Engineering Proceedings

12 pages, 3465 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Implementation IoT-Driven Distribution Transformer Health Monitoring System for the Smart Power Grid

by Abdullah Al Noman, Partha Baidya, Md Aslam Hossain, Pranta Dev, Kaushik Saha and Md. Lokman Hossain

Eng. Proc. 2025, 87(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087027 - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

The increasing demand for reliable power distribution necessitates advanced monitoring solutions for distribution transformers. This paper presents an IoT-driven health monitoring system designed to enhance the reliability and efficiency of smart power grids. The system integrates sensors to measure voltage, current, oil temperature, [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for reliable power distribution necessitates advanced monitoring solutions for distribution transformers. This paper presents an IoT-driven health monitoring system designed to enhance the reliability and efficiency of smart power grids. The system integrates sensors to measure voltage, current, oil temperature, and body temperature, ensuring real-time data acquisition and fault detection. An ESP32 microcontroller processes sensor data and transmits it to the Blynk IoT platform for remote monitoring and predictive maintenance. The system effectively identifies phase failures, earth faults, overheating, and other anomalies, allowing for timely intervention and reduced downtime. Unlike conventional manual inspection methods, this low-cost solution provides continuous monitoring, improving transformer lifespan and operational efficiency. The proposed approach offers a scalable and cost-effective strategy for smart power grid applications, promoting sustainable energy management through data-driven decision-making. Future enhancements may include AI-based fault prediction and expanded integration with smart grid infrastructures. Full article

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9 pages, 4438 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Solar Cycle 25 on GNSS Measurements: Analysis of Ionospheric Scintillation and Positioning Challenges

by Ali Broumandan, Isabelle Tremblay and Sandy Kennedy

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088021 - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

As the peak of solar cycle 25 approaches, increased ionospheric and scintillation activity is being observed, which is negatively impacting the quality of GNSS measurements and presenting challenges in the positioning domain. Ionospheric refraction and diffraction introduce delays and distortions to GNSS carrier [...] Read more.

As the peak of solar cycle 25 approaches, increased ionospheric and scintillation activity is being observed, which is negatively impacting the quality of GNSS measurements and presenting challenges in the positioning domain. Ionospheric refraction and diffraction introduce delays and distortions to GNSS carrier phase measurements, leading to positioning errors that exceed the anticipated accuracies. These position errors can be a significant concern for users across the world who depend on precise GNSS positioning, such as in agriculture, offshore marine positioning and autonomous automotive positioning. To understand the direct impact on NovAtel receivers and its positioning engines, a comprehensive analysis was conducted. A closer look was taken at what happened in 2023–2024 by characterizing scintillation using the amplitude scintillation index (S4) values in an equatorial region. Additionally, the scintillation effect on the receivers was characterized through the analysis of C/N0, lock breaks, double differences and other indicators. With a substantial amount of data collected at 20° latitude, where high solar activity occurs due to the proximity to the equator, the positioning performance of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) was analyzed. Full article

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9 pages, 2578 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Concept of a Multi-Receiver-Vector Tracking Algorithm Within a Gnss Network

by Stefan Laller and Philipp Berglez

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088020 - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

This paper deals with the concept of a GNSS monitoring network, which fulfills requirements in relation to sustainability, cost efficiency and flexibility. For the proposed approach, the hardware of the GNSS monitoring stations should be reduced to a minimum. Therefore, Remote Radio Head [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the concept of a GNSS monitoring network, which fulfills requirements in relation to sustainability, cost efficiency and flexibility. For the proposed approach, the hardware of the GNSS monitoring stations should be reduced to a minimum. Therefore, Remote Radio Head sensors or especially RF Front-Ends, which are already used in the field of GNSS, should be used. In this concept, GNSS network stations are equipped with an antenna, an RF Front-End, and hardware for data transfer (raw I&Q samples) to a central processing facility. The idea is to realize a collaborative processing of all receivers with a Multi-Receiver-Vector Tracking (MRVT) algorithm in one single Software-Defined GNSS receiver (SDR). Full article

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10 pages, 5229 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Minimizing Air Traffic Disruption from Uncontrolled Space Debris Reentries

by Irina Beatrice Stefanescu, Cristian Emil Constantinescu and Octavian Thor Pleter

Eng. Proc. 2025, 90(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090075 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Uncontrolled space debris reentries pose a significant challenge to air traffic management (ATM), often requiring widespread airspace closures to mitigate the perceived risks to aviation safety. In a previous study, we established the probability of collision during such events to be in the [...] Read more.

