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Journal of Composites Science

Journal of Composites Science is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of composites published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Materials Science, Composites) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.7 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.9 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2504-477X

Latest Articles

24 pages, 1590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Integration of Graphene Nanoparticles in Colloidal TiO₂ for Grätzel Cells (DSSC)

by Luigi Madeo, Anastasia Macario, Peppino Sapia and Pierantonio De Luca

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110612 (registering DOI) - 6 Nov 2025

This study presents the development and characterization of Grätzel cells (DSSCs), part of third-generation photovoltaic technologies, fabricated with and without the addition of graphene nanoparticles. A TiO₂ paste was prepared by combining colloidal solutions of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl [...] Read more.

This study presents the development and characterization of Grätzel cells (DSSCs), part of third-generation photovoltaic technologies, fabricated with and without the addition of graphene nanoparticles. A TiO₂ paste was prepared by combining colloidal solutions of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Titanium Tetrachloride (TiCl₄), and then deposited on FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) glass substrates via spin coating and sensitized with N719 dye. Each cell was assembled using two FTO electrodes, a photoanode (TiO₂/N719) and a platinum-coated counter electrode, separated by a liquid iodide/triiodide-based electrolyte to complete the redox cycle. The core objective was to optimize the graphene nanoparticle concentration within the TiO₂ matrix to improve photovoltaic performance. Samples with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% graphene were tested under simulated illumination (AM 1.5G), evaluating photocurrent, efficiency, and Fill Factor (FF). Optical analysis included desorption of N719 using NaOH to quantify intrinsic light absorption. Graphene’s high transparency and charge transport properties positively affected light harvesting. Results showed that graphene dosage is critical; 0.1% yielded the best efficiency, while excess concentrations diminished electronic and optical behavior. Controlled integration of graphene nanoparticles enhances DSSC performance and supports the development of more efficient and sustainable solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

22 pages, 2042 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Composite Materials for Lightweighting of Industrial Vehicle Chassis

by Ivan Tomasi, Stefano Grandi, Giorgio Donzella and Luigi Solazzi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110611 - 5 Nov 2025

This research study investigates the use of composite materials to reduce the weight of heavy industrial vehicle chassis. A new Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) crossmember was developed to replicate the mechanical performance of the traditional steel component while achieving substantial weight reduction. [...] Read more.

This research study investigates the use of composite materials to reduce the weight of heavy industrial vehicle chassis. A new Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) crossmember was developed to replicate the mechanical performance of the traditional steel component while achieving substantial weight reduction. A multi-step approach was adopted: analytical and finite-element analyses were performed on single crossmembers to assess bending and torsional stiffness. The CFRP design achieved increases of 6.8% in torsional stiffness and 5.0% in bending stiffness, with a 68.1% weight reduction. After confirming stiffness equivalence, full chassis simulations were carried out to evaluate global performance. The steel model reproduced experimental results with a relative error of 1.13%, while the CFRP configuration enhanced overall torsional stiffness by 7.8%. Extending these results to all crossmembers, the initial cost increase of the CFRP solution could be recovered within about 2 years for the diesel scenario and 3.5 years for the electric one. Environmental benefits were also quantified, with annual CO₂ reductions of 708.4 kg and 298.6 kg, and cost savings of up to 463.3 EUR/year and 299.8 EUR/year, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials: Design, Implementation and Characterization)

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25 pages, 5108 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Polymerization as an Effective Method, Compared to Melt Mixing, for Synthesis of Flexible Poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites Based on Metal Nanoparticles

by Kyriaki Lazaridou, Rafail O. Ioannidis and Dimitrios N. Bikiaris

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110610 - 5 Nov 2025

A comprehensive investigation was conducted focusing on two series of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanocomposites filled with small amounts (0.5 and 1.0%) of metal (Ag/Cu) nanoparticles (NPs). Our work aimed to synthesize PLA/Ag nanocomposites via in situ ring-opening polymerization (ROP), and for comparison purposes, [...] Read more.

