Geographies

The Malabo Declaration commits African Union member states to eliminating hunger by 2025. Progress toward this target has been uneven and poorly understood. While some countries have recorded gains in non-hunger thematic areas such as finance, trade, resilience to climate variability, and governance and accountability mechanisms, the extent to which these improvements contribute to hunger reduction remains unclear. This study investigates whether performance in non-hunger areas, as measured through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme Biennial Review C-scores, is statistically associated with outcomes under Commitment 3, which focuses on hunger reduction. We used random effects panel regression model covering 55 African countries from 2017 to 2023, the analysis identifies five significant predictors: agricultural GDP and poverty reduction (PC 4.1), foreign private investment (PC 2.3), multi stakeholder coordination (PC 1.2), inclusive public–private partnerships (PC 4.2), and trade policies (PC 5.2). Investment in resilience (PC 6.2) and capacity for planning and monitoring (PC 7.1) showed marginal associations. Our findings suggest that institutional presence alone does not drive hunger outcomes. We reflect that what matters is the structure, inclusiveness, and functionality of these mechanisms, including whether investments reach food-insecure populations, coordination platforms influence decisions, and policies adapt to local conditions. This study concludes that some high-performing categories fail to deliver tangible hunger reduction benefits when implementation is fragmented or disconnected from context. These findings challenge how progress is currently measured and interpreted at the regional level. Finally, we reiterate that as the region prepares for the post-2025 agenda, future strategies must directly link agricultural transformation to hunger reduction through targeted interventions and accountable institutions. Full article

Budapest and its metropolitan area serve as a key railway hub both within Hungary and across Europe, intersected by multiple European rail corridors and characterized by substantial suburban traffic driven by daily commuters from surrounding areas. The Budapest agglomeration is served by 11 rail lines to Budapest managed by the MÁV Group Company (MÁV: Magyar Államvasutak Co., Budapest, Hungary) is a railway company owned by the Hungarian state). The majority of these are high-capacity, mostly double-track electrified main lines, which play a major role in long-distance and international transport. The main goal of the MÁV Group Company is the continuous development of the quality of passenger transport in Hungary and Europe, quality improvement in passenger comfort, sales, and passenger information systems, and the introduction of up-to-date, environmentally friendly means and solutions. Infrastructure plays a decisive role in the development and transformation of the country and its regions, municipalities, and settlement systems. The development of transport infrastructure not only dynamically transforms and shapes spatial structures but also initiates processes of internal differentiation. In our study, statistical analysis of municipalities and rail-based public transport confirmed a positive correlation between the modernization of transport infrastructure and selected demographic indicators. Full article

We modeled the water level variations in a protected playa-lake system (La Ratosa Natural Reserve, S Spain) comprising two adjacent playa-lakes: La Ratosa and Herriza de los Ladrones. For this purpose, daily water balances were applied to reconstruct the water level. Model results were validated using actual water level monitoring over the past 20 years. We surveyed post-Pliocene geological structures in the endorheic watershed to investigate lake nucleation and to improve the hydrogeological model. Additionally, we investigated the groundwater level evolution in nearby aquifers, which have been profusely affected by groundwater exploitation for domestic and agricultural use. Then, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios were applied to forecast the future of this lake system. We found that the playa-lake hydroperiod will shorten, causing the system to shift from seasonal to ephemeral, which appears to be a general trend in this area. However, the impact on the La Ratosa-Herriza de los Ladrones system would be likely more severe due to local stressors, such as groundwater withdrawal for urban demand and agriculture, driving the system to complete desiccation for extended periods. These results highlight the sensitivity of these protected ecosystems to changes in the watershed’s water balance and underscore the urgent need to preserve watersheds from any form of water use, other than ecological purposes. This approach aims to support informed decision-making to mitigate adverse impacts on these fragile ecosystems, ensuring their ecological integrity in the context of climate change and increasing water demand for various uses. Full article

