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Spatiotemporal Diffusion Patterns Associated with COVID-19 in the Tel Aviv-Jaffa and Haifa (Israel) Metropolitan Regions
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Thermal Influence of Volcanic Tephra on Maximum Soil Temperatures: Geoecological Implications for Germination and Distribution of Argyroxiphium sandwicense (Haleakalā, Maui, Hawai’i)
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Vegetation Structure and Distribution Across Scales in a Large Metropolitan Area: Case Study of Austin MSA, Texas, USA
Journal Description
Geographies
Geographies
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on geography published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, AGRIS, RePEc, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Geography) / CiteScore - Q2 (Social Sciences (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
- Journal Cluster of Geospatial and Earth Sciences: Remote Sensing, Geosciences, Quaternary, Earth, Geographies, Geomatics and Fossil Studies.
Impact Factor:
1.7 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
1.6 (2024)
Latest Articles
Integrating Gravimetry and Spatial Analysis for Structural and Hydrogeological Characterization of the Northeast Tadla Plain Aquifer Complex, Morocco
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030035 - 16 Jul 2025
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This study was conducted in the northeast of the Tadla plain, within the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region of Morocco. The primary objective is to elucidate the geometric and hydrogeological characteristics of this aquifer by analyzing and interpreting data from deep boreholes as well as
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This study was conducted in the northeast of the Tadla plain, within the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region of Morocco. The primary objective is to elucidate the geometric and hydrogeological characteristics of this aquifer by analyzing and interpreting data from deep boreholes as well as gravimetric and electrical measurements using GIS analysis. First, the regional gradient was established. Then, the initial data were extracted. Subsequently, based on the extracted data, a gravity map was created. The investigation of the Bouguer anomaly’s gravity map exposes the presence of a regional gradient, with values varying from −100 mGal in the South to −30 mGal in the North of the area. These Bouguer anomalies often correlate with exposed basement rock areas and variations in the thickness of sedimentary layers across the study area. The analysis of existing electrical survey and deep drilling data confirms the results of the gravimetry survey after applying different techniques such as horizontal gradient and upward extension on the gravimetric map. The findings enabled us to create a structural map highlighting the fault systems responsible for shaping the study area’s structure. The elaborated structural map serves as an indispensable geotectonic reference, facilitating the delineation of subsurface heterogeneities and providing a robust foundation for further hydrogeological assessments in the Tadla Plain.
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Open AccessArticle
Peatland-Type Sediment Filling in Valley Bottoms at the Head of Basins in a Stream Capture Context: The Example of the Bar and Petit Morin Peatland (Grand-Est, France)
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Olivier Lejeune, Jérémy Beucher, Alain Devos, Julien Berthe, Thibaud Damien, Delphine Combaz, Nicolas Bollot and Théo Krauffel
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030034 - 14 Jul 2025
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The Quaternary saw numerous reorganizations of the hydrographic network, greatly modifying the hydrological network of these rivers. Eastern France is well known for many stream captures, described as early as the late 19th century. The oldest of these have been dated to the
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The Quaternary saw numerous reorganizations of the hydrographic network, greatly modifying the hydrological network of these rivers. Eastern France is well known for many stream captures, described as early as the late 19th century. The oldest of these have been dated to the Middle Pleistocene. It is interesting to note, however, that these sites, located in the heart of vast limestone plateaus, have systematically become peatland zones, and understanding their functioning is fundamental to wetland restoration and renaturation programs. In addition to serving as biodiversity reservoirs, these peatlands also represent substantial carbon storage potential in the context of global climate change. Using two examples—the Marais de Saint-Gond and the Bar peatland—we propose to provide the key to understanding the origin of their sedimentary filling and the consequences of their current hydrogeological functioning.