Uncontrolled space debris reentries pose a significant challenge to air traffic management (ATM), often requiring widespread airspace closures to mitigate the perceived risks to aviation safety. In a previous study, we established the probability of collision during such events to be in the order of 10⁻⁷ and classified the event as “extremely remote” but requiring mitigation action. Analyzing the temporal dynamics, we concluded that any given location remains at risk for no more than one minute. Building on these findings, this paper will investigate advanced mitigation strategies to reduce the operational impact of such reentries. We propose utilizing dynamic airspace allocation techniques, using information derived by enhanced reentry prediction models and real-time tracking. Transforming the spatial problem of airspace closures into a temporal one, the study demonstrates the feasibility of confining closures to dynamically moving zones with minimal disruption. A simulation for the Long March 5B reentry case study illustrates the potential for such measures to improve efficiency while maintaining safety standards. Full article

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10 pages, 53442 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

On the Electrical Resistivity Measurement Methods and Properties of Conductive 3D-Printing PLA Filaments

by César M. A. Vasques, João P. R. Ferreira, Fernando A. V. Figueiredo and João C. C. Abrantes

Eng. Proc. 2025, 87(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087026 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in and research efforts enabling the use of composite conductive 3D-printing filaments in material extrusion additive manufacturing processes, which can bestow novel and distinctive functions onto 3D-printed components. These composite filaments, in general blending [...] Read more.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in and research efforts enabling the use of composite conductive 3D-printing filaments in material extrusion additive manufacturing processes, which can bestow novel and distinctive functions onto 3D-printed components. These composite filaments, in general blending a thermoplastic with carbon-based materials, open up new research and development avenues in electronics and sensors. Additionally, by exploring the underlying piezoresistivity of conductive filaments, they also enable the creation of novel structural components possessing integrated (intrinsic) self-sensing capabilities that can be effectively employed in structural health monitoring of critical components. However, piezoresistivity features require measuring the electrical resistance of structures made with these conductive filaments, which might be hard, especially when measuring small changes in resistance caused by mechanical loads on the component. The goal of this study is to compare the two- and four-probe methods for measuring the electrical resistance of 3D-printed parts and to look at how different types of electrical contacts and bonding may affect electrical resistivity measurement and self-sensing capabilities. The research is conducted on 3D-printed specimens using a conductive composite PLA (polylactic acid) filament from Protopasta. The efficiency of each method and the influence of the bonding and electrodes on the measurements are experimentally analyzed and discussed. Our experiments reveal that the four-probe method consistently yields resistivity values between 15.35 and 16.38

Ω \cdot

cm, while the two-probe method produces significantly higher values (up to 52.92–62.37

Ω \cdot

cm), underscoring the impact of wire and contact resistances on measurement accuracy. Full article

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2091 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Early Detection of Coherent GNSS Spoofing Attacks with Cluster Analysis at Receiver Acquisition Stage

by Jan M. Becker

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088019 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The resilience of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) usage against spoofing attacks can be increased by signal monitoring algorithms aiming to detect a spoofing signal at the acquisition stage of GNSS receiver signal processing. A common approach is to search for the presence [...] Read more.

The resilience of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) usage against spoofing attacks can be increased by signal monitoring algorithms aiming to detect a spoofing signal at the acquisition stage of GNSS receiver signal processing. A common approach is to search for the presence of multiple correlation peaks in the absolute value of the Cross-Ambiguity Function (CAF). In this context, it is particularly challenging to detect spoofing signals with a correlation peak closely aligned to that of the authentic signal, as is the case at the early stage of a coherent spoofing attack. In the present work, a spoofing detection method is proposed that monitors the magnitude of the CAF by means of clustering techniques. It is designed to detect the pull-off during a coherent power-matched spoofing attack already at an early stage. The method is evaluated for the GPS L1 C/A signal based on a static scenario from the Texas Spoofing Test Battery (TEXBAT) data set as well as for the Galileo E1-B signal based on a real-world digital snapshot recording in the E1 frequency band that is augmented by emulated spoofing signals at the level of digital signal processing. Full article

