-
Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development -
Electric Vehicles as a Flexibility Provider: Optimal Charging Schedules to Improve the Quality of Charging Service -
Optimal Sizing and Placement of Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Genetic Algorithm -
FDTD Electromagnetic and Thermal Simulation of a Metal Oxide Varistor Element Considering the Temperature Dependence of Its Resistivity -
Impact of the Generation System Parameters on the Frequency Response of the Power System: A UK Grid Case Study
Journal Description
Electricity
Electricity
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on electrical engineering published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access—free to download, share, and reuse content. Authors receive recognition for their contribution when the paper is reused.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 21.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 15.1 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2021).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually.
Latest Articles
Phasor Measurement Unit Assisted Inverter—A Novel Approach for DC Microgrids Performance Enhancement
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 330-341; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030020 - 24 Aug 2021
Abstract
►
Show Figures
DC microgrids are set to change the landscape of future energy markets. However, a wide-scale deployment faces three major issues: initial synchronization of microgrid with the utility grid, slip management during its operation, and mitigation of distortions produced by the inverter. This paper
[...] Read more.
DC microgrids are set to change the landscape of future energy markets. However, a wide-scale deployment faces three major issues: initial synchronization of microgrid with the utility grid, slip management during its operation, and mitigation of distortions produced by the inverter. This paper proposes a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) that addresses these three issues in a single solution. The proposed PAI continually receives real-time data from a Phasor Measurement Unit installed in the distribution system of a utility company and keeps constructing a real-time reference signal for the inverter. A well-constructed, real-time reference signal plays a vital role in addressing the above issues. The results show that the proposed PAI is 97.95% efficient.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Reduction in the Electromagnetic Interference Generated by AC Overhead Power Lines on Buried Metallic Pipelines with Screening Conductors
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 316-329; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030019 - 19 Aug 2021
Abstract
This paper presents a numerical study on the reduction in the voltage and current induced on a km buried metallic pipeline by an overhead power line. The mitigation effectiveness of different configurations and cross-section shapes of screening conductors is computed by means
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a numerical study on the reduction in the voltage and current induced on a km buried metallic pipeline by an overhead power line. The mitigation effectiveness of different configurations and cross-section shapes of screening conductors is computed by means of a methodology that combines a 2D Finite Element Analysis with circuital analysis. A % reduction of the maximum induced voltage is obtained when 4 cylindrical steel screening conductors with 8 radius are buried below the soil surface, along the pipeline path. The maximum induced pipeline current is reduced by %. A parametric study is also performed, to assess the influence of the per-unit-length admittance to earth of the screening conductors on the mitigation efficacy. The results show that screening conductors may help in reducing the inductive coupling between overhead power lines and buried metallic pipelines, and that the assumption of perfectly insulated screening conductors leads to an underestimation of the produced mitigation effect.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems and Smart Cities)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Methodology to Analyze and Evaluate the Uncertainty Propagation due to Temperature and Frequency and Design Optimization for EMC Testing Instrumentation
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 300-315; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030018 - 12 Aug 2021
Abstract
This paper presents a study and proposes a new methodology to analyze, evaluate and reduce the overall uncertainty of instrumentations for EMC measurements. For the scope of this work, the front end of a commercial EMI receiver is chosen and variations due to
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a study and proposes a new methodology to analyze, evaluate and reduce the overall uncertainty of instrumentations for EMC measurements. For the scope of this work, the front end of a commercial EMI receiver is chosen and variations due to tolerances, temperature and frequency response of the system are evaluated. This paper illustrates in detail how to treat each block composing the model by analyzing each discrete component, and how to evaluate their influence on the measurand. Since a model can have hundreds or even thousands of parameters, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of some variable might be unknown. So, a method that allows to obtain in a fast and easy way the uncertainty of the measurement despite having so many variables, to then being able to evaluate the influence of each component on the measurand, is necessary for a correct design. In this way, it will be possible to indicate which discrete components have the most influence on the measurand and thus set the maximum tolerances allowed and being able to design a cost-effective solution. Furthermore, this works presents a methodology which can easily be extended and applied to estimate and compute the uncertainty for electromagnetic interferences, energy storage systems (ESS), energy production, electric machines, electric transports and power plants in general.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems and Smart Cities)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessment of the Visual Impact of Existing High-Voltage Lines in Urban Areas
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 285-299; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030017 - 29 Jul 2021
Abstract
This article proposes a novel methodology to evaluate the visual impact of high-voltage lines in urban areas based on photographic images. The use of photographs allows for calculating the overall aesthetic impact while eliminating the subjective factors of the observer. To apply the
[...] Read more.