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Aeolian Landscapes and Paleoclimatic Legacy in the Southern Chacopampean Plain, Argentina
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Enrique Fucks, Yamile Rico, Luciano Galone, Malena Lorente, Sebastiano D’Amico and María Florencia Pisano
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030033 - 14 Jul 2025
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The Chacopampean Plain is a major physiographic unit in Argentina, bounded by the Colorado River to the south, the Sierras Pampeanas and Subandinas to the west, and the Paraná River, Río de la Plata Estuary, and the Argentine Sea to the east. Its
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The Chacopampean Plain is a major physiographic unit in Argentina, bounded by the Colorado River to the south, the Sierras Pampeanas and Subandinas to the west, and the Paraná River, Río de la Plata Estuary, and the Argentine Sea to the east. Its subsurface preserves sediments from the Miocene marine transgression, while the surface hosts some of the country’s most productive soils. Two main geomorphological domains are recognized: fluvial systems dominated by alluvial megafans in the north, and aeolian systems characterized by loess accumulation and wind erosion in the south. The southern sector exhibits diverse landforms such as deflation basins, ridges, dune corridors, lunettes, and mantiform loess deposits. Despite their regional extent, the origin and chronology of many aeolian features remain poorly constrained, as previous studies have primarily focused on depositional units rather than wind-sculpted erosional features. This study integrates remote sensing data, field observations, and a synthesis of published chronometric and sedimentological information to characterize these aeolian landforms and elucidate their genesis. Our findings confirm wind as the dominant morphogenetic agent during Late Quaternary glacial stadials. These aeolian morphologies significantly influence the region’s hydrology, as many permanent and ephemeral water bodies occupy deflation basins or intermediate low-lying sectors prone to flooding under modern climatic conditions, which are considerably wetter than during their original formation.
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Comparative Analysis of Runoff Diversion Systems on Terraces and Glacis in Semi-Arid Landscapes of Spain and Tunisia
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Ghaleb Fansa-Saleh, Alejandro J. Pérez Cueva and Emilio Iranzo-García
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030032 - 10 Jul 2025
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This study explores the water harvesting systems of mgouds in southern Tunisia and boqueras in southeastern Spain to understand their adaptation to semi-arid conditions and geomorphic contexts. These systems use ephemeral water through medieval-origin infrastructures to increase the water supply to rainfed crops.
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This study explores the water harvesting systems of mgouds in southern Tunisia and boqueras in southeastern Spain to understand their adaptation to semi-arid conditions and geomorphic contexts. These systems use ephemeral water through medieval-origin infrastructures to increase the water supply to rainfed crops. The hypothesis is that the diversity of these systems stems from environmental rather than cultural factors. By employing a qualitative–analytical approach, this study compares concentrated runoff diversion systems to investigate the use of boqueras/mgouds in terraces and glacis in the arid and semi-arid areas of Tunisia and the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. The research involved performing detailed geomorphological and climatological analyses and comparing structural complexities and water management strategies across different regions. The results indicate significant variability in system size and complexity. Tunisian mgouds are typically simpler and more individualised, while Spanish boqueras are larger and more complex due to more frequent and intense torrential rainfall. No common patterns were identified between the two regions. This study reveals that both types of systems reflect sophisticated adaptations to manage water scarcity and mitigate the impacts of intense rainfall, with geomorphic and climatic factors playing a decisive role. The primary conclusion is that the design and functionality of these water systems are predominantly influenced by environmental conditions rather than cultural factors. This research provides insights for developing sustainable water management strategies in other semi-arid regions.
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Advancing Land Use Modeling with Rice Cropping Intensity: A Geospatial Study on the Shrinking Paddy Fields in Indonesia
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Laju Gandharum, Djoko Mulyo Hartono, Heri Sadmono, Hartanto Sanjaya, Lena Sumargana, Anindita Diah Kusumawardhani, Fauziah Alhasanah, Dionysius Bryan Sencaki and Nugraheni Setyaningrum
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030031 - 2 Jul 2025
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Indonesia faces significant challenges in meeting food security targets due to rapid agricultural land loss, with approximately 1.22 million hectares of rice fields converted between 1990 and 2022. Therefore, this study developed a prediction model for the loss of rice fields by 2030,
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Indonesia faces significant challenges in meeting food security targets due to rapid agricultural land loss, with approximately 1.22 million hectares of rice fields converted between 1990 and 2022. Therefore, this study developed a prediction model for the loss of rice fields by 2030, incorporating land productivity attributes, specifically rice cropping intensity/RCI, using geospatial technology—a novel method with a resolution of approximately 10 m for quantifying ecosystem service (ES) impacts. Land use/land cover data from Landsat images (2013, 2020, 2024) were classified using the Random Forest algorithm on Google Earth Engine. The prediction model was developed using a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov Cellular Automata (MLP-NN Markov-CA) algorithms. Additionally, time series Sentinel-1A satellite imagery was processed using K-means and a hierarchical clustering analysis to map rice fields and their RCI. The validation process confirmed high model robustness, with an MLP-NN Markov-CA accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 83.90% and 0.91, respectively. The present study, which was conducted in Indramayu Regency (West Java), predicted that 1602.73 hectares of paddy fields would be lost within 2020–2030, specifically 980.54 hectares (61.18%) and 622.19 hectares (38.82%) with 2 RCI and 1 RCI, respectively. This land conversion directly threatens ES, resulting in a projected loss of 83,697.95 tons of rice production, which indicates a critical degradation of service provisioning. The findings provide actionable insights for land use planning to reduce agricultural land conversion while outlining the urgency of safeguarding ES values. The adopted method is applicable to regions with similar characteristics.
