Volunteered geographic data are being used increasingly to support land cover mapping and validation, yet the reliability of the volunteered data still requires further research. This study proposes data-based guidelines to help design the data colle...
Cast fixation is a general clinical skill used for the treatment of fractures. However, it may cause many complications due to careless treatment procedures. Currently, swathing a cast for a patient can only be determined by a doctors’ experien...
The diagnosis of diseases is a complex process involving the integration of multiple parameters obtained from various sources, including laboratory findings. The interpretation of laboratory data is inherently comparative, necessitating reliable refe...
Validation of land cover products is a fundamental task prior to data applications. Current validation schemes and methods are, however, suited only for assessing classification accuracy and disregard the reliability of land cover products. The relia...
Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative training across distributed clients without directly sharing their raw data. However, non-IID data distributions and malicious behaviors can produce unreliable and conflicting client updates, severely deg...
To address limitations in existing wind farm energy production calculation and reliability assessment—including simplified wake effects, neglected performance degradation, and over-reliance on large-sample data—this study proposes a belie...
RT-qPCR is considered a rapid and reliable technique for analyzing gene expression. This technique is commonly used to analyze the expression of various genes at diverse transcriptional levels in different samples. However, few studies have character...
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The nutrient reference conditions of lakes play a key role for lake water quality control and water resource management. The inferential models are important methods for calculating reference values; however, the dependence and “cluster” in time seri...
Direct geo-referencing is an efficient methodology for the fast acquisition of 3D spatial data. It requires the fusion of spatial data acquisition sensors with navigation sensors, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. In this c...
Image classification is a fundamental technique that has been broadly adopted in remote sensing, computer vision and related areas. High-quality annotated datasets are necessary for the development and reliable evaluation of classification and segmen...
Within urban areas, green spaces play a critically important role in the quality of life. They have remarkable impact on the local microclimate and the regional climate of the city. Quantifying the ‘greenness’ of urban areas allows comparing urban ar...
Advanced driving assistance systems (ADASs) are critical for automotive safety. They rely on various sensors (especially with an increasing reliance on visual sensors to meet evolving safety standards) to capture relevant environmental data. The vali...
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a high-reliability, -sensitivity, and -operability technique to quantify gene expression. It is necessary to select stable reference genes for normalization. Water plays important roles in the metabolism, physi...
With the application of new-generation information technology in the full life cycle process of a complex product, it is showing the characteristics of multi-source, real-time, heterogeneous, cross-domain transmission. Large data volume and low value...
The use of mature, reliable, and validated solutions can save significant time and cost when introducing new technologies to companies. Reference Architectures represent such best-practice techniques and have the potential to increase the speed and r...
The development of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) imaging technologies for precision farming applications is rapid, and new studies are published frequently. In cases where measurements are based on aerial imaging, there is the need to have ground tru...
We report here a benchmark study on the bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction between hydride and methane, for which we have obtained reference energies at the coupled cluster toward full configuration-interaction limit (CC-cf/CBS). Se...
Accurate reference data to validate burned area (BA) products are crucial to obtaining reliable accuracy metrics for such products. However, the accuracy of reference data can be affected by numerous factors; hence, we can expect some degree of devia...
Reliability quantification of deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based control is a significant challenge for the practical application of artificial intelligence (AI) in safety-critical systems. This study proposes a method for quantifying the reliab...
With the gradual introduction of AI into telescope scheduling, AI-based decision-making has shown advantages in handling complex multi-constraint problems. However, its outputs often suffer from inconsistent data references, reasoning errors, and non...
The real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning technique of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) has been widely used for deformation monitoring in the past several decades. The RTK technique can provide relative displacements in a local reference f...
This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the reliability analysis of ship local structures. Existing reliability analysis of ship local structures relies on empirical analysis without experimental validation. The presented framework improves...
qRT-PCR is a widely used technique for rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression data. The use of reference genes for normalization of the expression levels is crucial for accuracy. Several studies have shown that there is no perfect refer...
The smart grid (SG), which has revolutionized the power grid, is being further improved by using the burgeoning cyber physical system (CPS) technology. The conceptualization of SG using CPS, which is referred to as the smart grid cyber physical syste...
Reference data collected to validate land-cover maps are generally considered free of errors. In practice, however, they contain errors despite best efforts to minimize them. These errors propagate during accuracy assessment and tweak the validation...
