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Evaluation of Fish Biodiversity in Estuaries Through Environmental DNA Metabarcoding: A Comprehensive Review
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Comparing Chemoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Biofloc Systems for Integrated Cultivation of Shrimp and Tilapia
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Artificial Induction of Spawning in Threeline Grunt, Parapristipoma trilineatum Under Controlled Environmental Conditions
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Distribution, Occupancy, and Habitat of the Endangered Carolina Madtom: Implications for Recovery of an Endemic Stream Fish
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Ultimate Fighting Crab: Agonistic Behaviour, Dominance, and Recognition in the Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)
Journal Description
Fishes
Fishes
is an international, peer-reviewed, scientific, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. It covers fishes and aquatic animals research. The Iberian Society of Ichthyology (SIBIC) and the Brazilian Society of Aquaculture and Aquatic Biology (Aquabio) are affiliated with Fishes and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Marine and Freshwater Biology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Fishes.
- Companion Journal: Aquaculture Journal
Impact Factor:
2.1 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.4 (2023)
Latest Articles
Insights into the Movements and Habitat Use of Blue Marlins (Makaira nigricans) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050201 - 28 Apr 2025
Abstract
Understanding the ecology of large pelagic fishes is important for species conservation and maintaining ecosystem dynamics. The Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) is usually targeted in recreational fisheries and occasionally captured as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries, yet it is considered
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Understanding the ecology of large pelagic fishes is important for species conservation and maintaining ecosystem dynamics. The Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) is usually targeted in recreational fisheries and occasionally captured as bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries, yet it is considered an overexploited stock in the Atlantic. In this study, pop-up archival satellite tags were deployed on twenty-one blue marlins in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean between February 2006 and August 2021. Results show that blue marlin spent an average of 57% of their time in shallow waters (<10 m) and mostly at temperatures between 26 °C and 28 °C during both day and night. Minimum linear distances observed ranged from 124 to 1995 km, with tracking periods lasting 5 to 215 days. Overall, tagged blue marlins remained around the tagging region during the tracking period, except for six individuals that exhibited more directional movements offshore. The results provided in this study are relevant for better understanding the habitat use of blue marlins in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean and to support analysis for stock assessment purposes, which are often affected by uncertainties and large misreporting rates in the region.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement and Conservation of Large Marine Fauna)
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Open AccessArticle
Physiological and Transcriptome Analyses of Gill and Hepatopancreas of Potamocorbula ustulata Under Ammonia Exposure
by
Jing He, Xinhui Wang, Mingyu Wu, Zhihua Lin, Lin He and Xiafei Zheng
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050200 - 27 Apr 2025
Abstract
Excessive ammonia accumulation poses a significant threat to aquatic species. Potamocorbula ustulata, known for its burrowing behavior and high population density, may experience elevated ammonia levels in its environment. However, its ammonia stress response mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the physiological
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Excessive ammonia accumulation poses a significant threat to aquatic species. Potamocorbula ustulata, known for its burrowing behavior and high population density, may experience elevated ammonia levels in its environment. However, its ammonia stress response mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates the physiological and molecular responses of P. ustulata to acute ammonia exposure. Antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly altered in the gills and hepatopancreas, with GS, GDH, and ARG levels markedly increasing in the hepatopancreas. Transcriptome analysis revealed that after 24 h of exposure, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in apoptosis and inflammation-related pathways (MAPK, NF-kB, NOD-like receptor signaling). By 96 h, DEGs in the gills were associated with nitrogen metabolism and transport, while those in the hepatopancreas were linked to oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism. Key ammonia transport and excretion genes, including V-type H+-ATPase, Ammonium transporter Rh, and Na+/K+-ATPase, were significantly upregulated in the gills, while glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were upregulated in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that ammonia stress disrupts antioxidant defense, triggers inflammation and apoptosis, and enhances ammonia tolerance through excretion, glutamine conversion, and urea synthesis. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ammonia tolerance in bivalves.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Biotechnology)
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Open AccessArticle
Micronization of Low-Salinity Baltic Sea Blue Mussels: Enhancing Whole-Biomass Utilization and Nutritional Viability
by
Indrek Adler, Jonne Kotta and Kristel Vene
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050199 - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
The micronization of low-salinity Baltic Sea blue mussels (Mytilus edulis/trossulus) was investigated as a novel valorisation pathway to eliminate the need for labor-intensive meat–shell separation. The small size of Baltic mussels poses a challenge for traditional meat–shell separation. This