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1430 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improvement of PNT Performances Using DLCNS in the Lunar Navigation System

by Andrea Massaccesi, Marco Fortunato, Jacopo Capolicchio and Lorenzo Marchionne

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088018 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The increasing complexity of lunar exploration missions necessitates stricter navigation requirements, especially when human life is involved. Extensive research is currently being conducted on various positioning systems suitable for the lunar environment. These include both the exploitation of terrestrial GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity of lunar exploration missions necessitates stricter navigation requirements, especially when human life is involved. Extensive research is currently being conducted on various positioning systems suitable for the lunar environment. These include both the exploitation of terrestrial GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals, and the deployment of a lunar-dedicated satellite system known as the Lunar Communication and Navigation Service (LCNS). In order to meet the demanding navigation requirements, the usage of one or more lunar beacons to enhance Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) performance for different assets is under investigation to complement the LCNS system. This research aims to demonstrate the improvement of PNT accuracy by exploiting Differential LCNS (DLCNS) positioning techniques. To this end, both Single Point Positioning (SPP) and DLCNS techniques along with estimation algorithms such as Weighted Least Squares (WLS) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) were developed in a simulated lunar environment to assess their performances. Full article

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11 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Signal Design and Compatibility Assessment for LEO Navigation Augmentation System

by Tao Yan, Ying Wang, Lang Bian and Yansong Meng

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088017 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

With the booming development of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, improving the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) performance based on LEO satellites is attracting more and more research attention. To shorten the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP) with the help [...] Read more.

With the booming development of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, improving the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) performance based on LEO satellites is attracting more and more research attention. To shorten the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP) with the help of the LEO navigation augmentation system, the dedicated LEO navigation augmentation signals need to be broadcasted, and the signals need to meet some special design requirements. This paper takes the GNSS L1 and L5 frequency bands as examples to design the LEO navigation augmentation signals. From the perspective of reducing interference to GNSS signals, the carrier frequency of the LEO navigation augmentation signal is selected, and the modulation type is designed. In order to support both high-precision measurement and high data rate, it is proposed that the LEO navigation signal consists of a measurement component and a data component with a high data rate. These two signal components are combined into one composite signal using the multiplexing code shift keying (MCSK) method. On this basis, compatibility between LEO navigation augmentation signals and GNSS signals is evaluated. The impact of LEO navigation augmentation signals on GNSS signals is further analyzed. Full article

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8 pages, 8967 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Optimisation of Inverted U-Shaped Patch Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Ground-Penetrating Radar Applications

by Ankur Jyoti Kalita, Nairit Barkataki and Utpal Sarma

Eng. Proc. 2025, 87(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025087025 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems with ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas introduce the benefits of both high and low frequencies. Higher frequencies offer finer spatial resolution, enabling the detection of small-scale features and details, while lower frequencies improve depth penetration by minimising signal attenuation, allowing the [...] Read more.

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems with ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas introduce the benefits of both high and low frequencies. Higher frequencies offer finer spatial resolution, enabling the detection of small-scale features and details, while lower frequencies improve depth penetration by minimising signal attenuation, allowing the system to explore deeper subsurface layers. This combination optimises the performance of GPR systems by balancing the need for detailed imaging with the requirement for deeper penetration. This work presents the design of a wideband inverted U-shaped patch antenna with a wide rectangular slot centred at a frequency of 1.5 GHz. The antenna is fed through a microstrip feed line and employs a partial ground plane. Through simulation, the antenna is optimised by varying the patch dimensions and slot size. Further modifications to the partial ground plane improve the UWB and gain characteristics of the antenna. The optimised antenna is fabricated using a double-sided copper-clad FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and characterised using a Vector Network Analyser (VNA), with final dimensions of 200 mm × 300 mm. The experimental results demonstrate a return loss below −10 dB across the operational band from 1.068 GHz to 4 GHz and a maximum gain of 7.29 dB at 4 GHz. In addition to other bands, the antenna exhibits a return loss consistently below −20 dB in the frequency range of 1.367 GHz to 1.675 GHz. These results confirm the antenna’s UWB performance and its suitability for GPR applications in utility mapping, landmine and artefact detection, and identifying architectural defects. Full article

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9 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

WiFi–Round-Trip Timing (WiFi–RTT) Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping: Pedestrian Navigation in Unmapped Environments Using WiFi–RTT and Smartphone Inertial Sensors

by Khalil J. Raja and Paul D. Groves

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088016 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

A core problem relating to indoor positioning is a lack of prior knowledge of the environment. To date, most WiFi–RTT research assumes knowledge of the access points in an indoor environment. This paper provides a solution to this problem by using a simultaneous [...] Read more.