A comprehensive investigation was conducted focusing on two series of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanocomposites filled with small amounts (0.5 and 1.0%) of metal (Ag/Cu) nanoparticles (NPs). Our work aimed to synthesize PLA/Ag nanocomposites via in situ ring-opening polymerization (ROP), and for comparison purposes, the same materials were also prepared via solution casting followed by melt mixing. PLA/Cu nanocomposites were also prepared via melt extrusion. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and intrinsic viscosity measurements [η] showed that the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) resulted in a decrease in the molecular weight of the PLA matrix, indicating a direct effect of the AgNPs on its macromolecular structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed no significant changes in the characteristic peaks of the nanocomposites, except for an in situ sample containing 1.0 wt% of AgNPs, where slight interactions in the C=O region were detected. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline nature of the materials. Glass transition temperature was strongly affected by the presence of NPs in the case of the in situ-based samples. Melt crystallized studies suggested potential indirect polymer–NP interactions, while isothermal melt crystallization experiments confirmed the nucleation ability of the NPs. The mechanical performance was assessed via tensile and flexural measurements, revealing that the in situ-based samples exhibited remarkable flexibility. Moreover, during the three-point bending tests, none of the in situ nanocomposite samples broke. In this context, next-generation PLA-based nanocomposites have been proposed for advanced applications, including flexible printed electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

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16 pages, 2882 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water–Gas Shift Activity over Supported Ni and Co Catalysts

by Weerayut Srichaisiriwech and Pannipa Nachai

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110609 - 5 Nov 2025

The activity of Co- and Ni-containing ceria-based catalysts for water–gas shift (WGS) reaction were examined in this work. The catalysts were prepared by the urea co-precipitation method. Sm and Pr dopant (5 wt.%) was used as a structural stabilizer of CeO₂, [...] Read more.

The activity of Co- and Ni-containing ceria-based catalysts for water–gas shift (WGS) reaction were examined in this work. The catalysts were prepared by the urea co-precipitation method. Sm and Pr dopant (5 wt.%) was used as a structural stabilizer of CeO₂, while Co or Ni was used in a small amount (1 wt.%). H₂-TPR experiments indicate that both Sm and Pr addition increased the reducibility of CeO₂. Among the studies’ catalysts, 1%Ni/Ce5%SmO exhibited the highest WGS activity. In addition, WGS rate was measured in the temperature range of 200–400 °C for Ni supported on CeO₂, Ce5%SmO, and Ce5%PrO. The activation energy of the reaction over 1%Ni/Ce5%SmO was 57 kJ/mol, while it was 61 and 66 kJ/mol, respectively, over 1%Ni/Ce5%PrO and 1%Ni/CeO₂ catalysts. A WGS reaction mechanism, CO adsorbed on the metal cluster is oxidized by oxygen supplied from the CeO₂ support at the metal–ceria interface. This oxygen is then re-oxidized by H₂O, which caps the oxygen vacancy on the ceria surface, and thereby oxygen vacancies serve as active sites for the WGS reaction. Raman experiments indicate that the presence of Sm in 1%Ni/Ce5%SmO catalyst promoted the formation of oxygen vacancies, leading to enhanced WGS performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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24 pages, 4947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global–Local–Distortional Buckling of Shear-Deformable Composite Beams with Open Cross-Sections Using a Novel GBT–Ritz Approach

by Navid Kharghani and Christian Mittelstedt

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110608 - 5 Nov 2025

This paper explores the application of the generalized beam theory (GBT) in analyzing the buckling behavior of isotropic and composite thin-walled beams with open cross-sections, both with and without branching. The composite beams are composed of orthotropic laminate layers arranged in arbitrary symmetrical [...] Read more.