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The micronization of low-salinity Baltic Sea blue mussels (Mytilus edulis/trossulus) was investigated as a novel valorisation pathway to eliminate the need for labor-intensive meat–shell separation. The small size of Baltic mussels poses a challenge for traditional meat–shell separation. This study investigates micronization as an alternative processing approach to enhance biomass utilization while preserving functional and nutritional properties. This study assessed the feasibility of whole-mussel micronization, focusing on its impact on particle size distribution, grittiness, and the potential separation of meat and shell fractions post-processing. The results demonstrated that micronization at 4000 rpm resulted in a fine powder (<63 µm), significantly reducing grittiness. However, mild chalkiness was observed at higher concentrations (4% solution), highlighting the need for formulation adjustments. While it was expected to facilitate the separation of soft tissue from shell material, the results indicated that this remained impractical due to structural or compositional similarities at finer scales. A sensory evaluation of the whole-mussel powder assessed its texture and palatability, revealing its potential suitability for functional food applications. The findings highlight the potential of micronization as a resource-efficient and scalable processing method, enhancing the economic and environmental value of Baltic mussels in the food industry.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Microplastics Menace in Freshwater Fishes: Evidence from the Panjnad Barrage, South Punjab, Pakistan
by
Syed Muhammad Moeen Uddin Raheel, Adnan Ahmad Qazi, Muhammad Latif, Huma Naz, Yasir Waqas and Maximilian Lackner
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050198 - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence and types of microplastic (MP) pollution in three fish species—Labeo rohita, Wallago attu, and Cirrhinus mrigala—collected from the Panjnad Barrage in South Punjab, Pakistan. MPs were analyzed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs), gills, and
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This study explored the prevalence and types of microplastic (MP) pollution in three fish species—Labeo rohita, Wallago attu, and Cirrhinus mrigala—collected from the Panjnad Barrage in South Punjab, Pakistan. MPs were analyzed from the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs), gills, and muscles of 90 fish samples. Advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), were deployed, confirming the polymeric composition and presence of various additives. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed significant variations in MP accumulation across tissues, with the GIT consistently showing the highest MP count, the gills having the highest concentration per gram, and the muscles exhibiting the lowest amount of accumulation. Wallago attu was found to have accumulated the highest concentration of microparticles among all three species due to its feeding habits and habitat. Fibers and fragments were the predominant types of MPs, with yellow and red being the most frequent colors. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were the primary polymers identified, alongside other types like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The MP size distribution indicated that mid-sized particles (150–50 µm) were most abundant in the GIT and gills, while smaller particles (<50 µm) accumulated in the muscles, suggesting different levels of bioavailability and tissue penetration. Overall, the results suggest that agricultural activities are a major contributor to plastic pollution in the Panjnad Barrage. These findings highlight the ecological and health impacts of MP contamination, stressing the importance of targeted mitigation strategies to eliminate plastic waste in aquatic environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nanoplastics and Microplastics on Fish Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Dietary Puerarin Enhances Growth, Immune Function, Antioxidant Capacity, and Disease Resistance in Farmed Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides
by
Yi Huang, Wenjing Ma, Disen Zhang, Xi Chen, Zhiqiu Huang and Yuhang Hong
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050197 - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone extracted from Pueraria lobata, possesses well-documented pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in mammalian models and traditional medicine. Recently, its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture has garnered
[...] Read more.
Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone extracted from Pueraria lobata, possesses well-documented pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in mammalian models and traditional medicine. Recently, its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture has garnered increasing attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary puerarin supplementation on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A total of 120 fish were randomly assigned to 4 dietary groups, receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg puerarin for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary puerarin significantly (p < 0.05) improved weight gain, with the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups exhibiting the best performance. Puerarin supplementation enhanced acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LZM) activities, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, indicating improved immune function and oxidative stress resistance in groups receiving medium concentrations of puerarin supplementation. The expression of the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and HSP70 genes was significantly downregulated, especially in the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups, suggesting anti-inflammatory and anti-stress effects, while Nrf2 expression was upregulated in the 1000 mg/kg group, reinforcing its antioxidative role. Additionally, puerarin-fed fish exhibited significantly lower mortality rates following Aeromonas hydrophila infection, highlighting enhanced disease resistance. In summary, the dose-dependent effect of puerarin on largemouth bass aquaculture has been revealed in this study. Dietary supplementation with moderate doses of puerarin (200 and 500 mg/kg) effectively suppressed inflammation and enhanced immune function, while the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) may mildly activate the immune system. These findings suggest that puerarin is a promising phytogenic feed additive for improving fish health and aquaculture sustainability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Fish Metabolism and Immunity)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Probiotic-Fermented Chinese Herb on Immune Response and Growth Performance in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
by
Wenzheng Zou, Xuanxuan Huang, Fang Han and Zhongqin Li
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050196 - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fermented Chinese herb (FCH) on the growth indices, leukocyte activity, and biochemical indices of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Astragalus membranaceus (AM), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) as feed additives enhance immune
[...] Read more.
