Fiber traces are one of (micro)traces that can be found at a crime scene. They are easily transferable and, like other forms of evidence, can provide a link between a suspect and a victim. The main purpose of this review is to present methods develop...
Electromigration (EM), current-driven atomic diffusion in interconnect metals, critically threatens integrated circuit (IC) reliability via void-induced open circuits and hillock-induced short circuits. This review examines EM’s physical mechan...
In selective chromatography and electromigration methods, supramolecular recognition of selectands and selectors is due to the fast and reversible formation of association complexes governed by thermodynamics. Whereas the selectand molecules to be se...
Recent years have seen the increased utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) in the development and optimization of analytical methods. Their unique and eco-friendly properties and the ability to modify their structure allows them to be useful both at the...
As semiconductor technologies continue to scale aggressively, electromigration (EM) has become critical in modern VLSI design. Since traditional EM assessment methods fail to accurately capture the complex behavior of multi-segment interconnects, rec...
Appropriate accelerated deterioration methods are crucial for studying the deterioration behavior of reinforced concrete linings in subsea tunnels. To investigate the deterioration mechanisms of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in marine environme...
Steel bars embedded in reinforced concrete are vulnerable to corrosion in high chloride environments. Bidirectional electromigration rehabilitation (BIEM) is a novel method to enhance the durability of reinforced concrete by extracting chloride out o...
Research in the analytical and preparative fields of separation science has a long-standing tradition in the Czech Republic and former Czechoslovakia. Czech and Slovak scientists recognized the advantages of the two most widely used separation techni...
Volumetric strain can be divided into two parts: strain due to bond distance change and strain due to vacancy sources and sinks. In this paper, efforts are focused on studying the atomic lattice strain due to a vacancy in an FCC metal lattice with mo...
The advance of semiconductor technology not only enables integrated circuits with higher density and better performance but also increases their vulnerability to various aging mechanisms which occur from front-end to back-end. Analysis on the impact...
With the increasing number of inputs and outputs, and the decreasing interconnection spacing, electrical interconnection failures caused by electromigration (EM) have attracted more and more attention. The electromigration reliability and failure mec...
An integrated electromigration membrane absorption method has been proposed for the separation of NO from simulated mixed gas. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of discharge voltage, gas flow rate, inlet concentrations, and abs...
Enriched lithium isotopes (6Li and 7Li) are essential in the nuclear energy industry, where 6Li is bombarded with neutrons to produce tritium for fusion reactions, while 7Li is used as a core coolant and pH regulator. Separation of 6Li and 7Li by ele...
Due to the continuous miniaturization and high current-carrying demands in the field of integrated circuits, as well as the desire to save space and improve computational capabilities, there is a constant drive to reduce the size of integrated circui...
Cell motility is a process central to life and is undoubtedly influenced by mechanical and chemical signals. Even so, other stimuli are also involved in controlling cell migration in vivo and in vitro. Among these, electric fields have been shown to...
Current-induced changes of surface morphology in printed Ag thin wires were investigated by current stressing tests and numerical simulation. The samples were printed Ag thin wires on a flexible substrate with input and output pads. Different experim...
Concrete made with sea sand and seawater is rich in chlorine ions which are the main factors that induce corrosion of the reinforcement. In this study, an innovative method to rehabilitate reinforcement is presented; the concentrations of chloride io...
This study examined the combined effects of chloride ions and stray DC on reinforced concrete (RC) using electromigration and impressed-current methods under varying current densities (0.5, 3.0, 5.0 mA/cm2) and chloride concentrations (50, 1350, 5500...
The Cu/low-k damascene process was introduced to alleviate the increase in the RC delay of Al/SiO2 interconnects, but now that the technology generation has reached 1× nm or lower, a number of limitations have become apparent. Due to the integr...
This paper presents a hybrid modelling approach that combines physics-based electromigration modelling (PEM) and statistical methods to evaluate the electromigration (EM) limits of nano-interconnects in mesh networks. The approach, which is also comp...
This paper suggests an extensive inferential method for the Power Pratibha Distribution (PPD) under Unified Hybrid Censoring Schemes (UHCSs), since there is a growing interest in flexible models in both reliability and service operations. This work s...
In this work, we report the electrical properties of cytochrome C (Cyt C) inside porous silicon (PSi). We first used two techniques of protein infiltration: classic sitting drop and electrochemical migration methods. The electrochemically assisted ce...
The ongoing trend towards miniaturization and increased packaging density has exacerbated the reliability problem of Au-Al heterogeneous metal bonding structures in high-temperature environments, where extreme temperatures and high current pose a ser...
