Search Results (1,169)

Grape stems (GSs), a key by-product of winemaking, are a rich source of bioactive polyphenols and have potential applications in functional foods, antioxidant additives, and cosmetics. In this study, the production of polyphenol-rich extracts from GS using an ultrasound-assisted, acid-catalyzed organosolv process was explored, using isopropanol as solvent. Sulfuric acid served as an effective catalyst for breaking down lignocellulosic material, and the process conditions were optimized using response surface methodology to maximize efficiency. Following an initial single-factor analysis, sulfuric acid and isopropanol concentrations were selected as the main variables. The optimal conditions—54% isopropanol and 1% sulfuric acid—yielded the highest polyphenol content (50.9 ± 4.4 mg caffeic acid equivalents per gram of dry mass). Further analysis using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that acid catalysis significantly altered the polyphenolic composition of the extracts. These changes enhanced antioxidant potency, as expressed by the radical scavenging activity but not by the reducing power, while the exact nature of the newly formed compounds was unclear. Overall, the results provide useful insights into modifying the polyphenolic profile of grape stems to obtain extracts with improved antioxidant capacity, supporting more sustainable and value-added uses of winemaking by-products within biorefinery systems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Severe arterial calcification remains a major challenge during femoropopliteal endovascular intervention, limiting luminal gain and increasing the risk of vessel-wall injury, restenosis, and bailout stenting. Pulsatile intravascular lithotripsy (PIVL) is a novel calcium-modification technology that converts pneumatic pulses into short-duration hydraulic pressure waves delivered through a non-compliant balloon. POWER PAD I evaluated the first-in-human feasibility, safety, and procedural performance of PIVL in calcified femoropopliteal arterial disease. Methods: POWER PAD I was a prospective, single-arm, two-center feasibility study. Adults with Rutherford category 2–4 symptomatic peripheral arterial disease and moderately or severely calcified superficial femoral or popliteal lesions were treated with PIVL, followed by adjunctive therapy when clinically indicated. Angiographic and duplex ultrasound outcomes were assessed by an independent core laboratory, and adverse events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Results: Nine patients underwent treatment of 20 lesions. Mean age was 76.2 ± 12.6 years, 19 lesions were severely calcified, and five lesions were chronic total occlusions. Patient-level device and procedural success were each achieved in 8 of 9 patients; technical success was achieved in all patients. Mean diameter stenosis decreased from 76.5 ± 18.0% before treatment to 28.1 ± 6.9% after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and before adjunctive drug-coated-balloon angioplasty, and to 20.6 ± 5.8% after adjunctive therapy. Mean minimal luminal diameter increased from 1.3 ± 1.0 mm to 3.8 ± 0.5 mm after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and to 4.3 ± 0.6 mm at final angiography. No perforation, distal embolization, thrombus, abrupt closure, no-reflow, bailout stenting, or grade D or higher dissection occurred. Freedom from clinically driven target-lesion revascularization was 100% at 30 days and 6 months. Conclusions: PIVL-containing lesion preparation was feasible in heavily calcified superficial femoral and popliteal lesions and was associated with substantial acute luminal gain before adjunctive DCB therapy and no severe angiographic complications. Favorable 6-month clinical and patency outcomes were observed after the combined treatment strategy of PIVL vessel preparation and adjunctive DCB therapy; therefore, longer-term outcomes cannot be attributed to PIVL alone. Larger controlled studies are warranted. Full article