This study investigated the effects of fermented Chinese herb (FCH) on the growth indices, leukocyte activity, and biochemical indices of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Astragalus membranaceus (AM), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GRR) as feed additives enhance immune function, promote growth, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of co-fermented blends of these three herbs on growth performance and related parameters in common carp. By adding 2%, 5%, and 10% of the FCH to co-incubate with carp leukocytes, the results show that all three experimental treatments could enhance the respiratory burst activity and phagocytic activity of carp leukocytes. After 28 days of feeding with basal feed supplemented with 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) of the FCH, the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of carp were significantly higher than those of the control treatment without additives (ANOVA, p < 0.05), with the 5% treatment showing the highest. The activities of intestinal digestive enzymes were significantly increased (ANOVA, p < 0.05). On the 21st day, the activities of amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), and chymotrypsin were increased compared to the control treatment. The 5% and 10% treatments showed significantly higher intestinal digestive enzyme activities compared to the 2% treatment. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in both the control and experimental treatments initially increased and then decreased, with all three experimental treatments having higher levels than the control treatment. The activities of liver glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the experimental treatments showed no significant changes compared to the control treatment (ANOVA, p > 0.05). However, the serum GPT activity in the 5% treatment was significantly lower than that of the control treatment (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the other treatments. The results indicate that adding 2~10% of FCH to carp feed can improve intestinal digestion, enhance phagocytic activity and the body’s antioxidant defense capabilities, and effectively promote the growth of carp. It can significantly improve farming efficiency and economic benefits, reduce dependence on chemical drugs, and lower environmental pollution, showing good application prospects in production.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Health of Aquatic Organisms)
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Open AccessArticle
Dietary Supplementation of an Organic Acid-Based Feed Attractant in Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides): Effects on Growth, Morphohistology, and Oxidative Stress
by
Guohe Cai, Zhizhong Li, Miao Yu, Mingya Huang, Pengao Liu, Xiudan Tang, Qizhe Huang, Zhixue Guo and Yunzhang Sun
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050195 - 25 Apr 2025
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in China’s agricultural sector, with improved growth performance and feed efficiency in cultured species representing key industry challenges. Among nutritional strategies, feed attractants have received increasing attention for their ability to stimulate feeding behavior and enhance feed utilization.
[...] Read more.
Aquaculture plays a crucial role in China’s agricultural sector, with improved growth performance and feed efficiency in cultured species representing key industry challenges. Among nutritional strategies, feed attractants have received increasing attention for their ability to stimulate feeding behavior and enhance feed utilization. This study hypothesized that dietary supplementation with a formulated feed attractant would enhance feeding activity, improve physiological condition, and modulate antioxidant and immune responses in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A total of 270 fish (initial weight: 12.5 ± 2.5 g) were randomly assigned to three groups: CON (basal diet), YXX0.05 (basal diet + 0.05% attractant), and YXX0.1 (basal diet + 0.10% attractant). After 56 days of feeding, no significant differences were observed in final body weight (FBW) or whole-body composition (p > 0.05). However, feed intake (FI) increased by 5.1%, and the condition factor (CF) improved significantly by 7.6% (p < 0.05) in the YXX0.05 group, while the viscerosomatic index (VSI) was reduced by 3.6% (p < 0.05), suggesting enhanced feeding motivation and improved body compactness. In terms of physiological responses, compared to the control group, the YXX0.05 group exhibited a significant increase in liver total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05), a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < 0.05), an increase in serum lysozyme (LZM) activity (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (p < 0.05), reflecting enhanced immune status and potential liver protection. In conclusion, although growth performance metrics such as FBW and specific growth rate (SGR) remained unchanged, the feed attractant at 0.05% inclusion significantly improved feed intake, body condition, and physiological health markers. These results suggest the attractant has practical value in improving fish welfare and nutrient utilization efficiency, providing a functional dietary strategy for sustainable largemouth bass farming.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Feeding)
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Open AccessArticle
Age and Growth of the Silver Scabbardfish, Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788), in the Eastern Adriatic
by
Ines Rebac and Josipa Ferri
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050194 - 25 Apr 2025
Abstract
The age, growth and otolith morphometry of Lepidopus caudatus were studied by investigating the sagittal otoliths of specimens collected in the eastern Adriatic. A total of 295 specimens, ranging from 20.7 to 123.0 cm in total length (TL), were analysed. Ground otoliths displayed
