Research on the regional variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) has focused mostly on the influence of the number of soil sampling points and interpolation methods. Little attention has typically been paid to the influence of sampling point discret...
DDM is the primary Level-1 observable of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R). Over the past decade, the discretization strategy of Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) systems has been primarily optimized for ocean remote sensing....
The Maxwell–Boltzmann (MB) distribution is fundamental in statistical physics, providing an exact description of particle speed or energy distributions. In this study, a discrete formulation derived via the survival function discretization tech...
A multiscale approach to discrete element modeling is presented. A distinctive feature of the method is that each macroscopic discrete element has an associated atomic sample representing the material’s atomic structure. The dynamics of the elements...
Bayesian inference is predominantly formulated in a continuous framework, in which posterior beliefs are represented by smooth probability densities. However, an alternative discrete representation—already implicit in Bayes’s original con...
Uncertainty in thematic maps has been tested mainly in maps with discrete or fuzzy classifications based on spectral data. However, many ecosystem maps in tropical countries consist of discrete polygons containing information on various ecosystem pro...
Reliable state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is crucial for safe and efficient battery management. However, it is challenging in practice. Terminal-voltage sensitivity becomes weak in open-circuit-voltage (OCV) plateau regions. Model uncertainty also pe...
Accurate modeling of dependence in insurance data is essential for pricing, reserving, and capital allocation, particularly when claim frequencies and severities interact in complex ways. Classical independence assumptions often fail in practice, and...
Sampling control trajectories from standard distributions—a foundation for Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) methods—although probabilistically complete, in practice leads to poor exploration of the...
The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability model, widely used in science and engineering to describe various natural and man-made phenomena. It possesses an important feature, namely being inherently asymmetric, but as its parameter becomes l...
The aim of this study was to compare swimming speed and speed fluctuations in front crawl between swimmers of different performance levels using discrete variables against statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The sample was composed of 34 male swimm...
The complex permittivity of adobe is measured using a coaxial probe system verses frequency (500 MHz to 7 GHz) and water content (0% to 6%). Measurements are performed using adobe samples collected from abode bricks. The geotechnical properties of th...
The histogram remains a widely used tool for visualization of the distribution of a continuous variable, despite the disruption of binning the underlying continuity into somewhat arbitrarily sized discrete intervals imposed by the simplicity of its p...
This paper presents a modified Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system that combines Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) with Discrete Sine Transform (DST) to enhance data rate capacity over traditional Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-...
One of the major shortcomings of variational autoencoders is the inability to produce generations from the individual modalities of data originating from mixture distributions. This is primarily due to the use of a simple isotropic Gaussian as the pr...
Computation of prolate spheroidal wavefunctions (PSWFs) is notoriously difficult and time consuming. This paper applies operator theory to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to address the problem of computing PSWFs. The problem is turned into an i...
In the practical reality of face recognition applications, the human face can have only a limited number of training images. However, it is known that, in general, increasing the number of training images also increases the performance of face recogn...
Many machine-learning tasks involve structured data whose geometry, local feature distributions, and global organization interact in ways that are not well captured by existing methods based on vectorization, graph metrics, or homological signatures....
Imbalanced class data are commonly observed in pattern analysis, machine learning, and various real-world applications. Conventional approaches often resort to resampling techniques in order to address the imbalance, which inevitably alter the origin...
eHealth services require continuous data streaming and a stable level of quality of service. However, wireless network connections can be characterized by variable bandwidths. This requires continuous adaptation of systems, including adapting the bit...
We study fixed-point-corrected numerical schemes for reverse-time diffusion sampling. Instead of treating the reverse sampler only as an explicit Euler–Maruyama discretization, we formulate each reverse-time step as a local implicit equation an...
In this article, we investigate the behavior of vehicle platoons operating in a predecessor-following configuration, implemented through sampled-data control systems. Our primary focus is to examine the potential influence of the sampling time on the...
The experimental IR and Raman vibrational spectra of a hydrated La(III) complex with a 1,2,3-triazole ligand were characterized by using four different Density Functional Theory (DFT) levels and two accurate scaling procedures. In the theoretical cal...
A new feature extraction technique called DNST-GLCM-KSR (discrete non-separable shearlet transform-gray-level co-occurrence matrix-kernel spectral regression) is presented according to the direction and texture information of surface defects of conti...
Sand production is a complex phenomenon caused by the erosion of borehole walls during the extraction of hydrocarbons. In this paper, the sanding process in a typical Thick-Walled Hollow Cylinder (TWHC) test is numerically simulated. The main objecti...
