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463 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
9,706 Views
15 Pages

Community-Based Monitoring in Response to Local Concerns: Creating Usable Knowledge for Water Management in Rural Land

  • Adriana C. Flores-Díaz,
  • Alexander Quevedo Chacón,
  • Rosaura Páez Bistrain,
  • M. Isabel Ramírez and
  • Alejandra Larrazábal

24 April 2018

Water resources around the world are being affected by increasing demand for human consumption as well as by industrial and agricultural use. Water quality has an impact on our quality of life, so effective monitoring provides the necessary data to a...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,831 Views
17 Pages

20 May 2021

The performance of an air-source heat pump water-heater (ASHPWH) system manufactured by Kronoterm was benchmarked in this study for the application of dairy farming in Ireland. The COP of the system was calculated to be 2.27 under normal operating co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Sector: Opportunities and Sustainability Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,726 Views
18 Pages

18 March 2023

The typology of inland water bodies remains a topical issue in limnology. Numerous classifications of freshwater habitats have been proposed, but none of them has gained the universal acceptance. Current global changes and the increasing human impact...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Environmental Changes and Human Activity on Aquatic Ecological Diversity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,168 Views
19 Pages

Physiological and Metabolic Effects of the Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Solanum tuberosum Crops under Water Stress

  • Analía Valdebenito,
  • Javiera Nahuelcura,
  • Christian Santander,
  • Pablo Cornejo and ,
  • Boris Contreras,
  • Sergio Gómez-Alonso and
  • Antonieta Ruiz
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

27 September 2022

Solanum tuberosum is one of the most important crops in the world; however, drought has caused significant losses in its production. One solution is the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In this study, the phenolic profiles and antioxidant a...

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Metabolism under Stress)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,106 Views
19 Pages

Ecological Flow Assessment: Balancing Trout and Grayling Habitat Ecology and Hydroelectric Production

  • Raphaël Angeles,
  • Patrick Della Croce,
  • Federico Ferrario and
  • Giovanni De Cesare

31 October 2024

In light of Switzerland’s 2050 energy goals, the nation aims to boost its domestic hydroelectric output, notably focusing on small-scale hydroelectric power plants. Concurrently, there is an effort to renovate hydroelectric plants to make them...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,817 Views
10 Pages

Usability of IoT and Open Data Repositories for Analyzing Water Pollution. A Case Study in the Czech Republic

  • Jan Pavlík,
  • Markéta Hrnčírová,
  • Michal Stočes,
  • Jan Masner and
  • Jiří Vaněk

Recently, the process of data opening has intensified, especially thanks to the involvement of many institutions that have not yet shared their data. Some entities provided data to the public long before the trend of open data was pushed to a wider l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,473 Views
13 Pages

17 December 2021

The significant challenges in the use of cellulose as a replacement for plastic are its mechanical properties’ degradation and uncontrolled deformation during the rewetting process. Herein, inspired by the reinforcement of cellulose by lignin i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
64 Citations
11,785 Views
17 Pages

Reported Energy Intake Accuracy Compared to Doubly Labeled Water and Usability of the Mobile Food Record among Community Dwelling Adults

  • Carol J. Boushey,
  • Melissa Spoden,
  • Edward J. Delp,
  • Fengqing Zhu and ,
  • Marc Bosch,
  • Ziad Ahmad,
  • Yurii B. Shvetsov,
  • James P. DeLany and
  • Deborah A. Kerr
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

22 March 2017

The mobile Food Record (mFR) is an image-based dietary assessment method for mobile devices. The study primary aim was to test the accuracy of the mFR by comparing reported energy intake (rEI) to total energy expenditure (TEE) using the doubly labele...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology Based Approaches to Dietary Intake Assessment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,057 Views
18 Pages

23 December 2023

Water scarcity and quality deterioration, driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and intensive industrial and agricultural activities, emphasize the urgency for effective water management. This study aims to develop a model to comprehensive...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence in Inland Waters Monitoring)
  • Article
  • Open Access
230 Views
16 Pages

A Serious Game for Learning About Water Conservation in a Science Museum Setting: An Evaluation Study