Background: Conventional Doppler ultrasound is limited by its angle dependence and its inability to characterize complex flow patterns adequately. Vector flow imaging (VFI) is an angle-independent ultrasound technique that enables two-dimensional velocity vector mapping and the assessment of hemodynamic parameters. This scoping review aims to map the current evidence on the application and validation of VFI for assessing carotid artery stenosis (CAS). Methods: Using the Population–Concept–Context framework, we included studies that evaluated the application, validity, or outcomes of vector flow imaging in individuals with suspected or confirmed carotid artery stenosis, as well as in healthy controls used for comparison or validation, in clinical or research settings. Five electronic databases were searched from inception through 30 April 2026. Studies limited to conventional Doppler ultrasound or to animal or phantom models without human validation were excluded. Data were synthesized using descriptive numerical analysis and narrative thematic synthesis. Results: A total of 48 sources of evidence met the inclusion criteria. Six trial registrations without reported results were excluded from synthesis, leaving 42 synthesized sources, including 40 original studies and two reviews. The most frequently reported parameters were wall shear stress (n = 25), turbulence indices (n = 11), and velocity vectors (n = 14). Most studies were cross-sectional (n = 20) or technical validation studies (n = 13) with small sample sizes (median 31 participants, IQR 10.5–57; range 1–476). The dominant research focus was plaque vulnerability assessment, while fewer studies addressed stenosis grading. Only eight studies reported diagnostic-performance metrics; none employed prespecified thresholds, two reported blinding, and none adhered to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies guidelines (STARD). Conclusions: VFI enables detailed characterization of carotid hemodynamics, but the available evidence remains preliminary and does not establish clinical utility. Standardized, adequately powered studies with external validation are required before clinical implementation. Full article

Rubus saxatilis L. (Rosaceae) is used in traditional medicine in Central Kazakhstan, yet the effect of the extraction method on its phenolic profile and biological activity has not been studied systematically. Three extracts were compared: two prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction differing only in solvent—water (WE) and 50% ethanol (UAE)—and one by microwave-assisted extraction with 50% ethanol (MAE), allowing the effect of solvent (WE vs. UAE) and of extraction technique (UAE vs. MAE) to be assessed separately. Phenolic composition was determined by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS; antioxidant activity in vitro; cytotoxicity for Artemia salina; and antigenotoxic effects using Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 lux-biosensors (pKatG::lux, pSoxS::lux, pColD::lux) and Drosophila melanogaster models. Four phenolics were identified, with gallic acid dominant in the UAE and MAE extracts and hyperoside predominant in WE, while rutin was not detected in WE. MAE showed the strongest radical-scavenging activity (DPPH, IC₅₀ = 7.44 µg/mL), whereas WE had the highest reducing power (FRAP, EC₅₀ = 52.97 µg/mL). All extracts were non-toxic for A. salina and induced neither oxidative stress nor the SOS response; instead, they attenuated dioxidine-induced SOS signalling by up to 57%, suggesting an antigenotoxic (DNA-protective) effect at the bacterial level. In Drosophila, extracts produced moderate extract-dependent genotoxicity: the lowest damage was observed for MAE. The extraction method governs the phenolic profile and biological activity of R. saxatilis, with MAE being most favorable. Full article

Botrytis cinerea is a major fungal pathogen of grapevine responsible for gray mold, causing significant economic losses worldwide. Under specific environmental conditions, controlled development of Botrytis cinerea may lead to “noble rot,” a quality-enhancing attribute of premium wines; however, the same fungus can rapidly develop into destructive gray mold, causing significant grape losses. Consequently, the challenge is not necessarily the complete eradication of the pathogen, but the regulation of its development to prevent uncontrolled disease progression while preserving grape quality. The present study investigated the potential of using essential oils extracted from selected aromatic plants using ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UAHD) as eco-friendly biocontrol agents against Botrytis cinerea. The extraction process was optimized by evaluating the effects of biomass particle size, ultrasonic power, and distillation time on essential oil yield. Antifungal activity was assessed through in vitro poisoned food and disk diffusion assays and validated in vivo on artificially inoculated grape berries by evaluating disease incidence, disease severity, treatment efficacy, and weight loss. Ultrasound pretreatment increased essential oil yield by up to 29.58% compared with conventional hydrodistillation, with optimal conditions achieved using 1 cm biomass, 150 W ultrasonic power, and 85 min distillation. Oregano, thyme, sage, and lemon balm essential oils achieved 100% inhibition of Botrytis cinerea mycelial growth at the tested concentrations, whereas lavender essential oil showed 95.03% inhibition at 0.125% and complete inhibition at 0.25%. In vivo, essential oil formulations markedly reduced gray mold development, with the 2.0% formulation providing the highest treatment efficacy and the lowest disease severity. These findings show that UAHD-derived essential oils represent promising sustainable alternatives for the management of Botrytis cinerea in viticulture. However, these findings represent preliminary evidence obtained under controlled in vitro conditions, necessitating further validation in real-world applications. Full article