This article proposes a novel methodology to evaluate the visual impact of high-voltage lines in urban areas based on photographic images. The use of photographs allows for calculating the overall aesthetic impact while eliminating the subjective factors of the observer. To apply the proposed methodology based on photographs, the impact of the position and angle where the photograph was taken was analyzed, and a sensibility analysis was carried out. Moreover, it was applied to an application case, and a comparison with results from a previous study of a visual impact was performed. The methodology shows good performance and a better resolution of the indicator.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Design Techniques for Low-Power and Low-Voltage Bandgaps
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 271-284; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030016 - 26 Jul 2021
Abstract
Reverse bandgaps generate PVT-independent reference voltages by means of the sums of pairs of currents over individual matched resistors: one (CTAT) current is proportional to VEB; the other one (PTAT) is proportional to VT (Thermal voltage). Design guidelines and techniques
[...] Read more.
Reverse bandgaps generate PVT-independent reference voltages by means of the sums of pairs of currents over individual matched resistors: one (CTAT) current is proportional to VEB; the other one (PTAT) is proportional to VT (Thermal voltage). Design guidelines and techniques for a CMOS low-power reverse bandgap reference are presented and discussed in this paper. The paper explains firstly how to design the components of the bandgap branches to minimize circuit current. Secondly, error amplifier topologies are studied in order to reveal the best one, depending on the operation conditions. Finally, a low-voltage bandgap in 65 nm CMOS with 5 ppm/°C, with a DC PSR of −91 dB, with power consumption of 5.2 μW and with an area of 0.0352 mm2 developed with these techniques is presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances toward Carbon-Neutral Power System)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Comparison of DSOGI-Based PLL for Phase Estimation in Three-Phase Weak Grids
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 244-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030015 - 08 Jul 2021
Abstract
The paper presents a summary of different double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI)-based phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithms for synchronization with three-phase weak grids. The different methods are compared through simulation under a variety of grid conditions, such as unbalanced phase voltages, high low-order harmonics
[...] Read more.
The paper presents a summary of different double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI)-based phase-locked loop (PLL) algorithms for synchronization with three-phase weak grids. The different methods are compared through simulation under a variety of grid conditions, such as unbalanced phase voltages, high low-order harmonics distortion, frequency steps, phase jumps, and voltage sags. Following the simulation results, the three methods that have shown the overall best results are compared through an experimental setup for further results validation under operation with a voltage-source converter. Based on the obtained results, a benchmark table is presented that allows ranking the performance of the tested methods for different expected grid conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Electric Vehicles as a Flexibility Provider: Optimal Charging Schedules to Improve the Quality of Charging Service
Electricity 2021, 2(3), 225-243; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030014 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 1
Abstract
The sub-aggregation of electric vehicles provides significant potential to power systems in the form of ancillary services. This means with smart charging it is possible to shift loads from peak to off-peak hours. For the flexibility from privately owned electric vehicles to be
[...] Read more.
The sub-aggregation of electric vehicles provides significant potential to power systems in the form of ancillary services. This means with smart charging it is possible to shift loads from peak to off-peak hours. For the flexibility from privately owned electric vehicles to be offered to the electricity market, customer participation is crucial; however, the impacts of sub-aggregation on customers have not been studied thoroughly. In this paper, charging data covering over 80,000 real-world charging sessions from various commercial charging sites are introduced and the charging characteristics are analyzed. Importantly, a method for finding an optimal pattern for load reduction with the least impact on customers is presented. We suggest an optimal schedule for load reduction from the customer viewpoint at different types of charging sites, including public car parks, offices, residential sites, and shopping centers. The findings indicate that residential and office charging sites offer the greatest potential for load reduction with the least impact on customers. The most flexibility is available during peak charging hours, which on average are at 08:00 at car parks, 07:30 at office sites, 19:00 at residential sites, and 10:00 at shopping centers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Voltage and Frequency Control of Balanced/Unbalanced Distribution System Using the SMES System in the Presence of Wind Energy
by
and
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 205-224; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020013 - 01 Jun 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper presents an effective solution to overcome the problem caused by intermittent energy sources that are connected to a balanced/unbalanced distribution system using a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system by mitigating the voltage and frequency fluctuations during wind gusts. The fuzzy
[...] Read more.
