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394 Results Found

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,200 Views
18 Pages

Process Technology for Diffusion Welding with Cyclically Pulsative Joining Forces

  • Björn John,
  • Holger Letsch,
  • Johannes Wölck,
  • Marcel Hess and
  • Jonas Hensel

8 March 2023

Diffusion welding is a solid-state welding process and is characterised by the process parameters temperature, compression force and process time. Usually, the process force is applied as static load, and high demands with respect to specimen surface...

(This article belongs to the Section Welding and Joining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
14,168 Views
11 Pages

A knurled interference fit is a machine part connection made by a plastic joining, which includes the advantages of commonly-used shaft-hub-connections. The combination of the friction and form fit, which are responsible for torque transmission, resu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Machining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,953 Views
16 Pages

29 October 2020

In order to reduce CO2 emissions, an increasing interest in lightweight construction exists in the automotive industry, especially the multi-material-design approach. The main construction materials here are steels and aluminium alloys. Due to their...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dissimilar Material Welding and Joining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,770 Views
12 Pages

Study on Effect of Shapes of Serration of Joining Plane on Joining Characteristics for the Aluminum–Steel Multi-Materials Press Joining Process

  • In-Kyu Lee,
  • Sung-Yun Lee,
  • Sang-Kon Lee,
  • Myeong-Sik Jeong and ,
  • Bong-Joon Kim and
  • Won-Gwang Joo
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

9 December 2020

Recently, mechanical joining processes have received much attention for joining multi-materials. In particular, these processes have a great demand in the automobile industry for weight reduction. The press-fitting process is a representative mechani...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming: Fundamentals, Simulation and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
11,952 Views
17 Pages

Microgalvanic Corrosion Behavior of Cu-Ag Active Braze Alloys Investigated with SKPFM

  • Armen Kvryan,
  • Kari Livingston,
  • Corey M. Efaw,
  • Kyle Knori and ,
  • Brian J. Jaques,
  • Paul H. Davis,
  • Darryl P. Butt and
  • Michael F. Hurley
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

19 April 2016

The nature of microgalvanic couple driven corrosion of brazed joints was investigated. 316L stainless steel samples were joined using Cu-Ag-Ti and Cu-Ag-In-Ti braze alloys. Phase and elemental composition across each braze and parent metal interface...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidation of Metals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,818 Views
19 Pages

Flow behavior and aerodynamic performance of a small-scale joined-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was studied experimentally and numerically under various pitch and yaw angle combinations in subsonic flow conditions. Selected numerical results are...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vortex Flow Phenomena and Physics of Aerospace Engineering Applications)
  • Commentary
  • Open Access
22 Citations
11,209 Views
8 Pages

Social Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy—Joining Forces

  • Anna Birna Almarsdottir and
  • Anne Gerd Granas

22 December 2015

This commentary seeks to define the areas of social pharmacy and clinical pharmacy to uncover what they have in common and what still sets them apart. Common threats and challenges of the two areas are reviewed in order to understand the forces in pl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Pharmacy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,271 Views
10 Pages

13 September 2021

A spectral inverse problem concerns the reconstruction of parameters of a parent graph from prescribed spectral data of subgraphs. Also referred to as the P–NP Isomorphism Problem, Reconstruction or Exact Graph Matching, the aim is to seek sets of pa...

(This article belongs to the Section B: Mathematics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,451 Views
12 Pages

A Novel Method for Joining Steel/Al Tube Parts Based on Electromagnetic Force by Flat Coil

  • Quanxiaoxiao Liu,
  • Yuanheng Yao,
  • Zehua Xia,
  • Guangyao Li and ,
  • Junjia Cui and
  • Hao Jiang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

3 November 2021

Electromagnetic joining technology is an effective technique to join tubes with dissimilar materials. In this paper, a new approach for steel/Al tube parts joined by electromagnetic crimping using a flat coil was investigated. Electromagnetic crimpin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Joining Technologies of Alloys and Composites in the Automotive, Aeronautic and Astronautic Fields)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,905 Views
23 Pages

Welding of Low Carbon Steel Tubes Using Magnetically Impelled Arc Butt Welding: Experimental Investigation and Characterization