A core problem relating to indoor positioning is a lack of prior knowledge of the environment. To date, most WiFi–RTT research assumes knowledge of the access points in an indoor environment. This paper provides a solution to this problem by using a simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, using WiFi–RTT and pedestrian dead reckoning, which uses the inertial sensors in a smartphone. A WiFi–RTT SLAM algorithm has only been researched in one instance at the time of writing; this paper aims to expand the exploration of this problem, particularly in relation to the use of outlier detection and motion models. For the trials, which were 35 steps long, the final mobile device horizontal positioning error was 1.01 m and 1.7 m for the forward and reverse trials, respectively. The results of this paper show that unmapped indoor positioning using WiFi–RTT is feasible for metre-level indoor positioning, given correct access point calibration. Full article

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10 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Making a Good Thing Better: Jammertest 2023 Jamming, Meaconing, Spoofing, and Synchronization on the Norwegian Coast

by Aiden Morrison, Nadezda Sokolova, Nicolai Gerrard, Harald Hauglin, Thomas Rødningen and Anders Rødningsby

Eng. Proc. 2025, 88(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025088015 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Jammertest is the largest known GNSS jamming, meaconing, and spoofing test event in the world, which has an open policy towards both user participation and user communication with no restrictions on the sharing of data or publication of results. The organizers implemented several [...] Read more.

Jammertest is the largest known GNSS jamming, meaconing, and spoofing test event in the world, which has an open policy towards both user participation and user communication with no restrictions on the sharing of data or publication of results. The organizers implemented several changes and enhancements within the 2023 test campaign to further broaden the appeal and applicability of the tests for as many demographics of GNSS users as possible. More than 200 participants from 19 nations took part in person from 18 to 22 September at the test sites along the west coast of the Andøy island. This paper summarizes the design and motivation of the tests and test venue with particular attention to the efforts taken to provide users with precision timing and frequency references independent of the denied and disrupted GNSS signals. Aspects of surveilling and enforcing unintentional emissions, and real-time communication and coordination to the large number of distributed participants are also discussed. Full article

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10 pages, 5873 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Weight Distribution on Knee Joint Temperature Pattern Under Fatigue Condition

by Marta Spataro, Davide Crisafulli, Cristiano De Marchis, Giacomo Risitano and Dario Milone

Eng. Proc. 2025, 85(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025085043 - 22 Mar 2025

Abstract

Musculoskeletal diseases of the knee joint affect a large percentage of the population, particularly athletes at the competitive level where stress on the joints is higher. These conditions can be diagnosed and monitored using various imaging techniques, such as radiography, computed tomography, and [...] Read more.

Musculoskeletal diseases of the knee joint affect a large percentage of the population, particularly athletes at the competitive level where stress on the joints is higher. These conditions can be diagnosed and monitored using various imaging techniques, such as radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, digital infrared thermal imaging is gaining popularity for screening, diagnosis, and disease progression monitoring. This method measures the heat radiating from the superficial dermal microcirculation located 1–2 mm below the epidermal surface. Numerous pathological processes, such as inflammatory, metabolic, and toxic conditions, manifest as local changes in heat production, making infrared thermal imaging a valuable clinical tool. In the present study, the temperature of the knee area in 22 participants was monitored using an infrared camera while performing sit-to-stand cycles. The change in temperature correlated with weight distribution between the legs during exercise, measured using a Wii Balance Board. The results of this new trial protocol are promising and suggest that further investigations should be conducted with more patients. Infrared thermal imaging demonstrated consistency in repeated knee measurements and showed potential for evaluating the relationship between regional knee temperatures and pathological conditions. Its strengths lie in its simplicity, accuracy, non-invasive nature, radiation-free nature, and patient specificity, which can improve clinical management. In combination with other diagnostic techniques, thermography provides a comprehensive overview of patients’ clinical conditions. Full article

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11 pages, 5199 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Monitoring and Control of Nutrient Feed and Environmental Condition of Hydroponic Vegetable Plants

by Nur Rohman and Fajar Suryawan

Eng. Proc. 2025, 84(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084081 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

The expansion of residential zones and a surge in agricultural land evictions to make room for building construction, offices, and shopping centers are on the rise. As farmland shrinks, one mitigation strategy involves exploring alternative planting methods, like hydroponics. Hydroponic growing media eliminate [...] Read more.

