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3,781 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,702 Views
19 Pages

5 October 2019

As product variety is an important feature for modern enterprises, multi-product demand forecasting is essential to support order decision-making and inventory management. However, these well-established forecasting approaches for multi-dimensional t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy Application for Forecasting)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,326 Views
17 Pages

Sales Forecasting for Fashion Products Considering Lost Sales

  • Dali Chen,
  • Wenbiao Liang,
  • Kelan Zhou and
  • Fan Liu

13 July 2022

Sales forecasting for new products is significantly important for fashion retailer companies because prediction with high accuracy helps the company improve management efficiency and customer satisfaction. The low inventory strategy of fashion produc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,422 Views
18 Pages

Accurate sales forecasting for new products is critical in industries characterized by intense competition, rapid innovation, and short product life cycles, such as the smartphone market. This study proposes a data-driven framework that enhances pred...

  • Article
  • Open Access
85 Citations
9,835 Views
18 Pages

Near-Real-Time Flood Forecasting Based on Satellite Precipitation Products

  • Nasreddine Belabid,
  • Feng Zhao,
  • Luca Brocca,
  • Yanbo Huang and
  • Yumin Tan

27 January 2019

Floods, storms and hurricanes are devastating for human life and agricultural cropland. Near-real-time (NRT) discharge estimation is crucial to avoid the damages from flood disasters. The key input for the discharge estimation is precipitation. Direc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Agro-Geoinformatics 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,520 Views
16 Pages

25 October 2023

Owing to changes in consumer attitudes, the beauty consumer population is growing rapidly and the demands of beauty consumers are variable. With a wide range of beauty products and exaggerated product promotions, consumers rely more on online reviews...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Analytics: Mining, Analysis, Optimization and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,162 Views
25 Pages

Production Forecasting at Natural Gas Wells

  • Alina Petronela Prundurel,
  • Ioana Gabriela Stan,
  • Ion Pană,
  • Cristian Nicolae Eparu and ,
  • Doru Bogdan Stoica and
  • Iuliana Veronica Ghețiu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

15 May 2024

In Romania, natural gas production is concentrated in two large producers, OMV Petrom and Romgaz. However, there are also smaller companies in the natural gas production area. In these companies, the deposits are mostly mature, or new deposits have l...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Review
  • Open Access
96 Citations
36,306 Views
20 Pages

Agricultural Product Price Forecasting Methods: A Review

  • Feihu Sun,
  • Xianyong Meng,
  • Yan Zhang,
  • Yan Wang and ,
  • Hongtao Jiang and
  • Pingzeng Liu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Agricultural price prediction is a hot research topic in the field of agriculture, and accurate prediction of agricultural prices is crucial to realize the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture. It explores traditional forecasting method...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,124 Views
15 Pages

16 April 2023

Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy in the world and currently dominates flexible electricity production capacity. However, climate variations remain major challenges for efficient production planning, especially the annual forecasti...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,562 Views
26 Pages

A Model Embedded with Development Patterns for Oilfield Production Forecasting

  • Jianpeng Zang,
  • Junting Bai,
  • El-Sayed M. El-Alfy,
  • Kai Zhang and ,
  • Jian Wang and
  • Sergey V. Ablameyko
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

25 July 2025

Machine learning models that only use data for training and forecasting oilfield production have a sense of disconnection from the physical background, while embedding development patterns in them can enhance interpretability and even improve accurac...

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,532 Views
21 Pages

16 December 2025

Traditional product demand forecasting has typically been modeled as a single time series problem relying exclusively on temporal information. However, temporal features alone are insufficient to capture complex demand dynamics in modern, interconnec...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
  • Best Paper Award
31 Citations
5,224 Views
12 Pages

Deep Learning for Wind and Solar Energy Forecasting in Hydrogen Production

  • Arturs Nikulins,
  • Kaspars Sudars,
  • Edgars Edelmers,
  • Ivars Namatevs and ,
  • Kaspars Ozols,
  • Vitalijs Komasilovs,
  • Aleksejs Zacepins,
  • Armands Kviesis and
  • Andreas Reinhardt
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

23 February 2024

This research delineates a pivotal advancement in the domain of sustainable energy systems, with a focused emphasis on the integration of renewable energy sources—predominantly wind and solar power—into the hydrogen production paradigm. A...