  • Mukti Chaturvedi,
  • Arungalai Vendan Subbiah,
  • Mohammed Y. Tharwan,
  • Sharaf Al Sofyani and ,
  • Vladimir Kachinskiy,
  • Sharanabasavaraj Radder,
  • Ashraff Ali Kaveripakkam Suban,
  • Essmat Showman,
  • M. Fattouh and
  • Ammar H. Elsheikh
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

17 November 2022

Magnetically impelled arc butt (MIAB) welding is a solid-state technique of welding that utilizes the heating effect of a high-speed rotating arc for the formation of the weld. The process exhibits lower time and power consumption compared to convent...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding Technology in Metals II)
  • Review
  • Open Access
140 Citations
14,219 Views
14 Pages

Joining Forces against Antibiotic Resistance: The One Health Solution

  • Eleonora Cella,
  • Marta Giovanetti,
  • Francesca Benedetti,
  • Fabio Scarpa and ,
  • Catherine Johnston,
  • Alessandra Borsetti,
  • Giancarlo Ceccarelli,
  • Taj Azarian,
  • Davide Zella and
  • Massimo Ciccozzi
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

23 August 2023

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern that affects both human and animal populations. The One Health approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment. It emphasizes the importance...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews of Infectious Diseases)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3,054 Views
11 Pages

Influence of a Modified Procedure of Joining Ceramic Head and Adapter Sleeve on the Stem Taper in Revision: An Experimental Study

  • Sandra Hunger,
  • Christian Rotsch,
  • Florian Günther,
  • Welf-Guntram Drossel and
  • Christoph-Eckhard Heyde

In revision operations, ceramic heads of modular hip implants can be replaced. As the surface of the stem taper can be damaged, additional adapter sleeves are applied. The components are usually connected manually by the surgeon in a one-step procedu...

(This article belongs to the Section Nanobiotechnology and Biofabrication)
  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
5,908 Views
15 Pages

15 December 2017

In recent years, the use of aluminum alloy has tended to increase for building lightweight automobiles to reduce their automotive weight, which is helpful to save energy and protect the environment. In order to join aluminum alloy, a flat-clinching p...

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,796 Views
15 Pages

A novel process design for the damage-free and highly accurate positional integration of an optical multi-axial force sensor into a hollow tube by means of rotary swaging is introduced. Numerical simulations reveal the relevant process phenomena of t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dissimilar Metal Joining and Welding)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,574 Views
14 Pages

16 November 2022

How to improve the bonding strength of polymers to metals has been one of the challenges in joining fields. It is generally assumed that laser transmission joining is better than laser conduction joining (LCJ) for transparent polymers, and few studie...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymer Materials and Advanced Processing Technology)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,588 Views
10 Pages

Electrical Contacting of Aluminum Bus Bars Using Clinching and Functional Elements

  • Uwe Füssel,
  • Stephan Schlegel,
  • Gregor Reschke and
  • Jan Kalich

As a joining-by-forming process, clinching and the use of functional elements enable low-energy joining of components through form, force, and, under certain conditions, material closure. In addition to the transmission of mechanical forces, these jo...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 28th Saxon Conference on Forming Technology SFU and the 7th International Conference on Accuracy in Forming Technology ICAFT)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
5,084 Views
14 Pages

17 March 2019

The development of lightweight hybrid metal–polymer structures has recently attracted interest from the transportation industry. Nevertheless, the possibility of joining metals and polymers or composites is still a great challenge. Friction Spo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Polymer Multi-Material Structures and Manufacturing Techniques in Transportation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,603 Views
11 Pages

7 December 2023

Magnetic pulse welding (MPW) is a joining method that uses Lorentz force generated from an electromagnetic field. This method not only has the advantage of not causing thermal deformation of the material and no by-products compared to the method of j...

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,121 Views
14 Pages

29 October 2025

Impact butt joining of copper 5 mm thick C1100 and aluminum alloy A6061-T6 plates was carried out, according to a method recently devised by one of the authors. The joining method results in newly created surfaces being obtained by very large plastic...