  • Iolie Nicolaidou,
  • Christina Karanikola,
  • Andrea Moisa,
  • Loizos Aristeidis and ,
  • Christiana Tourapi and
  • Marlen Vasquez
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

In water-scarce countries, students need to develop prosocial behaviors in relation to water conservation and sustainability. Studies that used games to develop water conservation skills for primary school students did not use digital games; they foc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology-Enhanced Game-Based Approaches in Education: Learning, Emotions, and Motivation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,356 Views
9 Pages

An Evaluation of the Water Quality Characteristics of Shipboard Sewage Disposal and Usability Based on Water Quality Enhancement

  • Young-Ik Choi,
  • Hyeon-Jo Ji,
  • Dae-Yeol Shin,
  • Sana Mansoor and ,
  • Min-Ji Kwan,
  • Seung-Chul Lee,
  • Jin-Hee Jung,
  • Byung-Gil Jung,
  • Nak-Chang Sung and
  • Jei-Pil Wang
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

26 January 2019

International Maritime Organization recognizes vessel-induced pollution as a global issue. The designation of the Baltic Sea as the special uncontaminated area was the beginning of the regulations for preventing marine pollution. In this regard, a pr...

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science and Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
6,566 Views
19 Pages

Participatory Design of Nature-Based Solutions: Usability of Tools for Water Professionals

  • Borjana Bogatinoska,
  • Angelique Lansu,
  • Jean Hugé and
  • Stefan C. Dekker

Participatory processes provide opportunities for water professionals such as scientists and policymakers and other stakeholders such as the local communities and farmers to meet, exchange information, deliberate, and share values. There is a diversi...

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
678 Views
20 Pages

20 March 2026

This study investigates the applicability of alternative low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant blends in water-source heat pump systems. Binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures were generated using REFPROP 10 to identify suitable candidates....

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Emissions in the Energy Sector: Trends, Challenges, and Solutions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,088 Views
13 Pages

Evaluation of the Methodology to Assess the Influence of Hydraulic Characteristics on Habitat Quality

  • Zuzana Štefunková,
  • Viliam Macura,
  • Andrej Škrinár,
  • Martina Majorošová and ,
  • Gréta Doláková,
  • Peter Halaj and
  • Timea Petrová
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

15 April 2020

The article aims at assessing the impact of hydraulic characteristics on the habitat quality of mountain and piedmont watercourses. The solution results from the Riverine Habitat Simulation model, where the quality of the aquatic habitat is represent...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
5,794 Views
14 Pages

Hydrological Drought in Dongting Lake Area (China) after the Running of Three Gorges Dam and a Possible Solution

  • Yizhuang Liu,
  • Shu-Qing Yang,
  • Changbo Jiang,
  • Yuannan Long and ,
  • Bin Deng and
  • Shixiong Yan
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 September 2020

Dongting Lake is located at the downstream of Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and the hydrological drought is intensified after the impoundment of TGD as the dry period has been extended from 123 days/year before the operation of TGD (1981–2002) to 141 days/y...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Impact on Freshwater Water Resources: Rivers and Lakes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,897 Views
16 Pages

27 March 2024

This research investigated the suitability of using sludge from the treatment of drinking water in hot mix asphalt (HMA) as a filler material. The storage and environmental impact of sludge is an enormous problem, especially for countries with large...

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,426 Views
15 Pages

19 March 2020

Subzero automotive cold-starts of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks require accelerated thermal rises to achieve nominal operating conditions and close-to-instantaneous usable output power. Advances in the material, structure and oper...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs))
  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,046 Views
34 Pages

Consistency of Radiometric Satellite Data over Lakes and Coastal Waters with Local Field Measurements

  • Krista Alikas,
  • Ilmar Ansko,
  • Viktor Vabson,
  • Ave Ansper and ,
  • Kersti Kangro,
  • Kristi Uudeberg and
  • Martin Ligi
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

12 February 2020

The Sentinel-3 mission launched its first satellite Sentinel-3A in 2016 to be followed by Sentinel-3B and Sentinel-3C to provide long-term operational measurements over Earth. Sentinel-3A and 3B are in full operational status, allowing global coverag...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiducial Reference Measurements for Satellite Ocean Colour)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
679 Views
27 Pages

A Crossover Study on VR and Traditional Instruction in Engineering Education

  • Petru-Iulian Grigore,
  • Corneliu Octavian Turcu,
  • Andrei Zaharia and
  • Valentin Nedeff

18 April 2026

Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used as an interactive instructional medium in engineering education, yet evidence on practical implementation and student-reported experience remains limited. This study examined students’ perceived experie...

