach, yet crafting scenarios for this method poses challenges, requiring collaboration among medical and academic experts who are often difficult to convene. This obstacle can compromise scenario quality and ultimately impede students’ learning experiences. To address this issue, the school trialed the use of AI technology to develop a case scenario focusing on headaches caused by cerebral haemorrhage. The process involved a dialogue between a single “author” and ChatGPT, with their outputs combined into a complete clinical case adhering to the school’s standard template. Six experienced PBL tutors conducted quality checks on the scenario. The tutors did not immediately endorse its use, recommending further enhancements. Suggestions included updating terminology, names, spelling, and protocols to align with current best practices, providing additional explanations such as interventions and improvements post-initial stability, incorporating real scans instead of descriptions, reviewing symptoms and timelines for realism, and addressing comprehension issues by refraining from directly providing answers and including probing questions instead. From this trial, several valuable lessons were learned: AI can assist a single author in crafting medical scenarios, easing the challenges of organizing expert teams. However, the author’s role shifts to reviewing and enhancing depth, guided by a template, with clinician input crucial for authenticity. ChatGPT respects patient data privacy and confidentiality by abstaining from providing scanned images, and while AI can generate discussion questions for tutorials, it may require modification to enhance specificity and provoke critical thought. Furthermore, AI can generate multiple-choice questions and compile reading resources to support self-directed learning. Overall, adopting AI technology can improve efficiency in the case-writing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

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9 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Double-Edged Sword of Anthropomorphism in LLMs

by Madeline G. Reinecke, Fransisca Ting, Julian Savulescu and Ilina Singh

Proceedings 2025, 114(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025114004 - 26 Feb 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Humans may have evolved to be “hyperactive agency detectors”. Upon hearing a rustle in a pile of leaves, it would be safer to assume that an agent, like a lion, hides beneath (even if there may ultimately be nothing there). Can this evolutionary [...] Read more.

Humans may have evolved to be “hyperactive agency detectors”. Upon hearing a rustle in a pile of leaves, it would be safer to assume that an agent, like a lion, hides beneath (even if there may ultimately be nothing there). Can this evolutionary cognitive mechanism—and related mechanisms of anthropomorphism—explain some of people’s contemporary experience with using chatbots (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini)? In this paper, we sketch how such mechanisms may engender the seemingly irresistible anthropomorphism of large language-based chatbots. We then explore the implications of this within the educational context. Specifically, we argue that people’s tendency to perceive a “mind in the machine” is a double-edged sword for educational progress: Though anthropomorphism can facilitate motivation and learning, it may also lead students to trust—and potentially over-trust—content generated by chatbots. To be sure, students do seem to recognize that LLM-generated content may, at times, be inaccurate. We argue, however, that the rise of anthropomorphism towards chatbots will only serve to further camouflage these inaccuracies. We close by considering how research can turn towards aiding students in becoming digitally literate—avoiding the pitfalls caused by perceiving agency and humanlike mental states in chatbots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Online Workshop on Adaptive Education: Harnessing AI for Academic Progress)

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