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49,911 Results Found

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,490 Views
6 Pages

Numerical Solution of The Effects of Variable Fluid Properties on Biomagnetic Fluid over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet

  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Anik Gomes,
  • Jahangir Alam,
  • Efstratios Em. Tzirtzilakis and
  • Mohammad Ferdows

In this paper, the effects of various fluid properties on two-dimensional unsteady biomagnetic fluid flow (blood) and heat transfer over a stretching sheet under the appearance of a magnetic dipole is investigated. The governing boundary layer equati...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Mathematics and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,880 Views
22 Pages

14 September 2021

Bubble flow can be simulated by the two-fluid model and the multi-fluid model based on the Eulerian method. In this paper, the gas phase was further divided into several groups of dispersed phases according to the diameter by using the Eulerian-Euler...

  • Review
  • Open Access
64 Citations
6,588 Views
33 Pages

29 October 2021

Based on a brief historical excursion, a list of principles is formulated which substantiates the choice of axioms and methods for studying nature. The axiomatics of fluid flows are based on conservation laws in the frames of engineering mathematics...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Problems of Mathematical Physics and Their Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,007 Views
29 Pages

Study of Fluid Flow Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Aviation Fuel-Welded Pipelines via the Fluid–Solid Coupling Method

  • Changhong Guo,
  • Mengran Di,
  • Hanwen Gong,
  • Jin Zhang,
  • Shibo Sun,
  • Kehua Ye,
  • Bin Li and
  • Lingxiao Quan

16 January 2025

The welded pipeline structure of aircraft fuel is a complex and diverse entity, significantly influenced by fluid–solid coupling. The refined aviation fuel-welded pipeline model plays a pivotal role in the investigation of its fluid–solid...

(This article belongs to the Section Aeronautics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,944 Views
9 Pages

How Fluid Particle Interaction Affects the Flow of Dusty Williamson Fluid

  • Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim,
  • Nur Syamilah Arifin,
  • Syazwani Mohd Zokri,
  • Noor Amalina Nisa Ariffin and
  • Sharidan Shafie

10 January 2023

A model of two-phase flow involving non-Newtonian fluid is described to be more reliable to present the fluid that involves industrial applications due to the special characteristics in its behavior. Many models of non-Newtonian fluid were discovered...

(This article belongs to the Section C: Physics)
  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,079 Views
22 Pages

A Review on Optimal Design of Fluid Machinery Using Machine Learning Techniques

  • Bin Xu,
  • Jiali Deng,
  • Xingyu Liu,
  • Ailian Chang,
  • Jiuyu Chen and
  • Desheng Zhang

The design of fluid machinery is a complex task that requires careful consideration of various factors that are interdependent. The correlation between performance parameters and geometric parameters is highly intricate and sensitive, displaying stro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Simulation of Floating Offshore Structures)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,281 Views
17 Pages

Numerical Simulation of Drilling Fluid Flow in Centrifugal Pumps

  • Jianxin Hu,
  • Ke Li,
  • Wenfeng Su and
  • Xinyi Zhao

5 March 2023

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in the oil and mining industries. In contrast to water pumps, the centrifugal pumps in the oil and mining industries are used for the transportation of drilling fluid, which is typically non-Newtonian fluid. Drilling...

(This article belongs to the Topic Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Its Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,686 Views
39 Pages

13 April 2023

The evolution of the falling drop substance transfer in a target fluid at rest was traced by high-speed video techniques. Two flow modes were studied: slow intrusive flow, when the KE of the drop was comparable or less than the available potential en...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Experimental Fluid Dynamics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
7,800 Views
20 Pages

1 June 2018

The complexity of flashing flows is increased vastly by the interphase heat transfer as well as its coupling with mass and momentum transfers. A reliable heat transfer coefficient is the key in the modelling of such kinds of flows with the two-fluid...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Heat or Mass Transfer in the Chemical Process Industry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,519 Views
20 Pages

Thermal Characteristics Analysis and Experimental Study of Magnetic Fluid in Sealing Gap

  • Xinyue He,
  • Zhenggui Li,
  • Jie Qing,
  • Jie Min,
  • Chuanshi Cheng and
  • Changrong Shen