This paper presents an effective solution to overcome the problem caused by intermittent energy sources that are connected to a balanced/unbalanced distribution system using a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system by mitigating the voltage and frequency fluctuations during wind gusts. The fuzzy logic control technique (FLC) is used with SMES to improve the voltage and frequency. A squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is applied as the wind energy generator. The IEEE 33-bus distribution system is used to validate the proposed method. Buses 18 33 are the weakest points in this system; thus, the wind and SMES systems are connected to the system at these buses. We used MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the performance of the IEEE 33-bus system (balanced/unbalanced) considering the SMES, wind system, and fuzzy logic control (FLC). The simulation results show the high performance of the proposed control method to alleviate the voltage and frequency fluctuation and achieve the power leveling strategy of the studied system.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimal Sizing and Placement of Capacitor Banks in Distribution Networks Using a Genetic Algorithm
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 187-204; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020012 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Nowadays, response to electricity consumption growth is mainly supported by efficiency; therefore, this is the new main goal in the development of electric distribution networks, which must fully comply with the system’s constraints. In recent decades, the issue of independent reactive power services,
[...] Read more.
Nowadays, response to electricity consumption growth is mainly supported by efficiency; therefore, this is the new main goal in the development of electric distribution networks, which must fully comply with the system’s constraints. In recent decades, the issue of independent reactive power services, including the optimal placement of capacitors in the grid due to the restructuring of the electricity industry and the creation of a competitive electricity market, has received attention from related companies. In this context, a genetic algorithm is proposed for optimal planning of capacitor banks. A case study derived from a real network, considering the application of suitable daily profiles for loads and generators, to obtain a better representation of the electrical conditions, is discussed in the present paper. The results confirmed that some placement solutions can be obtained with a good compromise between costs and benefits; the adopted benefits are energy losses and power factor infringements, taking into account the network technical limits. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for optimal placement and sizing of capacitor banks in distribution systems, with the definition of a suitable control pattern, have been proved.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development
by
and
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 168-186; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020011 - 11 May 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken
[...] Read more.
The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken up by utilities and relay manufacturers in various ways. In the field of power system protection, developments are largely driven by relay manufacturers, and are often not published in the academic literature; the status and trend of the relay manufacturer’s development are better found in their product manuals and patent activity. Further insight into specific implementations by transmission utilities can be found from publications in industry-led forums and some academic journals. This article surveys the status and development of distance protection for series compensated lines, with a focus on industrial implementation and practical considerations. Factors that influence the protection of series compensated lines are presented. Implementation examples reported by utilities are summarized as examples of the different situations encountered and the methods used to deal with them. It is observed that many utilities use communication-aided protection in series compensated lines, and distance protection is used with reduced reach. Solutions described in relay manuals are presented to demonstrate the manufacturers’ approaches to problems associated with series capacitor protection. While there are methods to counter voltage inversion, current inversion seems to represent a more serious challenge. A patent overview indicates the trends in this domain to be moving towards time-domain-based faster protection methods.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
FDTD Electromagnetic and Thermal Simulation of a Metal Oxide Varistor Element Considering the Temperature Dependence of Its Resistivity
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 158-167; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020010 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Electromagnetic fields and the heat of a metal oxide varistor (MOV), in which a lightning impulse current flows, are calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The MOV is represented with small rectangular parallelepiped cells, each of which has a resistivity dependent on
[...] Read more.
