Estimating the project effort remains a challenge for project managers and effort estimators. In the early phases of a project, having a high level of uncertainty and lack of experience cause poor estimation of the required work. Especially for proje...
Effort estimation is always quite a challenge, especially for agile software development projects. This paper describes the process of building a Bayesian network model for effort prediction in agile development. Very few studies have addressed the a...
Software development effort estimation is essential for software project planning and management. In this study, we present a spectral clustering algorithm based on symmetric matrixes as an option for data processing. It is expected that constructing...
Estimation methods are continuously being adapted to obtain better and clearer estimations needed to achieve development goals. Some estimation methods were invented before the modern mobile application technology that is currently available. Thus, t...
Function point analysis is a widely used metric in the software industry for development effort estimation. It was proposed in the 1970s, and then standardized by the International Function Point Users Group, as accepted by many organizations worldwi...
Software effort estimation has constituted a significant research theme in recent years. The more important provocation for project managers concerns reaching their targets within the fixed time boundary. Machine learning strategies can lead software...
Early effort estimation is important for efficiently planning the use of resources in an Information Technology (IT) project. However, limited research has been conducted on the topic of effort estimation in agile software development using artificia...
Functional size measures are widely used for estimating software development effort. After the introduction of Function Points, a few “simplified” measures have been proposed, aiming to make measurement simpler and applicable when fully d...
Effort estimation is critical in software engineering to assess the resources needed for development tasks and to enable realistic commitments in agile iterations. This study investigates whether generative AI tools, which are transforming various as...
Software effort estimation (SEE) serves as a cornerstone of effective software project management, and case-based reasoning (CBR) stands out as one of the most extensively adopted approaches within this domain. Nevertheless, CBR-based SEE models are...
The prediction level at x (
Particle Swarm Optimization is a metaheuristic optimization algorithm widely used across a broad range of applications. The algorithm has certain primary advantages such as its ease of implementation, high convergence accuracy, and fast convergence s...
Measuring the functional size of business intelligence (BI) and digital marketing analytics dashboard development can provide quantitative input for estimating the required time and cost of software development efforts. However, digital analytics pra...
In this paper, we propose an assist-as-needed (AAN) backstepping control scheme for a lower-limb exoskeleton with nonlinear dynamics and uncertain human–robot interactions. The main objective is to achieve a good trajectory tracking capability...
Traditional software effort estimation methods, such as term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), are widely used due to their simplicity and interpretability. However, they struggle with limited datasets, fail to capture intricate se...
Software Project Estimation is a challenging and important activity in developing software projects. Software Project Estimation includes Software Time Estimation, Software Resource Estimation, Software Cost Estimation, and Software Effort Estimation...
Respiratory effort is a critical parameter for assessing respiratory function in various pathological conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as in patients undergoing respiratory ventilation. Currently, the gold-standard method for...
Spirometry is widely regarded as the clinical gold standard for quantifying lung function. It plays a central role in the diagnosis and management of cardiopulmonary disorders, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Howeve...
Sometimes unclearly describing the requirement specifications of satisfied customer’s needs, means it may be difficult to develop the production of high-quality software systems. A persistent issue of requirement engineering is how to clearly u...
The increasing adoption of machine learning and deep learning techniques in intrusion detection systems (IDSs) has substantially increased the computational complexity of model development due to large-scale datasets, sophisticated model architecture...
Visualising the fishing behaviour of vessels and quantifying the spatial distribution of fishing effort is the scientific basis for assessing and managing fisheries resources. The information on the dynamics of fishing vessel voyages provided by the...
Although much research has taken place in WiFi indoor localization systems, their accuracy can still be improved. When designing this kind of system, fingerprint-based methods are a common choice. The problem with fingerprint-based methods comes with...
Accurate estimation of software effort and time in the software development process is a key activity to achieve the necessary product quality. However, underestimation or overestimation of effort has become a key challenge for software development....
Software estimation involves meeting a huge number of different requirements, such as resource allocation, cost estimation, effort estimation, time estimation, and the changing demands of software product customers. Numerous estimation models try to...
To fully leverage Google Analytics and derive actionable insights, web analytics practitioners must go beyond standard implementation and customize the setup for specific functional requirements, which involves additional web development efforts. Pre...
Advances in software engineering, particularly in Agile software development (ASD), demand innovative approaches to effort estimation due to the volatility in Agile environments. Recent trends have made the automation of story point (SP) estimation i...
