Diversity

21 pages, 3008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Community of Heermann’s Gull (Larus heermanni): Insights into Their Most Common Species and Their Functional Role during the Breeding Season in the Gulf of California

by Enrico A. Ruiz, Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez, Oliva Araiza, Ma G. Aguilera-Arreola, Juan A. Hernández-García, José J. Flores-Martínez, Víctor Sánchez-Cordero and Zulema Gomez-Lunar

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100617 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

The seabird intestinal microbiota, or bacteriome, predominantly consists of bacteria that establish during embryonic development through vertical transfer from females and horizontal transfer during growth and copulation. This study focuses on the Heermann’s Gull (Larus heermanni), a seabird that breeds mainly [...] Read more.

The seabird intestinal microbiota, or bacteriome, predominantly consists of bacteria that establish during embryonic development through vertical transfer from females and horizontal transfer during growth and copulation. This study focuses on the Heermann’s Gull (Larus heermanni), a seabird that breeds mainly within the Gulf of California. Our goal was to understand its gut bacteriome composition and its implications for conservation and public health. Using microbiological techniques, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and mass spectrometry, we characterized the HG gut bacteriome and compared it with other bird species. Our findings reveal a diverse bacteriome, particularly in the intestine and rectum, with dominant phyla including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Seasonal and sex-related differences were observed, with significant correlations between some pairs of bacteria. Notably, we identified various pathogens and potential zoonotic bacteria, underscoring the public health risks associated with Heermann’s Gull interaction with humans and other animals. These results highlight the importance of the Heermann’s Gull gut bacteriome in nutrient production, pathogen control, and digestive health, and emphasize the need for further research on pathogen transmission involving seabirds. Our study provides crucial insights for conservation strategies and underscores the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)

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14 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting Financial Losses Caused by Wild Boars in Ningxia, China

by Yan Qing, Yaxin Dong, Zhirong Zhang, Yi Zhang, Dehuai Meng, Meiling Zhan, Zongzhi Li, Xu Zhang, Tianhua Hu, Fubin Liu, Kai Sun, Zhensheng Liu and Liwei Teng

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100616 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

There is a need to reduce human–wildlife conflicts in the area around Liupanshan Nature Reserve in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. This study investigated the financial losses caused by wild boar and their causes. A questionnaire investigation (n = 135) and a [...] Read more.

There is a need to reduce human–wildlife conflicts in the area around Liupanshan Nature Reserve in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. This study investigated the financial losses caused by wild boar and their causes. A questionnaire investigation (n = 135) and a field test were conducted, which included 108 sample lines and 97 infrared cameras. A principal component analysis and generalised linear model was used to analyse the importance of the effect of the factors on wild boar damage. Based on an estimate of 17,049 wild boars in the study area, we found that in the agricultural land owned by the residents, the boar density of each county and distance from the village to the nature reserve were the most significant factors that affected crop damage. Then, financial losses in spring, summer, and autumn had a moderate effect on financial loss, and the crop type had the lowest effect. We recommend reducing the wild boar population by increasing leisure hunting and the number of leopards. Additionally, a focus on farmland protection is a practical way to prevent wild boar invasions. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to conduct long-term monitoring of wild boar population status and manage the relationship between the government, research teams, and local people to more efficiently and comprehensively reduce conflicts between humans and wild boars. Full article

14 pages, 1233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Native Grass and Shrub Restoration on Nesting and Fall Migrant Songbirds in Central Kentucky

by Kate G. Slankard, Benjamin Leffew, Michael D. Patton, Laura K. Baird, Jessica Miller, Daniel Stoelb, Don Pelly, James O. Barnard, Loren Taylor and Laura S. Burford

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100615 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

While native grass and shrub restoration is often promoted for bird conservation, evaluations are necessary to understand the effects of habitat change on songbird vital rates and migratory stopover use. We evaluated the effects of native vegetation restoration on the species richness, productivity, [...] Read more.