The controlled formation of coherent interfaces in lattice-mismatched II–VI semiconductor heterostructures remains challenging. In this work, ZnSe/ZnS laminar nanomaterials were synthesized by an ultrasound-assisted reverse micelle method to determine how ultrasonic power (150 and 200 W) and water-to-surfactant molar ratio (16:1, 32:1, and 48:1) jointly regulate morphology, crystal structure, lattice accommodation, optical response, and photoelectrochemical behavior. Higher ultrasonic power favored more clearly defined laminar morphologies, whereas increasing the water-to-surfactant ratio produced more heterogeneous growth domains. XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of zinc-blende ZnSe and ZnS phases and provided indirect evidence consistent with partial pseudomorphic lattice accommodation, with calculated mismatch values of 1.59–3.07%, compared with the theoretical value of 4.43%. The apparent optical band gap decreased from 3.39 to 3.06 eV at 200 W and from 3.34 to 3.04 eV at 150 W as the water content increased. Photochronoamperometry showed predominantly cathodic responses, whereas P1R1 exhibited an anodic response. These results establish ultrasonic power and micellar composition as coupled synthesis parameters for tuning lamellar growth, interfacial strain, and optoelectronic response in ZnSe/ZnS heterostructures. Full article

Most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) reach their target by passive systemic distribution, so the dose required for efficacy at the lesion is set by what healthy tissue can tolerate; conventional dosage forms consequently produce pharmacokinetic profiles that oscillate between toxic peaks and sub-therapeutic troughs. Nanoparticulate carriers (liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric and inorganic systems, and biomimetic carriers) and hydrogels (natural, synthetic, supramolecular, and microgel-assembled) have emerged as the dominant strategies to address this, increasingly combined as hybrid nanoparticle–hydrogel constructs in which the gel provides locoregional retention and the nanoparticles provide cargo protection, intracellular delivery and stimuli responsiveness. Stimuli-responsive chemistries (pH, redox, enzyme, ROS, hypoxia, temperature, light, magnetic, ultrasound, glucose, and multi-stimuli logic) translate the molecular signatures of a disease into spatiotemporally controlled cargo release. This narrative review consolidates the state of the art (prioritizing 2022–2026) and departs from the conventional carrier-type survey in one respect: the literature is read along an explicit chain—disease cue, sensing chemistry, carrier architecture, release mechanism and kinetics, administration route, and clinical readiness—which exposes a variable that classification by carrier type conceals. Across all three material classes, what governs release behavior is not primarily the carrier chemistry but the identity of the released species (dissolved drug, drug from an embedded nanoparticle, an intact nanoparticle, and a matrix fragment) and the transport step that limits it. This is why power-law exponent analysis developed for dissolved drug fits particulate release poorly, why statistical goodness-of-fit cannot by itself establish a release mechanism, and why carrier class predicts clinical readiness less well than administration route and regulatory product type. Translational hurdles—CMC complexity, regulatory fragmentation, anti-PEG immunogenicity, and the structural mismatch between preclinical promise and clinical efficacy—are critically appraised in light of previously reported <1% delivery efficiency analysis. This review identifies converging strategies that could move stimuli-responsive controlled release from an aspirational outcome to a routine clinical reality. Full article