The widespread application of magnetic fluid seals in mechanical devices highlights the significant impact of temperature on the stability of these sealing systems. This paper investigates the magnetic field characteristics and thermal properties of...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sealing Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,853 Views
12 Pages

Heat Transfer and Fluid Circulation of Thermoelectric Fluid through the Fractional Approach Based on Local Kernel

  • Maryam Al Owidh,
  • Basma Souayeh,
  • Imran Qasim Memon,
  • Kashif Ali Abro and
  • Huda Alfannakh

13 November 2022

A thermoelectric effect occurs when a material’s intrinsic property directly converts temperature differences applied across its body into electric voltage. This manuscript presents the prediction for maximum and optimal heat transfer efficienc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Enhancement and Fluid Flow Features Due to the Addition of Nanoparticles in Engineering Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,055 Views
21 Pages

6 February 2020

This investigated the time-dependent, two-dimensional biomagnetic fluid (blood) flow (BFD) over a stretching sheet under the action of a strong magnetic field. Blood is considered a homogeneous and Newtonian fluid, which behaves as an electrically co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Mechanics Physical Problems and Symmetry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,829 Views
16 Pages

11 June 2022

The steady state of motion of two particles in Poiseuille flow of power-law fluid is numerically studied using the lattice Boltzmann method in the range of Reynolds number 20 ≤ Re ≤ 60, diameter ratio of two particles 0.125 ≤ β ≤ 2.4...

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,887 Views
20 Pages

Magnetohydrodynamic and Ferrohydrodynamic Fluid Flow Using the Finite Volume Method

  • Grigorios Chrimatopoulos,
  • Efstratios E. Tzirtzilakis and
  • Michalis A. Xenos

25 December 2023

Many problems in fluid mechanics describe the change in the flow under the effect of electromagnetic forces. The present study explores the behaviour of an electric conducting, Newtonian fluid flow applying the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and ferrohyd...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,709 Views
11 Pages

Flow of a Self-Similar Non-Newtonian Fluid Using Fractal Dimensions

  • Abdellah Bouchendouka,
  • Zine El Abiddine Fellah,
  • Zakaria Larbi,
  • Nicholas O. Ongwen,
  • Erick Ogam,
  • Mohamed Fellah and
  • Claude Depollier

In this paper, the study of the fully developed flow of a self-similar (fractal) power-law fluid is presented. The rheological way of behaving of the fluid is modeled utilizing the Ostwald–de Waele relationship (covering shear-thinning, Newtoni...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Phenomena on Fractals and in Fractional Dimension Spaces)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,126 Views
20 Pages

12 October 2020

After more than a century of development, drilling fluid technology has become capable of dealing with various extreme conditions. As the exploration and development targets shift towards complex oil and gas resources, however, the geological and sur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
254 Views
28 Pages

Influence of Fluid Properties on Hydraulic System Losses: A Comparative Analysis of Dynamometer and Excavator Field Tests

  • Pawan Panwar,
  • Paul Michael,
  • Ricardo Gomes,
  • Thorsten Bartels and
  • Frank-Olaf Mähling

2 October 2026

The ASTM D7721 standard practice for determining the effect of fluid selection on hydraulic system performance was applied to the study of two excavators and a hydraulic dynamometer. Six fully formulated fluids spanning two viscosity grades and three...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Study in Hydraulic Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
8,132 Views
22 Pages

This article gives an overview of the diverse range of teaching applications that can be realized using an interactive lattice Boltzmann simulation tool in fluid mechanics instruction and outreach. In an inquiry-based learning framework, examples are...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD: Recent Advances in Lattice Boltzmann Methods)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,908 Views
15 Pages

25 May 2023

Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids have recently gained interest from many oil industry researchers due to their polymer-like viscoelastic behaviour and ability to mitigate problems of polymeric fluids by replacing them during various operat...