While native grass and shrub restoration is often promoted for bird conservation, evaluations are necessary to understand the effects of habitat change on songbird vital rates and migratory stopover use. We evaluated the effects of native vegetation restoration on the species richness, productivity, and capture rate of breeding and fall migrating songbirds at the Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, in central Kentucky, USA. From 2009 to 2022, we conducted constant effort mist netting, resulting in 8418 captures of 110 bird species. In 2012–2013, we implemented management in the study area, which began as an old field, to restore native grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Effects on the vital rates of breeding species included higher Spizella pusilla (field sparrow) and Spinus tristis (American goldfinch) productivity post restoration. Restoration of native vegetation also led to significantly higher fall capture rates for pooled cohorts of both long-distance and medium-distance migrants. Our results demonstrate that the restoration and management of native vegetation can enhance stopover habitats for fall migrating songbirds including neotropical migrants and the field sparrow, a common bird in steep decline. We recommend prioritizing areas for native grass and shrub restoration that initially lack structural heterogeneity (a well-developed grass component with diverse forbs and interspersed shrubs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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8 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

First Record of Bramble Sharks, Echinorhinus brucus (Echinorhiniformes, Echinorhinidae), in the United Arab Emirates

by John A. Burt, Juan Pablo Torres-Florez, Mattie Rodrigue, Cassidy Nelson and Mika Chance

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100614 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

The first record of bramble sharks (Echinorhinus brucus) in the United Arab Emirates is presented. In situ observations of multiple bramble sharks were made at depths between 460 and 720 m from two piloted submersibles and a remotely operated vessel, representing [...] Read more.

The first record of bramble sharks (Echinorhinus brucus) in the United Arab Emirates is presented. In situ observations of multiple bramble sharks were made at depths between 460 and 720 m from two piloted submersibles and a remotely operated vessel, representing the first known observations of this species in its native deep-water habitat in Arabia and the Indian Ocean. Notably, this research expands on the documented regional distribution of E. brucus for the Gulf of Oman/Arabian Sea and extends this species’ regional records to deeper mesophotic zones. These findings underscore the need for further research to understand the ecology and distribution of this cryptic shark species, particularly given its global endangered status and the limited knowledge of its regional population dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images from the Sea)

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15 pages, 7364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Rediscovery of Noblella peruviana after More than 115 Years Helps Resolve the Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Noblella (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae)

by Rudolf von May, M. Isabel Diaz, Alex Ttito, Roy Santa-Cruz and Alessandro Catenazzi

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100613 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

We revise the taxonomy of the frog genus Noblella on the basis of a molecular phylogeny. Previous studies recognized that Noblella is non-monophyletic, with one clade distributed from southeastern Peru to northeastern Bolivia and adjacent areas in Brazil and another clade distributed from [...] Read more.

We revise the taxonomy of the frog genus Noblella on the basis of a molecular phylogeny. Previous studies recognized that Noblella is non-monophyletic, with one clade distributed from southeastern Peru to northeastern Bolivia and adjacent areas in Brazil and another clade distributed from northern Peru to Ecuador and southeastern Colombia. The lack of sequences from the type species Noblella peruviana prevented the investigation of its phylogenetic position and the status of related taxa. Our rediscovery after more than 115 years allowed for the inclusion of DNA sequences of Noblella peruviana obtained from specimens collected at the type locality in southeastern Peru. We inferred a phylogeny based on a concatenated dataset (three mitochondrial and two nuclear loci) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Our phylogeny corroborated the non-monophyly of Noblella and helped resolve the status of related taxa, including Psychrophrynella bagrecito, the type species of the genus Psychrophrynella (rediscovered after 42 years). We identified a clade containing N. peruviana, P. bagrecito, and other species of Noblella and Psychrophrynella distributed in southern Peru. Given that the name Noblella predates Psychrophrynella, we propose that Psychrophrynella should be considered a junior synonym of Noblella. The second clade contains species of Noblella distributed in Ecuador and northern Peru, including N. myrmecoides, which used to be the type species of the genus Phyllonastes. Consequently, we propose to reinstate the genus Phyllonastes to accommodate all species of Noblella distributed in Ecuador, northern Peru, southeastern Colombia, and adjacent areas in Brazil. We present an updated taxonomy including new combinations for 12 species and reinstatements for three species. Full article