Residential vulnerability in urban spaces is a complex phenomenon subject to a variety of social and economic factors. An example of this scenario is the San Francisco neighbourhood in Villena (Alicante, Spain). This is an area of residential vulnerability because of low levels of education among the population, low income, precarious housing and public insecurity. The main goal in this study was to analyse the profile of the neighbourhood using a mixed methodology based on statistical consultations with several official bodies and a qualitative method derived from surveys conducted with experts and interviews with focus groups made up of specialists, politicians and residents. The most significant results included the demographic stagnation of the local population and, conversely, a rejuvenation of the population thanks to foreign immigration, shaping a multicultural space not free of conflict, exclusion and residential precariousness. New challenges for integration towards a more participatory and safer coexistence emerged, with strategies aimed at curbing abandonment, preventing unlawful occupation of properties and contributing to residential and social regeneration. Full article

The municipality of Grotte di Castro (Lazio Region, Italy) has, for some time, been the subject of various studies concerning the census of artificial cavities. Recent combined applications of LiDAR and photogrammetric surveys have made it possible to develop specific methods for locating entrances and producing 3D models and georeferenced plans. The combined use of these models with geomechanical surveys supported by surface seismic surveys makes it possible to understand the state of health of these buried structures and whether, in the event of an earthquake or as a result of natural decay, they could pose a danger to the population. In this work, which builds on recent studies, a method for assessing the state of these cavities is proposed and tested, essentially to evaluate the risks of collapse and sinkholes. The final objective is to census and discover as many cavities as possible, not only for the mitigation of risk but also for the valorisation of these cavities, which represent a true historical and archaeological heritage—testimonies to the history and evolution of ancient Castrum Criptarum. Full article

Understanding lagoon behavior is crucial for both scientific research and engineering decisions, especially in delicate Arctic environments. Lagoons are vital to coastal areas, often bolstering infrastructure resilience. Since spring 2019, we have monitored the Longyearbyen lagoon (Spitsbergen), vital for coastal erosion defense and serving as a natural laboratory. The location’s well-developed infrastructure and accessible logistics make it an ideal testing site available at any time. It can be used for many natural scientific studies. The lagoon continually changes due to the primary action of waves and tides. This article focuses on gravel spit movement, accelerating in recent years to several meters monthly. Using methods of aerial and satellite images, laser scanning, and hydrodynamic measurements, we have delineated processes, rates, and mechanisms behind this movement. The measurements revealed an accelerating eastward movement of the lagoon spit, from 8 m in the first year to 86 m in the fourth year of observation. This can be explained by a combination of the reconstruction of the Longyearbyen riverbed and increased flow because of climate change. Notably, the expansion does not only occur in the summer months: from September 2022 to February 2023, the spit moved by 40 m, and then, by 19 m from February to June 2023. We found that the bed-load transport along the spit coupled with gravel slides are the primary drives of lagoon expansion and growth. We also investigated movements of groundwater in the spit and changes in gravel contents along the spit, influencing the water saturation of the gravel. Modelling these processes aids in forecasting lagoon system development, crucial for informed management and engineering decisions in Arctic coastal regions. Full article

Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters of the consumers in the urban district is therefore conducted in the frame of a District Metered Area (DMA) zoning. Different consumptions according to water meters and patterns of daily water demand, resulting from both theoretical and measured data from a limited number of smart meters, are used in the hydraulic simulations. The analysis conducted assists common engineering practice to identify critical locations for constructing new hydraulic infrastructure, resulting in the restructuring and reorganization of the DMA, assisting to face existing and common problems of WDNs within the general framework of DMA design and efficient water management. A case study on the WDN of Efkarpia, located in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, satisfying the principal design criteria of DMAs, is presented in this work, under both normal and emergency conditions. Hydraulic analysis is performed based on different scenarios, mainly consisting of different consumptions according to water meters and different demand patterns, all resulting in high pressures in the southern part of the DMA. Hydraulic simulations are then performed considering two basic operating scenarios, namely the operation of the old DMA of Efkarpia and a new DMA, which is reduced in size. The two scenarios are compared in terms of estimated pressures in the studied area, as well as in terms of energy consumption in the upstream pumping station. The comparisons reveal that the new DMA outperforms the old one, with a large increase in the pressure at nodes where low pressures were assessed in the old DMA, a reduction in daily pressure variation up to 45%, and quite significant energy savings assessed around 21.6%. Full article