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Quantifying Forest Structural and Functional Responses to Fire Severity Using Multi-Source Remotely Sensed Data
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Kangsan Lee, Willem J. D. van Leeuwen and Donald A. Falk
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030030 - 30 Jun 2025
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Wildfires play a pivotal role in shaping and regulating the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. This study examined post-fire vegetation dynamics following the 2020 Bighorn Fire in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA, by integrating pre- and post-fire airborne LiDAR data with Landsat-derived
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Wildfires play a pivotal role in shaping and regulating the structural characteristics of forest ecosystems. This study examined post-fire vegetation dynamics following the 2020 Bighorn Fire in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA, by integrating pre- and post-fire airborne LiDAR data with Landsat-derived burn severity indices from 2019 to 2024. We analyzed structural and functional vegetation traits across 12,500 hectares to assess the changes pre- to post-fire, and to evaluate how these changes were influenced by the burn severity. We applied a correlation analysis to explore the relationships among the structural variables across different vegetation cover types. Non-parametric LOESS regression revealed that the dNBR was more strongly associated with changes in the tree density than with vertical structural attributes. The functional recovery, indicated by the NDVI, generally outpaced the structural recovery captured by the NBR. Densely forested areas experienced greater declines in vegetation volumes and slower regeneration, whereas herbaceous and sparsely vegetated areas showed a more rapid, but compositionally distinct, recovery. The divergence between the NDVI and NBR trajectories underscores the importance of integrating structural and functional indicators to comprehensively assess the post-fire ecosystem resilience and inform targeted restoration efforts.
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Assessment of Vulnerability to Erosion in Amazonian Beaches
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Remo Luan Marinho Costa Pereira, Cesar Mösso and Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030029 - 28 Jun 2025
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Erosion represents a significant global threat to coastal zones, especially beaches, which are among the most valuable coastal landforms. This study evaluates the vulnerability to coastal erosion along the Brazilian Amazon coast, focusing on eight recreational beaches. The research is based on an
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Erosion represents a significant global threat to coastal zones, especially beaches, which are among the most valuable coastal landforms. This study evaluates the vulnerability to coastal erosion along the Brazilian Amazon coast, focusing on eight recreational beaches. The research is based on an assessment of geological, physical, ecological, and anthropogenic indicators. Some of these indicators were proposed in this study to enhance the evaluation of vulnerability in Amazonian beaches. The analysis reveals that most of the beaches studied are highly vulnerable to erosion due to a combination of natural factors and human activities. The barrier–beach ridge, composed of unconsolidated sediments, exhibits the highest vulnerability, while low cliffs present a moderate level of risk. The study highlights that semi-urban beaches with significant infrastructure development are particularly susceptible to erosion, a problem exacerbated by unplanned land use. Conversely, rural beaches, especially those located in protected areas, show lower vulnerability due to reduced human impact and better conservation of natural ecosystems. Furthermore, the study underscores the effects of extreme climatic events, such as prolonged rainfall and high-energy waves, which can intensify erosion risks. The findings suggest that anthropogenic changes, combined with extreme climate events, significantly influence the dynamics of coastal erosion. This research emphasizes the importance of targeted management strategies that address both natural and human-induced vulnerabilities, aiming to enhance coastal resilience and sustainability for Amazonian beaches.