This study developed an integrated process combining ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) with purification for the efficient recovery of bioactive flavonoids from Rhododendron anthopogonoides Maxim. (RA). Extraction conditions were optimized via Plackett–Burman screening followed by response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions (enzyme dosage 30 mg/g, liquid-to-solid ratio 30:1 mL/g, 70% ethanol, 70 °C, ultrasonic power 490 W, extraction time 40 min) produced a total flavonoid yield of 13.56%. RSM established a reliable quadratic model (R² = 0.9800), with artificial neural network cross-validation further validating the robustness of the optimized parameters. Notably, UAEE substantially outperformed conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction. Purification using AB-8 resin raised flavonoid purity to 25.4 ± 0.48%. SEM and FT-IR analyses revealed effective cell wall disruption while maintaining flavonoid structural integrity. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS identified 19 flavonoid compounds in the purified fraction. In vitro assays demonstrated that the purified flavonoids exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 28 µg/mL (DPPH), 38 µg/mL (ABTS⁺), and 43 µg/mL (•OH), corresponding to scavenging rates of 98.4%, 98.1%, and 94.2% at 200 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the purified flavonoids dose-dependently inhibited the release of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Full article

Microbubbles (MBs) have been used as a radiosensitizer, and their combination with ultrasound (US) has emerged as a promising strategy to improve radiotherapy outcomes in tumor treatment. Nanobubbles (NBs), which are about 1000 times smaller than MB and have enhanced stability, have been considered to have the potential for further radiosensitization enhancement. In this study, tumor-bearing models were treated with and without nanobubble–ultrasound (NBUS) treatment before radiotherapy (XRT) to evaluate the radiosensitization. The time intervals between the NB injection and US exposure, and between US and XRT, were optimized to maximize the therapeutic efficacy. A derivative texture analysis was applied to extract microstructural features from haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained images. A one-way ANOVA test combined with a k-NN classifier and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test was used to identify the best features for assessing treatment outcomes. These were applied to H&E-stained tumor sections for evaluating microstructural alterations associated with NB-driven radiosensitization. The results indicated that both the 2 Gy and 8 Gy radiation groups showed enhanced treatment outcomes when NBUS therapy was administered before radiotherapy. Notably, NBUS + 2 Gy could achieve outcomes comparable to 8 Gy only. Additionally, a derivative texture analysis was demonstrated to be a promising and powerful technique for analyzing H&E images. This study provides a quantitative framework for assessing nanobubble-enhanced radiotherapy. Full article

