Background: Bayesian model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) is increasingly used to individualize drug therapy; therefore, this review aimed to identify and characterize its implementation in routine clinical practice. Methods: A focused systematic r...
Background: Vancomycin monitoring has traditionally relied on trough concentrations; however, recent guidelines recommend AUC-guided monitoring to optimize exposure while minimizing nephrotoxicity risk. This study compared trough-based clinical dosin...
Model-informed precision dosing is being increasingly used to improve therapeutic drug monitoring. To meet this need, several tools have been developed, but open-source software remains uncommon. Posologyr is a free and open-source R package develope...
30 October 2021
Immunotherapy and chemotherapy combinations have proven to be a safe and efficacious treatment approach in multiple settings. However, it is not clear whether approved doses of chemotherapy developed to achieve a maximum tolerated dose are the ideal...
Antibiotic use is becoming increasingly challenging with the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. Pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations result from complex pathophysiologic changes in some patient populations, particularly those with critical illne...
With the updated 2020 vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) guidelines suggesting a ratio of area under the curve over 24 h to a minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24/MIC) as a target from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, an accur...
Most penalized maximum likelihood methods for tomographic image reconstruction based on Bayes’ law include a freely adjustable hyperparameter to balance the data fidelity term and the prior/penalty term for a specific noise–resolution tra...
Vancomycin (VCN) is a glycopeptide antibiotic widely used to treat Gram-positive infections such as those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Its narrow therapeutic window, high interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, a...
The persistence of geographic inequities in vaccination coverage often evidences the presence of zero-dose and missed communities and their vulnerabilities to vaccine-preventable diseases. These inequities were exacerbated in many places during the c...
Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with well-documented human health risks, among which trivalent arsenic (arsenite) exhibits the highest toxicity. Although the acute toxicity of arsenite has been extensively studied in zebrafish embryos...
Quartz is a widely used mineral in dosimetric and geochronological applications due to its stable luminescence properties under ionizing radiation. This study presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach to predict the optically stimula...
24 June 2019
Today’s surge of big data coming from multiple sources is raising the stakes that pharmacovigilance has to win, making evidence synthesis a more and more robust approach in the field. In this scenario, many scholars believe that new computation...
13 November 2025
Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective for improving body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness, but individual variability in responsiveness remains a challenge. This study examined the dose–response effects of th...
The treatment of respiratory tract infections is threatened by the emergence of bacterial resistance. Immunomodulatory drugs, which enhance airway innate immune defenses, may improve therapeutic outcome. In this concept paper, we aim to highlight the...
Population pharmacokinetic (pop-PK) models constructed for model-informed precision dosing often have limited utility due to the low number of patients recruited. To augment such models, an approach is presented for generating fully artificial quasi-...
Leptoglossus chilensis is a native South American coreid bug of economic and quarantine relevance whose chemical ecology remains undescribed. In this exploratory study, we characterised adult volatile and cuticular chemistry using dynamic headspace s...
29 May 2019
Background: We considered a problem of inference in epidemiology when cumulative exposure is the true dose metric for disease, but investigators are only able to measure its duration on each subject. Methods: We undertook theoretical analysis of the...
Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to estimate vancomycin area under the curve over 24 h (AUC24) at steady state for pediatric patients from 1 month to 18 years to update the dose recommendations in a tertiary hospital. Methods: A total of 46...
In individualized therapy, the Bayesian approach integrated with population pharmacokinetic models (PopPK) for predictions together with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to maintain adequate objectives is useful to maximize the efficacy and minimize...
We propose a Bayesian adaptive design for early phase drug combination cancer trials incorporating ordinal grade of toxicities. Parametric models are used to describe the relationship between the dose combinations and the probabilities of the ordinal...
Background: Chronic pain affects nearly one in five adults worldwide and is increasingly recognized not only as a disease but as a potential risk factor for neurocognitive decline and dementia. While some evidence supports this association, existing...
In case of a release of hazardous radioactive matter to the atmosphere from e.g., a nuclear power plant accident, atmospheric dispersion models are used to predict the spatial distribution of radioactive particles and gasses. However, at the early st...
We introduce an active, semisupervised algorithm that utilizes Bayesian experimental design to address the shortage of annotated images required to train and validate Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for lung cancer screening with computed tomogra...
9 February 2021
Bridging studies are designed to fill the gap between two populations in terms of clinical trial data, such as toxicity, efficacy, comorbidities and doses. According to ICH-E5 guidelines, clinical data can be extrapolated from one region to another i...
The threshold for population-level optimal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration among women of reproductive age for the prevention of neural tube defects has been estimated at 906 nmol/L; however, the dose-response relationship between folic aci...
We aimed to evaluate the predictive performance and predicted doses of a single-model approach or several multi-model approaches compared with the standard therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-based vancomycin dosing. We performed a hospital-wide monoce...