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The age, growth and otolith morphometry of Lepidopus caudatus were studied by investigating the sagittal otoliths of specimens collected in the eastern Adriatic. A total of 295 specimens, ranging from 20.7 to 123.0 cm in total length (TL), were analysed. Ground otoliths displayed a typical pattern of opaque and translucent alternated zones. The whole population was dominated by 0+-year-old fish, and the maximum observed age was four years. The oldest individuals in the sample were males. The total length-at-age was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model: TL = 134.98[1 − exp (−0.32(t + 1.01))]. Based on the model, we estimated the longevity of the fish, which was 8.35 years. Otolith length, width, thickness and mass were linear with fish TL and age. The most accurate age estimate for the analysed population was derived from the otolith length. Comparisons with available studies from the Mediterranean and other areas are discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Three Otolith Pairs in Teleosts and Their Application in Eco-Morphological, Ecological, and Systematic Studies)
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Dietary Composition of Big Head Croaker, Collichthys lucidus, in the Early Stage of the “10-Year Fishing Ban” Policy
by
Zihan Ma, Jianhua Li, Guanyu Hu, Leqing Liu, Jianhui Wu and Dongyan Han
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050193 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Big head croaker (Collichthys lucidus) is a dominant fish species in the Yangtze River estuary, with significant economic and ecological value in the local ecosystem. In this study, the dietary composition of big head croaker in the Yangtze River estuary from
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Big head croaker (Collichthys lucidus) is a dominant fish species in the Yangtze River estuary, with significant economic and ecological value in the local ecosystem. In this study, the dietary composition of big head croaker in the Yangtze River estuary from 2022 to 2023 was determined using stomach content analysis. Statistical methods such as cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis were also applied to study the ontogenetic variation in the feeding habits of big head croaker and their relationships with environmental factors. The results indicated that big head croaker in the Yangtze River estuary fed primarily on 15 prey groups and 33 prey species. Copepods were the dominant prey group, followed by mysids, shrimp, and fish. The dominant prey species included Acanthomysis longirostris, Neomysis awatschensis, and Calanus sinicus. Compared with historical studies, the proportion of large prey such as fish and crustaceans in the diet of big head croaker has increased since the implementation of the “10-Year Fishing Ban” on the Yangtze River, which reflects the improved aquatic habitat for organisms in the Yangtze River estuary to some extent. The feeding habits of big head croaker exhibited clear ontogenetic and seasonal variations. The empty stomach rate gradually decreased as the body size of big head croaker increased and their main prey shifted from small individuals such as Acetes chinensis and A. longirostris to larger individual fishes and Brachyura. In addition, big head croaker primarily fed on N. awatschensis in spring, A. longirostris in summer and autumn, and Acrocalanus gibber in winter. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that salinity and length were the factors most strongly correlated with the feeding habits of big head croaker, followed by latitude and longitude.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trophic Ecology of Freshwater and Marine Fish Species)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Fisheries’ Economic Impacts from the Rezoning of the Multi-Use Moreton Bay Marine Park
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Sean Pascoe, Louisa Coglan, Marjoleine Roos, Toni Cannard, Gabriela Scheufele, Amar Doshi and Isabel Haro
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050192 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been implemented globally to protect marine habitats and enhance biodiversity, often displacing commercial and recreational fishing activities previously occurring in the area. While the ecological impacts of MPAs have been the subject of considerable attention, the economic impacts
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been implemented globally to protect marine habitats and enhance biodiversity, often displacing commercial and recreational fishing activities previously occurring in the area. While the ecological impacts of MPAs have been the subject of considerable attention, the economic impacts on the displaced sectors have generally received less consideration. In this study, we examine the impacts of increasing the proportion of fully protected area within a coastal MPA—the Moreton Bay Marine Park in Queensland, Australia—on the economic performance of the fisheries operating in the area. This MPA is relatively unique as it is located adjacent to a major metropolitan area and, hence, heavily used for a range of activities. Analysis of commercial catch data suggests that the commercial fishery has been less impacted than expected by the loss of available area, although this result varies by species. Comparing fishing activity in the Bay with that in adjacent regions (assumed to reflect the counterfactual), we find evidence of strong improvements in fishery performance of the prawn trawl fleet, no significant change in fish net and line fisheries, and a small but significant decline in the performance of crab fishers. The impact on recreational fishing is uncertain as other external factors obfuscate the impacts of the rezoning.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fishery Economics, Policy, and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