(This article belongs to the Section F5: Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,946 Views
26 Pages

19 January 2026

Understanding the long-term dynamics of global tea production is essential for assessing supply stability, climate sensitivity, and producer competitiveness. This study examines annual tea production data for major producing countries—China, In...

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
9,322 Views
27 Pages

21 September 2023

Accurate prediction of crop production is essential in effectively managing the food security and economic resilience of agricultural countries. This study evaluates the performance of statistical and machine learning-based methods for large-scale cr...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
174 Citations
17,378 Views
19 Pages

Solar Energy Production Forecasting Based on a Hybrid CNN-LSTM-Transformer Model

  • Elham M. Al-Ali,
  • Yassine Hajji,
  • Yahia Said,
  • Manel Hleili and ,
  • Amal M. Alanzi,
  • Ali H. Laatar and
  • Mohamed Atri
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

28 January 2023

Green energy is very important for developing new cities with high energy consumption, in addition to helping environment preservation. Integrating solar energy into a grid is very challenging and requires precise forecasting of energy production. Re...

(This article belongs to the Section E1: Mathematics and Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,102 Views
20 Pages

7 July 2025

Accurate oil production forecasting is essential for optimizing field development and supporting efficient decision-making. However, traditional methods often struggle to capture the complex dynamics of reservoirs, and existing machine learning model...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,326 Views
15 Pages

Forecasting of Coalbed Methane Daily Production Based on T-LSTM Neural Networks

  • Xijie Xu,
  • Xiaoping Rui,
  • Yonglei Fan,
  • Tian Yu and
  • Yiwen Ju

23 May 2020

Accurately forecasting the daily production of coalbed methane (CBM) is important forformulating associated drainage parameters and evaluating the economic benefit of CBM mining. Daily production of CBM depends on many factors, making it difficult to...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling and Computational Methods in Science and Engineering II)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,278 Views
23 Pages

Monthly Ocean Primary Productivity Forecasting by Joint Use of Seasonal Climate Prediction and Temporal Memory

  • Lei Xu,
  • Hongchu Yu,
  • Zeqiang Chen,
  • Wenying Du and ,
  • Nengcheng Chen and
  • Chong Zhang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

2 March 2023

Ocean primary productivity generated by phytoplankton is critical for ocean ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. Accurate ocean primary productivity forecasting months in advance is beneficial for marine management. Previous persistence-based pred...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GeoAI and EO Big Data Driven Advances in Earth Environmental Science)
  • Review
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,865 Views
24 Pages

15 June 2022

This study reviews the extant literature on hydrogen production cost forecasts to identify and analyze the historical trend of such forecasts in order to explore the feasibility of wider adoption. Hydrogen is an important energy source that can be us...

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,922 Views
16 Pages

SAL Method Applied in Grid Forecasting Product Verification with Three-Source Fusion Product

  • Debin Su,
  • Jinhua Zhong,
  • Yunong Xu,
  • Linghui Lv and ,
  • Honglan Liu,
  • Xingang Fan,
  • Lin Han and
  • Fuzeng Wang
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

13 November 2024

Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) verification stands out as one of the most formidable endeavors in the realm of forecast verification. Traditional verification methods are not suitable for high-resolution forecasting products in some cases....

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimate in a Changing World: Recent Trends, Current Progress and Future Directions (2nd Edition))
  • Communication
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,674 Views
8 Pages

Improving Microalgal Biomass Productivity Using Weather-Forecast-Informed Operations

  • Song Gao,
  • Hongxiang Yan,
  • Nathan Beirne,
  • Mark Wigmosta and
  • Michael Huesemann

29 April 2022

The operation of microalgal cultivation systems, such as culture dilution associated with harvests, affects biomass productivity. However, the constantly changing incident light and ambient temperature in the outdoor environment make it difficult to...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Division in Algae)
  • Article
  • Open Access
625 Views
19 Pages

A Physically Constrained Deep Learning Method for Shale Gas Well Production Forecasting

  • Cheng Chang,
  • Fanxiang Xu,
  • Hongbin Liang,
  • Huangben Zeng and ,
  • Xiaojing Ji,
  • Ze Wanyan and
  • Ziqi Qiu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