Cost estimates in the early stages of project development are essential for making the right decisions, but they are a huge challenge and risk for owners and potential contractors due to limited information about the characteristics of a future highw...
Assessing fish species richness at the scale of an entire watershed or multiple watersheds is important when designing conservation areas and maintaining aquatic biodiversity. Estimating biodiversity at this scale requires considering the effects of...
Representative input data are a necessary requirement for the assessment of machine-vision systems. For symmetry-seeing machines in particular, such imagery should provide symmetries as well as asymmetric clutter. Moreover, there must be reliable gro...
Software size estimation represents a complex task, which is based on data analysis or on an algorithmic estimation approach. Software size estimation is a nontrivial task, which is important for software project planning and management. In this pape...
The harvesting of bait through digging in coastal mudflats is practiced for recreational and commercial purposes in European coastal systems including the Ria de Aveiro coastal lagoon on the northwest Atlantic coast of Portugal. The scale of harvesti...
Background/Objectives: This study investigated the effect of sprint intensity on spatiotemporal variables and joint kinematics during the maximal-velocity phase at each intensity level in experienced sprinters. Methods: Twenty experienced master spri...
In the early software development stages, the aim of estimation is to obtain a rough understanding of the timeline and resources required to implement a potential project. The current study is devoted to a method of preliminary estimation applicable...
Measuring the distribution of the fishing effort of trawlers is of great significance for describing marine fishery activities, quantifying fishing systems in terms of marine ecological pressure, and revising the regulations of fishing. The purpose o...
Vessel speed reduction measures are a management tool used to reduce the risk of whale–ship strikes and mitigate their impacts. Large ships and other commercial vessels are required to publicly share tracking information, including their speed,...
The goal of the present study was to extend earlier work on the estimation of person theta using maximum likelihood estimation in R by accounting for rapid guessing. This paper provides a modified R function that accommodates person thetas using the...
Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) standardization in fisheries is a critical foundation for conducting stock assessment and fishery conservation. The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is one of the economically important fish species in the Northwest Paci...
The likelihood-based person-fit statistic,
Southern African savannas are an important dryland ecosystem, as they account for up to 54% of the landscape, support a rich variety of biodiversity, and are areas of key landscape change. This paper aims to address the challenges of studying this hi...
Territorial heritage documentation programmes require coordinated acquisition, processing and information management across assets with different documentation demands. This study presents the Equivalent Documentation Unit (UDE, retaining the project...
Fixed sample entropy (fSampEn) is a robust technique that allows the evaluation of inspiratory effort in diaphragm electromyography (EMGdi) signals, and has potential utility in sleep studies. To appropriately estimate respiratory effort, fSampEn req...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate how a sprint warm-up with increasing prescribed effort relates to actual effort and how this influences RPE and readiness for a maximal 50 m sprint performance. Methods: A total of 19 subjects (17...
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease, resulting in the high mortality of domestic and wild pigs, spreading quickly around the world. Ensuring the prevention and early detection of the disease is even more crucial given the absence of li...
This article discusses the importance of quality deforestation area estimates for reliable and credible REDD+ monitoring and reporting. It discusses how countries can make use of global spatial tree cover change assessments, but how considerable addi...
Reference data collected to validate land-cover maps are generally considered free of errors. In practice, however, they contain errors despite best efforts to minimize them. These errors propagate during accuracy assessment and tweak the validation...
Background: Sleep apnea is a prevalent sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) condition that affects a large population worldwide. Research has demonstrated the potential of using electrocardiographic (ECG) signals (heart rate and ECG-derived respiration,...
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed to the lower limbs have been reported to provide accurate estimates of stride lengths (SLs) during walking. Due to technical challenges, validation of such estimates in running is generally limited to speeds (w...
The paper is basically dedicated to the problem of effort estimation for the Product Backlog items of IT projects led accordingly to the Scrum framework. The effort estimation issue is important, because low quality estimation decreases the efficienc...
In exoskeletal robots, the quantification of the user’s muscular effort is important to recognize the user’s motion intentions and evaluate motor abilities. In this paper, we attempt to estimate users’ muscular efforts accurately using joint torque s...
Quantifying oxidative, glycolytic, and phosphagen energy system contributions during exercise is challenging due to their simultaneous activation and reliance on indirect estimation. This narrative review critically examines the methodological founda...
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