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Open AccessArticle
Development of a Statewide Climate Change Vulnerability Index for Heat and Flood: A Comprehensive Assessment of Connecticut for Resiliency Planning
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Yaprak Onat, Nicole Govert, Mary Buchanan, David Murphy, Meghan McGaffin, Conner Dickes, Libbie Duskin, Victoria Vetre, John Truscinski and James O’Donnell
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030028 - 25 Jun 2025
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The vulnerability framework developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines vulnerability as a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Building off this framework, the Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Climate Adaptation (CIRCA) developed a Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI)
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The vulnerability framework developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines vulnerability as a function of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Building off this framework, the Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Climate Adaptation (CIRCA) developed a Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) for the state of Connecticut, designed to integrate flood and extreme heat-related climate exposure with impacted socioeconomic, infrastructure, and ecological variables into a single comprehensive index that can guide resilience planning and prioritization at multiple levels. The index serves as a central component of the Resilient Connecticut project, a statewide initiative to advance climate adaptation and resilience planning through data-driven tools, community engagement, and strategies to address flood and heat risks across vulnerable communities. In this article, we detail the development of the CCVI, including earlier iterations, methodology, stakeholder engagement activities, and lessons learned that can impact resiliency planning in Connecticut. Preliminary statistical analyses, notable regional trends, data limitations, and future areas for research advancement are also discussed. The CCVI framework detailed here can be used in the process of identifying priority areas for intervention and supporting the selection and design of targeted resilience projects, and can also be adapted for other states.
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The Nucleation and Degradation of Pothole Wetlands by Human-Driven Activities and Climate During the Quaternary in a Semi-Arid Region (Southern Iberian Peninsula)
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A. Jiménez-Bonilla, I. Expósito, F. Gázquez, J. L. Yanes and M. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Geographies 2025, 5(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5030027 - 24 Jun 2025
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In this study, we selected a series of pothole wetlands to investigate their nucleation, evolution, and recent anthropogenic degradation in the Alcores Depression (AD), southern Iberian Peninsula, where over 100 closed watersheds containing shallow, ephemeral water bodies up to 2 hm2 have
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In this study, we selected a series of pothole wetlands to investigate their nucleation, evolution, and recent anthropogenic degradation in the Alcores Depression (AD), southern Iberian Peninsula, where over 100 closed watersheds containing shallow, ephemeral water bodies up to 2 hm2 have been identified. We surveyed the regional geological framework, utilized digital elevation models (DEMs), orthophotos, and aerial images since 1956. Moreover, we analyzed precipitation and temperature data in Seville from 1900 to 2024, collected hydrometeorological data since 1990 and modelled the water level evolution from 2002 to 2025 in a representative pothole in the area. Our observations indicate a flooded surface reduction by more than 90% from the 1950s to 2025. Climatic data reveal an increase in annual mean temperatures since 1960 and a sharp decline in annual precipitation since 2000. The AD’s inception due to tectonic isolation during the Quaternary favoured the formation of pothole wetlands in the floodplain. The reduction in the hydroperiod and wetland degradation was primarily due to agricultural expansion since 1950, which followed an increase in groundwater extraction and altered the original topography. Recently, decreased precipitation has exponentially accelerated the degradation and even the complete disappearance of many potholes. This study underscores the fragility of small wetlands in the Mediterranean basin and the critical role of human management in their preservation. Restoring these ecosystems could be a highly effective nature-based solution, especially in semi-arid climates like southern Spain. These prairie potholes are crucial for enhancing groundwater recharge, which is vital for maintaining water availability in regions with limited precipitation. By facilitating rainwater infiltration into the aquifer, recharge potholes increase groundwater levels. Additionally, they capture and store run-off during heavy rainfall, reducing the risk of flooding and soil erosion. Beyond their hydrological functions, these wetlands provide habitats that support biodiversity and promote ecological resilience, reinforcing the need for their protection and recovery.