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
669 Views
17 Pages

Mechanical Behaviour of Tube Fit Joints in EV Battery Systems: The Role of Material Selection

  • Vasco P. Henriques,
  • Mohammad Mehdi Kasaei,
  • Ricardo J. C. Carbas,
  • Eduardo A. S. Marques and
  • Lucas F. M. da Silva

Tube-fit joining is a promising heat-free solution for busbar-to-prismatic cell terminal interconnections, offering rapid disassembly for repair, reuse, and recycling. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical behaviour of tube-fit joints...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,928 Views
20 Pages

Tool Downscaling Effects on the Friction Stir Spot Welding Process and Properties of Current-Carrying Welded Aluminum–Copper Joints for E-Mobility Applications

  • Aristide Tchouaha Tankoua,
  • Tobias Köhler,
  • Jean Pierre Bergmann,
  • Michael Grätzel and ,
  • Philip Betz and
  • Dirk Lindenau
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

3 December 2021

According to the technical breakthrough towards E-Mobility, current-carrying dissimilar joints between aluminum and copper are gaining an increasing relevance for the automotive industry and thus, coming into focus of many research activities. The jo...

(This article belongs to the Section Welding and Joining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,776 Views
29 Pages

27 May 2022

Joining dissimilar materials is always a challenging and interesting topic for researchers and industries. Friction drill joining, as a solid-state process, is a novel approach to connecting similar and dissimilar materials. Dissimilar metals, especi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,683 Views
12 Pages

Evaluating the Feasibility and Reproducibility of a Novel Insertion Method for Modular Acetabular Ceramic Liners

  • Sandra Hunger,
  • Alexander Seidler,
  • Christian Rotsch,
  • Christoph-Eckhard Heyde and
  • Welf-Guntram Drossel

Modern hip implants have a modular design. In case of wear or other damage it allows surgeons to change the tribological partners, i.e., the acetabular liner and femoral ball. In both revision and primary surgery, the secure joining of the implant co...

(This article belongs to the Section Nanobiotechnology and Biofabrication)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,798 Views
18 Pages

21 June 2024

Drive systems are an important part of general mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, and various other fields, with shaft–hub connections being an important part of such systems. Decisive aspects in the development of such systems tod...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Eng 2024)
  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
3,606 Views
13 Pages

Investigation of the Restored Joint for Aluminum Alloy

  • Chao Chen,
  • Huiyang Zhang,
  • Hao Peng,
  • Xiangkun Ran and
  • Qing Pan

7 January 2020

In recent years, the mechanical clinching method plays an increasingly important role in the building of thin-walled structures. The clinched joint can be employed to join the lightweight materials. Compared with other joining methods, the clinched j...

  • Review
  • Open Access
61 Citations
9,588 Views
25 Pages

How RSV Proteins Join Forces to Overcome the Host Innate Immune Response

  • Tessa Van Royen,
  • Iebe Rossey,
  • Koen Sedeyn,
  • Bert Schepens and
  • Xavier Saelens

17 February 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. Although several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can sense RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Strategies of Immune Evasion)
  • Review
  • Open Access
23 Citations
16,747 Views
24 Pages

Joining Forces for Cancer Treatment: From “TCR versus CAR” to “TCR and CAR”

  • Karin Teppert,
  • Xueting Wang,
  • Kathleen Anders,
  • César Evaristo and ,
  • Dominik Lock and
  • Annette Künkele
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

23 November 2022

T cell-based immunotherapy has demonstrated great therapeutic potential in recent decades, on the one hand, by using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and, on the other hand, by engineering T cells to obtain anti-tumor specificities through the i...

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,022 Views
31 Pages

Joining Forces Against Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: The Synergism Between Natural Compounds and Antibiotics

  • María Melissa Gutiérrez-Pacheco,
  • Martina Hilda Gracia-Valenzuela,
  • Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramirez,
  • Francisco Javier Vázquez-Armenta and ,
  • Juan Manuel Leyva,
  • Jesús Fernando Ayala-Zavala and
  • Andrés Francisco Chávez-Almanza
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

The intensification of aquaculture practices has been accompanied by an increased incidence of bacterial diseases, leading to a greater reliance on antibiotics for disease control. Consequently, the widespread and often indiscriminate use of these co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance: Biofilms and Anti-Biofilm Agents)
  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,385 Views
33 Pages