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24 pages, 2113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Factors Shaping the Culturable Freshwater Fungi Diversity of Four Lakes in Yunnan Province, China

by Lu Li, Zhen-Xiong Zhao, Heng Gui, Xiao-Ai Wang, Peng Xing, Samantha C. Karunarathna and Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100612 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Our study focused on freshwater fungal diversity, an important aspect in assessing the ecology of aquatic ecosystems. We carefully explored the diversity and influencing factors of culturable fungi across Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, Xingyun Lake, and Yangzonghai Lake in Yunnan Province, China. Through [...] Read more.

Our study focused on freshwater fungal diversity, an important aspect in assessing the ecology of aquatic ecosystems. We carefully explored the diversity and influencing factors of culturable fungi across Dianchi Lake, Fuxian Lake, Xingyun Lake, and Yangzonghai Lake in Yunnan Province, China. Through fungi culture, morphological characterization, and ITS sequence analysis, we identified a total of 565 isolates belonging to 405 species across 133 genera. The diversity indices viz. H′, D, and J were evaluated for fungal diversity across the lakes. Interestingly, although diversity indices were highest during summer and at Yangzonghai Lake, no significant differences in fungal community diversity were observed between seasons and regions. Water variables were analyzed and indicated that changes with rapid fluctuations in temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen likely influence fungal diversity. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of fungal communities within plateau lake ecosystems, thereby aiding in managing and conserving vital aquatic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity)

13 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity in European Mammals in the Context of Glacial Refugia

by Oxala García-Rodríguez, Emilie A. Hardouin, Debbi Pedreschi, Martin B. Richards, Richard Stafford, Jeremy B. Searle and John R. Stewart

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100611 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Phylogeographic studies have been conducted on many different mammal species in order to track their recent demographic histories. The climatic fluctuations associated with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) appear to have had a profound influence on the geographic patterning of genetic diversity in [...] Read more.

Phylogeographic studies have been conducted on many different mammal species in order to track their recent demographic histories. The climatic fluctuations associated with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) appear to have had a profound influence on the geographic patterning of genetic diversity in mammals. However, most phylogenetic studies have focused on single species. Few have used a holistic approach covering multiple taxa to explore common patterns. Here, we conducted meta-analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences, identifying haplotype diversity and private allelic richness patterns in a geographic context. Four general patterns emerged among European mammals: an east–west decline in variation, a Western-Central belt of the highest diversity, southern richness, and homogeneity with no geographic pattern. These patterns likely reflect the refugial origins of modern populations. The east–west variation decline suggests species with eastern LGM refugia; the Western-Central belt of the highest diversity may harbor taxa with cryptic northern refugia, while southern richness may correspond to traditional southern refugia. Species with homogeneity and no geographic pattern may have been panmictic without a specific refugium or may reflect the occurrence of both southern and cryptic northern refugia. Surprisingly, the “no pattern” phenomenon is seldom discussed and may frequently have been discounted. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple taxa, providing valuable insights into the responses of European mammals to past climatic changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Population Genetics and Phylogeography of Mammals: Molecular Applications for the Conservation and Monitoring of Genetic Diversity)

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13 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Based Differences in Multilocus Heterozygosity in Wild Boar from Spain

by Javier Pérez-González, Sebastián J. Hidalgo de Trucios and Sebastián P. Hidalgo Toledo

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100610 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide, leading to health, economic and conservation issues. Assessing genetic structure and diversity can aid in the effective monitoring and management of wild boar populations. Processes related to sexual selection and behavioral differences between [...] Read more.