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Influence of Pasture Diversity and NDVI on Sheep Foraging Behavior in Central Italy
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Sara Moscatelli, Simone Pesaresi, Martin Wikelski, Federico Maria Tardella, Andrea Catorci and Giacomo Quattrini
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020026 - 16 Jun 2025
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Pastoral activities are an essential part of the cultural and ecological landscape of Central Italy. This traditional practice supports local economies, maintains biodiversity, and contributes to the sustainable use of natural resources. Understanding livestock behavior in response to environmental variability is essential for
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Pastoral activities are an essential part of the cultural and ecological landscape of Central Italy. This traditional practice supports local economies, maintains biodiversity, and contributes to the sustainable use of natural resources. Understanding livestock behavior in response to environmental variability is essential for improving grazing management and animal welfare and ensuring the sustainability of these systems. This study evaluated the movement patterns of sheep grazing on pastures with differing vegetation indices in the Sibillini Mountains. Twenty lactating ewes foraging on two different pastures were monitored from June to October 2023 using GPS collars and accelerometers. GPS tracks were segmented using the Expectation Maximization Binary Clustering (EmBC) method to characterize movement behaviors, such as foraging, traveling, and resting. The NDVI was used to characterize vegetation dynamics, showing notable differences between the two pastures and across the grazing season. Additive mixed models were used to analyze data, accounting for individual variability and temporal autocorrelation in the sample. The results suggest that variations in the NDVI influence grazing behavior, with sheep in areas of lower vegetation density exhibiting increased movement during foraging. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing grazing practices and promoting sustainable land use.
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Open AccessArticle
Geographical Storytelling: Towards Digital Landscapes in the Footsteps of Cuchlaine King
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W. Brian Whalley
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020025 - 12 Jun 2025
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An information content approach is taken to producing a ‘digital description’ of a landscape utilising georeferencing within Digital Earth. A general view of the geomorphology of ‘northern England’ is used as a discussion area. Data points are geolocated using decimal latitude-longitude (dLL) that
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An information content approach is taken to producing a ‘digital description’ of a landscape utilising georeferencing within Digital Earth. A general view of the geomorphology of ‘northern England’ is used as a discussion area. Data points are geolocated using decimal latitude-longitude (dLL) that can be used as recording and search items in the literature, information landscapes, or ‘information fields’. Investigations, whether about landforms, events, sampling points, material properties, or dates, provide an ‘information set’ about geo-referenced points. Using the dLL format, such points also provide the basis for starts of transects and data points on topographic surfaces. The data sites provide an ‘information field’ about the area of interest and examples are given in the information landscape. The work of the late Cuchlaine King, physical geographer and geomorphologist, is used as examples of this information field approach by setting landforms and investigations into digitized physical landscapes. The paper also suggests ways of extending the information field idea to cover previous investigations and the possible implementation of Large Language Geographical Models in the employment of ‘big data’. The FAIR data principles of findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability are germane to the development of such models and their use.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large Language Models in Geographic Information)
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From Contamination to Consequence: Tracing Donna Lake’s Human Environmental History
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Dean Kyne
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020024 - 31 May 2025
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The Donna Reservoir and Canal System (Donna Lake) in Texas has been a persistent source of environmental contamination for over a century, exposing surrounding communities to dangerous levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Originally built for agricultural irrigation, the system became a recreational fishing
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The Donna Reservoir and Canal System (Donna Lake) in Texas has been a persistent source of environmental contamination for over a century, exposing surrounding communities to dangerous levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Originally built for agricultural irrigation, the system became a recreational fishing site before PCB contamination was discovered during public health investigations in the 1990s. This study examines patterns of demographic vulnerability, evaluates remediation efforts by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and explores residents’ ongoing challenges related to toxic exposure. Using publicly available demographic data, EPA reports, and previous health assessments, the study analyzes variations in community characteristics by proximity to Donna Lake and reviews the effectiveness of interventions implemented to date. The results show that communities closer to the contamination site are predominantly low-income and Spanish-speaking, and that remediation efforts, although initiated, have been slow and insufficient to fully eliminate health risks. The residents continue to face gaps in risk communication and protection. The findings underscore the lasting impacts of historical contamination on vulnerable populations and highlight the urgent need for more effective, community-centered remediation strategies to address persistent environmental health disparities.