The expansion of residential zones and a surge in agricultural land evictions to make room for building construction, offices, and shopping centers are on the rise. As farmland shrinks, one mitigation strategy involves exploring alternative planting methods, like hydroponics. Hydroponic growing media eliminate the necessity for soil as the primary medium for plant growth. Hydroponic farming relies on high-quality water nutrients to sustain fertility. Therefore, monitoring and controlling water quality continuously is crucial, ideally in real-time and through automated processes whenever feasible. This study advances automatic water quality control by employing an Arduino Mega microcontroller alongside a range of sensors. The displayed data represent measurements taken by the sensor, which will subsequently inform actuator control commands. The processed data will also be transmitted to the Wi-Fi module (and sent to a smartphone device) for monitoring purposes. Testing includes response-time tests for each sensor, disturbance test, and field test. The system performed the automation process as intended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology International Conference)

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10 pages, 2617 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Ammonia Release from Storage Tanks Using RISKCURVES Software

by Alimatun Nashira, Anindita Putri Nugrahani, Anisa Ur Rahmah and Teguh Cahyono

Eng. Proc. 2025, 84(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025084080 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Ammonia is a gas with high toxicity, which is produced in large amounts as raw materials for nitrogen-based fertilizer. Fertilizer plants in Indonesia are sometimes located not far from residential areas, requiring risk assessment for the loss of containment (LoC) event of ammonia. [...] Read more.

Ammonia is a gas with high toxicity, which is produced in large amounts as raw materials for nitrogen-based fertilizer. Fertilizer plants in Indonesia are sometimes located not far from residential areas, requiring risk assessment for the loss of containment (LoC) event of ammonia. Many studies have modeled ammonia release using ALOHA software but stopped the calculation at the consequence modeling and did not evaluate the risk quantitatively. In this study, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) was conducted for the LoC of ammonia from the storage tank at PT X, a fertilizer industry in Indonesia, using RISKCURVES software. The scenario and their frequency were chosen based on the Netherlands QRA guidelines. The simulation shows five types of phenomena happening, with toxic dispersion being the most dangerous. Atmospheric conditions influence the toxic dispersion but barely affect the fire and explosion phenomena. Despite the severity of the toxic dispersion, the individual risk calculation shows that the risk in the fertilizer plant area is still acceptable based on the standard of UK HSE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 8th Mechanical Engineering, Science and Technology International Conference)

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9 pages, 1881 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Local Air Quality and Noise Assessment for Landing and Take-Off Operations in Future Airport Environment

by Danlin Zheng Zhang, Daniel Gómez López, Juan Antonio López Sánchez, Chen Xia, Xin Wang and Alba García Fernández

Eng. Proc. 2025, 90(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090074 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study examines improvements in local air quality and noise (LAQ&N) of the Landing and Take-Off cycle (LTO cycle) with the introduction of a hybrid electric/sustainable mid-range aircraft. Using Dortmund Airport as a case study, the results highlight significant environmental benefits. Future traffic [...] Read more.

This study examines improvements in local air quality and noise (LAQ&N) of the Landing and Take-Off cycle (LTO cycle) with the introduction of a hybrid electric/sustainable mid-range aircraft. Using Dortmund Airport as a case study, the results highlight significant environmental benefits. Future traffic scenarios estimate potential gains: INDIGO flights improve LAQ by up to 74% and noise impacts by 36%. When replacing 15% of the future traffic demand with INDIGO aircraft, up to a 3% benefit in LAQ&N can be expected. Full traffic replacement scenarios promise substantial environmental advantages, affirming the INDIGO aircrafts’ role in greener aviation. Full article

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9 pages, 1467 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spectrum Sharing Opportunities for 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

by Valeria Petrini, Manuel Faccioli and Claudia Carciofi

Eng. Proc. 2025, 90(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090073 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

This work analyzes the spectrum sharing scenarios of the evolution of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks at a European and international level. The evolution and interoperability of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks are key elements in providing the new services expected by 6G. With the [...] Read more.

This work analyzes the spectrum sharing scenarios of the evolution of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks at a European and international level. The evolution and interoperability of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks are key elements in providing the new services expected by 6G. With the growing demand of the spectrum, inter-system sharing, which involves sharing between different radiocommunication applications, is becoming increasingly important. Technical conditions to share the spectrum between a terrestrial fixed service operating through Point-to-Multipoint links and a fixed satellite service at 28 GHz are assessed and presented in this paper. The methodology to evaluate the coexistence conditions can be easily extended to other spectrum sharing scenarios, both between terrestrial networks and between terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. Full article

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9 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

MnO Recovered from Alkaline Batteries Functionalized with Ruthenium and Carbon Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Applications

by Faraz Khan, Renata Adami, Luca Gallucci, Claudia Cirillo, Mariagrazia Iuliano, Libero Sesti Osséo and Maria Sarno

Eng. Proc. 2025, 90(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090071 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

MnO is an attractive material due to its high specific capacitance and thermal and chemical activity. It can be recycled from alkaline batteries with a good yield and can be used for supercapacitor applications after enhancing its poor conductivity. In this study, Ru-MnO-Carbon [...] Read more.