A New Record and Three Redescriptions of Rissoinidae from China’s Hainan Island, with the First Presentation of Two Mitochondrial Genomes in the Family Rissoinidae
by
Lu Qi, Lingfeng Kong and Zhenhua Ma
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050191 - 22 Apr 2025
Abstract
The family Rissoinidae represents a significant component of microgastropod diversity, with a global distribution spanning temperate to tropical zones and encompassing over 300 recorded species. Hainan Island, the largest island in the South China Sea, harbors a rich diversity of mollusks, but the
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The family Rissoinidae represents a significant component of microgastropod diversity, with a global distribution spanning temperate to tropical zones and encompassing over 300 recorded species. Hainan Island, the largest island in the South China Sea, harbors a rich diversity of mollusks, but the family Rissoinidae remains poorly studied in this region. Here, we report three rissoinid species and one newly recorded species from Hainan Island, providing detailed taxonomic descriptions supported by SEM imaging. For the first time, we provide the mitochondrial genomes of Rissoina cardinalis and Phosinella seguenziana, analyzing their genome structure and nucleotide composition, thereby addressing the existing knowledge gap in Rissoinidae research. A phylogenetic tree of the family Rissoinidae was reconstructed using the COI gene, clarifying the intergeneric relationships within the family. Notably, the genus Rissoina is revealed as a non-monophyletic group, likely due to the limitations of single-gene analyses in providing adequate phylogenetic information.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phylogenetics of Aquatic Mollusks)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Dietary Lauric Acid Supplementation Positively Affects Growth Performance, Oxidative and Immune Status of European Seabass Juveniles
by
Filipa Fontinha, Nicole Martins, Rui Magalhães, Helena Peres and Aires Oliva-Teles
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050190 - 22 Apr 2025
Abstract
Lauric acid (LA), a medium-chain fatty acid (C12), can promote growth performance and decrease oxidative damage and lipid deposition in animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lauric acid as a functional ingredient on European seabass juveniles’ growth
[...] Read more.
Lauric acid (LA), a medium-chain fatty acid (C12), can promote growth performance and decrease oxidative damage and lipid deposition in animals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lauric acid as a functional ingredient on European seabass juveniles’ growth performance and intestine antioxidant and immunological status. For this purpose, four practical diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isolipidic, including 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% of LA, and fed to triplicate groups of European seabass juveniles (~12.7 g) for 61 days. Dietary LA supplementation did not affect growth performance, feed utilization, or whole-body composition, but feed intake increased at a concentration-dependent level. However, the plasmatic triglyceride content was increased at the higher level of LA supplementation. In the intestine, catalase and glutathione reductase activities and lipid peroxidation levels were lower in fish fed the 1% LA diet than in the control group. The hepatic LPO level was higher in fish fed 0.5% LA than in the control group. Fish fed the 1% LA diet presented lower intestinal expressions of caspase 3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins 10, 6, and 1-β, and a lower plasma white blood cell number. Overall, up to 2% dietary supplementation of lauric acid as a functional ingredient showed a trend to improve European sea bass juveniles’ growth performance without affecting feed utilization. Moreover, 1% dietary inclusion of LA reduced intestinal lipid peroxidation and downregulated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, thus enhancing the intestine’s homeostatic status.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Feeding)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Bacillus licheniformis Feeding on the Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Intestinal Microbiota of Adult Hybrid Sturgeon
by
Quansen Xie, Yu Wang, Xinyu Huang, Yiran Liu, Mingjian Yang, Haochun Xing, Caimei Yang, Caihong Hu, Mingzhu Pan and Zhitao Qi
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050189 - 22 Apr 2025
Abstract
In this study, we added Bacillus licheniformis to the diet of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ Acipenser schrenkii ♂) to determine its effects on growth performance, blood physical and chemical indices and intestinal microflora composition. One hundred and sixty adult hybrid sturgeon