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Progress of the Malabo Declaration as a Regional Agenda Towards Addressing Hunger in Africa
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Chibuzor Charles Ubah and Nidhi Nagabhatla
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020023 - 31 May 2025
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The Malabo Declaration commits African Union member states to eliminating hunger by 2025. Progress toward this target has been uneven and poorly understood. While some countries have recorded gains in non-hunger thematic areas such as finance, trade, resilience to climate variability, and governance
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The Malabo Declaration commits African Union member states to eliminating hunger by 2025. Progress toward this target has been uneven and poorly understood. While some countries have recorded gains in non-hunger thematic areas such as finance, trade, resilience to climate variability, and governance and accountability mechanisms, the extent to which these improvements contribute to hunger reduction remains unclear. This study investigates whether performance in non-hunger areas, as measured through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme Biennial Review C-scores, is statistically associated with outcomes under Commitment 3, which focuses on hunger reduction. We used random effects panel regression model covering 55 African countries from 2017 to 2023, the analysis identifies five significant predictors: agricultural GDP and poverty reduction (PC 4.1), foreign private investment (PC 2.3), multi stakeholder coordination (PC 1.2), inclusive public–private partnerships (PC 4.2), and trade policies (PC 5.2). Investment in resilience (PC 6.2) and capacity for planning and monitoring (PC 7.1) showed marginal associations. Our findings suggest that institutional presence alone does not drive hunger outcomes. We reflect that what matters is the structure, inclusiveness, and functionality of these mechanisms, including whether investments reach food-insecure populations, coordination platforms influence decisions, and policies adapt to local conditions. This study concludes that some high-performing categories fail to deliver tangible hunger reduction benefits when implementation is fragmented or disconnected from context. These findings challenge how progress is currently measured and interpreted at the regional level. Finally, we reiterate that as the region prepares for the post-2025 agenda, future strategies must directly link agricultural transformation to hunger reduction through targeted interventions and accountable institutions.
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Regional Impacts of Public Transport Development in the Agglomeration of Budapest in Hungary
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Szilvia Erdei-Gally, Tomasz Witko and Attila Erdei
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020022 - 19 May 2025
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Budapest and its metropolitan area serve as a key railway hub both within Hungary and across Europe, intersected by multiple European rail corridors and characterized by substantial suburban traffic driven by daily commuters from surrounding areas. The Budapest agglomeration is served by 11
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Budapest and its metropolitan area serve as a key railway hub both within Hungary and across Europe, intersected by multiple European rail corridors and characterized by substantial suburban traffic driven by daily commuters from surrounding areas. The Budapest agglomeration is served by 11 rail lines to Budapest managed by the MÁV Group Company (MÁV: Magyar Államvasutak Co., Budapest, Hungary) is a railway company owned by the Hungarian state). The majority of these are high-capacity, mostly double-track electrified main lines, which play a major role in long-distance and international transport. The main goal of the MÁV Group Company is the continuous development of the quality of passenger transport in Hungary and Europe, quality improvement in passenger comfort, sales, and passenger information systems, and the introduction of up-to-date, environmentally friendly means and solutions. Infrastructure plays a decisive role in the development and transformation of the country and its regions, municipalities, and settlement systems. The development of transport infrastructure not only dynamically transforms and shapes spatial structures but also initiates processes of internal differentiation. In our study, statistical analysis of municipalities and rail-based public transport confirmed a positive correlation between the modernization of transport infrastructure and selected demographic indicators.
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Assessing the Impact of Groundwater Extraction and Climate Change on a Protected Playa-Lake System in the Southern Iberian Peninsula: La Ratosa Natural Reserve
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Miguel Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Laszlo Halmos, Alejandro Jiménez-Bonilla, Manuel Díaz-Azpiroz, Fernando Gázquez, Joaquín Delgado, Ana Fernández-Ayuso, Inmaculada Expósito, Sergio Martos-Rosillo and José Luis Yanes
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020021 - 8 May 2025
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We modeled the water level variations in a protected playa-lake system (La Ratosa Natural Reserve, S Spain) comprising two adjacent playa-lakes: La Ratosa and Herriza de los Ladrones. For this purpose, daily water balances were applied to reconstruct the water level. Model results
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We modeled the water level variations in a protected playa-lake system (La Ratosa Natural Reserve, S Spain) comprising two adjacent playa-lakes: La Ratosa and Herriza de los Ladrones. For this purpose, daily water balances were applied to reconstruct the water level. Model results were validated using actual water level monitoring over the past 20 years. We surveyed post-Pliocene geological structures in the endorheic watershed to investigate lake nucleation and to improve the hydrogeological model. Additionally, we investigated the groundwater level evolution in nearby aquifers, which have been profusely affected by groundwater exploitation for domestic and agricultural use. Then, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios were applied to forecast the future of this lake system. We found that the playa-lake hydroperiod will shorten, causing the system to shift from seasonal to ephemeral, which appears to be a general trend in this area. However, the impact on the La Ratosa-Herriza de los Ladrones system would be likely more severe due to local stressors, such as groundwater withdrawal for urban demand and agriculture, driving the system to complete desiccation for extended periods. These results highlight the sensitivity of these protected ecosystems to changes in the watershed’s water balance and underscore the urgent need to preserve watersheds from any form of water use, other than ecological purposes. This approach aims to support informed decision-making to mitigate adverse impacts on these fragile ecosystems, ensuring their ecological integrity in the context of climate change and increasing water demand for various uses.