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide, leading to health, economic and conservation issues. Assessing genetic structure and diversity can aid in the effective monitoring and management of wild boar populations. Processes related to sexual selection and behavioral differences between sexes support the importance of considering sex in measuring genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of wild boar in southwestern Spain by comparing multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) in males and females. We collected tissue samples from 142 culled individuals and 146 fetuses during routine hunting activities and used 16 microsatellite markers to quantify MLH. Paternity analyses were conducted to infer the genotypes of reproductive males. Our results indicated that the sampled individuals constituted a unique polygynandrous population without clear genetic structure. We found that males tended to exhibit lower MLH than females, with reproductive males showing significantly lower MLH than females. We discuss the selection and demographic processes that might explain our results. We highlight the importance of sex-balanced culling for population control, as well as the use of sex-balanced samples for monitoring genetic diversities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Animal Diversity)

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12 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Common Ragweed (Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L.) Seed Predation in Crop Fields and Their Adjacent Semi-Natural Habitats in Hungary

by Zita Dorner, Mohammed Gaafer Abdelgfar Osman, Ágnes Kukorellyné Szénási and Mihály Zalai

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100609 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Ambrosia artemisiifolia has turned into a noxious weed species in agricultural fields and landscapes in Europe. Durable control options are still needed to limit the abundance of this species. Weed seed consumption by naturally occurring seed predators is a key ecosystem service in [...] Read more.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia has turned into a noxious weed species in agricultural fields and landscapes in Europe. Durable control options are still needed to limit the abundance of this species. Weed seed consumption by naturally occurring seed predators is a key ecosystem service in agricultural areas. Seed predation levels of common ragweed were examined in wheat and maize fields and adjacent semi-natural habitats (SNHs). To evaluate the weed seeds’ exposure to invertebrate seed predators, 20 cards each were set on the soil surface inside the crop field and in SNHs with four replications. Twenty seeds of ragweed were attached to sandpaper. Seed removal was assessed every 24 h of exposure for 5 days in June and November 2019, October 2020, and June 2021. The seed consumption level was measured according to the number of removed seeds from the seed cards. High consumption rates of ragweed seeds were found in all sampling rounds in both seasons and habitats. The seed predation rates in 2019 were stronger within crop fields in summer than in autumn with a slight difference between SNHs and inside fields. Our results demonstrate the possibility of seed predation contributing to Integrated Plant Protection (IPM) of common ragweed in rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

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12 pages, 7032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Stratification of Butterfly Assemblages Persists in Highly Disturbed Forest Fragments of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

by Denise B. Silva, André V. L. Freitas, Oscar F. Junior and Jessie P. Santos

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100608 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Vertical stratification is a property of forest habitats related to the differential distribution of organisms according to the variation in the conditions, from the understory to the canopy. Here, we aimed to test whether butterfly assemblages from highly disturbed forests maintain the pattern [...] Read more.

Vertical stratification is a property of forest habitats related to the differential distribution of organisms according to the variation in the conditions, from the understory to the canopy. Here, we aimed to test whether butterfly assemblages from highly disturbed forests maintain the pattern of vertical stratification. We hypothesized that degraded forests would not exhibit vertical stratification due to the low variation in the microhabitat conditions along the vertical gradient, resulting from the canopy openness. To test this, we sampled fruit-feeding butterflies with bait traps, alternately disposed between the understory and canopy of three secondary forest fragments in a very fragmented Atlantic Forest landscape, for one year. We found that the vertical strata differed in terms of species composition, with a high contribution by the nestedness component on the beta diversity spatial variation. The understory assemblages had a higher abundance and were more diverse than the upper stratum. We demonstrated that vertical stratification is maintained even in disturbed forests; however, this does not necessarily provide support for a good quality and functioning ecosystem in these habitats. The butterfly assemblages recorded here are a subset of the species pool that inhabits conserved remnants. Thus, even being represented by species commonly found in disturbed habitats, the dynamic of vertical stratification of assemblages remains. Full article