This paper explores the application of the generalized beam theory (GBT) in analyzing the buckling behavior of isotropic and composite thin-walled beams with open cross-sections, both with and without branching. The composite beams are composed of orthotropic laminate layers arranged in arbitrary symmetrical orientations. By integrating GBT with the Ritz method and solving the associated generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP), an efficient and robust semi-analytical framework is developed to assess the stability of such isotropic and orthotropic members. The novelty of this work is not the GBT cross-sectional formulation itself, but its implementation at the beam level using a Ritz formulation leading to a generalized eigenvalue problem for the critical buckling loads and mode shapes that capture coupled global, local, and distortional modes in isotropic and orthotropic composite members. This makes the method suitable for early-stage design studies and parametric investigations, where many design variants (geometry, laminate lay-up, and aspect ratios) must be screened quickly without building large-scale high-fidelity finite element (FE) models for each case. The preliminary outcomes, when compared with those obtained using FE, confirm the approach’s effectiveness in evaluating buckling responses, particularly for open-section composite beams. Ultimately, the combined use of GBT and the Ritz method delivers both physical insight and computational efficiency, allowing engineers and researchers to address complex stability issues that were previously difficult to solve. In summary, the methodology can be correctly used for stability assessment of thin-walled composite members prone to interacting global–local–distortional buckling, especially when rapid, mechanistically transparent predictions are required rather than purely numerical FE output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)

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13 pages, 3199 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Frequency Optimization of Stiffener Structure for Ceramic Matrix Composites Combustion Liner in Aero-Engines

by Pu Li, Zhao Xu, Chunling Zhao, Hailiang Jin, Xudong Lang, Kai Wang, Yi Ye, Haifeng Zhao and Jian Jiao

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110607 - 5 Nov 2025

To mitigate vibration in thin-walled composite combustion liners of aero-engines, this study proposes an optimization strategy for stiffener design to maximize natural frequencies and suppress resonance. The approach enhances structural dynamics by installing transverse and longitudinal stiffeners along the tubular wall, with their [...] Read more.

To mitigate vibration in thin-walled composite combustion liners of aero-engines, this study proposes an optimization strategy for stiffener design to maximize natural frequencies and suppress resonance. The approach enhances structural dynamics by installing transverse and longitudinal stiffeners along the tubular wall, with their dimensions and orientations systematically optimized. Design variables were chosen: combustion liner wall thickness, stiffener thickness, transverse stiffener width/angle, longitudinal stiffener width, and composite lamination layup scheme. The orthogonal experiments were completed and followed by range analysis and variance analysis. The results demonstrated that wall thickness had the most significant impact on the natural frequency, and the 45° lamination scheme showed a superior performance compared to other configurations. Finally, a predictive equation was developed using a multiple linear regression model. The optimized stiffener configuration markedly enhances natural frequencies, mitigating vibration-induced instability. This methodological framework provides a systematic basis for designing optimized stiffener layouts in composite combustion liners for aero-engines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 9012 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Adsorption of Cd(II) in Aqueous Solutions by Fe-Mn Oxide-Modified Algal Powder Gel Beads

by Saijun Zhou, Zixuan Peng, Jiarong Zou, Jinsui Qin, Renjian Deng, Chuang Wang, Yazhou Peng, Andrew Hursthouse and Mingjun Deng

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110606 - 5 Nov 2025

Using Microcystis aeruginosa as the raw material, the microalgae was modified through a potassium permanganate–ferrous sulfate treatment process to prepare Fe-Mn oxide-modified algal powder. Sodium alginate was then combined with this modified powder to create Fe-Mn-modified algal powder gel beads, which were employed [...] Read more.

Using Microcystis aeruginosa as the raw material, the microalgae was modified through a potassium permanganate–ferrous sulfate treatment process to prepare Fe-Mn oxide-modified algal powder. Sodium alginate was then combined with this modified powder to create Fe-Mn-modified algal powder gel beads, which were employed for the adsorption of Cd(II) from water. At pH = 9, with dosage of 6 g·L⁻¹ and a contact time of 8 h, the Cd(II) solution at an initial level of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ achieved a removal efficiency of 96%, and the maximum adsorption capacity is 15.06 mg·g⁻¹. The adsorption behavior conformed to the Langmuir isotherm and obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetics, and was primarily governed by chemical adsorption. This involved complexation with hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COO⁻) functional groups, the ion exchange of Ca²⁺ with Cd(II), and surface complexation on Fe-Mn oxides. This study provides a valuable basis for the resource utilization of algae and the remediation of Cd contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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11 pages, 7847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Cellular Lattices

by Vitor H. Carneiro and Hélder Puga

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110605 - 5 Nov 2025

The deformation mechanisms of classic lattice topologies (e.g., Cubic, Diamond, Octet, and Double Pyramid lattices) and their specific density-dependent mechanical properties have already been thoroughly explored by the scientific community. This study details a novel approach to designing lattices by generating the topologies [...] Read more.