Background: Human lead exposure is a multi-pathway phenomenon that integrates internal biological burden with persistent residential environmental reservoirs. Although individual lead metrics have been linked to cardiometabolic dysfunction, current r...
Combination drug treatment plays a central role in addressing complex diseases by enhancing the therapeutic benefit while mitigating adverse effects. However, determining optimal dose levels remains challenging due to additive drug effects, competing...
Many measles endemic countries with suboptimal coverage levels still rely on vaccination campaigns to fill immunity gaps and boost control efforts. Depending on local epidemiological patterns, national or targeted campaigns are implemented, following...
The information about phytochemicals’ potential to prevent cancer is encouraging, including for glioma. However, most studies on phytochemicals and glioma mainly focused on preclinical studies. Their epidemiological studies were not sufficient,...
Fipronil, a broad-spectrum insecticide, is widely used in agriculture and veterinary practices. Fipronil-induced neurotoxicity and potential adverse effects on humans and aquatic organisms have raised health concerns. Monitoring programs have been im...
Optimizing immunosuppressant dosing presents significant challenges in kidney transplantation due to narrow therapeutic ranges and considerable inter-patient pharmacokinetic differences. Emerging strategies for precision dosing, encompassing Bayesian...
The AUC0–24 is the most accurate way to track the vancomycin level while the Cmin is not an accurate surrogate. Most hospitals in Saudi Arabia are under-practicing the AUC-guided vancomycin dosing and monitoring. No previous work has been condu...
Isavuconazole is a broad-spectrum azole anti-fungal not yet approved in children. We conducted a retrospective, single-center review of isavuconazole use and routine therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric patients, extracting demographic, dosing, c...
Therapeutic drug monitoring of ibrutinib is based on the area under the curve of concentration vs. time (AUCIBRU) instead of trough concentration (Cmin,ss) because of a limited accumulation in plasma. Our objective was to identify a limited sampling...
(1) Background: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) exhibits anticancer activity; however, its time-dependent effects on interconnected signalling pathways remain incompletely characterised. (2) Methods: We combined wet-lab experiments (MTT viability...
Pyrethroid insecticides have been extensively utilized in agriculture and residential areas in the United States. This study evaluated the exposure risk by age using available biomonitoring data. We analyzed pyrethroid metabolite concentrations in ur...
Aim: To evaluate the efficiency of Bayesian modeling software and first-order pharmacokinetic (PK) equations to calculate vancomycin area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) estimations. Methods: Unblinded, crossover, quasi-experimental study at...
The usefulness of ChatGPT, a large language model, has recently been explored in medical research. However, no studies have examined its reproducibility or applicability to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), a core task of clinical pharmacists. In th...
Phase I studies are used to estimate the dose-toxicity profile of the drugs and to select appropriate doses for successive studies. However, literature on statistical methods used for phase I studies are extensive. The objective of this review is to...
Critical levels (CL) of available potassium (K) in soils and leaves and maximum technical efficiency (MTE) doses are relevant information to define the best K fertilization strategies. The aim of this study was to determine reference values of K in l...
Background/Objectives: Nomograms for adjusting gentamicin therapy in neonates using a single concentration are limited. The Dersch–Mills nomogram is inefficient for short-duration therapies, while the NeoFax nomogram is outdated based on the cu...
Background/Objectives: Busulfan is a cornerstone conditioning agent for pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), yet its narrow therapeutic index and substantial pharmacokinetic (PK) variability complicate dosing. This review synthes...
Antimicrobial dosing in the intensive care unit (ICU) can be problematic due to various challenges including unique physiological changes observed in critically ill patients and the presence of pathogens with reduced susceptibility. These challenges...
The selection of an appropriate dose of a given antibiotic for a neonate not only requires knowledge of the drug’s basic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties but also the profound effects that organ development might have on...
We present a Bayesian adaptive design for dose finding in oncology trials with application to a first-in-human trial. The design is based on the escalation with overdose control principle and uses an intermediate grade 2 toxicity in addition to the t...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate different Bayesian algorithms and the first-order pharmacokinetics (PK) equation approach for forecasting vancomycin concentrations in critically ill pediatric patients and to identify influencing factors. Met...
Behavioral neuropharmacology, a branch of neuroscience, uses behavioral analysis to demonstrate treatment effects on animal models, which is fundamental for pre-clinical evaluation. Typically, this determination is univariate, neglecting the relevant...
The continual reassessment method (CRM) has been an essential Bayesian finding design in phase I clinical trials. It utilizes all the information in observed data which contributes to its essential operational characteristics. However, the CRM has be...
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have reshaped pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes, but emerging safety signals suggest a possible association with intestinal obst...
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