The treatment of metal-contaminated sediment generated in environmental dredging projects often requires both reduction and remediation, and the electric field has good application prospects in the integration of reduction and remediation. In this st...
Reliability is a fundamental requirement in microprocessors that guarantees correct execution over their lifetimes. The reliability-related design rules depend on the process technology and device operating conditions. To meet reliability requirement...
The article is a summary of scientific reports from the last 16 years (2005–2021) on the use of capillary electrophoresis to analyze polyphenolic compounds, coumarins, amino acids, and alkaloids in teas or different parts of plants used to prepare aq...
Sn-rich solder joints in three-dimensional integrated circuits and their reliability issues, such as the electromigration (EM), thermomigration (TM), and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF), have drawn attention related to their use in electronic packagin...
With the increasing power density of electronic devices, solder joints are prone to electromigration under high currents, which results in a significant threat to reliability. In this study, the molecular dynamics method is used to study the diffusio...
The bioanalysis of body fluids plays a crucial role in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research, forensic science, and biomarker discovery. Traditional chromatographic techniques are widely used in clinical laboratories but are often costly and...
Nanointerconnection has been selected as a promising method in the post-Moore era to realize device miniaturization and integration. Even with many advances, the existing nanojoining methods still need further developments to meet the three-dimension...
The purity of rare earth metals is one of the most important factors to research and develop high technique materials. However, high purity rare earth metals are not easily achieved. This review summarizes the preparation and purification methods of...
Aqueous sources like salt lake brines and seawater are the most abundant source for lithium ions and might contribute to the growing demand for lithium for energy storage. By coupling with the increasingly relevant reverse osmosis systems, nanofiltra...
The present review summarizes scientific reports from between 2010 and 2019 on the use of capillary electrophoresis to quantify active constituents (i.e., phenolic compounds, coumarins, protoberberines, curcuminoids, iridoid glycosides, alkaloids, tr...
Nanofiltration is well suited to separate monovalent ions from multivalent ions, such as the separation of Li+ and Mg2+ from seawater, a potential lithium source for the production of lithium-ion batteries. To the best of our knowledge, there is no e...
Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a selective sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, is widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with additional indications in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The growing analytical demand for...
Polymorphous WO3 micro- and nanostructures have been synthesized by the controlled Joule heating of tungsten wires under ambient conditions in a few seconds. The growth on the wire surface is assisted by the electromigration process and it is further...
With the technological scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and the scarcity of circuit design margins, the characteristics of device reliability have garnered widespread attention. Traditional single-mo...
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely ab...
The cosmetics industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors worldwide. The dynamic evolution of this industry results in an increasingly diverse range of products containing various active ingredients. Ensuring the quality of these products is cruci...
The crystallographic characteristic effect of Cu substrate on cathode dissolution behavior in line-type Cu/Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305)/Cu solder joints during electromigration (EM) was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscat...
New diamond chip resistors have been used in high-power devices widely due to excellent heat dissipation and high-frequency performance. However, systematic research about their solder joint reliability is rare. In this paper, a related study was con...
Cannabinoids, terpenophenolic chemicals found only in cannabis, are primarily responsible for cannabis pharmacologic effects; nearly 150 distinct cannabinoids have been identified thus far. Among these, the main psychoactive molecule, tetrahydrocanna...
Aluminum–copper alloy (AlCu) is commonly utilized as interconnect material in low-power devices. However, as the size of electronic devices continues to decrease and current density increases, electromigration (EM) has emerged as a significant...
Ferroelectric materials attract much attention for applications in resistive memory devices due to the large current difference between insulating and conductive states and the ability of carefully controlling electronic transport via the polarizatio...
This study aimed at investigating the effect of electrical current profile upon the iontophoretic transport of (i) ascorbic acid (AA) and (ii) ellagic acid (EA), into porcine skin in vitro, and the impact of the physicochemical properties of both act...
New mission-critical applications, such as autonomous vehicles and life-support systems, set a high bar for the reliability of modern microprocessors that operate in highly challenging conditions. However, while cutting-edge integrated circuit (IC) t...
Temperature (T) dependent conductance
Electromigration (EM) presents a major reliability challenge in advanced electronic packaging as device scaling and rising power demands lead to higher current densities in solder joints. While eutectic Sn-58Bi solder is widely adopted as a low-tempe...
This study investigates the long-term corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) under accelerated chloride exposure for about 1600 days, using electrochemical methods like galvanostatic pulse (GP) testing. Two concrete mixes (T1 and T2), incorpo...
Capillary electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (CE-C4D) offers high analytical efficiency and low sample consumption. However, commercial instrumentation remains cost-prohibitive for resource-limited or citizen...
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