The deformation mechanisms of classic lattice topologies (e.g., Cubic, Diamond, Octet, and Double Pyramid lattices) and their specific density-dependent mechanical properties have already been thoroughly explored by the scientific community. This study details a novel approach to designing lattices by generating the topologies that correspond to the voids of these classic lattice designs. This is achieved by using a Boolean operation performed to create a solid topology from the original voided fraction. The resultant topologies are proposed to be named Inverse lattices. Static structural numerical analysis shows that this process may generate significant changes in the lattice deformation mechanism and stiffness. For this effect, elastic properties such as the Specific modulus and Apparent Poisson’s ratio were determined as a function of Specific density. Specifically, for Octet and Double Pyramid inverse lattice topologies, results show a reduction in stiffness by promoting a change to a bending deformation mechanism. However, the inverse Diamond inverse lattice topologies present a higher stiffness (i.e., specific modulus) relative to the original classic design. This new lattice model may be a promising design for future lattice applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lattice Structures)

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16 pages, 2526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Process Parameters for Minimum Kerf Taper Angle and Surface Roughness in the Abrasive Water Jet Machining of a Hybrid Composite

by Sathvik M. Bekal, Anupama Hiremath, Murthy B. R. N., Suhas K., Harisha S. R., Gurumurthy B. M. and Gowri Shakar M. C.

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110604 - 5 Nov 2025

In the present experiment, the abrasive water jet machining parameters, such as water pressure, standoff distance, and traverse speed, are selected to study the effect of each parameter on the kerf taper angle and surface roughness during the machining of glass, jute, and [...] Read more.

In the present experiment, the abrasive water jet machining parameters, such as water pressure, standoff distance, and traverse speed, are selected to study the effect of each parameter on the kerf taper angle and surface roughness during the machining of glass, jute, and carbon hybrid composite. The other machining parameters are kept constant. For each parameter, three levels are fixed on the basis of previous literature reviews. The Response Surface Methodology is used to design the required number of experiments and to optimize the machining parameters to obtain the minimum kerf taper angle and surface roughness. The levels selected for water pressure are 150, 220, and 250 MPa; traverse speeds are 20, 40, and 60 mm/min; and, similarly, stand-off distances are 2, 5, and 8 mm. Experimental results confirm that the parameter inversely affects both kerf angle and surface roughness. On the other hand, parameters traverse speed and stand-off distance, directly affecting both outputs. According to RSM optimization, to obtain the minimum kerf taper angle and surface roughness, we should fix the pressure at a higher level and other parameters at a lower level. For the considered range, the obtained minimum kerf angle and roughness values are 1.4982 radians and 2.0920 μm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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12 pages, 1879 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Framework for Process Control in the Structural Bonding of Aerospace Composites with MGS L418 Epoxy

by Ruben Favela

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110603 - 4 Nov 2025

The structural integrity of adhesively bonded composites is critically dependent on manufacturing process fidelity. While the MGS L418 epoxy system is widely used in aerospace applications, a quantitative hierarchy of its process variables is absent from the literature, leading to reliance on qualitative [...] Read more.