Joining Forces: The Combined Application of Therapeutic Viruses and Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy

  • Hongyu Li,
  • Yunhuan Zhu,
  • Xin Wang,
  • Yilu Feng and ,
  • Yuncheng Qian,
  • Qiman Ma,
  • Xinyuan Li,
  • Yihan Chen and
  • Keda Chen
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

20 November 2023

Cancer, on a global scale, presents a monumental challenge to our healthcare systems, posing a significant threat to human health. Despite the considerable progress we have made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, realizing precision cancer the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,895 Views
11 Pages

Metabolic Syndrome and Parkinson’s Disease: Two Villains Join Forces

  • Lucas Udovin,
  • Sofía Bordet,
  • Hanny Barbar,
  • Matilde Otero-Losada and ,
  • Santiago Pérez-Lloret and
  • Francisco Capani
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Background: Metabolic syndrome and Parkinson’s disease have common pathophysiological denominators. This study aimed to investigate how metabolic syndrome contributes to Parkinson’s disease progression, as well as the genetic traits share...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Parkinson’s Disease: Opportunities and Challenges (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,467 Views
11 Pages

23 December 2022

AddJoining technique has been recently introduced to produce metal–polymer composite hybrid layered structures. The methodology combines the principles of joining and polymeric additive manufacturing. This paper presents three AddJoining proces...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Metal-Polymer Joints)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,378 Views
5 Pages

Mechanical Behaviour of Clinched Joints in Configurations

  • Andreas Breda,
  • Sam Coppieters and
  • Dimitri Debruyne

Clinch joining or clinching is a mechanical joining technique for sheet material. In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of multiple clinched joints under mixed-mode loads (peel, shear and pull-out) is investigated using a modified Arcan test. The e...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 18th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
  • Best Paper Award
14 Citations
6,455 Views
20 Pages

Due to stricter emission targets in the mobility sector and the resulting trend towards lightweight construction in order to reduce weight and consequently emissions, multi-material systems that allow a material to be placed in the right quantity and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming and Joining)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,414 Views
11 Pages

The multi-material design and the adaptability of a modern process chain require joining connections with specifically adjustable mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electrical properties. Previous considerations primarily focused on the mechanical pro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Forming and Joining)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,165 Views
20 Pages

Clinch-Bonding Process for Ultra-High-Strength Steel and A5052 Aluminum Alloy Sheets

  • Yohei Abe,
  • Yu Tatara,
  • Takahiro Hosokawa and
  • Ryoto Yamauchi

29 July 2025

Initially, the effects of sheet combinations for joining two sheets, including 780 MPa steel and A5052 aluminum alloy sheets, on the joined cross-sectional shapes of the sheets in a clinch-bonding process and the tension-shear load of joined sheets w...

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
9,498 Views
21 Pages

Self-assembling peptides and carbon nanomaterials have attracted great interest for their respective potential to bring innovation in the biomedical field. Combination of these two types of building blocks is not trivial in light of their very differ...

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemistry)
  • Review
  • Open Access
52 Citations
5,832 Views
28 Pages

Natural Compounds and Biopolymers-Based Hydrogels Join Forces to Promote Wound Healing

  • Federica Falbo,
  • Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri,
  • Donatella Restuccia and
  • Francesca Aiello

Rapid and complete wound healing is a clinical emergency, mainly in pathological conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Many therapeutic tools are not resolutive, and the research for a more efficient remedial remains a challenge. Wound dressin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Infections and Wound Healing: Medicinal-Chemistry and Technological Based Approaches)
  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,999 Views
36 Pages

One Omics Approach Does Not Rule Them All: The Metabolome and the Epigenome Join Forces in Haematological Malignancies

  • Antonia Kalushkova,
  • Patrick Nylund,
  • Alba Atienza Párraga,
  • Andreas Lennartsson and
  • Helena Jernberg-Wiklund

Aberrant DNA methylation, dysregulation of chromatin-modifying enzymes, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in haematological malignancies. These epimutations, with an impact on chromatin accessibility and transcriptional output, are often ass...