Reliable emission monitoring is essential for effective environmental regulation and the operation of carbon markets. However, high-frequency CO2 data from Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and material-based monitoring often contain inco...
To evaluate the operation of an urban transportation system by accurately analyzing the reliability of a road network, with the aim of reducing the substantial fluctuation of travel time, a method for dynamically estimating the reliability of road ne...
(1) Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) requires reliable reference genes for accurate data normalization; however, optimal reference genes for the economically and ecologically valuable timber species Phoebe zhennan remain unc...
Classification is a very common image processing task. The accuracy of the classified map is typically assessed through a comparison with real-world situations or with available reference data to estimate the reliability of the classification results...
Reliable state estimation is essential for the secure and efficient operation of sustainable energy systems, especially under the increasing integration of renewable energy, distributed resources, and heterogeneous sensing devices. However, in practi...
The potential of a new algorithm for comparing experimental and reference values of gas chromatographic retention indices (RIs) is discussed. This algorithm is designed to minimize significant elements of uncertainty typical of numerous contemporary...
The precision and reliability of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) depend mainly on suitable reference genes; however, reference genes have not yet been identified for Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. In this...
For accurate gene expression quantification, normalization of gene expression data against reliable reference genes is required. It is known that the expression levels of commonly used reference genes vary considerably under different experimental co...
Visual examinations are commonly used to analyze spinal posture. Even though they are simple and fast, their interrater reliability is poor. Suitable alternatives should be objective, non-invasive, valid and reliable. Videorasterstereography (VRS) is...
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is arguably the most prevalent and accurate quantitative gene expression analysis. However, selection of reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR in rice (Oryza sativa) is still limited, especial...
Reference genes are used for the correction of qRT-PCR data, and it is necessary to investigate the optimum reference gene under certain conditions. The expression levels of seven traditional reference genes ACT1, ACT2, GAPDH, 18S rRNA, UBQ, TUB and...
How to determine subsystem’s reliability and evaluate the whole machine’s reliability of the CNC (computer numerical control) grinding machine tool is important for reliability design and promotion. Each subsystem was modeled by a differe...
As a commonly used model in reliability analysis, the inverse Weibull distribution (IWD) is widely applied in various scientific fields. This paper considers the reliability estimation of the IWD based on intuitionistic fuzzy lifetime data. Firstly,...
A new approach is proposed to detect the real-time gait patterns adaptively through measuring the ground contact forces (GCFs) by force sensitive resistors (FSRs). Published threshold-based methods detect the gait patterns by means of setting a fixed...
RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based gene expression analysis is applicable to a wide range of biological purposes in various species. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is also used to assess target gene expression utilizing stably expressed...
CubeSats require accurate determination of their orientation relative to the Sun, Earth, and other celestial bodies to operate successfully and collect scientific data. This paper presents an orientation system based on solar and magnetic sensors tha...
Coordinate measuring techniques are essential for determining the diameter and roundness of circular features, yet measurements based on short arc segments remain highly sensitive to form deviations, sampling strategy, and instrument error. With the...
Due to changing weather conditions, productivity needs to be enhanced and resources must be used more efficiently in agriculture. Precision agriculture relies on systems that can gather real-time environmental data to address these issues. However, t...
Metrological traceability is essential to ensure the reliability of calibration tests. Calibration certificates usually include information on only one upper-level reference standard. As metrological traceability is multi-layered, generally there is...
In order to improve the reliability evaluation accuracy of a new generation of substation relay protection equipment under small-sample failure rate data, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model based on the Adaptive Spiral Flying Sparrow Search...
Introduction: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans should be digitally oriented using a reference plane before being evaluated for patient growth and treatment outcome. Current orientation planes are usually dependent on the Porion points. Usin...
There is a growing demand for measurements of natural and built elements, which require quantifiable accuracy and reliability, within various fields of application. Measurements from 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner come in a point cloud, and different t...
Low-cost sensors provide an affordable alternative to monitor environmental parameters with acceptable performance. There is a substantial amount of literature where low-cost sensors are compared with high-end reference measurements. However, not all...
Precise orbit determination (POD) using GNSS has been rapidly developed and is the mainstream technology for the navigation of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The initialization of orbit parameters is a key prerequisite for LEO POD processing. For...
Crowdsourced geospatial platforms constitute complex socio-technical systems in which data quality and reliability emerge from collective user behavior rather than centralized control. This study proposes a system-oriented, unsupervised machine learn...
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