The structural integrity of adhesively bonded composites is critically dependent on manufacturing process fidelity. While the MGS L418 epoxy system is widely used in aerospace applications, a quantitative hierarchy of its process variables is absent from the literature, leading to reliance on qualitative guidelines and inherent performance variability. This study closes this gap through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. A 2^6-2 fractional factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) quantified the effects of six variables on single-lap shear strength. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) established a definitive hierarchy: induction time was the dominant factor, with a sub-optimal 15 min period causing a 74% strength reduction (p < 0.000). Surface preparation was the second most significant factor, with mechanical abrasion increasing strength by 17% (p = 0.000). Ambient humidity was a marginal factor (p = 0.013), linked to amine blush formation. The interaction effects were statistically insignificant, simplifying the control strategy. This work provides a validated, quantitative model that defines a robust process window, prioritizing induction time and surface preparation to de-risk manufacturing and ensure the reliability of safety-critical bonded structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites for Aerospace: Advanced Processing and Predictive Engineering)

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17 pages, 11138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Interface Roughness and Hygrothermal Environment on the Flexural Performance of Prestressed CFRP-Strengthened Cracked Steel Beams

by Junhui Li, Kun Wu and Min Yang

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110602 - 3 Nov 2025

To meet the strengthening requirements of damaged steel beams in hygrothermal environments, this study conducted four-point bending tests on nine pre-cracked steel beam specimens. The coupled effects of surface roughness, end anchorage, prestressing level of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), and hygrothermal aging on [...] Read more.

To meet the strengthening requirements of damaged steel beams in hygrothermal environments, this study conducted four-point bending tests on nine pre-cracked steel beam specimens. The coupled effects of surface roughness, end anchorage, prestressing level of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), and hygrothermal aging on the flexural behavior of the strengthened beams were systematically investigated. Results show that high-grade sandblasting (Sa3) significantly enhances interfacial bond strength through a synergistic “mechanical interlock-adhesion” mechanism, increasing the cracking load of the adhesive layer by 8.2–16.8% compared with Sa2, while partially mitigating the performance degradation caused by hygrothermal aging. The use of end anchorages effectively suppresses CFRP debonding at the beam ends, improving the ultimate load capacity and deformation performance. When a prestress equivalent to 25% of the CFRP’s ultimate tensile strength was applied, the load capacity of the strengthened beams further increased by 10.5–19.3%, interfacial cracking was effectively delayed, and the CFRP utilization efficiency reached 96.8–98.5%. Although hygrothermal exposure accelerated interfacial deterioration and reduced the interfacial cracking load, its influence on the ultimate load was relatively limited. These results offer valuable scientific and engineering insights for the design and interface treatment of CFRP-strengthened steel bridges in hygrothermal regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Civil Engineering Applications)

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21 pages, 2771 KB

Open AccessArticle

EB Radiation Processing of HDPE/Rice Husk Ash Composites

by Maria Elizabeth Maués dos Santos, Traian Zaharescu, Júlio Harada, Dione Pereira de Castro and Leonardo Gondim de Andrade e Silva

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110601 - 3 Nov 2025

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a valuable material, but its application under certain operational conditions is limited by oxidation resistance. To mitigate this, rice husk ash (RHA), a silica-rich (~95%) byproduct, was incorporated as a reinforcing filler. This study evaluates the effect of electron [...] Read more.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a valuable material, but its application under certain operational conditions is limited by oxidation resistance. To mitigate this, rice husk ash (RHA), a silica-rich (~95%) byproduct, was incorporated as a reinforcing filler. This study evaluates the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation, at doses up to 100 kGy, on the properties of HDPE/RHA composites, focusing on mechanical performance and the polymer–filler interface. The results demonstrate that EB irradiation induces crosslinking and enhances interfacial interaction between the HDPE matrix and RHA filler. While the overall tensile strength of neat HDPE tended to decrease with irradiation dose (from 28.5 ± 1.2 MPa to 24.1 ± 1.5 MPa at 100 kGy), the optimization of dose and filler contents produced notable results: A maximum tensile strength of 29.0 ± 1.1 MPa was achieved in the composite containing 5 wt% RHA at 75 kGy. Furthermore, irradiation stabilized the material’s behavior, resolving the heterogeneous dispersion observed in non-irradiated samples with low RHA content. Regarding toughness, Izod’s impact resistance increased from 3.2 ± 0.2 kJ/m² to 3.7 ± 0.3 kJ/m² for the 10 wt% RHA composites irradiated at 50 kGy. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, p < 0.05) confirmed the significance of these changes. In conclusion, electron beam irradiation is an effective tool for optimizing the mechanical properties and performance uniformity of HDPE/RHA composites, making them promising candidates for applications requiring enhanced durability and consistency, such as food packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects in Hybrid Polymer and Composites)

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31 pages, 5397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Bridge Barriers at the Deck–Wall Interface

by Hamidreza Khederzadeh, Khaled Sennah, Hamdy M. Afefy and Kousai Razouk

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110600 - 2 Nov 2025

This study investigates the structural performance of TL-5 concrete bridge barriers reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars at the critical deck–wall interface. Five full-scale barrier models were subjected to static load testing until failure. The wall reinforcement included four barriers with high- [...] Read more.