Electromagnetic fields and the heat of a metal oxide varistor (MOV), in which a lightning impulse current flows, are calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The MOV is represented with small rectangular parallelepiped cells, each of which has a resistivity dependent on electric field and temperature. For this purpose, the expression of resistivity as a function of the electric field, proposed previously, is extended to include the dependence on temperature. The temperature dependence is based on voltages across an MOV for impulse currents of 0.5 to 10 kA at temperatures in a range from about 300 to 900 K, measured by Andoh et al. (2000). FDTD-calculated waveform of voltage across the MOV agrees well with the corresponding measured one for a short impulse current with a magnitude of about 4 kA and a duration of about 30 μs. In addition, the temperature on the surface of the MOV agrees well with the corresponding measured one. Further, calculations are carried out for the MOV with a nonuniform resistivity distribution, which roughly simulates deterioration or degradation of the MOV, for a long duration current having a magnitude of 5 kA. The proposed expression of resistivity, given as a function of electric field and temperature, is useful in studying electro-thermal calculations, which can provide insights into causes of MOV damages.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of the Generation System Parameters on the Frequency Response of the Power System: A UK Grid Case Study
by
and
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 143-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020009 - 20 Apr 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The operation and the development of power system networks introduce new types of stability problems. The effect of the power generation and consumption on the frequency of the power system can be described as a demand/generation imbalance resulting from a sudden increase/decrease in
[...] Read more.
The operation and the development of power system networks introduce new types of stability problems. The effect of the power generation and consumption on the frequency of the power system can be described as a demand/generation imbalance resulting from a sudden increase/decrease in the demand and/or generation. This paper investigates the impact of a loss of generation on the transient behaviour of the power grid frequency. A simplified power system model is proposed to examine the impact of change of the main generation system parameters (system inertia, governor droop setting, load damping constant, and the high-pressure steam turbine power fraction), on the primary frequency response in responding to the disturbance of a 1.32 GW generation loss on the UK power grid. Various rates of primary frequency responses are simulated via adjusting system parameters of the synchronous generators to enable the controlled generators providing a fast-reliable primary frequency response within 10 s after a loss of generation. It is concluded that a generation system inertia and a governor droop setting are the most dominant parameters that effect the system frequency response after a loss of generation. Therefore, for different levels of generation loss, the recovery rate will be dependent on the changes of the governor droop setting values. The proposed model offers a fundamental basis for a further investigation to be carried on how a power system will react during a secondary frequency response.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Simulation Model to Analyze the Consequences of DC Faults in MMC-Based HVDC Stations
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 124-142; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020008 - 12 Apr 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The global development of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems in fields such as renewable energy sources, interconnection of asynchronous grids or power transmission over great distances, is unquestionably important. Though widely used, the modular multilevel converter with half-bridge cells is sensitive to DC pole-to-pole
[...] Read more.
The global development of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems in fields such as renewable energy sources, interconnection of asynchronous grids or power transmission over great distances, is unquestionably important. Though widely used, the modular multilevel converter with half-bridge cells is sensitive to DC pole-to-pole faults and the time-response of the protections is critical. Reliability and availability are paramount: circuit-breakers must minimize the effects of any fault on the converter, while ensuring rapid restart. This paper focuses on the modelling aspects to analyse the behaviour of HVDC stations during DC pole-to-pole faults, using either AC or DC circuit-breakers, with different parameters. The proposed model can represent the main issues met by the converter cells during DC faults, such as semiconductor overcurrents and overvoltages, allowing a proper design of the cells.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Energy-Efficient On-Platform Target Classification for Electric Air Transportation Systems
Electricity 2021, 2(2), 110-123; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020007 - 06 Apr 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Due to the predicted rise of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in commercial, civil, and military operations, there is a desire to make UASs more energy efficient so they can proliferate with ease of deployment and maximal life per charge. To address current limitations,
[...] Read more.
Due to the predicted rise of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in commercial, civil, and military operations, there is a desire to make UASs more energy efficient so they can proliferate with ease of deployment and maximal life per charge. To address current limitations, a three-tiered approach is investigated to mitigate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) hover time, reduce network datalink transmission to a ground station, and provide a real-time framework for Sense-and-Avoidance (SAA) target classification. An energy-efficient UAS architecture framework is presented, and a corresponding SAA prototype is developed using commercial hardware to validate the proposed architecture using an experimental methodology. The proposed architecture utilizes classical computer vision methods within the Detection Subsystem coupled with deeply learned Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) within the Classification Subsystem. Real-time operations of three frames per second are realized enabling UAV hover time and associated energy consumption during SAA processing to be effectively eliminated. Additional energy improvements are not addressed in the scope of this work. Inference accuracy is improved by 19% over baseline COTS models and current non-adaptive, single-stage SAA architectures. Overall, by pushing SAA processing to the edge of the sensors, network offload transmissions and reductions in processing time and energy consumption are feasible and realistic in future battery-powered electric air transportation systems.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimized Strategic Planning of Future Norwegian Low-Voltage Networks with a Genetic Algorithm Applying Empirical Electric Vehicle Charging Data
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 91-109; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010006 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 2
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This article outlines methods to facilitate the assessment of the impact of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks at planning stage and applies them to a case study. As network planning is becoming a more complex task, an approach to automated network planning
[...] Read more.