(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Sustainable Polymer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,465 Views
15 Pages

28 February 2022

The development of thermal control systems has become an important issue in next-generation electric aircraft design due to the increase in heat exhausted with electrification. In this paper, a wick-type two-phase mechanically pumped fluid loop syste...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,604 Views
14 Pages

21 October 2020

In this paper, the effect of membrane features on flow characteristics in the microfluidic passive valve (MPV) and the membrane behavior against fluid flow are studied using the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis. Firstly, the microvalve mode...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics and MEMS Technology for Membranes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,250 Views
19 Pages

3 June 2024

Magnetic vortex pumps are characterized by their high performance and zero leakage, and in recent years, they have been applied for the transportation of antifreeze coolant in varying-temperature environments. This paper combines Computational Fluid...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Optimization of Fluid Machinery, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,444 Views
19 Pages

Investigation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Induced Bending for Elastic Flaps in a Cross Flow

  • Tayyaba Bano,
  • Franziska Hegner,
  • Martin Heinrich and
  • Ruediger Schwarze

5 September 2020

With the recent increase in the design of light and flexible structures, numerical investigations of fluid and structure together play a significant role in most engineering applications. Therefore, the current study presents an examination of fluid-...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,021 Views
16 Pages

28 April 2022

The friction factor and heat transfer of Giesekus-fluid-based nanofluids in a pipe flow were studied in the ranges of 0.5 ≤ Reynolds number (Re) ≤ 500, 1 ≤ Weissenberg number (Wi) ≤ 8, 0.5% ≤ particle volume concentration (Φ) ≤...

(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,085 Views
19 Pages

Laser-Raman Analysis of Individual Fluid Inclusions and Hydrocarbon-Fluid Evolution in the Marine–Terrestrial Transitional Longtan Formation Shale, Southern Sichuan Basin

  • Longyi Wang,
  • Xizhe Li,
  • Ya’na Chen,
  • Nijun Qi,
  • Wenxuan Yu,
  • Yuchuan Chen,
  • Sijie He,
  • Yuhang Zhou,
  • Yaqi Zhao and
  • Jing Xiang

5 December 2025

This study integrates microthermometry and laser-Raman spectroscopy of individual fluid inclusions with basin modelling to reconstruct the hydrocarbon-fluid evolution and multistage re-mobilisation of the Permian Longtan Formation transitional marine...

(This article belongs to the Topic Formation Mechanism and Quantitative Evaluation of Deep and Ultra-Deep Effective Reservoirs)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,588 Views
13 Pages

13 April 2023

The high-frequency vibration and resonance of armature assembly in the hydraulic servo valve are the main reasons for instability and failure. Magnetic fluid (MF) operating in the squeeze mode can be taken as an effective damper for resonance suppres...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights of Intelligent and Integrated Fluid Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,697 Views
13 Pages

Comparison of Micro-Mixing in Time Pulsed Newtonian Fluid and Viscoelastic Fluid

  • Meng Zhang,
  • Wu Zhang,
  • Zhengwei Wu,
  • Yinan Shen,
  • Yicheng Chen,
  • Chaofeng Lan,
  • Fengchen Li and
  • Weihua Cai

18 April 2019

Fluid mixing plays an essential role in many microfluidic applications. Here, we compare the mixing in time pulsing flows for both a Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic fluid at different pulsing frequencies. In general, the mixing degree in the visco...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optofluidics 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,261 Views
15 Pages

8 April 2021

Flow and heat transfer property of Oldroyd-B-fluid-based nanofluids containing cylindrical particles are studied in a pipe with circular cross-section in the range of Reynolds number (Re) from 100 to 2000, Weissenberg number (We) from 0.1 to 2, parti...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancement of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,267 Views
11 Pages

Research on Prediction of Movable Fluid Percentage in Unconventional Reservoir Based on Deep Learning

  • Jiuxin Wang,
  • Yutian Luo,
  • Zhengming Yang,
  • Xinli Zhao and
  • Zhongkun Niu

16 April 2021

In order to improve the measurement speed and prediction accuracy of unconventional reservoir parameters, the deep neural network (DNN) is used to predict movable fluid percentage of unconventional reservoirs. The Adam optimizer is used in the DNN mo...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,778 Views
14 Pages

5 July 2021

The fluid flow in the runner of a hydraulic turbine has serious uncertainties. The sealing failure of the magnetorheological (MR) fluid sealing device of the main shaft of the hydroturbine, caused by a sudden change in speed, has always been a diffic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,680 Views
18 Pages

9 February 2019

The most extensively used heat exchanger in numerous research fields and industrial processes is the shell and tube heat exchanger. The selection of the baffle plays a vital role to regulate and increase the thermohydraulic performance and also to de...