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. Sonochemical processes have shown considerable potential for PFAS destruction, but the relationships between ultrasound operating conditions, cavitation behavior, and reactor performance remain insufficiently understood. Ultrasonic cavitation is a key mechanism in sonochemical processes, yet the coupled effects of ultrasound frequency, cavitation activity, energy efficiency, and bubble characteristics remain insufficiently understood. This study systematically investigated these interactions in an intermediate scale sonochemical reactor operated at 680, 850, and 950 kHz under different power densities. Cavitation was quantified using potassium iodide (KI) dosimetry, while energy transfer and efficiency were evaluated by calorimetric analysis. Bubble size, bubble concentration and zeta potential were measured to characterize cavitation-generated nanobubbles and added argon nanobubbles, and their interfacial properties. The results showed that ultrasound frequency strongly influenced cavitation behavior and energy utilization. The 850 kHz system exhibited the highest cavitation activity, whereas the 950 kHz system showed the highest calorimetric efficiency. Increased power density enhanced cavitation intensity but also increased thermal losses. Higher frequencies produced smaller bubbles, while power density and solution properties had weaker effects on bubble size and surface charge. Zeta potential measurements revealed consistently negative surface charges, with markedly greater negative values in the presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and argon nanobubbles, consistent with possible interfacial association of PFAS rather than direct confirmation of adsorption. Nanobubble concentration and size were also highly dependent on ultrasound and solution properties, with ultrasound promoting nanobubble generation and PFAS contributing to their stability and growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that cavitation activity, energy efficiency, and bubble interfacial properties are strongly interdependent and primarily governed by ultrasonic frequency. This work provides new insights into sonochemical reactor characterization and optimization and identifies operating conditions that may be beneficial for future PFAS degradation studies and other advanced oxidation processes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) abnormalities are a common finding in the general adult population, but they have been rarely investigated in people receiving chronic dialysis. The TMJ is a unique synovial joint that can be altered by either inflammatory or degenerative processes, both of which are amenable to ultrasound (US) assessment. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of TMJ involvement in a cohort of hemodialysis patients using TMJ ultrasound (TMJ US). Methods: This cross-sectional, single-center study evaluated the clinical utility of TMJ US to detect inflammatory and degenerative changes in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and was carried out between June and December 2025. Demographic data, dialysis vintage, the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were collected and related to TMJ US findings and to bone-metabolism biomarkers (calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone). Results: 100 hemodialysis patients were included (65 male, 65%; mean age 71.6 ± 13.1 years). Comorbidity and undernutrition were frequent findings (CCI ≥ 4 in 63%; CONUT ≥ 3 in 68%). TMJ US revealed that degenerative indicators were more common than inflammatory ones: calcifications (36%), condylar irregularities (33%) and enthesophytes (25%) were the most prevalent degenerative findings, whereas joint effusion (16%), synovial hypertrophy (15%) and cartilage changes (15%) were the leading inflammatory findings; a positive power Doppler signal was rare (1%). Cortical/condylar irregularity was significantly more prevalent in patients with a dialysis vintage of less than 30 months (43.8% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.034), who also had lower serum calcium levels. No other TMJ US finding showed a significant association with age, sex, comorbidity burden, nutritional status, or bone-metabolism parameters on univariate. Conclusions: TMJ US demonstrated a substantial burden of subclinical degenerative and, to a lesser extent, inflammatory TMJ findings in this cohort of hemodialysis patients; none of these abnormalities were spontaneously reported as symptomatic, and their prevalence was independent of age, dialysis vintage, comorbidity, nutritional status and classical bone-metabolism parameters. These findings cannot be directly attributed to the dialysis/uremic environment rather than to age-related degeneration; they support the concept that the TMJ warrants further investigation as a potentially under-recognized target within the broader systemic metabolic derangement of end-stage kidney disease, and suggest that TMJ US is a feasible, accessible technique for detecting subclinical TMJ involvement in this population, pending confirmation of clinical utility in controlled studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Current screening strategies are generally performed during the end of the second trimester, limiting opportunities for early intervention. Increasing evidence suggests that placental and fetal ultrasound markers detectable in early pregnancy may reflect the pathophysiological changes preceding the clinical diagnosis of GDM. This narrative review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding first- and second-trimester placental and fetal ultrasound markers associated with the subsequent development of GDM. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted focusing on studies evaluating ultrasound markers of placental morphology, placental vascularization and function, uterine artery Doppler indices, placental volume, placental thickness, and fetal biometric and functional parameters in relation to later GDM diagnosis. Twenty-two studies were identified and analyzed to assess their clinical utility and predictive value. Results: Increasing evidence suggests that placental and fetal ultrasound markers detectable in early pregnancy may reflect pathophysiological changes preceding the clinical diagnosis of GDM. Three-dimensional power Doppler, particularly the vascularization–flow index, has demonstrated reduced placental vascularization in pregnancies subsequently complicated by GDM. Placental elastography and artificial intelligence-based radiomic analysis also show promising predictive potential. Uterine artery Doppler has demonstrated limited and inconsistent value. Fetal findings suggest that conventional biometry has limited predictive utility, whereas fetal growth velocity and markers of adiposity, including anterior abdominal wall thickness and abdominal overgrowth, more consistently identify early adaptations associated with later GDM. However, substantial methodological heterogeneity limits interpretation. Conclusions: Early placental and fetal ultrasound markers represent promising non-invasive tools for the early identification of pregnancies at risk for GDM. Further large-scale prospective studies are required to validate their predictive performance and establish standardized assessment protocols. Integrating maternal clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters may enhance future screening strategies for GDM. Full article