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19 pages, 3158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Adjustments and Behavioural Patterns of the European Badger in North-Western Italy

by Elisa Torretta, Alessia Tortini and Alberto Meriggi

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100607 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The European badger is a highly adaptable species, inhabiting a range of environments across Europe, from woodlands to urban areas, with its behaviour influenced by environmental conditions and human activities. This study examines the badger feeding habits, patterns of diel activity, and sett [...] Read more.

The European badger is a highly adaptable species, inhabiting a range of environments across Europe, from woodlands to urban areas, with its behaviour influenced by environmental conditions and human activities. This study examines the badger feeding habits, patterns of diel activity, and sett site choice in north-western Italy, assessing how landscape composition affects these behaviours. We conducted our research across seven study areas in northern Italy from December 2020 to November 2022, utilising camera trapping, faeces analysis, and sett surveys. Our findings revealed significant dietary variation, with earthworms being the primary food source in natural landscapes, while fleshy fruits being consumed especially in mixed and heavily modified landscapes, up to constitute the staple of the diet in one agricultural area. Badgers were found to be nocturnal, primarily active between sunset and sunrise. Setts varied considerably in structure and location, with a preference for natural grounds over human-made structures; key factors influencing sett site choice included slope, exposure, and vegetation cover. This study underscores the European badger’s remarkable adaptability, illustrating how its diet, activity patterns, and sett site preferences are shaped by a complex interplay of factors, allowing the species to thrive in both pristine and modified environments across northern Italy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biogeography and Macroecology)

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17 pages, 9121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Proposed Method for Assessing the Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) in Shallow Waters Using a UAV: A Study Conducted in Koh Tao, Thailand

by Andrea Di Tommaso, Sureerat Sailar, Francesco Luigi Leonetti, Emilio Sperone and Gianni Giglio

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100606 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

In this study, we propose a method for assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of Carcharhinus melanopterus in shallow waters using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aerial surveys were conducted in Tien Og Bay (Koh Tao, Thailand) thrice daily (morning, afternoon, evening) along a [...] Read more.

In this study, we propose a method for assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of Carcharhinus melanopterus in shallow waters using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aerial surveys were conducted in Tien Og Bay (Koh Tao, Thailand) thrice daily (morning, afternoon, evening) along a 360 m transect at a 30 m altitude. Environmental factors, including cloudiness, sea conditions, wind, tide, and anthropogenic disturbance, were recorded for each time slot. We developed a Python/AppleScript application to facilitate individual counting, correlating sightings with GPS data and measuring pixel-based length. Abundance varied significantly across time slots (p < 0.001), with a strong morning preference, and was influenced by tide (p = 0.040), favoring low tide. Additionally, abundance related to anthropogenic disturbance (p = 0.048), being higher when anthropogenic activity was absent. Spatial distribution analysis indicated time-related, sector-based abundance differences (p < 0.001). Pixel-based length was converted to Total Length, identifying juveniles. They exhibited a strong sector preference (p < 0.001) irrespective of the time of day. Juvenile abundance remained relatively stable throughout the day, constituting 94.1% of afternoon observations. Between 2020 and 2022, an underwater video survey was conducted to determine the sex ratio of the individuals. Only females and juveniles were sighted in the bay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shark Ecology)

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20 pages, 3721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detritus from Ice and Plankton Algae as an Important Food Source for Macroinfaunal Communities in the Canadian Arctic

by Gonzalo Bravo, Philippe Archambault, Ursula Witte, Anni Mäkelä, Georgios Kazanidis, Javier E. Ciancio, Solveig Bourgeois and Christian Nozais

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100605 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Most deep-sea organisms feed on the organic matter produced in surface waters and settle on the seafloor. In polar regions, sea ice algal detritus and phytoplankton detritus are the main food sources for benthic fauna that reach the seafloor in pulses. Climate change [...] Read more.