This paper proposes a robust bilevel mixed-integer profit maximization model for an independent distributed energy resource (DER) aggregator participating in the wholesale electricity market, considering the uncertain aggregation of electric vehicles...
The traditional methods for predicting the distribution of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) fishing grounds have low performance and accuracy. Uneven sampling can result in unreasonable evaluation indicators. To address these issues, three methods, equi-f...
Considering both biological and non-biological polygonal shape organizations, in this paper we introduce a quantitative method which is able to determine informational entropy as spatial differences between heterogeneity of internal areas from simula...
Discrete-time sliding mode controllers that utilize saturation-based reaching laws require a gain that ensures contraction within the boundary layer in the presence of multiplicative gain uncertainty. The conventional fixed-gain approach does not mai...
n-type doped Ge quantum wells with SiGe barriers represent a promising heterostructure system for the development of radiation emitters in the terahertz range such as electrically pumped quantum cascade lasers and optically pumped quantum fountain la...
Understanding and clarifying the excavation mechanism of lunar soil, as well as the interaction between the sampling shovel and lunar soil, are crucial for improving surface sampling efficiency and ensuring equipment safety. Based on the Swick and Pe...
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have emerged as a pivotal technology for ocean exploration, tactical surveillance, and environmental monitoring. However, the underwater acoustic channel poses severe challenges, including high propagation...
Coastal sites offer a range of services that contribute to human wellbeing. While some of the services are entirely human-made (e.g., parasol and sunbed rental), others are produced thanks to the contribution of marine ecosystems (e.g., water clarity...
Natural soils are often modelled as a continuum characterized by the composition of the soil, a particulate material. Yet, in situ, the fabric and structure of soil may govern its behavior. Discrete element modelling is used to simulate the compositi...
Pneumatic artificial muscles exhibit pronounced hysteresis in the force-contraction domain, which complicates accurate force modeling under pressure-dependent operation. This work presents a discrete-time quasi-static hysteresis model for a compact p...
In this paper, multilayer cryptosystems for encrypting audio communications are proposed. These cryptosystems combine audio signals with other active concealing signals, such as speech signals, by continuously fusing the audio signal with a speech si...
Latent faults in electromagnetic transient (EMT) components can alter initialization, switching-event, and history-state semantics while producing sparse or small waveform discrepancies. This study formulates a reference-model-based verification as a...
Advanced quadrotor control is validated predominantly in simulation or on 32-bit floating-point flight computers, leaving open whether comparable architectures are deployable on the low-cost 8-bit hardware common to small-scale platforms. This paper...
It is a challenge to infer a gene regulatory network from time-series gene expression data in the systems biology field. A lack of gene expression data samples is a factor limiting the performance of the inference methods. To resolve this problem, we...
Red blood cells (RBC) express a nitric oxide synthase isoform (RBC-NOS) that appears dependent on shear stress for Serine1177 phosphorylation. Whether this protein is equally activated by varied shears in the physiological range is less described. He...
A photoelectric tracking system is a typical bearing-only target tracking system that faces significant challenges arising from measurement origin uncertainty due to clutter and the discrepancy between continuous-time target dynamics and discrete-tim...
Crude Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is the most robust and easily implemented method for performing time-variant reliability analysis (TRA). However, it is inefficient, especially for high reliability problems. This paper aims to present a random simu...
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed...
In recent years, data augmentation techniques have become the predominant approach for addressing highly imbalanced classification problems in machine learning. Algorithms such as the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and Conditional...
While many continuous distributions are known, the list of discrete ones (usually derived from counting) often reported is relatively short. This list becomes even shorter when dealing with dichotomous observables: binomial, hypergeometric, negative...
Photovoltaic plants generate large amounts of electrical, thermal, environmental, and equipment-status monitoring data during long-term operation. These data provide an important basis for risk assessment and maintenance decision making, but their pr...
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers robust Earth observation capabilities under diverse lighting and weather conditions, making SAR-based aircraft detection crucial for various applications. However, this task presents significant challenges, inclu...
In order to improve the robustness and imperceptibility in practical application, a novel audio watermarking algorithm with strong robustness is proposed by exploring the multi-resolution characteristic of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the ene...
In this paper, spectral–spatial preprocessing using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) multilevel decomposition and spatial filtering is proposed for improving the accuracy of hyperspectral imagery classification. Specifically, spectral DWT multi...
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