This review summarizes the knowledge about retrogenes in the context of cancer and evolution. The retroposition, in which the processed mRNA from parental genes undergoes reverse transcription and the resulting cDNA is integrated back into the genome...
Sex chromosome evolution remains an evolutionary puzzle despite its importance in understanding sexual development and genome evolution. The seemingly random distribution of sex-determining systems in reptiles offers a unique opportunity to study sex...
The evolution of the genus Homo can only be understood by considering both of the inheritance systems that interact to shape human nature: biology and culture. While growing intellectual abilities are a key factor of human evolution, they are rarely...
Molecular evolution analyses, such as detection of adaptive/purifying selection or ancestral protein reconstruction, typically require three inputs for a target gene (or gene family) in a particular group of organisms: sequence alignment, model of ev...
The role of evolutionary theory at the origin of life is an extensively debated topic. The origin and early development of life is usually separated into a prebiotic phase and a protocellular phase, ultimately leading to the Last Universal Common Anc...
How have animals evolved new body designs (morphological evolution)? This requires explanations both for simple morphological changes, such as differences in pigmentation and hair patterns between different Drosophila populations and species, and als...
There has been much theoretical work aimed at understanding the evolution of social learning; and in most of it, individual and social learning are treated as distinct processes. A number of authors have argued that this approach is faulty because th...
Antimicrobial resistance has renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy, yet bacterial evolution frequently undermines treatment efficacy. Combination phage therapy is commonly implemented as simultaneous phage cocktails, but whether this is optimal r...
B chromosomes (Bs) revealed more than a hundred years ago remain to be some of the most mysterious elements of the eukaryotic genome. Their origin and evolution, DNA composition, transcriptional activity, impact on adaptiveness, behavior in meiosis,...
We offer a detailed description of our previously published new concept of the evolution of the biosphere as an integral system of its states over time, united by development trends. The structure of the biosphere is considered as a hierarchical frac...
Evolution of cooperation has traditionally been studied by assuming that individuals adopt either of two pure strategies, to cooperate or defect. Recent work has considered continuous cooperative investments, turning full cooperation and full defecti...
As it is the case for other pathogenic microorganisms, the respective impact of clonality and genetic exchange on Leishmania natural populations has been the object of lively debates since the early 1980s. The predominant clonal evolution (PCE) model...
Today, graph theory represents one of the most important modeling techniques in biology. One of the most important applications is in the study of metabolic networks. During metabolism, a set of sequential biochemical reactions takes place, which con...
Birds are a wonderfully diverse and accessible clade with an exceptional range of ecologies and behaviors, making the study of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of great interest. In the last 20 years, particularly with the advent of h...
A longstanding question in science and religion is whether standard evolutionary models are compatible with the claim that the world was designed. In The Compatibility of Evolution and Design, theologian E. V. Rope Kojonen constructs a powerful argum...
Evolution of an individual within another individual is known as within-host dynamics (WHD). The most common modeling technique to study WHD involves ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In the field of biology, models of this kind assume, for exa...
Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars play a key role in the chemical evolution of galaxies. These stars are the fundamental stellar site for the production of light elements such as C, N and F, and half of the elements heavier than Fe via the slow neu...
The trend of vegetation phenology dynamics is of crucial importance for understanding vegetation growth and its responses to climate change. However, it remains unclear how the trends of vegetation phenology changed over the past decades. By analyzin...
The modern cultivated wheat has passed a long evolution involving origin of wild emmer (WEM), development of cultivated emmer, formation of spelt wheat and finally establishment of modern bread wheat and durum wheat. During this evolutionary process,...
Root systems, the hidden half of terrestrial plants, have been a fundamental geological agent since the late Early Paleozoic, with their evolution preserved in a rich but underutilized archive of soils and sediments. This review adopts a rhizolith-ce...
In this paper, by introducing an entropy of Markov evolution algebras, we treat the isomorphism of S-evolution algebras. A family of Markov evolution algebras is defined through the Hadamard product of structural matrices of non-negative real S-evolu...
Evolution algebras are currently widely studied due to their importance not only “per se” but also for their many applications to different scientific disciplines, such as Physics or Engineering, for instance. This paper deals with these types of alg...
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a highly diverse family of transmembrane proteins involved in osmotic regulation that played an important role in the conquest of land by tetrapods. However, little is known about their possible implication in the acquisition of...
The process of grain refinement during welding significantly influences both the final microstructure and performance of the weld joint. In the present work, merits of acoustic addition in the conventional Frictions Stir Welding (FSW) process were ev...
As a worldwide sanitary insect pest, the housefly Musca domestica can carry and transmit more than 100 human pathogens without suffering any illness itself, indicative of the high efficiency of its innate immune system. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)...