Most deep-sea organisms feed on the organic matter produced in surface waters and settle on the seafloor. In polar regions, sea ice algal detritus and phytoplankton detritus are the main food sources for benthic fauna that reach the seafloor in pulses. Climate change affects the extension and duration of sea ice cover, which may affect the quantity and quality of food reaching the seafloor, resulting in less ice algae and more phytoplankton biomass. We conducted onboard pulse-chase experiments using sediment cores collected from Baffin Bay, Amundsen Gulf, and the Beaufort Sea to study how macroinfaunal communities in the Canadian Arctic use both food sources. Dual-labeled (¹³C and ¹⁵N) diatoms, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii (phytoplankton treatment) and Synedra hyperborea (ice algae treatment), were used as tracers of food consumption by macroinfaunal groups. Community structure was analyzed in each region and differences were found among sites. The total uptake of both food sources was higher in Baffin Bay; the macroinfaunal biomass was the highest, with facultative filter/surface-deposit feeders accounting for more than 70% of the total biomass. The Baffin Bay station was the only location where there were notable variations in the biomass-specific uptake of ice algae and phytoplankton detritus by the bivalves and polychaetes, as well as by the community as a whole. At the same time, both food sources were consumed in equal quantities at the Amundsen Gulf and Beaufort Sea stations. This suggests that ice algae are not preferentially uptaken, and macroinfaunal communities may be resilient to a decrease in ice algal input to the seafloor inflicted by sea ice reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Diversity of Soft-Bottom Benthic Communities in the Anthropocene)

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17 pages, 2234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Composition of Posidonia oceanica-Associated Bacterial and Fungal Communities: Effect of Boat-Induced Mechanical Stress in the Villefranche-sur-Mer Bay (France)

by Sara Frasca, Annamaria Alabiso, Marco M. D’Andrea, Raffaela Cattaneo and Luciana Migliore

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100604 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The anchoring and mooring of boats mechanically damage Posidonia oceanica plants; however, no information is available on the effect of this kind of damage on the plant holobiont, i.e., on the associated bacterial and fungal communities. Indeed, bacterial communities are known to change [...] Read more.

The anchoring and mooring of boats mechanically damage Posidonia oceanica plants; however, no information is available on the effect of this kind of damage on the plant holobiont, i.e., on the associated bacterial and fungal communities. Indeed, bacterial communities are known to change under different plant stress conditions but the dynamics of seagrass-associated fungi remain largely unexplored. We used DNA metabarcoding to profile the bacterial and fungal colonizers of two nearby P. oceanica patches in the Villefranche-sur-Mer bay (France) differing by the amount of exposure to mechanical stress due to boat transit and anchoring. Bacterial communities showed a significant reduction in diversity with an increase in Vibrio sp. in the rhizome and root samples from the impacted site, where the accumulation of dead organic material favors opportunistic heterotrophs. Conversely, fungal communities showed increased diversity in the leaf samples from the impacted site, where a reduction in the dominant P. oceanica host-specific mutualistic endosymbiont, Posidoniomyces atricolor, was found. This change was probably due to the opening up of new colonizable niches for several fungal species. Although this study represents a preliminary assessment of the effect of mechanical stresses on P. oceanica-associated microbial communities, it further supports their putative use as a seagrass descriptor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Marine Ecology, Environmental Stress and Management)

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14 pages, 3138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reassessing the Diversity of the Arthropod-Pathogenic Genus Pandora Batko (Entomophthoromycotina; Erynioideae)

by Ann E. Hajek, Andrii P. Gryganskyi, Svetlana Y. Gouli, Tonya D. Bittner, Cheryl F. Sullivan and Bruce L. Parker

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100603 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The fungal order Entomophthorales occurs worldwide, with most species infecting arthropods as pathogens. Species in this order can cause epizootics and change the behavior of infected hosts. Molecular data are available only for 20% of the known species, and distributions of species are [...] Read more.