This article outlines methods to facilitate the assessment of the impact of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks at planning stage and applies them to a case study. As network planning is becoming a more complex task, an approach to automated network planning that yields the optimal reinforcement strategy is outlined. Different reinforcement measures are weighted against each other in terms of technical feasibility and costs by applying a genetic algorithm. Traditional reinforcements as well as novel solutions including voltage regulation are considered. To account for electric vehicle charging, a method to determine the uptake in equivalent load is presented. For this, measured data of households and statistical data of electric vehicles are combined in a stochastic analysis to determine the simultaneity factors of household load including electric vehicle charging. The developed methods are applied to an exemplary case study with Norwegian low-voltage networks. Different penetration rates of electric vehicles on a development path until 2040 are considered.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Study of Load Imbalance Influence on Power Quality Assessment for Distribution Networks
by
and
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 77-90; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010005 - 01 Mar 2021
Abstract
Power quality studies for distribution networks are very important for future network expansions realized by utility companies, so the accuracy of such studies is critical. Load data, including information on load imbalance, could have in many situations a significant influence on the correct
[...] Read more.
Power quality studies for distribution networks are very important for future network expansions realized by utility companies, so the accuracy of such studies is critical. Load data, including information on load imbalance, could have in many situations a significant influence on the correct estimation of many power quality indicators. This paper investigates the impact of load imbalance on several phase imbalance indicators and voltage quality indicators by comparing the values of these indicators, as calculated in a power quality study using, sequentially, different sets of load data characterized by different load imbalances. The results of this study confirm the original hypothesis, showing that the use of inaccurate consumption profiles for loads leads to an inaccurate estimation of some power quality indicators. In addition, the results highlight the difficulty of approximating the actual consumption profiles of electrical loads so that this approximation does not affect the correctness of the estimation of phase imbalance and voltage quality indicators.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Engineering from EU-Funded Horizon 2020 Projects)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Bilevel vs. Passive Equalizers for Second Life EV Batteries
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 63-76; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010004 - 07 Feb 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Once lithium-ion batteries degrade to below about 80% of their original capacity, they are no longer considered satisfactory for electric vehicles (EVs), but they are still adequate for second-life energy storage applications. However, once this level is reached, capacity fade increases at a
[...] Read more.
Once lithium-ion batteries degrade to below about 80% of their original capacity, they are no longer considered satisfactory for electric vehicles (EVs), but they are still adequate for second-life energy storage applications. However, once this level is reached, capacity fade increases at a much faster rate, and the spread between the cell capacities becomes much wider. If the passive equalizer (PEQ) from the EV is still used, battery capacity remains equal to that of the worst cell in the stack, just like it was in the EV. Unfortunately, the worst cell eventually becomes much weaker than the cell average, and the other cells are not fully utilized. If operated while the battery is in use, an active equalizer (AEQ) can increase the battery capacity to a much higher value close to the cell average, but AEQs are much more expensive and are not considered cost effective. However, it can be shown that the bilevel equalizer (BEQ), a PEQ/AEQ hybrid, also can provide a capacity very close to the cell average and at a much lower cost than an AEQ.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessing the Impact on Grid Infrastructure of Electrification Pathways for the Italian Residential Sector
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 48-62; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010003 - 03 Feb 2021
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
To achieve the decarbonization objectives described in the Paris Agreement, thermal appliances’ electrification is considered an essential factor. Unfortunately, the substitution of thermal appliances with electric alternatives will inevitably increase the load on the national electric system; thus, it is crucial to perform
[...] Read more.