Strisores is a clade of neoavian birds that include diurnal aerial specialists such as swifts and hummingbirds, as well as several predominantly nocturnal lineages such as nightjars and potoos. Despite the use of genome-scale molecular datasets, the...
Synonymous codon bias in the viral genome affects protein translation and gene expression, suggesting that the synonymous codon mutant plays an essential role in influencing virulence and evolution. However, how the recessive mutant form contributes...
Recent sequencing and software enhancements have advanced our understanding of the evolution of genomic structure and function, especially addressing novel evolutionary biology questions. Yet fragmentary turtle genome assemblies remain a challenge to...
Matter in the early Universe was nearly uniform, and galaxies emerged through the gravitational growth of small primordial density fluctuations. Astrophysics has been trying to unveil the complex physical phenomena that have caused the formation and...
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Rocky desertification is a key element affecting regional ecological quality. Rocky desertification in Southwest China directly affects the ecological security of the Yangtze River and Pearl River basins and also restricts regional economic and socia...
Despite the unparalleled diversity of venomous snakes in Australia, research has concentrated on a handful of medically significant species and even of these very few toxins have been fully sequenced. In this study, venom gland transcriptomes were se...
Background: Trait convergence or parallelism is widely seen across the animal and plant kingdoms. For example, the evolution of eyes in cephalopods and vertebrate lineages, wings in bats and insects, or shark and dolphin body shapes are examples of c...
Nowadays, sustained development of different social media can be observed worldwide. One of the relevant research domains intensively explored recently is analysis of social communities existing in social media as well as prediction of their future e...
Microsatellites are short, repetitive DNA sequences that can rapidly expand and contract due to slippage during DNA replication. Despite their impacts on transcription, genome structure, and disease, relatively little is known about the evolutionary...
This paper proposes a novel scheme for the origin of RNA replicase based on the replication-first stable complex evolution (SCE) model, also known as the stable complex encoding (SCE) model, and attempts to derive this scheme from the metabolism-firs...
In the present paper, we introduce S-evolution algebras and investigate their solvability, simplicity, and semisimplicity. The structure of enveloping algebras has been carried out through the attached graph of S-evolution algebras. Moreover, we intr...
Australia is the stronghold of the front-fanged venomous snake family Elapidae. The Australasian elapid snake radiation, which includes approximately 100 terrestrial species in Australia, as well as Melanesian species and all the world's true sea sna...
Although diet has contributed significantly to the evolution of human beings, the composition of the diet that has most affected this phenomenon is still an open issue. Diet has undoubtedly participated in the acquisition of the skills that underlie...
Carcinogenesis occurs through a series of steps from normal into benign and finally malignant phenotype. This cancer evolutionary trajectory has been accompanied by similar metabolic transformation from normal metabolism into Pasteur and/or Crabtree-...
Thermal groundwater in the Lower and Middle Triassic carbonates in Chongqing, China, is mainly concentrated in anticlines. Hot springs (32.9 to 57 °C) with SO4-Ca type waters and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 1620 to 2929 mg/L emerge in the mid...
Genes that originate during evolution are an important source of novel biological functions. Retrogenes are functional copies of genes produced by retroduplication and as such are located in different genomic positions. To investigate retroposition p...
Understanding the evolution of pore-fracture networks in coal during loading is of paramount importance for coalbed methane exploration. To shed light on these dynamic changes, this study undertook uniaxial compression experiments on coal samples col...
We tested three predictions regarding the joint evolution of pollen performance and mating system. First, due to the potential for intense intrasexual competition in outcrossing populations, we predicted that outcrossers would produce faster-growing...
Evolution algebras are non-associative algebras that describe non-Mendelian hereditary processes and have connections with many other areas. In this paper, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a given algebra A to be an evolution algebra...
In a changing digital world, organisations need to be effective information processing entities, in which people, processes, and technology together gather, process, and deliver the information that the organisation needs. However, like other informa...
Chromosome reshuffling events are often a foundational mechanism by which speciation can occur, giving rise to highly derivative karyotypes even amongst closely related species. Yet, the features that distinguish lineages prone to such rapid chromoso...
Root-operator factorization à la Dirac provides an effective tool to deal with equations, which are not of evolution type, or are ruled by fractional differential operators, thus eventually yielding evolution-like equations although for a multicompon...
We report here experiments carried out with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli bacterial strains and their phages. This research yielded interesting insights into their activities, occasionally producing genetic variants of different types. In order to n...
The in situ surface reconstitution of a catalyst for hydrogen evolution refers to its structure evolution induced by strong interactions with reaction intermediates during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which eventually leads to the self-opti...
Bacteriophages represent an alternative strategy to combat pathogenic bacteria. Currently, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections constitute a major public health problem due to extensive antibiotic resistance in some strains. Using a non-pathogenic s...
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