MnO is an attractive material due to its high specific capacitance and thermal and chemical activity. It can be recycled from alkaline batteries with a good yield and can be used for supercapacitor applications after enhancing its poor conductivity. In this study, Ru-MnO-Carbon nanofibers(Ru-MnO-CNFs) were prepared by the impregnation of Ru (1 wt%) into MnO recovered from used alkaline batteries, followed by their incorporation into polyacrylnitrile (PAN) nanofibers by electrospinning and carbonization. The prepared materials, Ru-MnO and Ru-MnO-CNFs, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterization was performed, comparing the characteristics of Ru-MnO and Ru-MnO-CNFs samples. It was found that the capacitance of MnO recovered from used alkaline batteries could be enhanced by combining it with Ru and CNFs. The hybrid Ru-MnO/CNFs composite could be used as stable electrode material for high performance supercapacitors. Full article

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10 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Challenges in the Development of a Hydrogen-Fueled Micro Gas Turbine Unit for Energy Generation

by Uma Nataraj Gottipati, Angelo Minotti, Vincenzo La Battaglia and Alessandro Giorgetti

Eng. Proc. 2025, 85(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025085045 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Environmental and social governance targets, as well as the global transition to cleaner renewable energy sources, push for advancements in hydrogen-based solutions for energy generators due to their high energy per unit mass (energy density) and lightweight nature. Hydrogen’s energy density and lightweight [...] Read more.

Environmental and social governance targets, as well as the global transition to cleaner renewable energy sources, push for advancements in hydrogen-based solutions for energy generators due to their high energy per unit mass (energy density) and lightweight nature. Hydrogen’s energy density and lightweight nature allow it to provide an extended range of uses without adding significant weight, potentially revolutionizing many applications. Moreover, a variety of sources, including renewable energy, can produce hydrogen, making it a potentially more sustainable option for energy storage despite its main limitations in production and transportation costs. In this framework we are proposing an innovative energy generator that might merge the benefits of batteries and hydrogen. The energy generator is based on a worldwide patented solution introduced by MIEEG s.r.l. regarding the shape of the chambers. This innovative solution can be used to design a 100% H2-fed microturbine with a high power/weight/volume ratio that works as a range extender of battery packs for a comprehensive, high-efficiency hybrid powertrain. In fact, it runs at 100,000 rpm and is designed to deliver about 100 kW in about 15 L of volume and 15 kg of weight (alternator excluded). The system is highly complex due to high firing temperatures, long life requirements, corrosion protection, mechanical and vibrational stresses, sealing, couplings, bearings, and the realization of tiny blades. This paper analyzes the main design challenges to face in the development of such complex generators, focusing on the hot gas path components, which are the most critical part of gas turbines. The contribution of additive manufacturing techniques, the adoption of special materials, and coatings have been evaluated for system improvement. Full article

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9 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Finite Element Modelling and Simplified Analytical Methodology for the Structural Analysis of Wound Rotors in Electric Motors

by Saverio Giulio Barbieri, Sara Mantovani and Valerio Mangeruga

Eng. Proc. 2025, 85(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025085042 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Wound rotor electric motors offer low production costs and environmental sustainability, making them preferable over rare-earth-based motors, particularly at low speeds. However, in automotive applications, the demand for higher specific powers and rotational speeds increases the structural challenges for wound rotors. While commercial [...] Read more.

Wound rotor electric motors offer low production costs and environmental sustainability, making them preferable over rare-earth-based motors, particularly at low speeds. However, in automotive applications, the demand for higher specific powers and rotational speeds increases the structural challenges for wound rotors. While commercial Finite Element simulations integrate structural and electromagnetic needs, they could not immediately highlight the influence of single parameters on rotor stress. This paper introduces a simplified analytical methodology for the structural analysis of wound rotors, validated against Finite Element simulations, showing strong agreement. This approach is particularly useful during the early design stages for guiding preliminary geometry definitions. Full article

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Journal Description

Engineering Proceedings

Vol. 89

IEEE ICKII 2024

Vol. 84

MEST 2024

Vol. 83

CITIIC 2023

Vol. 80

ICGA 2024

Vol. 79

SMTS 2024

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