To achieve the decarbonization objectives described in the Paris Agreement, thermal appliances’ electrification is considered an essential factor. Unfortunately, the substitution of thermal appliances with electric alternatives will inevitably increase the load on the national electric system; thus, it is crucial to perform analyses to assess these policies’ impact. This paper, using as a reference the electrification pathways studied by Besagni et al. employing the MOIRAE (bottom-up MOdel to compute the energy consumption of the Italian REsidential sector) model, calculates the energy and power increase in the residential sector in 2030 due to the substitution of different thermal appliances and discusses potential policies to take into account the effect of their implementation on the Italian electric system. Even if the current generation capacity can sustain the electrification process without problems, investments will be needed to limit the possibility of congestions on transmission lines connecting the country’s northern and southern parts.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Review of Deterministic and Probabilistic Wind Power Forecasting: Models, Methods, and Future Research
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 13-47; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010002 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 3
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The need to turn to more environmentally friendly sources of energy has led energy systems to focus on renewable sources of energy. Wind power has been a widely used source of green energy. However, the wind’s stochastic and unpredictable behavior has created several
[...] Read more.
The need to turn to more environmentally friendly sources of energy has led energy systems to focus on renewable sources of energy. Wind power has been a widely used source of green energy. However, the wind’s stochastic and unpredictable behavior has created several challenges to the operation and stability of energy systems. Forecasting models have been developed and excessively used in recent decades in order to deal with these challenges. Deterministic forecasting models have been the main focus of researchers and are still being developed in order to improve their accuracy. Furthermore, in recent years, in order to observe and study the uncertainty of forecasts, probabilistic forecasting models have been developed in order to give a wider view of the possible prediction outcomes. Advanced probabilistic and deterministic forecasting models could be used in order to facilitate the energy systems operation and energy markets management. This paper introduces an overview of state-of-the-art wind power deterministic and probabilistic models, developing a comparative evaluation between the different models reviewed, identifying their advantages and disadvantages, classifying and analyzing current and future research directions in this area.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of the Conductor Positioning on Low-Power Current Transformers: Inputs for the Next IEC 61869-10
Electricity 2021, 2(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity2010001 - 05 Jan 2021
Abstract
Low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) are spreading among the distribution network thanks to their features (e.g., compactness, lightness, enhanced bandwidth, etc.). It is then a fundamental to guide users and manufacturers to a correct usage and manufacturing of the LPITs. Technical committees, which are
[...] Read more.
Low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) are spreading among the distribution network thanks to their features (e.g., compactness, lightness, enhanced bandwidth, etc.). It is then a fundamental to guide users and manufacturers to a correct usage and manufacturing of the LPITs. Technical committees, which are in charge of writing dedicated standards, often tackle such a task. Focusing on the current type of LPITs, the low-power current transformers (LPCTs), the associated standard is the IEC 61869-10, which is going to be improved in 2021. To this purpose, the work aims at providing new inputs for the future version of such a standard. In particular, the focus is pointed towards the effects of the conductor positioning on the window-type LPCT accuracy. Literature and gained experience in the field are the two pillars that have been used to refine the outcomes of the work, which are provided in terms of suggestions for each technical aspect, as discussed in the standard, related to LPCTs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems and Smart Cities)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Energies, Electronics, Electricity
Optimisation, Optimal Control and Nonlinear Dynamics in Electrical Power, Energy Storage and Renewable Energy Systems
Editors-in-Chief: Victor Becerra, Ahmed RachidDeadline: 15 April 2022
Topic in
Energies, Electricity
Electricity Demand-Side Management
Editors-in-Chief: António Gomes Martins, Luís Pires Neves, José Luís SousaDeadline: 30 April 2022
Topic in
Energies, JLPEA, Electricity
Application of Innovative Power Electronic Technologies
Editors-in-Chief: Ching-Ming Lai, Yitao LiuDeadline: 20 June 2022
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Electricity
Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems
Guest Editors: Dana-Alexandra CIUPAGEANU, Linda Barelli, Gheorghe LAZAROIUDeadline: 31 August 2021
Special Issue in
Electricity
Advances in Electrical Engineering from EU-Funded Horizon 2020 Projects
Guest Editors: Andreas Sumper, Paula Varandas FerreiraDeadline: 30 September 2021
Special Issue in
Electricity
Optimal Operation and Planning of Smart Power Distribution Networks
Guest Editor: Pavlos S. GeorgilakisDeadline: 31 October 2021
Special Issue in
Electricity
Recent Advances in Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Guest Editors: Hua Geng, Tiago Curi BusarelloDeadline: 15 December 2021