6 July 2026

Shale gas production is governed by complex geological and engineering factors, and its production dynamics are often highly variable. Conventional methods, which can incorporate only a limited number of production-related variables, often struggle t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enhancing Unconventional Oil/Gas Recovery, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,497 Views
13 Pages

19 November 2021

A vast number of studies are devoted to the short-term forecasting of agricultural production and market. However, those results are more helpful for market traders than producers and agricultural policy regulators because any structural change in th...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,347 Views
34 Pages

In this paper, we address whether using a disaggregated series or combining an aggregated and disaggregated series improves the forecasting of the aggregated series compared to using the aggregated series alone. We used econometric techniques, such a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,157 Views
17 Pages

Enhancing Sustainable Dairy Industry Growth through Cold-Supply-Chain-Integrated Production Forecasting

  • Abhishek Kashyap,
  • Om Ji Shukla,
  • Bal Krishna Jha,
  • Bharti Ramtiyal and
  • Gunjan Soni

20 November 2023

Cold supply chains (CSCs) are critical for preserving the quality and safety of perishable products like milk, which plays a vital role in the daily lives of a vast population, especially in countries like India. This research centers on sustainable...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,055 Views
7 Pages

Seasonal Forecast Climate Data and Hydropower Production in the Douro Basin, in Portugal

  • Paulo Alexandre Diogo,
  • Pedro Beça,
  • Sofia Simões,
  • Filipa Amorim and
  • Babar Mujtaba

The project CLIM2POWER aims at developing a climate service including state-of-the art seasonal climate forecasts in the planning of the operation of the power systems. This work presents part of the project, addressing the forecasting of the hydropo...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th EWaS International Conference: Valuing the Water, Carbon, Ecological Footprints of Human Activities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,238 Views
17 Pages

12 November 2024

Reliable forecasting of unconventional oil and gas well production has consistently been a hot and challenging issue. Most existing data-driven production forecasting models rely solely on a single methodology, with the application effects of other m...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,350 Views
29 Pages

Parabolic Modeling Forecasts of Space and Time European Hydropower Production

  • Cristina Lincaru,
  • Adriana Grigorescu and
  • Hasan Dincer

27 May 2024

Renewable sources of energy production are some of the main targets today to protect the environment through reduced fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Alongside wind, solar, marine, biomass and nuclear sources, hydropower is among the oldest...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design for Renewable Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,138 Views
18 Pages

24 November 2025

Accurate short-term oil production forecasting is critical for national energy security and strategic resource planning. However, in practice, the prevalent reliance on extensive daily production histories for training sophisticated models are often...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,296 Views
38 Pages

24 March 2025

This paper will discuss the dynamics of steel production in Poland in light of the forecasts of tendencies under conditions of decarbonization. The research presented will be an attempt, using data from 2006 to 2023, to create econometric models and...

(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
78 Citations
9,815 Views
17 Pages

Forecasting Natural Gas Production and Consumption in United States-Evidence from SARIMA and SARIMAX Models

  • Palanisamy Manigandan,
  • MD Shabbir Alam,
  • Majed Alharthi,
  • Uzma Khan and ,
  • Kuppusamy Alagirisamy,
  • Duraisamy Pachiyappan and
  • Abdul Rehman
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

22 September 2021

Research on forecasting the seasonality and growth trend of natural gas (NG) production and consumption will help organize an analysis base for NG inspection and development, social issues, and allow industrials elements to operate effectively and re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,848 Views
21 Pages

16 May 2025

Wholesale market prices of agricultural products, being essential to the daily lives of consumers, are closely tied to living standards and the overall stability of the agricultural market. The use of a single model to predict nonlinear and dynamic a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,402 Views
22 Pages

Integrating Machine Learning and Operations Research for Sustainable Demand Forecasting and Production Planning in Craft Breweries

  • Michele Cruz Martins,
  • Marcelo Koboldt,
  • Antonio Augusto Maciel Guimaraes,
  • Matheus de Sousa Pereira and ,
  • Cezer Vicente de Sousa Filho,
  • João Gonçalves Borsato de Moraes,
  • Sanderson Cesar Macedo Barbalho and
  • Marcelo Carneiro Gonçalves
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

16 April 2026

The Brazilian craft beer market has experienced continuous growth, increasing operational challenges for small- and medium-sized breweries that frequently rely on empirical and spreadsheet-based production routines. These practices often lead to inef...