Floods represent a significant threat to the livelihoods of individuals and pose challenges to global development prospects. An individual’s age is an essential predictor for adopting flood preparedness measures. In this context, the present study aims to identify community resilience based on age. Two age groups were considered for analysis, i.e., young group (age less than 24 years) and adult group (age over 24 years), using the Flood Resilience Index (FRI) approach through five dimensions of resilience, i.e., the natural, physical, economic, social, and institutional. The data analysis included 200 respondents, with each compromise equaling 100 from both age groups. A total of 34 structured questions were analyzed based on FRI dimensions. The survey results show that the overall resilience in both groups is low, but the adults are relatively more flood-resilient than the young group. Moreover, results of all dimensions show differences between the two groups, with the adult group appearing more resilient than the young group. The study shows that the local authorities and flood protection bodies should focus more on the community’s youth regarding risks and preparedness for flooding. Full article

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a critical parameter in water quality management due to its interaction with disinfectants, leading to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during water treatment. Forest ecosystems are key contributors of DOC to surface waters, stemming from soil leachate. This study is the first to use DOC solutions directly extracted from soil to examine the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination and chloramination under varying environmental conditions. For this purpose, soil samples from a densely forested upland Cedar Lake watershed in Illinois were processed to extract DOC, which was then subjected to controlled disinfection experiments under varying pH, temperature, disinfectant dose, and reaction time. The results demonstrate that chlorination produces significantly higher levels of THMs compared to chloramination, with THM concentrations ranging from 31.996 μg/L to 62.563 μg/L for chlorination and 0.508 μg/L to 0.865 μg/L for chloramination. The yields of DBPs determined by chloramination increased approximately 4, 5, and 10 times with a higher DOC concentration, disinfectant concentration, and reaction time, respectively. For chlorination, these increases were approximately 5, 8, and 3 times, respectively. The presence of bromide in the DOC solutions influenced the concentration of brominated THMs (Br-THMs). The results indicate that a high formation of THMs, during both disinfection processes, occurred in the pH range of 7–8 and temperature range of 20–25 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, all tested water quality indicators (DOC, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and UV254), except for pH and Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA), exhibited a strong positive correlation with THM levels during chlorination. In contrast, these parameters displayed a moderate to weak correlation with THM levels in the chloramination process. These findings highlight the critical role of DOC characteristics and disinfection conditions in controlling THM formation, providing valuable insights for optimizing water treatment processes. Full article

Social and cultural diffusion determines how behavioral phenomena spread among communities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged globally at the beginning of 2020, triggered changes in human behavior in various settlements and regions. In this study, we use a spatial approach to examine diffusion patterns during the Omicron wave (December 2021–February 2022). We collected data on daily testing and confirmed cases from the Israeli Ministry of Health (MoH) database, as well as population characteristics from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). These data were normalized per population, classified regionally and analyzed spatially using GIS, to verify the significance of the results. We found a contagious diffusion pattern apparent spatially in the metropolitan regions of Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel). Accordingly, the undulating pattern of the number of COVID-19 tests and confirmed cases began in the center of the given metropolitan region (populated with high-class settlements) at the beginning of the wave, spread out to the periphery (populated with high-class settlements) toward the mid-wave period, and returned to the center when the wave ended. Additionally, we have seen that these patterns do not accord with the morbidity spread, implying that social characteristics may have been dominant in determining the diffusion pattern. Full article