This study investigates the structural performance of TL-5 concrete bridge barriers reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars at the critical deck–wall interface. Five full-scale barrier models were subjected to static load testing until failure. The wall reinforcement included four barriers with high- and standard-modulus GFRP bars using headed-end, bent, and hooked anchorage, and one with conventional steel reinforcement. The objective was to assess the load-bearing capacity, failure modes, and deformation behavior of GFRP-reinforced barriers with respect to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) requirements. Results revealed that all GFRP-reinforced models achieved ultimate flexural capacities surpassing CHBDC design limits, with diagonal tension cracking at the corner joint emerging as the predominant failure mode. A set of new equations was developed to predict diagonal tension failure and determine minimum reinforcement ratios to mitigate such failure. Comparisons with experimental findings validated the proposed analytical approach. Among the configurations tested, barriers with headed-end high-modulus GFRP bars offered the most cost-effective and structurally sound solution. These findings support the incorporation of GFRP bars in bridge barrier design and establish a framework for future code development regarding GFRP-reinforced barrier systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, 3rd Edition)

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30 pages, 4326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Zeolite–Polyester-Coated Jute–Sisal Fibre Back Sheets for Improved Efficiency of Solar Panels: A Renewable Composite Material Strategy

by Aishwarya Sathyanarayanan, Balasubramanian Murugesan and Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110599 - 2 Nov 2025

This study examines the potential of jute–sisal (JS) fibre, both coated and uncoated, as a sustainable alternative to solar panels with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) back sheets. The coated version was developed using a zeolite–polyester resin composite to enhance thermal performance. The investigation was [...] Read more.

This study examines the potential of jute–sisal (JS) fibre, both coated and uncoated, as a sustainable alternative to solar panels with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) back sheets. The coated version was developed using a zeolite–polyester resin composite to enhance thermal performance. The investigation was carried out in two phases: controlled laboratory testing using a solar-cell tester and a 90-day real-world evaluation under natural environmental conditions. In controlled conditions, solar panels with coated JS (CJS) fibre back sheets exhibited improved electrical performances compared to PET panels, including higher current (1.23 A), voltage (12.79 V), maximum power output (14.79 W), efficiency (13.47%), and fill factor (94.03%). Lower series resistance and higher shunt resistance further indicated superior electrical characteristics. Under real-world conditions, CJS panels consistently outperformed PET-based panels, showing a 6% increase in current and an 8% increase in voltage. The model showed strong agreement with the experimental results. These findings suggest that coated JS fibre is a viable, eco-friendly alternative to PET for back sheets in solar panels. Further research should examine its long-term durability, environmental resistance, and commercial scalability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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10 pages, 910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Mouthwashes on the Hardness and Color Stability of CAD/CAM Materials: An In Vitro Study