(This article belongs to the Section Information Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,705 Views
12 Pages

17 June 2025

Today, the demand for clean water resources causes the rapid consumption of water and the finding of alternative water resources. The recovery and reuse of wastewater after treatment is important for water sustainability, and in recent years, the use...

(This article belongs to the Topic Wastewater Treatment by Physical, Chemical, Photochemical, and Biological Processes, and Their Combinations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,677 Views
11 Pages

20 November 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a growing awareness about the importance of building a health and safety net based on digital healthcare systems, such as ICT-based local community online services and patient monitoring technology. This study...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,791 Views
14 Pages

Recent technological advancements in many areas have changed the way that individuals interact with the world. Some daily tasks require visualization skills, especially when in a map-reading context. Augmented Reality systems could provide substantia...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
10,567 Views
19 Pages

Data Processing and Quality Evaluation of a Boat-Based Mobile Laser Scanning System

  • Matti Vaaja,
  • Antero Kukko,
  • Harri Kaartinen,
  • Matti Kurkela and ,
  • Elina Kasvi,
  • Claude Flener,
  • Hannu Hyyppä,
  • Juha Hyyppä,
  • Juha Järvelä and
  • Petteri Alho
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

17 September 2013

Mobile mapping systems (MMSs) are used for mapping topographic and urban features which are difficult and time consuming to measure with other instruments. The benefits of MMSs include efficient data collection and versatile usability. This paper inv...

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,597 Views
16 Pages

The Water Efficiency and Productivity of Forage Maize (Zea mays L.) in a Semi-Arid Region Under Different Humidity, Nitrogen, and Substrate Levels

  • Antonio Anaya-Salgado,
  • Abel Quevedo-Nolasco,
  • Martín Alejandro Bolaños-González,
  • Jorge Flores-Velázquez and ,
  • Arturo Reyes-González,
  • Saúl Santana-Espinoza,
  • Jorge Maltos-Buendía,
  • Juan Isidro Sánchez-Duarte and
  • Jorge Alonso Maldonado-Jaquez
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

22 December 2025

The Lagunera Region, located in northern Mexico, is home to the country’s most important dairy basin, situated in a semi-arid environment. In this region, forage corn (Zea mays L.) is the main input in dairy cattle feed. In this context, optimi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
7,987 Views
21 Pages

31 March 2021

There is a growing demand for an integrated assessment to identify and select asset management options based on sustainability in the wastewater industry. However, water companies are often not equipped with a rigorous methodology and sufficient reso...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,223 Views
2 Pages

A Study of Self-Powered Robotic Parking Lots in Inhabited Areas

  • Zdenek Slanina,
  • Wojciech Walendziuk,
  • Lukas Prokop and
  • Martin Kosinka

This study focused on the use of technical solutions for automated parking for urban needs with regard to energetic self-sufficiency, balancing the price and usability of the building area for the optimal number of parking spaces and the goal of the...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of Innovations-Sustainability-Modernity-Openness Conference (ISMO’21))
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,910 Views
14 Pages

24 October 2019

Integrated urban water management calls for tools that can analyze and simulate the complete cycle including the physical, technical, and social dimensions. Scientific advances created simulation tools able to simulate the urban water cycle as realis...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
8,233 Views
19 Pages

4 August 2016

This study focused on the development of a crack repair stick as a new repair method along with self-healing materials that can be used to easily repair the cracks in a concrete structure at the construction site. In developing this new repair techni...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Healing Concrete)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,021 Views
9 Pages

4 March 2023

Increasing environmental pollution due to the rapid increase in the world population is one of the most important problems of humanity, perhaps even the first. Environmental elements that are vital for living things air, soil and water are becoming m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
87,571 Views
11 Pages

Improving Toilet Usability and Cleanliness in Public Schools in the Philippines Using a Packaged Operation and Maintenance Intervention

  • Denise Duijster,
  • Bella Monse,
  • Marvin Marquez,
  • Ubo Pakes and ,
  • Nicole Stauf and
  • Habib Benzian
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

This study evaluated the impact of packaged interventions for operation and maintenance (O&M) on the usability and cleanliness of toilets in public schools in the Philippines. In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, the divisions of Roxas Ci...