Mid-day maximum soil temperatures were measured at 10 study plots during different hot summer days in Haleakalā Crater, Maui, with thermocouple thermometers on five adjacent microsite types: bare surface soils, soils under black tephra, soils under reddish tephra, soils shaded by silverswords, and soils under plant litter. The main tephra morphologies and geomorphic environments, as well as their geoecological association with silversword rosettes (Argyroxiphium sandwicense), were also assessed; silversword density was substantially greater on reddish tephra-covered areas than under black tephra fragments. Silversword seeds are extremely sensitive to high temperatures and fail to germinate after a short exposure to soil temperatures ≥35 °C. Thermal data sets were statistically compared with parallel box plots; the ability of various microsites to provide safe sites for silversword growth was also assessed. Bare soils and black tephra reached the highest median temperatures, up to 48.7 °C and 40.3 °C, respectively; reddish tephra remained much cooler, with all median temperatures ≤30.8 °C. Rosette-shaded soils and soils under silversword litter were the coolest, with temperatures below 18.7 °C and 18.5 °C, respectively. Temperatures in all microsites, except those under black tephra, were significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than on contiguous bare ground. It was concluded that reddish tephra provides the ideal conditions for silversword regeneration. Full article

Coastal areas are highly dynamic environments, vulnerable to natural processes and human interventions. This study presents the first application of the Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index (ICVI) in Cyprus, focusing on two major tourism-dependent beaches, Fig Tree Bay and Vrysi Beach, located along the Protaras coastline. Despite their economic significance, these coastal areas face increasing vulnerability due to intensive tourism-driven modifications and natural coastal dynamics, necessitating a structured assessment framework. This research addresses this gap by integrating the ICVI with geographical information system (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodologies to evaluate the coastal risks in this tourism-dependent environment, providing a replicable approach for similar Mediterranean coastal settings. Ten key parameters were analysed, including coastal slope, rate of coastline erosion, geomorphology, elevation, tidal range, wave height, relative sea level rise, land cover, population density, and road network. The results revealed spatial variations in vulnerability, with 16% of the coastline classified as having very high vulnerability and another 16% as having high vulnerability. Fig Tree Bay, which is part of this coastline, emerged as a critical hotspot due to its geomorphological instability, low elevation, and intensive human interventions, including seasonal beach modifications and infrastructure development. This study underscores the need for sustainable coastal management practices, including dune preservation, controlled development, and the integration of the ICVI into planning frameworks to balance economic growth and environmental conservation. Full article

The spatial distribution of vegetation across metropolitan areas is important for wildlife habitat, air quality, heat mitigation, recreation, and other ecosystem services. This study investigated relationships between vegetation patterns and parcel characteristics at multiple scales of the Austin Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), a rapidly growing region in central Texas characterized by diverse biophysical and socioeconomic landscapes. We used LiDAR data to map vegetation types and distributions across a 6000 km² study area. Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression models were employed to explore tree, shrub, and grass cover across parcels, cities, and the MSA, considering home value, age, size, and distance to the city center. At the MSA scale, tree and shrub cover were higher in the Edwards Plateau than in the Blackland Prairie ecoregion. Tree cover increased with parcel size and home value, especially in suburban areas. Older parcels had more mature trees, though less so in the grass-dominated Blackland Prairie. Shrub cover was higher on larger parcels in the Edwards Plateau, while the Blackland Prairie showed the opposite trend. PCA explained 60% of the variance, highlighting links between vegetation and urban development. Our findings reveal how biophysical and socioeconomic factors interact to shape vegetation, offering considerations for land use, housing, and green infrastructure planning. Full article