  • Article
  • Open Access
99 Citations
20,680 Views
23 Pages

28 October 2016

In the most recent report published by the World Health Organization concerning people with visual disabilities it is highlighted that by the year 2020, worldwide, the number of completely blind people will reach 75 million, while the number of visua...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Technology for Healthcare System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
300 Views
18 Pages

Tubular Self-Piercing Riveting of Butt Joints in Lightweight Structures

  • Rafael M. Afonso,
  • Pengyi Wang,
  • Yichun Jin and
  • Luís M. Alves

3 October 2026

Conventional self-piercing riveting is primarily limited to lap joints, which can increase structural mass and restrict geometric flexibility. This study investigates tubular self-piercing riveting (T-SPR) as a method for producing butt joints betwee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,980 Views
14 Pages

Induction heating was used to join basalt fiber reinforced polymer laminates (BFRPL) using the process called inductive contact joining (ICJ). Two other mechanical joining processes, nut and bolt (NB) and two-piece hollow riveting (2PR), were compare...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
66 Citations
20,195 Views
15 Pages

Human Hand Anatomy-Based Prosthetic Hand

  • Larisa Dunai,
  • Martin Novak and
  • Carmen García Espert

28 December 2020

The present paper describes the development of a prosthetic hand based on human hand anatomy. The hand phalanges are printed with 3D printing with Polylactic Acid material. One of the main contributions is the investigation on the prosthetic hand joi...

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,290 Views
13 Pages

12 September 2021

Aircraft panel assembly mainly includes the pre-joining process and the riveting process. In addition, the traditional pre-joining process is mainly executed by bolts, which has problems such as the large tightening torque, inconvenient bilateral tig...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Joining Technologies of Alloys and Composites in the Automotive, Aeronautic and Astronautic Fields)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,508 Views
21 Pages

Effect of Laser Power on Formation and Joining Strength of DP980-CFRP Joint Fabricated by Laser Circle Welding

  • Sendong Ren,
  • Yihao Shen,
  • Taowei Wang,
  • Hao Chen and ,
  • Ninshu Ma and
  • Jianguo Yang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

7 April 2025

In the present research, laser circle welding (LCW) was proposed to join dual-phase steel (DP980) and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP). The welding appearance, cross-section of the welded joint and fracture surfaces were subjected to multi-scal...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,401 Views
12 Pages

4 November 2024

In order to be able to recycle composite components made of polymer and metal, which are used in the automotive industry, the joints must be broken. The success of the separation is influenced by the stress and also by the joining mechanism between t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Opportunities in Plastic Waste Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,308 Views
11 Pages

Deformation Mechanism in Mechanically Coupled Polymer–Metal Hybrid Joints

  • Karol Bula,
  • Tomasz Sterzyński,
  • Maria Piasecka and
  • Leszek Różański

31 May 2020

In this, work, metal inserts were joined with polyamide 6 by using the injection-molding technique. The metal parts, made of steel grade DC 04, were mechanically interlocked with polyamide 6 (PA6) by rivets as a mechanical connection between both com...

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
8,036 Views
12 Pages

The thermoplastic polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) offers thermal and mechanical properties comparable to thermosetting polymers, while also being thermally re-processable and recyclable as well as compatible with fused filament fabrication (FFF...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,019 Views
15 Pages

Powder Interlayer Bonding of Nickel-Based Superalloys with Dissimilar Chemistries

  • Olivia Stanners,
  • James Russell,
  • Sean John,
  • Helen M. Davies and
  • Silvia Marchisio

17 April 2021

Novel joining methods are crucial for the aerospace industry to repair components damaged in the high stress, high cycle environment of the jet turbine engine. Powder interlayer bonding (PIB) is a novel joining technique that is being explored for us...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding and Joining of Materials for Advanced Aerospace Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,781 Views
17 Pages

Optimization of Laser-Assisted Polypropylene Aluminum Joining

  • Mahdi Amne Elahi,
  • Anthony Marozzi and
  • Peter Plapper

10 March 2023

Laser joining of polymers to metals is a rising research subject due to the potential of considerably reducing the weight of structures. This article deals with the laser joining process between polypropylene and aluminum. Without pre-treatment, lase...

(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)

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