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In this study, we added Bacillus licheniformis to the diet of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ Acipenser schrenkii ♂) to determine its effects on growth performance, blood physical and chemical indices and intestinal microflora composition. One hundred and sixty adult hybrid sturgeon were selected and fed with four types of diets (equal nitrogen and fat levels) that were respectively supplemented with 0.00% (control group), 0.10% (Group B), 0.20% (Group C) and 0.40% (Group D) B. licheniformis for 120 days. Results showed that the fish in group C had the highest final body weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate (p < 0.05). The feed coefficients, crude protein and crude fat of group B, group C and group D were significantly lower than that of group A (p < 0.05). And the crude protein (CP) and crude fat (EE) in groups B, C and D were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The serum TC and TG, ALP, ALT, AST and GLU contents in the B. licheniformis-added groups were also significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, Cetobacterium was the dominant bacterial taxon in each group. With increasing the content of B. licheniformis in the diet, the Cetobacterium content decreased and the Plesiomonas content increased correspondingly. Adding B. licheniformis to the diet greatly decreased the abundance of Streptococcus, Candidatus Competibacter and Lactococcus. Our results indicated that appropriately adding (0.20%) B. licheniformis could increase growth, reduce the feed coefficient and increase the diversity of the intestinal microbiota of hybrid sturgeon.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplementation in Aquaculture)
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Effects of Glutamate on Growth Performance, Gut Digestion and Antioxidant Capacity in Juvenile Little Yellow Croaker
by
Ruining Liu, Yu Zhang, Xiao Liang, Bao Lou and Junquan Zhu
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040188 - 21 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study is to explore the alleviating effects of glutamate on intestinal damage in cultured little yellow croaker. A total of 900 juvenile fish at a weight of 30.68 ± 0.12 g were randomly separated into six groups with three replicates each, and
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This study is to explore the alleviating effects of glutamate on intestinal damage in cultured little yellow croaker. A total of 900 juvenile fish at a weight of 30.68 ± 0.12 g were randomly separated into six groups with three replicates each, and were fed a basic diet (protein at 44.42% and lipid at 12.48%) with additional glutamate at 0.00%, 0.40%, 0.80%, 1.2%, 1.60%, and 2.00%. Each replica group consisted of 50 fish in a breeding barrel (radius 1.0 m, height 1.5 m), and the experiment lasted for 54 days. The results showed that supplementation with 0.4–1.2% glutamate significantly improved the survival rate, which increased from 75.56% to 91.11%, reduced the feed conversion rate from 1.75 to 1.57, and increased the protein efficiency ratio from 1.55 to 1.85 (p < 0.05). In the intestines, the addition of 0.40–1.2% glutamate increased muscle thickness and villus height (p < 0.05), as well as the activities of pepsin, trypsin, α-amylase, and lipase (p < 0.05). Enzyme activity analysis indicated that the addition of 0.4–1.2% glutamate in the feed significantly enhanced the activities of serum Total Superoxide Dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis of the 1.2% and 0% groups revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in glutathione synthesis, nutrient absorption and metabolism, and viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways. qPCR experiments verified that the addition of 1.2% glutamate significantly up-regulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes, including glutathione synthetase and Nrf2. In conclusion, the addition of glutamate can enhance growth performance, increase intestinal digestive capacity, activate intestinal glutathione synthesis to alleviate intestinal damage, and maintain intestinal health.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Protein and Amino Acid in Aquaculture Feed)
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Open AccessArticle
Typology of Fishing Grounds for Communal Fisheries Business in Korea: A Statistical Approach
by
Ji Eun An and Chang Mo Ma
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040187 - 19 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study statistically classifies Korea’s communal fishing grounds (Maeul-Eojang) to inform tailored fisheries policy. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce 17 socio-economic and demographic indicators into five core factors, followed by K-means clustering to derive distinct types. The methodology was validated
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This study statistically classifies Korea’s communal fishing grounds (Maeul-Eojang) to inform tailored fisheries policy. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce 17 socio-economic and demographic indicators into five core factors, followed by K-means clustering to derive distinct types. The methodology was validated using Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett’s tests. Five communal fishery types were identified, ranging from well-managed, high-income communities to those in severe decline. The results show that about half of fishing communities fall into a “post-fishery” type with diminishing membership and income, while a quarter maintain robust fisheries through diversification. The typology is compared with previous fishing village classifications, and we discuss policy recommendations for each type—including co-management, tourism support, and targeted aid for declining communities. This research provides an empirical foundation for improving communal fisheries governance and sustaining coastal livelihoods.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fishery Economics, Policy, and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Climate Change on Korea’s Fisheries Production: An ARDL Approach
by
Hoonseok Cho, Pilgyu Jung and Mingyeong Jeong
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040186 - 18 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of rising sea surface temperature (SST), increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and precipitation variability (PREC) on Korea’s coastal and offshore fisheries production (COFP) from 1993 to 2023 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results
