J. Intell. 2026, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence14010014 - 9 Jan 2026
Abstract
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Spatial cognition refers to the mental processing, perception, and interpretation of spatial information. It is often operationalized through self-assessments like sense of direction and mental rotation ability or field-based real-world tasks like pointing to a specific building and wayfinding; however, the former and
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Spatial cognition refers to the mental processing, perception, and interpretation of spatial information. It is often operationalized through self-assessments like sense of direction and mental rotation ability or field-based real-world tasks like pointing to a specific building and wayfinding; however, the former and latter entail unclear ecological validity and high participant burdens, respectively. Since the advent of smartphones, this repertoire has been extended substantially through the use of sensors or apps. This study used a large longitudinal experience sampling method (ESM) in two different countries (Canada and Australia, N = 217) and analyzed spatial cognition both conventionally (i.e., sense of direction and speeded mental rotation test) and through new techniques like self-rated and objectively assessed daily Google Maps usage, movement patterns throughout the 14-day assessment phase (using H3 tiles for geolocation), and a Point North task. The Point North task objectively assessed deviation from the celestial direction, North, by using smartphone compass sensors. In both countries, spatial orientation was found to be associated only with the Point North task, while no significant associations were found for daily Google Maps usage (subjectively and objectively measured) and moving distance throughout the assessment phase. Although further validation is required, the Point North task shows promise as an objective, ecologically valid, and easily employable smartphone-based measure for assessing spatial cognition in real-world contexts.
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