  • Article
  • Open Access
123 Citations
12,497 Views
12 Pages

LSTM Neural Network Based Forecasting Model for Wheat Production in Pakistan

  • Sajjad Ali Haider,
  • Syed Rameez Naqvi,
  • Tallha Akram,
  • Gulfam Ahmad Umar and ,
  • Aamir Shahzad,
  • Muhammad Rafiq Sial,
  • Shoaib Khaliq and
  • Muhammad Kamran
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

8 February 2019

Pakistan’s economy is largely driven by agriculture, and wheat, mostly, stands out as its second most produced crop every year. On the other hand, the average consumption of wheat is steadily increasing as well, due to which its exports are not...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning Techniques for Agronomy Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5,227 Views
53 Pages

18 November 2019

Normally, econometric models that forecast the Italian Industrial Production Index do not exploit information already available at time t + 1 for their own main industry groupings. The new strategy proposed here uses state–space models and aggregates...

  • Article
  • Open Access
653 Views
19 Pages

A Transient Two−Phase Productivity Forecasting Method in Fractured Nanoporous Shale Gas Reservoirs

  • Ruihan Zhang,
  • Siliang He,
  • Qianwen Zhang,
  • Hongsha Xiao and
  • Liehui Zhang

17 February 2026

Hydraulic fracturing is a critical technology for developing shale gas reservoirs, which are typical natural nanoporous media. However, the complex two−phase flow induced by fracturing fluid retention and the strong interference among hydraulic...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulations of Porous Media or Fluid Flowing at Nanoscale)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
8,012 Views
24 Pages

18 January 2020

In this paper, we investigate price and order strategies for innovative green products using demand forecasting and sharing. We formulate the problem using a Stackelberg game and propose a dynamic contract that specifies an initial wholesale price, a...

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,587 Views
20 Pages

Well-Production Forecasting Using Machine Learning with Feature Selection and Automatic Hyperparameter Optimization

  • Ruibin Zhu,
  • Ning Li,
  • Yongqiang Duan,
  • Gaofeng Li and ,
  • Guohua Liu,
  • Fengjiao Qu,
  • Changjun Long,
  • Xin Wang,
  • Qinzhuo Liao and
  • Gensheng Li
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

30 December 2024

Well-production forecasting plays a crucial role in oil and gas development. Traditional methods, such as numerical simulations, require substantial computational effort, while empirical models tend to exhibit poor accuracy. To address these issues,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Intelligent Modeling Technology and Optimization Strategy for Industrial Energy Consumption Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,091 Views
18 Pages

A Hierarchical RF-XGBoost Model for Short-Cycle Agricultural Product Sales Forecasting

  • Jiawen Li,
  • Binfan Lin,
  • Peixian Wang,
  • Yanmei Chen and ,
  • Xianxian Zeng,
  • Xin Liu and
  • Rongjun Chen
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

17 September 2024

Short-cycle agricultural product sales forecasting significantly reduces food waste by accurately predicting demand, ensuring producers match supply with consumer needs. However, the forecasting is often subject to uncertain factors, resulting in hig...

(This article belongs to the Section Food Security and Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,509 Views
15 Pages

6 June 2022

Developing a forecasting model for oilfield well production plays a significant role in managing mature oilfields as it can help to identify production loss earlier. It is very common that mature fields need more frequent production measurements to d...