The development of marine-derived bioactive natural products has long been constrained by the dual bottlenecks of low extraction efficiency and unclear target mechanisms. In this study, single-factor experiments integrated with response surface methodology were employed to systematically establish an ultrasound-assisted high-efficiency extraction system for Sargassum fusiforme polyphenols (SP). The optimal extraction was achieved under the following conditions: ethanol concentration of 50%, liquid-to-solid ratio of 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 150 W, temperature of 50 °C, and extraction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, the experimentally obtained SP yield reached 38.91 ± 0.82 mg/g, showing no significant deviation from the model-predicted value (p > 0.05), thereby validating the reliability of the established process. In functional assessments, SP exhibited a mitigating effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. In cellular assays, SP treatment was associated with elevated activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT), alongside reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE₂ and IL-6) and an increased level of IL-10 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Collectively, this study establishes an efficient laboratory-scale extraction protocol for SP and presents in vitro evidence for its cytoprotective effects. These findings provide an empirical basis for future investigations into the bioactive potential of this marine polyphenol. Full article

Background/Objectives: UNet-based models dominate medical image segmentation. Transformers have been added as an internal variant to these UNet-based architectures to improve feature learning. However, they have limitations in generalization and computational efficiency. Motivated by this idea, we have designed a two-stage novel hybrid segmentation framework, where tuners are added in cascade to the base architectures. Methods: Three sets of base UNets were designed, namely: B1: UNet1p, B2: UNet2p, and B3:UNet3p, and four sets of transformer-based tuners were designed, namely: T1:Transformer-augmented UNet, T2: Attention-guided UNet, T3: Swin Transformer-based UNet, and T4: Pyramid-based network, leading to 12 fused systems that combine three base UNets and four Tuners, namely: F1: B1 + T1, F2: B1 + T2, F3: B1 + T3, F4: B1 + T4; F5: B2 + T1, F6: B2 + T2, F7: B2 + T3, F8: B2 + T4, F9: B3 + T1, F10: B3 + T2, F11: B3 + T3, F12: B3 + T4. Results: The two-hybrid segmentation models are more effective and reliable than the single-stage UNet architecture. B3 + T4 achieved a Dice of 94.14% and Jaccard of 88.7%, surpassing prior baselines by 4.2% and 6.8%. It reduced cIMTE to 0.014 mm, a 36% improvement and the lowest reported to date, with cLIE and cMAE errors lowered by 40%. Conclusions: All 12 hybrid automated transformer-based models are highly accurate and reliable for wall segmentation in carotid ultrasound; they are a powerful paradigm for cardiovascular risk. Full article

Widespread application of dyes has led to severe threats to water environments, and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been confirmed as an effective solution to dye degradation. Among them, ozonation was one of the most prevalent AOPs. In this study, the effects of using AOPs—mainly based on ozone (O₃)—to treat printing and dyeing wastewater (PDW) were compared. Firstly, ozone carrier active carbon fiber (ACF) was investigated for adsorption performance evaluation on pretreatment. The results showed that ACF treated by ultrasound performed best compared with ACF treated with other four pretreatment methods. Secondly, comparative studies based on individual O₃, ultraviolet (UV), and combined O₃/UV processes on PDW under different pH conditions were conducted. The decolorization rate of reactive brilliant blue X-BR dye under acidic conditions was higher than in alkaline and neutral dyes. In addition, with the utilization of single ozone and O₃/UV under pH = 4 conditions, the decolorization rate could be above 99%. However, individual UV caused few variations in wastewater chromaticity. Thirdly, the effects of pH, UV light intensity, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and ACF filling rate on the performance of the O₃/UV/ACF system were preliminarily screened using a saturated L9 orthogonal design. In terms of the results, the performance of the constructed O₃/UV/ACF AOP system was superior than the conventional oxidation method, in which HRT had the largest apparent main effect on decolorization, followed by pH, ACF filling rate, and UV light intensity. Among the factor levels examined, the best-performing combination was pH 4, a UV power of 48 W, an HRT of 3 h, and an ACF filling rate of 80%. In a subsequent single kinetic experiment conducted using this combination, the final decolorization efficiency was 92.14%, the COD removal was 60%, and the biodegradability increased by 63.08%. This study offered novel insights into an O₃-based AOP system for improving PDW treatment. Full article