(This article belongs to the Section I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,676 Views
15 Pages

Heat Transfer and Flow Structures of Laminar Confined Slot Impingement Jet with Power-Law Non-Newtonian Fluid

  • Yan Qiang,
  • Liejiang Wei,
  • Xiaomei Luo,
  • Hongchao Jian,
  • Wenan Wang and
  • Fenfen Li

18 October 2018

Heat transfer performances and flow structures of laminar impinging slot jets with power-law non-Newtonian fluids and corresponding typical industrial fluids (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) solutions and Xanthangum (XG) solutions) have been studied...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,732 Views
16 Pages

Research of Flow Stability of Non-Newtonian Magnetorheological Fluid Flow in the Gap between Two Cylinders

  • Milada Kozubková,
  • Jana Jablonská,
  • Marian Bojko,
  • František Pochylý and
  • Simona Fialová

15 October 2021

This paper deals with a mathematical modeling of flow stability of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in the gap between two concentric cylinders, one of which rotates. A typical feature of the flow is the formation of a vortex flow, so-called Taylor...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics and Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,271 Views
16 Pages

Fluid-Solid Boundary Handling Using Pairwise Interaction Model for Non-Newtonian Fluid

  • Xiaokun Wang,
  • Xiaojuan Ban,
  • Runzi He,
  • Di Wu,
  • Xing Liu and
  • Yuting Xu

3 April 2018

In order to simulate fluid-solid boundary interaction for non-Newtonian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) fluids, we present a steady and realistic fluid-solid boundary handling method using symmetrical interaction forces. Firstly, we use the imp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Cooperative Applications III)
  • Review
  • Open Access
84 Citations
39,326 Views
23 Pages

Cerebrospinal Fluid–Basic Concepts Review

  • Natalia Czarniak,
  • Joanna Kamińska,
  • Joanna Matowicka-Karna and
  • Olga Martyna Koper-Lenkiewicz

Cerebrospinal fluid plays a crucial role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) by providing mechanical support, acting as a shock absorber, and transporting nutrients and waste products. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circ...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebrospinal Fluid: The Potential for Molecular Disease-Related and Drug-Related Biomarkers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
9,336 Views
15 Pages

14 March 2018

The worldwide demand on data storage continues to increase and both the number and the size of data centers are expanding rapidly. Energy efficiency is an important factor to consider in data centers since the total energy consumption is huge. The se...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
3,033 Views
21 Pages

15 August 2022

The theory of singular perturbations in a unified formulation is used, for the first time, to study the propagation of two-dimensional periodic perturbations, including capillary and gravitational surface waves and accompanying ligaments in the 10&mi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Singularly Perturbed Problems: Asymptotic Analysis and Approximate Solution)
  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1,701 Views
2 Pages

Gas Sensors: A Non-Contact and Non-Invasive Solution for Checking the Hydraulic Fluid Degradation

  • Ambra Fioravanti,
  • Pietro Marani,
  • Luigi Sequino,
  • Fulvio Palmieri,
  • Francesca Rapparini,
  • Achill Holzer,
  • Zita Tappeiner,
  • Katharina Schmitz,
  • Sara Morandi and
  • Maria Cristina Carotta
  • + 1 author

Chemiresistive gas sensors based on metal oxide (MOX) semiconductors are attractive devices used to detect gaseous compounds in many applications. In fluid power systems, they could be exploited to monitor the odor changes of the hydraulic fluid that...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of XXXV EUROSENSORS Conference)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,479 Views
6 Pages

In this paper, we study the laminar, incompressible, and steady flow of a biomagnetic fluid, such as blood, containing gold nanoparticles through a shrinking sheet in the presence of a magnetic dipole. This model is consistent with both the principle...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Mathematics and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,216 Views
26 Pages

Aligned Magnetic Field and Radiation Effects on Biomagnetic Fluid over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet with Various Slip Conditions

  • Anik Gomes,
  • Jahangir Alam,
  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Tahmina Sultana,
  • Efstratios E. Tzirtzilakis and
  • Mohammad Ferdows

14 December 2021

The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of aligned magnetic field and radiation on biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching sheet with various slip conditions. The magnetic field is assumed to be sufficientl...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,633 Views
18 Pages

30 September 2019

The most accurate method for the design and the simulation of a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) field is employing the fluid-to-ground thermal response of the field, namely the mean-fluid-temperature rise produced by a time-constant thermal power suppl...