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This study investigates the impact of rising sea surface temperature (SST), increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and precipitation variability (PREC) on Korea’s coastal and offshore fisheries production (COFP) from 1993 to 2023 using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The results confirm a long-run cointegration relationship, where a 1% increase in SST, CO2, and PREC is associated with respective declines of 3.52%, 0.82%, and 0.34% in COFP, respectively, suggesting persistent negative effects of ocean warming, acidification, and hydrological variability on fisheries production. Robustness checks using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR) validate the stability of the ARDL results. The short-run analysis reveals that past production levels significantly influence current COFP, while SST fluctuations exhibit delayed but economically meaningful effects. The error correction term (−0.75, p < 0.01) confirms a rapid adjustment toward equilibrium following short-term deviations. These findings underscore the necessity of climate-resilient fisheries management. Policy recommendations include adaptive harvest regulations, climate-integrated stock assessments, and enhanced international cooperation for transboundary fish stocks. Additionally, expanding Marine Protected Areas, promoting climate-resilient aquaculture, and strengthening stock enhancement programs through selective breeding and seed release of climate-adapted species are essential for sustaining fisheries under climate change.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries)
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Open AccessArticle
A Comparison of White Muscle Quality in Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus Fed with Commercial Feeds and Barley Malt
by
Chongjiang Hu, Zheng Huang, Hongkang Liu, Dingrui Mo, Peng Fu, Haiyan Guo, Wei Jiang, Yong Xie and Yongjun Chen
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040185 - 18 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study was the first report regarding the application of barley malt (BM) for diets of aquaculture species. Triplicate groups of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus with an initial size of about 1.2 kg were selected and fed with either BM or commercial feed
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This study was the first report regarding the application of barley malt (BM) for diets of aquaculture species. Triplicate groups of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus with an initial size of about 1.2 kg were selected and fed with either BM or commercial feed (CF) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks in outdoor ponds connected with a flow-through aquaculture system. The results showed that the final body weight (1651 g) was lower in the BM fish than in the CF fish (1791 g). The edible part was lower in the BM fish than in the CF fish as indicated by the viscerosomatic index. Except for ash levels, which were lower in the fillet of the BM fish than for that of the CF fish, moisture, protein, and lipid levels were not impacted by the application of BM. Water-holding capacity indicators (drop loss, frozen exudation rate, and cooking loss) of grass carp muscle were not relevant to dietary modifications. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that the diameter of the myofibers was decreased while density was increased in response to the application of BM, which contributed to the improvement in textural properties (hardness, gumminess, and chewiness) in the muscle of the BM fish as compared to the CF fish. Glutamic acid level was highest, followed by aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, alanine, and arginine in grass carp muscle. Except three amino acids (proline, phenylalanine, and histidine), the amounts of the other 15 amino acids, essential amino acids, semi-essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and delicious amino acids were not impacted by different treatments, suggesting that the application of BM had a minor effect on the amino acid composition of grass carp muscle. Oleic acid (C18:1n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), and palmitic acid (C16:0) were the most abundant fatty acids in grass carp muscle. The amounts of poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the muscle decreased in response to the application of BM as the diet of grass carp, and n-6 PUFAs (C18:2n-6 and C20:2n-6) rather than n-3 PUFAs accounted for this change, which is beneficial for human health. In conclusion, the application of BM had minor impacts on the proximate composition and amino acid composition but improved textural properties and decreased n-6 PUFAs in the fillet of grass carp.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Metabolism, and Flesh Quality in Aquaculture Nutrition)
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The Effect of the Marine Environment on the Distribution of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the East Equatorial Indian Ocean
by
Shigang Liu, Liyan Zhang, Peng Lian, Jianhua Kang, Puqing Song, Xing Miao, Longshan Lin, Rui Wang and Yuan Li
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040184 - 17 Apr 2025
Abstract
Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is one of the most commercially important marine cephalopod species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific Seas. The Indian Ocean is a main fishing ground for S. oualaniensis with a high population density. To explore the distribution of