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Solutions for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,499 Views
18 Pages

An Ontology-Underpinned Emergency Response System for Water Pollution Accidents

  • Xiaoliang Meng,
  • Chao Xu,
  • Xinxia Liu,
  • Junming Bai and ,
  • Wenhan Zheng,
  • Hao Chang and
  • Zhuo Chen
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

20 February 2018

With the unceasing development and maturation of environment geographic information system, the response to water pollution accidents has been digitalized through the combination of monitoring sensors, management servers, and application software. Ho...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Advances in Research on Sustainable Ecosystems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,341 Views
21 Pages

22 March 2025

This study aims to identify areas of opportunity for improvement across selected U.S. water utilities through evaluating system operational performance and productivity and the relationship to water losses. Throughout the water utility industry, ther...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
61 Citations
15,644 Views
8 Pages

8 August 2018

A variety of microplastic sampling instrumentation is currently used for water pollution studies. Plankton net-based approaches have been the most adopted techniques for water column and surface sampling. When applied to microplastics (MP) in the low...

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,790 Views
21 Pages

Mobile Platform for Continuous Screening of Clear Water Quality Using Colorimetric Plasmonic Sensing

  • Rima Mansour,
  • Caterina Serafinelli,
  • Rui Jesus and
  • Alessandro Fantoni

10 August 2025

Effective water quality monitoring is very important for detecting pollution and protecting public health. However, traditional methods are slow, relying on costly equipment, central laboratories, and expert staffing, which delays real-time measureme...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Algorithms and Their Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,016 Views
17 Pages

15 February 2019

Water supply facilities such as waterworks systems are facilities that supply residential and industrial water essential for humans to live and it is essential for these facilities to be prepared for earthquake hazards. In the present study, new hydr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient and Robust Water Distribution Systems: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
10,447 Views
24 Pages

19 November 2015

Online monitoring and water quality analysis of lakes are urgently needed. A feasible and effective approach is to use a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Lake water environments, like other real world environments, present many changing and unpredictab...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
6,420 Views
28 Pages

The Role of Surface Texture on the Photocatalytic H2 Production on TiO2

  • Francesco Pellegrino,
  • Fabrizio Sordello,
  • Marco Minella,
  • Claudio Minero and
  • Valter Maurino

2 January 2019

It has been often reported that an efficient and green photocatalytic dissociation of water under irradiated semiconductors likely represents the most important goal for modern chemistry. Despite decades of intensive work on this topic, the efficienc...

(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,652 Views
29 Pages

The prediction of earthquake-induced excess pore water pressure is becoming a crucial step for liquefaction-related problems, such as the prediction of settlements, assessment of bearing capacity of shallow foundations, and efficiency of liquefaction...

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
522 Views
16 Pages

18 April 2026

The CALIPSO V4.10 5 km cloud-layer product contains a small yet influential fraction of low-confidence and “unknown” cloud-type labels, which constrains its effectiveness in climatological analyses and limits its utility for downstream Ea...