(This article belongs to the Section Automation Control Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
2,903 Views
21 Pages

Photovoltaic Energy Production Forecasting in a Short Term Horizon: Comparison between Analytical and Machine Learning Models

  • Garazi Etxegarai,
  • Irati Zapirain,
  • Haritza Camblong,
  • Juanjo Ugartemendia and ,
  • Juan Hernandez and
  • Octavian Curea
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 November 2022

The existing trend towards increased penetration of renewable energies in the traditional grid, and the intermittent nature of the weather conditions on which these energy sources depend, make the development of tools for the forecasting of renewable...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,491 Views
18 Pages

Demand and Net Import Modeling and Forecasting for Wood Products in a Country with Limited Forest Resources (Tunisia)

  • Hamed Daly-Hassen,
  • Mariem Khalfaoui,
  • Hammadi Sliti,
  • Ali Chebil and
  • Sihem Jebari

2 February 2026

This paper analyzes long-term trends in the apparent consumption and external deficit of wood and wood-derived products in Tunisia using annual data covering the period of 1975–2024. Tunisia’s limited forest resources and increasing domes...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
130 Citations
8,229 Views
17 Pages

Optimized ANFIS Model Using Aquila Optimizer for Oil Production Forecasting

  • Ayman Mutahar AlRassas,
  • Mohammed A. A. Al-qaness,
  • Ahmed A. Ewees,
  • Shaoran Ren and ,
  • Mohamed Abd Elaziz,
  • Robertas Damaševičius and
  • Tomas Krilavičius
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

9 July 2021

Oil production forecasting is one of the essential processes for organizations and governments to make necessary economic plans. This paper proposes a novel hybrid intelligence time series model to forecast oil production from two different oil field...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
8,183 Views
19 Pages

In today’s competitive market, sales forecasting of newly released and short-term products is an important challenge because there is not enough sales data. To address these challenges, we propose a sales forecasting model for new-released and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Time Series Analysis and Forecasting in Computer Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
517 Views
27 Pages

21 October 2026

Background: Inventory management for perishable products is challenging because demand variability, forecast reliability, shelf life, and batch constraints must be considered jointly. This study develops a data-driven decision-support framework for a...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence, Logistics Analytics, and Automation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,450 Views
17 Pages

This study applies ARIMA models to forecast scientific production trends among G7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries using Scopus dat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
6,263 Views
20 Pages

Forecasting China’s Annual Biofuel Production Using an Improved Grey Model

  • Nana Geng,
  • Yong Zhang,
  • Yixiang Sun,
  • Yunjian Jiang and
  • Dandan Chen

23 October 2015

Biofuel production in China suffers from many uncertainties due to concerns about the government’s support policy and supply of biofuel raw material. Predicting biofuel production is critical to the development of this energy industry. Depending on t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
4,876 Views
26 Pages

Changes in the consumption price of aquatic products will affect demand and fishermen’s income. The accurate prediction of consumer price index provides important information regarding the aquatic product market. Based on the non-linear and non...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Computers for Agriculture)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
6,874 Views
19 Pages

Short-Term Forecast of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Production Using LSTM

  • Filipe D. Campos,
  • Tiago C. Sousa and
  • Ramiro S. Barbosa

27 May 2024

In recent times, renewable energy sources have gained considerable vitality due to their inexhaustible resources and the detrimental effects of fossil fuels, such as the impact of greenhouse gases on the planet. This article aims to be a supportive t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Energy Systems: Learning Methods for Control and Optimization)
  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,139 Views
25 Pages

Review of Machine Learning Methods for Steady State Capacity and Transient Production Forecasting in Oil and Gas Reservoir

  • Dongyan Fan,
  • Sicen Lai,
  • Hai Sun,
  • Yuqing Yang and ,
  • Can Yang,
  • Nianyang Fan and
  • Minhui Wang
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

11 February 2025

Accurate oil and gas production forecasting is essential for optimizing field development and operational efficiency. Steady-state capacity prediction models based on machine learning techniques, such as Linear Regression, Support Vector Machines, Ra...

(This article belongs to the Topic Biomass: Advanced Strategies for Renewable Chemicals and Energy Production)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,353 Views
21 Pages

Weekly Monitoring and Forecasting of Hydropower Production Coupling Meteo-Hydrological Modeling with Ground and Satellite Data in the Italian Alps

  • Chiara Corbari,
  • Giovanni Ravazzani,
  • Alessandro Perotto,
  • Giulio Lanzingher and ,
  • Gabriele Lombardi,
  • Matteo Quadrio,
  • Marco Mancini and
  • Raffaele Salerno
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

9 February 2022

This paper presents a system for supporting hydropower production on mountainous areas. The system couples the outputs of a numerical weather prediction model and a snow melting and accumulation temperature-based model. Several procedures are present...

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