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Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is one of the most commercially important marine cephalopod species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific Seas. The Indian Ocean is a main fishing ground for S. oualaniensis with a high population density. To explore the distribution of S. oualaniensis in the east equatorial Indian Ocean, four surveys were carried out using light-lift-net fishing vessels. Meanwhile, marine environmental data were also collected, including the sea surface temperature, sea temperature at 100 m depth, mixed layer depth, sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface height, and eddy kinetic energy. Generalized Additive Models were used to analyze the relationship between the catch per unit effort (CPUE) for S. oualaniensis and environmental factors. The results showed that the average CPUE of S. oualaniensis was 14.55 kg/h in the four surveys, which was considerably lower than in the South China Sea and Northwest Indian Ocean. In terms of seasonal distribution, the high-CPUE stations were closer to the continental shelf in spring, while they shifted towards the deeper and offshore water in autumn, demonstrating a seasonal migration trend. Pearson correlation analysis showed that CPUE reflected a significant negative correlation with both sea temperature at 100 m depth and eddy kinetic energy (p < 0.001). The Generalized Additive Models revealed that sea surface height was the most significant factor affecting CPUE with a variance explanation of 30.1%. Furthermore, the optimal CPUE prediction model was established by stepwise regression, which contains two factors, sea surface height and eddy kinetic energy, with a variance explanation of 34.9%. This study provides insights into the environmental factors influencing the distribution of S. oualaniensis, which is essential for the sustainable utilization and management of this species.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Fishery Resources)
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Optimizing Cryopreservation of Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum Semen: Evaluation of Two Permeable and Two Non-Permeable Cryoprotectants
by
César Montes-Petro, Betty Rodríguez-Peroza, Diana Madariaga-Mendoza, Carlos Tapia-Pacheco, José Espinosa-Araujo and Víctor Atencio-García
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040183 - 17 Apr 2025
Abstract
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The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cryopreservation protocols for Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum semen using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methanol (MET) as permeable cryoprotectants at two concentrations (5% and 10%) combined with 12% egg yolk (Y12%) or 5% skimmed milk powder (SMP5%)
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The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cryopreservation protocols for Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum semen using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methanol (MET) as permeable cryoprotectants at two concentrations (5% and 10%) combined with 12% egg yolk (Y12%) or 5% skimmed milk powder (SMP5%) and glucose (6%), resulting in eight treatments. A semen pool (n = 8) was diluted in a 1:4 ratio, packed in 2.5 mL straws, and frozen in nitrogen vapors. It was thawed at 35 °C for 90 s. Sperm kinetics and motility duration of fresh, prefrozen, and thawed semen were analyzed using a CASA system. The osmolarity of seminal plasma and cryosolutions was estimated. Fertilization (F) and embryo viability (E) rates of thawed semen were evaluated. The osmolarity of seminal plasma was 251.1 ± 3.3 mOsmol/kg and, in the cryosolutions, ranged between 1248.3 ± 19.9 mOsmol/kg (DMSO5% + Y12%) and 3488.2 ± 1.5 mOsmol/kg (MET10% + Y12%). After thawing, total motility ranged from 38.2% to 60.5%, representing a significant reduction compared to fresh semen (95.4 ± 2.1%) (p < 0.05). The best fertilization and embryo viability rates of thawed semen were obtained with DMSO5% + SMP 5% (F = 20.7%, E = 11.7%) and MET10% + SMP5% (F = 20.1%, E = 11.5%) (p < 0.05). A cryopreservation protocol for P. magdaleniatum semen with 5%DMSO or 10%MET combined with SMP5% is possible, but further study is necessary to optimize its fertilizing capacity.
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Feeding Habits of Mene maculata (Teleostei: Menidae) in the Southwestern Waters of Taiwan, Western Pacific Ocean
by
Yi-Chen Wang, Ming-An Lee and Jia-Sin He
Fishes 2025, 10(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10040182 - 16 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the feeding habits of moonfish (Mene maculata) in the waters of southwestern Taiwan in the Western Pacific Ocean using commercial trawling nets and Taiwanese purse seines. For this, we analyzed the body size and stomach content of moonfish
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This study investigated the feeding habits of moonfish (Mene maculata) in the waters of southwestern Taiwan in the Western Pacific Ocean using commercial trawling nets and Taiwanese purse seines. For this, we analyzed the body size and stomach content of moonfish specimens collected from the study area between January and December 2023. The length–weight relationship revealed hypoallometric growth patterns in both male and female specimens, with allometric coefficients of 2.6574 and 2.7219, respectively. Stomach content analysis indicated that the specimens primarily fed on Calanoida (zooplankton; %PSIRI = 36.79) and Benthosema pterotum (fish; %PSIRI = 19.23). Dietary composition varied with body size and sampling time. Larger individuals consumed higher proportions of fish. The percentage of empty stomachs was high, likely attributable to the fishing gear used and sampling time. Based on the results of this study, it is speculated that moonfish feed mainly before early morning or at other times during the day.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Trophic Ecology: Revealing the Responses to Global Change from Individuals to Ecosystems)
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