by María Melo, Ruilin Tian, Carmen Llena, James Ghilotti and José Luís Sanz

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110598 - 2 Nov 2025

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different mouthwashes on the microhardness and color stability of two CAD/CAM restorative materials. Methods: A total of 60 rectangular samples (2 mm × 7 mm × 12 mm) were prepared by sectioning two CAD/CAM materials (NICE and [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different mouthwashes on the microhardness and color stability of two CAD/CAM restorative materials. Methods: A total of 60 rectangular samples (2 mm × 7 mm × 12 mm) were prepared by sectioning two CAD/CAM materials (NICE and Lava Ultimate) and divided into six groups according to material type and immersion solution: distilled water (DW, control), hydrogen peroxide (HP), and povidone-iodine (PVP-I). Microhardness and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were measured at baseline and after 30 days of immersion, and the ΔE₀₀ color difference was calculated. Data were analyzed using t-tests, two-way and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: After 30 days of immersion, both materials showed a significant decrease in microhardness following treatment with HP and PVP-I (NICE from ~823 to ~720 HV and ~709 HV; LAVA from ~197 to ~142 HV and ~113 HV, respectively). Regarding color, ΔE₀₀ values exceeded the clinically acceptable threshold (ΔE₀₀ > 1.8), with no significant differences between the two materials (p > 0.05). Within each material, ΔE₀₀ was significantly higher in both mouthwash groups compared to the control (p < 0.001), but no significant difference was observed between the two antimicrobial solutions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the microhardness and color stability of both CAD/CAM restorations may be susceptible to degradation after prolonged exposure to HP and PVP-I mouthwashes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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20 pages, 4547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Behaviors of High-Speed Track Slabs Reinforced by GFRP Composite Rebar: Full-Scale Experimental Verification

by Sang-Youl Lee

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110597 - 2 Nov 2025

This study deals with the fatigue behavior of on-site-installation-type track slabs subject to cycling train load developed by applying glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars. Concrete track slabs have the most severe deterioration in track circuit characteristic values due to the conduction influence of [...] Read more.

This study deals with the fatigue behavior of on-site-installation-type track slabs subject to cycling train load developed by applying glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars. Concrete track slabs have the most severe deterioration in track circuit characteristic values due to the conduction influence of existing steel bars. Therefore, a track slab applying an insulator and lightweight GFRP reinforcement by replacing the existing steel bar was proposed from a design perspective. In order to present the validity of the proposed method, a full-size specimen was manufactured and a fatigue performance test was performed, and the results were compared with the test specimen applied with steel bars. From the results of various fatigue behaviors, it was found that displacement variations during cyclic loading remained within 1 mm, and load variations were within 10 kN, indicating excellent stability under accumulated fatigue cycles. This study analyzed the macro-level structural behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete track slabs under fatigue loading. Future research will further investigate micro-level bond interactions between the reinforcement and concrete to validate long-term performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fatigue and Failure Mechanisms of Composites)

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19 pages, 3082 KB

Open AccessArticle

Support Vector Machine Approach to the Spectroscopic Classification of Archaeological Bitumen Composites in Ancient Mesopotamia

by Giulia Festa, C. Scatigno, V. Caruso, S. Giampaolo, A. Tufari, L. Ferguson, A. Greco, F. Manclossi and Licia Romano

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110596 - 2 Nov 2025

In ancient civilisations, bitumen was widely used for its multifunctional applications in construction, sealing, and adhesion, evidencing early expertise in material engineering and resource optimisation. Here, Sumerian bitumen-based artefacts were studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and machine learning to investigate ancient [...] Read more.

In ancient civilisations, bitumen was widely used for its multifunctional applications in construction, sealing, and adhesion, evidencing early expertise in material engineering and resource optimisation. Here, Sumerian bitumen-based artefacts were studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and machine learning to investigate ancient practices for the repair, reuse, and recycling of everyday materials. The materials are dated back to the 3rd millennium BC and come from the archaeological site of Abu Tbeirah (Iraq). Four primary classes were identified based on their molecular composition, which revealed a specific gradient determined by the varying proportions of bitumen and other fillers. These composition-based classes were then applied to predict the classification of the undetermined samples, which constitute 50% of the entire dataset, via a kernel-based support vector machine (SVM). The new findings are consistent with philological sources that reference distinct formulations of use in everyday life. The findings offer a new perspective on the social and historical importance of the circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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19 pages, 9868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybridizing Additive Manufacturing with Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites

by Philip Bean, Andrew P. Schanck, Zane Dustin, Jason Stevens, Jacob Clark, Cody Sheltra, William G. Davids and Roberto A. Lopez-Anido

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110595 - 2 Nov 2025

Large Area Additive Manufacturing (LAAM) enables the rapid production of thermoplastic polymer structures but suffers from significant anisotropy and 3D printability limitations. These limitations often require additional material and time in order to incorporate supporting structures. This research explores the integration of continuous [...] Read more.