Local food movements are growing in popularity across the United States, with many communities focused on gaining control over their food systems. This is especially true in northwest Washington. Over the last 15 years, farmers, bakers, and millers in northwest Washington have increasingly invested their resources in growing and using local grains. Northwest Washington is not commonly considered a grain-growing region despite historically high yields of cereal grains. This study examines how grain agriculture has changed in northwest Washington since the late 19th century and uses a mix of quantitative spatial analyses, historical agricultural census analyses, and qualitative interviews to explore potential cultural and biophysical causes behind these changes. Our findings suggest that historical trends in grain agriculture were not driven primarily by climatic changes, but our spatially explicit models of late 21st-century climate suitability suggest the length and timing of optimal growing season conditions will change across our study area. This change coincides with the rising community interest in local grains. However, producers are concerned that future climate change may make it more challenging to grow grains in this region. This mixed-methods approach is of the utmost importance in understanding the entire story of community-based food systems in this area and in informing future decision-making of communities in northwest Washington. Full article

Generative AI (GenAI), particularly text-to-image (TTI) models, is reshaping landscape representation by transforming textual descriptions into visual outputs. However, these models often reinforce biases embedded in their training datasets, shaping how landscapes are perceived and represented. This research examines the biases in GenAI-generated landscape imagery through the lens of Edward Said’s “imaginative geographies”, focusing on how geographic references, cultural archetypes, and methodological factors influence AI outputs. We employed a structured approach to create prompts based on the Global Ecosystem Typology (GET), using Midjourney V6.1 as the primary tool for image generation. We extracted landscape descriptors from GET classifications and structured them into both simple and detailed prompts. The analysis involved comparing AI-generated images to ecological classifications and reference images to assess biases. The findings reveal the following three key types of biases: (1) geographic biases, where certain locations act as semantic triggers, leading to culturally stereotypical portrayals; (2) representation biases, where landscapes frequently depicted in AI training datasets appear with greater accuracy, while underrepresented landscapes are simplified into essentialized visual tropes; and (3) methodological biases, where prompt complexity influences representational accuracy but does not eliminate pre-existing cultural hierarchies. To address the bias challenges, the research presents the following four key recommendations for future research and practice: (1) incorporating finer-scale ecosystem classifications; (2) diversifying training datasets; (3) engaging local communities in participatory data collection; and (4) refining prompt-writing methodologies. These insights contribute to broader discussions on AI bias, emphasizing the necessity of critically evaluating the role of generative models in shaping landscape imaginaries. Full article

This article explores the transformative role of intangible resources and products such as data, algorithms, and digital platforms in redefining economic region theory. The goal of the study is to provide a framework for dealing with intangible resources and products and refining the cost calculation techniques for them. The article includes the genesis of a theoretical approach to regional development and consideration of the implications of theoretical provisions in practice. Intangible inputs have significant peculiarities compared to tangible resources, and these peculiarities require a specific approach to the management of regions, especially considering their impact on agglomeration, cost structures, and market dynamics. The research is based on a comprehensive literature review and comparison, and application of theoretical provisions to practice. The development of the cost calculation framework is based on classical cost analysis considering the peculiarities of intangible resources. The findings demonstrate that integrating intangible resources into economic region theory broadens its applicability, offering a roadmap for regions to achieve growth and resilience in the digital economy while addressing evolving global challenges. Full article

Human mobility plays a fundamental role in urban life, shaping the development of infrastructure, transportation systems, and public spaces. Understanding the dynamics of mobility patterns is essential for creating sustainable and inclusive urban environments. This study investigates the influence of gender and temporal variations on human mobility within a city in central Sweden, shedding light on how movement patterns fluctuate throughout the day and differ across gender groups. The findings reveal significant temporal shifts in mobility hotspots, with individuals travelling to different areas at varying intensities depending on the time of day. These variations highlight the dynamic nature of urban movement and emphasise the necessity of time-sensitive urban planning strategies. While overall journey patterns between genders exhibit relatively small differences, a closer analysis uncovers distinct gender-based disparities in mobility hotspots, indicating that men and women tend to frequent different locations with varying travel behaviours. These insights provide valuable input for urban planners, policymakers, and transportation authorities seeking to enhance accessibility, safety, and efficiency in urban mobility networks. Recognising the interplay between gender and temporal mobility patterns can lead to more equitable infrastructure design, ensuring that urban spaces accommodate diverse mobility needs. By emphasising the importance of these factors, this study contributes to a broader understanding of human mobility behaviour and underscores the need for data-driven planning approaches that address spatial and temporal variations in movement patterns. Full article