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
10,194 Views
18 Pages

An Observational Process Ontology-Based Modeling Approach for Water Quality Monitoring

  • Xiaolei Wang,
  • Haitao Wei,
  • Nengcheng Chen,
  • Xiaohui He and
  • Zhihui Tian

5 March 2020

The increasing deterioration of aquatic environments has attracted more attention to water quality monitoring techniques, with most researchers focusing on the acquisition and assessment of water quality data, but seldom on the discovery and tracing...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Modelling and Management of Water Quality)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,126 Views
14 Pages

15 August 2020

Emergency interconnected operation (EIO) between adjacent blocks in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the most effective countermeasures of a water utility when abnormal conditions (e.g., suspended water supply, pipe burst) occur at a certa...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,905 Views
18 Pages

LoRaWAN Transmissions in Salt Water for Superficial Marine Sensor Networking: Laboratory and Field Tests

  • Alessandro Pozzebon,
  • Irene Cappelli,
  • Filippo Campagnaro,
  • Roberto Francescon and
  • Michele Zorzi

13 May 2023

In this paper, the authors present the results of a set of measurements carried out to analyze the transmission capabilities of the LoRaWAN technology for underwater to above water transmission in saline water. A theoretical analysis was used to mode...

(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,132 Views
12 Pages

Gold Nanoparticles Deposited on Surface Modified Carbon Xerogels as Reusable Catalysts for Cyclohexane C-H Activation in the Presence of CO and Water

  • Ana Paula da Costa Ribeiro,
  • Luísa Margarida Dias Ribeiro de Sousa Martins,
  • Sónia Alexandra Correia Carabineiro,
  • José Luís Figueiredo and
  • Armando José Latourrette Pombeiro

The use of gold as a promotor of alkane hydrocarboxylation is reported for the first time. Cyclohexane hydrocarboxylation to cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (up to 55% yield) with CO, water, and peroxodisulfate in a water/acetonitrile medium at circa 50 °...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactions of Hydrocarbons and other C‒H Compounds)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,763 Views
8 Pages

Potential Energy Recovery Using Micro-Hydropower Technology in Irrigation Networks: Real-World Case Studies in the South of Spain

  • Miguel Crespo Chacón,
  • Juan Antonio Rodríguez-Díaz,
  • Jorge García Morillo,
  • John Gallagher and ,
  • Paul Coughlan and
  • Aonghus McNabola
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

The agricultural sector is one of the most significant users of water resources worldwide. Irrigation infrastructure has been modernized in recent years in many regions dedicated to agriculture, transitioning from traditional open channels to more ef...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of EWaS3 2018)
  • Review
  • Open Access
127 Citations
14,754 Views
22 Pages

15 June 2021

Electrospinning can be used to prepare nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends, or polymers doped with other materials. Amongst this broad range of usable materials, biopolymers play an important role in biotechnological, biomedical, and...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,987 Views
14 Pages

21 August 2025

The treatment of organic phosphate ester (OPE) pollutants in water is a challenging but highly necessary task. In this study, an advanced oxidation process through light activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) involving graphene oxide (GO) as a promote...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of C — Journal of Carbon Research)
  • Review
  • Open Access
141 Citations
38,708 Views
23 Pages

12 December 2014

Sustainable water management (SWM) requires allocating between competing water sector demands, and balancing the financial and social resources required to support necessary water systems. The objective of this review is to assess SWM in three sector...

  • Article
  • Open Access
51 Citations
10,199 Views
9 Pages

Low Cost Lab on Chip for the Colorimetric Detection of Nitrate in Mineral Water Products

  • Mohammad F. Khanfar,
  • Wisam Al-Faqheri and
  • Ala’aldeen Al-Halhouli

14 October 2017

The diagnostics of health status and the quality of drinking water are among the most important United Nations sustainable development goals. However, in certain areas, wars and instability have left millions of people setting in refugee camps and da...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Probes and Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,060 Views
52 Pages

13 October 2022

Rain-fed and irrigated agriculture associated with salinized soil and saline water supplies is characterized by low crop yields. Partial desalination of this saline water will increase crop yields. Recent studies have established that supported metal...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Desalination Treatment of Irrigation Water)
  • Article
  • Open Access
337 Views
30 Pages

Analysing Landscape Forms Controlling Open-Air Activities in the University Campus of Arabian Hot Climate

  • Mohammad Sharif Zami,
  • Yasmeen Naqi,
  • Areej Shehadeh,
  • Sara Qwaider and
  • Abdullahi Abdulrahman Muhudin

Landscape forms on university campuses play a vital role in supporting informal learning, social interaction, and student well-being, particularly in hot-climate regions such as the Arabian Peninsula. This study investigates the influence of hard and...

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