(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
706 Views
30 Pages

Given the undoubtable similarities between the dynamic behavior of the vehicular traffic flow in terms of its response to boundary condition alterations dictated in the form of obstacles, and the specific case of supersonic compressible fluid flow fi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,503 Views
13 Pages

Magnetic fluid seals are well known for their zero-leakage performance but are limited at high rotational speeds due to heat generation and fluid loss. This study experimentally investigates the failure mechanisms of ester-based magnetic fluid seals...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferrofluids: Electromagnetic Properties and Applications)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,329 Views
73 Pages

The Fluid Ionosphere

  • Massimo Materassi

29 January 2025

In this review paper, the equations of motion describing the fluid dynamics of the ionosphere are constructed step by step, so that any master or post-graduate student may get familiar with the general theory of the “traditional” approach...

(This article belongs to the Section Upper Atmosphere)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,816 Views
16 Pages

Performance of Al2O3/TiO2 Hybrid Nano-Cutting Fluid in MQL Turning Operation via RSM Approach

  • Ariffin Arifuddin,
  • Abd Aziz Mohammad Redhwan,
  • Wan Hamzah Azmi and
  • Nurul Nadia Mohd Zawawi

16 December 2022

Cutting fluids can be used to cool workpieces at high cutting speeds and remove chips from cutting zones. The effectiveness of cutting fluids may be improved with the addition of hybrid nanoparticle dispersion. This study evaluates the effectiveness...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minimum Quantity Lubrication: Environmental Alternatives in Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,792 Views
15 Pages

Fractal Analysis of a Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in a Rough-Walled Pipe

  • Abdellah Bouchendouka,
  • Zine El Abiddine Fellah,
  • Zakaria Larbi,
  • Zineeddine Louna,
  • Erick Ogam,
  • Mohamed Fellah and
  • Claude Depollier

22 May 2022

The fully developed laminar flow of a viscous non-Newtonian fluid in a rough-walled pipe is considered. The fluid rheology is described by the power–law model (covering shear thinning, Newtonian, and shear thickening fluids). The rough surface...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheology of Advanced Complex Fluids)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,965 Views
13 Pages

5 July 2024

Low-salinity waterflooding/smart waterflooding (LSWF/SWF) is a technique involving the injection of water with a modified composition to alter the equilibrium between rock and fluids within porous media to enhance oil recovery. This approach offers s...

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,508 Views
18 Pages

20 July 2023

Understanding the displacement of the resident wetting fluid in porous media is crucial to the remediation strategy. When pollutants or nutrients are dissolved in the surface wetting fluid and enter the unsaturated zone, the resident wetting fluid in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Dynamics Modeling in Porous Media)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,098 Views
16 Pages

Fluid Creep as an Independent Predictor of Fluid Overload and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Cohort Study

  • George Briassoulis,
  • Theodora Antonopoulou,
  • Joanna Velegraki,
  • Stavroula Ilia and
  • Eumorfia Kondili

12 December 2025

Background: Fluid overload (FO) is a frequent ICU complication and an important predictor of adverse outcomes. While classically attributed to resuscitative fluids, recent data emphasize the contribution of non-therapeutic “fluid creep” f...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Critical Care and Anesthesiology)
  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,854 Views
20 Pages

Non-Invasive Nasal Discharge Fluid and Other Body Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Da Hae Jung,
  • Gowoon Son,
  • Oh-Hoon Kwon,
  • Keun-A Chang and
  • Cheil Moon

The key to current Alzheimer’s disease (AD) therapy is the early diagnosis for prompt intervention, since available treatments only slow the disease progression. Therefore, this lack of promising therapies has called for diagnostic screening te...

(This article belongs to the Section Biologics and Biosimilars)

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