Access to green spaces is essential for promoting public health, reducing inequalities, and fostering urban resilience. This study evaluates the 3-30-300 indicator as a tool for assessing green space accessibility in Montreal, Canada. The framework sets three goals: every resident should see three trees from their home, live in a neighborhood with at least 30% tree canopy, and have a park or green space within 300 m. Using geospatial analysis, this study examines how well these criteria are met across Montreal’s neighborhoods and investigates disparities linked to socio-economic factors. The study reveals a significant variability in the distribution of green spaces across Montreal neighborhoods, as measured by the 3-30-300 metric. Tree canopy coverage ranges from 0.8% to 84%, with a median of 25.7%, while distances to parks vary from adjacent to over 2.4 km. The number of trees around residences is highly skewed, ranging from 0 to 771, reflecting substantial heterogeneity in green space accessibility. Spatial analysis highlights pronounced inequalities, with only 19.4% of neighborhoods meeting all three criteria. Hotspots of compliance are concentrated in peri-central and well-established residential areas in the West and East, while central and peripheral neighborhoods, especially in northeast Montreal, frequently fail to meet the standards. These findings underscore strong spatial disparities in urban green infrastructure, consistent with global studies on inequitable access to green spaces. Full article

The new global pandemic of COVID-19, declared on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization, has already had an unprecedented impact on health and socioeconomic activities worldwide. The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic swept through the United States of America and Europe in late September 2020. Compared with other southern countries, such as Greece, where there was a significant increase in cases at the end of October 2020, Northern European countries (Germany, France, Austria, Finland, and Sweden) experienced this second wave of the pandemic earlier in September 2020. To understand the epidemiological behavior of the virus from an environmental perspective, we examined the effects of air temperature, humidity, and wind on the spread of COVID-19 in two of the largest population Regional Units (R.U.) of Greece, namely the R.U. of the Central Sector of Athens in Central Greece and the R.U. of Thessaloniki in Northern Greece. We applied Pearson correlation analysis and generalized linear models (GLM) with confirmed COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions from the National Public Health Organization as dependent variables and the corresponding air temperature, humidity, and wind speed from the Greek National Meteorological Service as independent covariates. The study focused on the period from 4 May 2020 to 3 November 2020 to investigate the impact of weather on the spread of COVID-19, in a period where human activities had partially returned to normal after the gradual lifting of the restrictive measures of the first lockdown (23 March 2020). The end date of the study period was set as the date of imposition of a new local lockdown in the R.U. of Thessaloniki (3 November 2020). Our findings showed that COVID-19 ICU admissions in both Regional Units decreased significantly with the temperature (T) and wind speed (WS) increase. In the R.U. of the Central Sector of Athens, this picture is reflected in both the single and cumulative lag effects of meteorological parameters. In the R.U. of Thessaloniki, this correlation was differentiated only in terms of the cumulative lag effect of the average daily temperature, where an increase (+17.6%) in daily confirmed COVID-19 ICU admissions was observed. On the other hand, relative humidity (RH) was significantly associated with an increase in cases in both R.U. This study, in addition to its contribution to the global research effort to understand the effects of weather on the spread of COVID-19, aims to highlight the need to integrate meteorological parameters as predictive factors in surveillance and early warning systems for infectious diseases. The combination of weather and climate factors (e.g., humidity, temperature, wind) and other contagious disease surveillance indicators (e.g., wastewater, geographic and population data, human activities) would make the early identification of potential epidemic risks more effective and would contribute to the immediate initiation of public health interventions and the more rational allocation of resources. Full article