The fungal order Entomophthorales occurs worldwide, with most species infecting arthropods as pathogens. Species in this order can cause epizootics and change the behavior of infected hosts. Molecular data are available only for 20% of the known species, and distributions of species are seldom summarized. Significant diversity of hosts, poor molecular data availability, and poor resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within this fungal order suggest that the diversity of these fungi is not sufficiently described. The subfamily Erynioideae includes 111 arthropod pathogens, divided among six genera, with the genus Pandora being one of the most diverse genera. Sequences of 18S, 28S, and ITS for two species are used to place these Pandora species in a phylogenic tree of the subfamily; this tree also supports our synonymy of the genus Furia with Pandora. Among the two species specifically covered in this paper, Pandora gloeospora was observed during epizootics occurring in mushroom flies (Diptera: Sciaridae) on Agaricus bisporus cultures in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland (US) mushroom farms and also in Florida on Pleurotus sp. Outside the US, P. gloeospora was found infecting several Nematocera (Diptera) in Europe (France) and Asia (China). Pandora sylvestris n. sp. was collected during epizootics occurring in larvae of hickory tussock moths, Lophocampa caryae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in hardwood forests in Michigan and Vermont. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phylogeny and Evolution)

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16 pages, 1015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endemic and Threatened: The Conservation Value of the Philippine Duck

by Khinnel Jay D. Jaafar, Peter Jan D. de Vera, John Paul A. Catipay, Vasileios J. Kontsiotis and Vasilios Liordos

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100602 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) is a vulnerable species, endemic to the Philippines. The need of local people for food and land has led to the endangerment of the Philippine duck populations through illegal hunting and the conversion of wetlands to [...] Read more.

The Philippine duck (Anas luzonica) is a vulnerable species, endemic to the Philippines. The need of local people for food and land has led to the endangerment of the Philippine duck populations through illegal hunting and the conversion of wetlands to aquaculture and farmland. This study was conducted to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents (n = 500) in Maguindanao provinces for the conservation of the Philippine duck and the effects of conservation attitude and knowledge toward the Philippine duck, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, on WTP. The mean annual WTP for Philippine duck conservation was USD 0.60, and the total estimated annual amount that could be collected was USD 134 thousand when projected based on the number of households in the Maguindanao provinces. A positive conservation attitude and high knowledge increased the WTP for Philippine duck conservation. Females, pet owners, and those with higher income pledged a higher WTP than males, non-pet owners, and those with lower income. This study revealed that local residents are supportive of the conservation of the vulnerable duck populations by paying a considerable amount. These results are critical for designing and implementing outreach programs for increasing awareness and the acquisition of funds urgently needed for the protection and conservation of the remaining Philippine duck population in the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Restoring and Conserving Biodiversity: A Global Perspective)

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15 pages, 4560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Biofloc Technology and Continuous Flow Systems on Aquatic Microbiota and Water Quality in Japanese Eel Aquaculture

by Hyunjun Choi, Jun Seong Park, Ju-Ae Hwang, Shin-Kwon Kim, Yehyeon Cha and Seung-Yoon Oh

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100601 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Biofloc technology (BFT) systems heavily rely on microbiota to mitigate ammonia toxicity and manage essential nutrient cycling. Understanding the diversity and functional role of microbiota within BFT-applied aquaculture systems is crucial for ensuring sustainable operations. Though some studies exist on BFT microbiota, research [...] Read more.