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Open AccessArticle
Residential and Social Vulnerability in the San Francisco Neighbourhood of Villena (Alicante, Spain)
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Francisco José Morales Yago, José Manuel Jurado Almonte and María José Cuesta Aguilar
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020020 - 23 Apr 2025
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Residential vulnerability in urban spaces is a complex phenomenon subject to a variety of social and economic factors. An example of this scenario is the San Francisco neighbourhood in Villena (Alicante, Spain). This is an area of residential vulnerability because of low levels
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Residential vulnerability in urban spaces is a complex phenomenon subject to a variety of social and economic factors. An example of this scenario is the San Francisco neighbourhood in Villena (Alicante, Spain). This is an area of residential vulnerability because of low levels of education among the population, low income, precarious housing and public insecurity. The main goal in this study was to analyse the profile of the neighbourhood using a mixed methodology based on statistical consultations with several official bodies and a qualitative method derived from surveys conducted with experts and interviews with focus groups made up of specialists, politicians and residents. The most significant results included the demographic stagnation of the local population and, conversely, a rejuvenation of the population thanks to foreign immigration, shaping a multicultural space not free of conflict, exclusion and residential precariousness. New challenges for integration towards a more participatory and safer coexistence emerged, with strategies aimed at curbing abandonment, preventing unlawful occupation of properties and contributing to residential and social regeneration.
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The Importance of the Census of Anthropogenic Cavities in the Mitigation Geological Hazards: The Case of Grotte di Castro (Italy)
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Francesco Gentili, Sergio Madonna and Stefania Nisio
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020019 - 11 Apr 2025
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The municipality of Grotte di Castro (Lazio Region, Italy) has, for some time, been the subject of various studies concerning the census of artificial cavities. Recent combined applications of LiDAR and photogrammetric surveys have made it possible to develop specific methods for locating
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The municipality of Grotte di Castro (Lazio Region, Italy) has, for some time, been the subject of various studies concerning the census of artificial cavities. Recent combined applications of LiDAR and photogrammetric surveys have made it possible to develop specific methods for locating entrances and producing 3D models and georeferenced plans. The combined use of these models with geomechanical surveys supported by surface seismic surveys makes it possible to understand the state of health of these buried structures and whether, in the event of an earthquake or as a result of natural decay, they could pose a danger to the population. In this work, which builds on recent studies, a method for assessing the state of these cavities is proposed and tested, essentially to evaluate the risks of collapse and sinkholes. The final objective is to census and discover as many cavities as possible, not only for the mitigation of risk but also for the valorisation of these cavities, which represent a true historical and archaeological heritage—testimonies to the history and evolution of ancient Castrum Criptarum.