Large Area Additive Manufacturing (LAAM) enables the rapid production of thermoplastic polymer structures but suffers from significant anisotropy and 3D printability limitations. These limitations often require additional material and time in order to incorporate supporting structures. This research explores the integration of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP) with LAAM structures. A series of experimental trials were performed, which demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of CFRTP integration, as it can improve structural strength, lightweighting, and manufacturing flexibility. The findings suggest that CFRTP integration can significantly enhance LAAM by reducing material usage, improving mechanical properties, and expanding design possibilities. While further research is needed to optimize the process for specific applications, this process of Hybrid Advanced Additive Manufacturing (HAAM) presents a promising approach for advancing large-scale additive manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites)

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32 pages, 2559 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermomechanical Stability of Hyperbolic Shells Incorporating Graphene Origami Auxetic Metamaterials on Elastic Foundation: Applications in Lightweight Structures

by Ehsan Arshid

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110594 - 2 Nov 2025

This study presents an analytical investigation of the thermomechanical stability of hyperbolic doubly curved shells reinforced with graphene origami auxetic metamaterials (GOAMs) and resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation. The proposed model integrates shell geometry, thermal–mechanical loading, and architected auxetic reinforcement to capture [...] Read more.

This study presents an analytical investigation of the thermomechanical stability of hyperbolic doubly curved shells reinforced with graphene origami auxetic metamaterials (GOAMs) and resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation. The proposed model integrates shell geometry, thermal–mechanical loading, and architected auxetic reinforcement to capture their coupled influence on buckling behavior. Stability equations are derived using the First-Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) and the principle of virtual work, while the effective thermoelastic properties of the GOAM phase are obtained through micromechanical homogenization as functions of folding angle, mass fraction, and spatial distribution. Closed-form eigenvalue solutions are achieved with Navier’s method for simply supported boundaries. The results reveal that GOAM reinforcement enhances the critical buckling load at low folding angles, whereas higher folding induces compliance that diminishes stability. The Pasternak shear layer significantly improves buckling resistance up to about 46% with pronounced effects in asymmetrically graded configurations. Compared with conventional composite shells, the proposed GOAM-reinforced shells exhibit tunable, folding-dependent stability responses. These findings highlight the potential of origami-inspired graphene metamaterials for designing lightweight, thermally stable thin-walled structures in aerospace morphing skins and multifunctional mechanical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lattice Structures)

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15 pages, 3391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Timber-to-Concrete Connection Types on the Behaviour of Timber–Concrete Composite Structures

by Dmitrijs Serdjuks, Agris Rogainis, Elza Briuka, Janis Sliseris, Leonids Pakrastins and Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110593 - 2 Nov 2025

The current study investigates the influence of timber-to-concrete connection types on the behaviour of timber–concrete composite (TCC) structures employing metal web timber joists. Two groups of laboratory specimens were prepared, each comprising four samples with push-joisted beams joined by oriented strand board (OSB) [...] Read more.

The current study investigates the influence of timber-to-concrete connection types on the behaviour of timber–concrete composite (TCC) structures employing metal web timber joists. Two groups of laboratory specimens were prepared, each comprising four samples with push-joisted beams joined by oriented strand board (OSB) and cast with a concrete layer. One group utilised compliant timber-to-concrete connections via perforated steel tape angles, while the other employed rigid connections through epoxy adhesive and granite chips. The specimens, consisting of two 1390 mm long beams of grade PS10 timber, were tested under three-point bending. Experimental results and finite element analyses demonstrated that specimens with compliant connections exhibited 14–16% greater maximum vertical displacements but only a marginal 1.79% reduction in load-carrying capacity compared to those with rigid connections. Findings indicate that connection compliance markedly affects stiffness and deflection but has a minor impact on ultimate strength. These insights can guide optimisation of TCC members with metal web joists, balancing structural performance and design requirements in sustainable timber construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites: Fabrication, Properties and Applications)

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