Biofloc technology (BFT) systems heavily rely on microbiota to mitigate ammonia toxicity and manage essential nutrient cycling. Understanding the diversity and functional role of microbiota within BFT-applied aquaculture systems is crucial for ensuring sustainable operations. Though some studies exist on BFT microbiota, research on microbial differences in Japanese eel aquaculture is still limited, hindering the wider application of BFT systems. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of water quality factors and microbiota in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) breeding water, applying the BFT system. Using a metabarcoding approach, the diversity and community structure of aquatic microbiota were compared between BFT and continuous flow (CF) systems. The pH was significantly higher in CF water, while total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite (NO₂⁻-N) was higher in BFT water. Alpha diversity was significantly higher in BFT compared to CF systems, and it was correlated significantly with pH and TAN. In both BFT and CF water, the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were found to be the most abundant. In the BFT water, a diverse array of bacterial taxa, including BFT-specific clades, were consistently present, while the microbiota in CF water was more variable and contained fewer specific taxa. In addition, bacterial functions related to nitrate reduction, sulfur compound oxidation, and chitinolysis were significantly more abundant in BFT than in CF systems. These findings highlight differences in water quality and microbiota between aquaculture systems, which can inform future research on the use of BFT for sustainable fish farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)

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14 pages, 3194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Ice Dynamics and Planktonic Adaptations: A Study of Terra Nova Bay’s Mesozooplanktonic Community during the Austral Summer

by Alessandro Guida, Paolo Povero, Michela Castellano, Sarah Magozzi, Chiara Paoli, Antonio Novellino, Luigia Donnarumma, Luca Appolloni and Paolo Vassallo

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100600 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Phytoplankton and zooplanktonic communities form the base of the Antarctic food web. This study examines the evolution of the mesozooplanktonic system in Terra Nova Bay during the austral summer (December–February), focusing on the impact of sea ice dynamics and the resulting phytoplankton blooms. [...] Read more.

Phytoplankton and zooplanktonic communities form the base of the Antarctic food web. This study examines the evolution of the mesozooplanktonic system in Terra Nova Bay during the austral summer (December–February), focusing on the impact of sea ice dynamics and the resulting phytoplankton blooms. Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) offers a valuable context given its high productivity and ecological variability. Using a diachronic approach, we analyzed data spanning twelve years to understand how the system’s structure and functionality change over time. A novel key metric, Days since Sea Ice Melting, was employed to track shifts in phytoplankton community development and trophic dynamics. The results indicate that the system enters the summer season increasing primary productivity and creating the support for the development of a more complex and organized system during the season. The phytoplankton bloom recorded during mid-season, coped by an increase in biomass, is followed by the establishment of a well-organized grazing system. A secondary phytoplankton bloom is observed towards the end of the summer, but it does not significantly affect mesozooplankton communities. Overall, this study highlights the dynamic nature of Terra Nova Bay’s mesozooplanktonic community and evaluates the influence of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Loss & Dynamics)

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14 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessReview

Brief Review of Morphological Characters in the Identification of Muscomorpha (Diptera) of Sanitary and Forensic Importance

by Paloma Martins Mendonça, Lucas Barbosa Cortinhas, Carlos Henrique Garção-Neto and Margareth Maria de Carvalho Queiroz

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100599 - 30 Sep 2024

Abstract

With more than 125,000 described species, Diptera are considered a megadiverse order. However, immatures display great morphological homogeneity, making few species of Diptera from the Cyclorrhaphan group easy to identify. The main species of medical, sanitary, and forensic importance are found in this [...] Read more.

With more than 125,000 described species, Diptera are considered a megadiverse order. However, immatures display great morphological homogeneity, making few species of Diptera from the Cyclorrhaphan group easy to identify. The main species of medical, sanitary, and forensic importance are found in this group, highlighting the relevance of their description. The uniformity of the group limits sensitive techniques for identifying immatures; therefore, this study reports characters that can be used to identify these insects using scanning electron microscopy. Based on an investigation and analysis of the relevant scientific literature, we suggest combining techniques for accurate morphological identifications of flies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and the Multiple Importance of the Study of Diptera)

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