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Open AccessArticle
Longyearbyen Lagoon (Spitsbergen): Gravel Spits Movement Rate and Mechanisms
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Nataliya Marchenko and Aleksey Marchenko
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020018 - 3 Apr 2025
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Understanding lagoon behavior is crucial for both scientific research and engineering decisions, especially in delicate Arctic environments. Lagoons are vital to coastal areas, often bolstering infrastructure resilience. Since spring 2019, we have monitored the Longyearbyen lagoon (Spitsbergen), vital for coastal erosion defense and
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Understanding lagoon behavior is crucial for both scientific research and engineering decisions, especially in delicate Arctic environments. Lagoons are vital to coastal areas, often bolstering infrastructure resilience. Since spring 2019, we have monitored the Longyearbyen lagoon (Spitsbergen), vital for coastal erosion defense and serving as a natural laboratory. The location’s well-developed infrastructure and accessible logistics make it an ideal testing site available at any time. It can be used for many natural scientific studies. The lagoon continually changes due to the primary action of waves and tides. This article focuses on gravel spit movement, accelerating in recent years to several meters monthly. Using methods of aerial and satellite images, laser scanning, and hydrodynamic measurements, we have delineated processes, rates, and mechanisms behind this movement. The measurements revealed an accelerating eastward movement of the lagoon spit, from 8 m in the first year to 86 m in the fourth year of observation. This can be explained by a combination of the reconstruction of the Longyearbyen riverbed and increased flow because of climate change. Notably, the expansion does not only occur in the summer months: from September 2022 to February 2023, the spit moved by 40 m, and then, by 19 m from February to June 2023. We found that the bed-load transport along the spit coupled with gravel slides are the primary drives of lagoon expansion and growth. We also investigated movements of groundwater in the spit and changes in gravel contents along the spit, influencing the water saturation of the gravel. Modelling these processes aids in forecasting lagoon system development, crucial for informed management and engineering decisions in Arctic coastal regions.
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Open AccessArticle
Combining Geographic Information Systems and Hydraulic Modeling to Analyze the Hydraulic Response of an Urban Area Under Different Conditions: A Case Study to Assist Engineering Practice
by
Panagiota Galiatsatou, Panagiota Stournara, Ioannis Kavouras, Michail Raouzaios, Christos Anastasiadis, Filippos Iosifidis, Dimitrios Spyrou and Alexandros Mentes
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020017 - 2 Apr 2025
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Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters
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Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters of the consumers in the urban district is therefore conducted in the frame of a District Metered Area (DMA) zoning. Different consumptions according to water meters and patterns of daily water demand, resulting from both theoretical and measured data from a limited number of smart meters, are used in the hydraulic simulations. The analysis conducted assists common engineering practice to identify critical locations for constructing new hydraulic infrastructure, resulting in the restructuring and reorganization of the DMA, assisting to face existing and common problems of WDNs within the general framework of DMA design and efficient water management. A case study on the WDN of Efkarpia, located in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, satisfying the principal design criteria of DMAs, is presented in this work, under both normal and emergency conditions. Hydraulic analysis is performed based on different scenarios, mainly consisting of different consumptions according to water meters and different demand patterns, all resulting in high pressures in the southern part of the DMA. Hydraulic simulations are then performed considering two basic operating scenarios, namely the operation of the old DMA of Efkarpia and a new DMA, which is reduced in size. The two scenarios are compared in terms of estimated pressures in the studied area, as well as in terms of energy consumption in the upstream pumping station. The comparisons reveal that the new DMA outperforms the old one, with a large increase in the pressure at nodes where low pressures were assessed in the old DMA, a reduction in daily pressure variation up to 45%, and quite significant energy savings assessed around 21.6%.
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Open AccessArticle
Age-Based Community Resilience Assessment Using Flood Resilience Index Approach: Inference from the Gyor City, Hungary
by
Ibrar Ullah, Gábor Kovács, Tibor Lenner and Péter Góczán
Geographies 2025, 5(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020016 - 1 Apr 2025
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Floods represent a significant threat to the livelihoods of individuals and pose challenges to global development prospects. An individual’s age is an essential predictor for adopting flood preparedness measures. In this context, the present study aims to identify community resilience based on age.
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Floods represent a significant threat to the livelihoods of individuals and pose challenges to global development prospects. An individual’s age is an essential predictor for adopting flood preparedness measures. In this context, the present study aims to identify community resilience based on age. Two age groups were considered for analysis, i.e., young group (age less than 24 years) and adult group (age over 24 years), using the Flood Resilience Index (FRI) approach through five dimensions of resilience, i.e., the natural, physical, economic, social, and institutional. The data analysis included 200 respondents, with each compromise equaling 100 from both age groups. A total of 34 structured questions were analyzed based on FRI dimensions. The survey results show that the overall resilience in both groups is low, but the adults are relatively more flood-resilient than the young group. Moreover, results of all dimensions show differences between the two groups, with the adult group appearing more resilient than the young group. The study shows that the local authorities and flood protection bodies should focus more on the community’s youth regarding risks and preparedness for flooding.
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