In a confined space, the flammability of alternative refrigerants (such as R717, R290, R32, and R1234yf) poses significant safety risks during leaks. However, in the actual refrigeration systems, the direction of refrigerant leakage is difficult to p...
Some alternative refrigerants with excellent environmental performance often have different flammable limits. When refrigerant leaks, the external space may have a certain explosion risk if the refrigerant is not diffused timely. To understand the le...
This study numerically investigates the critical fuel concentration and flammable regions of methane–air and methane oxy-fuel counterflow diffusion flames. The goal is to determine the effects of strain rate, oxidizer composition, and radiative...
The differential flammability of individual plant species in landscape-scale fire behaviour is an important consideration, but one that is often overlooked. This is in part due to a relative dearth in the availability of plant flammability data. Here...
Climatic conditions are extremely important for both the ignition and spread of forest fires. Flammability and fire spread vary depending on the interactions with environmental factors, such as weather, fuels, and topography. Among the fuel variables...
Climatic conditions are extremely important for the start and spread of forest fires. Flammability and the spread of fire are sensitive to the interactions of variables within ecosystems, such as weather, fuel, and topography. Certain variables are h...
With more frequent and intense fires expected under future climate conditions, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control flammability in Australian forests. We followed a systematic review approach to determine which physical traits m...
In this study, we evaluated changes in the potential flammability of different Mediterranean shrub species in a pine (Pinus pinea) forest in the Doñana Natural Park (of SW Spain) as a result of goat grazing. Plant height, total biomass, fine fuel bio...
Street trees provide ecosystem services such as heat mitigation, improved community well-being, and biodiversity conservation. At the wildland–urban interface (WUI), high-flammability street trees also provide a conflicting ecosystem disservice...
The article presents the results of flammability tests on polymer compositions with wheat bran (WB) as the applied filler, and polyethylene (PE) or poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) as the matrix material. Tests were conducted using samples of compositi...
The use of hydrogen as an energy vector seems today one of the most viable alternatives, although its use involves safety problems due to the generation of explosive atmospheres. Lower and upper flammability limits are one of the most important param...
The accumulation of thermal energy in the form of latent heat of phase transition using phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the most attractive and studied research areas with huge application potential in both passive and active technical system...
In architecture and construction, it is common practice to use acrylic products with a high flammable content, ranging from lacquers designed to improve the curing of concrete and mortar to resins that provide protection, sealing, flexibility, and el...
To explore the possible relationship between diseased trees and wildfires, we assessed the flammability of canker-resistant and susceptible common cypress clones that were artificially infected with Seiridium cardinale compared to healthy trees. This...
Global warming, as the result of the negative impact of humans on climate change, has been observed based on various data sources. Various measures have aimed to reduce anthropogenic factors, and also to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane CH4 emi...
Fire is an ecological factor that strongly influences plant communities and functional traits. Communities respond differently to fire, either decreasing or increasing in flammability and resource acquisition strategies. This study aimed to investiga...
The boreal forest of northwestern North America covers an extensive area, contains vast amounts of carbon in its vegetation and soil, and is characterized by extensive wildfires. Catastrophic crown fires in these forests are fueled predominantly by o...
Forest litter is a fuel component that is important for the propagation of fire. Data describing fuel load, structure and fuel condition were gathered for two sites of Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest, a common vegetation type in the Sydney Basi...
Liquid hydrogen storage is an important way of hydrogen storage and transportation, which greatly improves the storage and transportation efficiency due to the high energy density but at the same time brings new safety hazards. In this study, the liq...
Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) has been strongly promoted in many dense urban areas, including the Greater Bay Area. There might be an explosion risk if leaked flammable clean refrigerants accumulate in a confined unit. Experimental and modeli...
Given the increasing frequency, severity, and socioecological impacts of wildfires, there is an urgent need for robust frameworks to better characterize fire behavior and flammability patterns across ecosystems to support early warning, mitigation, a...
This paper aimed to provide technical support for fuel management by exploring different strengths of fuel removal on the physical and chemical properties and flammability of Betula platyphylla forests in the wildland–urban interface. After inv...
Climate change has led to more unpredictable and in many cases more extreme environmental stress on both forests and savannas, which occur as a vegetation mosaic in many tropical regions. It is therefore important to understand the comparative ecolog...
Mediterranean climate regions have become more vulnerable to fire due to the extreme weather conditions and numerous Eucalyptus globulus plantation areas. The aim of this study is to analyze the fire hazard related to E. globulus in a forest fire sce...
Firebrands are the primary source of ignition for large wildfires and urban wildfires (WUIs). China is a country with a high incidence of forest fires, and there are great differences in the terrain, climate, and other natural conditions in different...
This study analyzes the forest flammability hazard in the south of Tyumen Oblast (Western Siberia, Russia) and identifies variation patterns in fire areas depending on weather and climate characteristics in 2008–2023. Using correlation analysis...
Southwestern China has a large area of artificial forests and has experienced massive environmental and social losses due to forest fires. Evaluating the flammability of fuels from dominated forests in this region can help assess the fire risk and pr...
Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers represent an eco-friendly and inexpensive alternative to conventional petroleum-based materials and have been increasingly utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications due to their numerous advant...
One of the main goals of the shipping industry is to decarbonize the fuels used in maritime transportation. Ammonia is thought to be a potential alternative for hydrogen storage in the future, allowing for CO2-free energy systems. Ammonia’s ben...
Commercial refrigeration systems currently utilize refrigerants with global warming potential (GWP) values ranging from 1250 to 4000. The advent of low GWP alternatives (GWP
The blending of hydrogen significantly impacts the diffusion and safety characteristics of natural gas within indoor environments. This study employs ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 to numerically investigate the diffusion and ventilation characteristics of hyd...
Hydrogen is one of the most important clean energy sources of the future. Because of its flammability, explosiveness, and flammability, it is important to develop a highly sensitive hydrogen sensor. Among many gas sensing materials, zinc oxide has ex...
Natural keratin fibres derived from Mexican tannery waste and coconut fibres from coconut processing waste were used as fillers in commercially available, biodegradable thermoplastic starch-polyester blend to obtain sustainable biocomposites. The mor...
With climate-driven increases in wildfires in the western U.S., it is imperative to understand how the risk to homes is also changing nationwide. Here, we quantify the number of homes threatened, suppression costs, and ignition sources for 1.6 millio...
Wildfires influence the global carbon cycle, and the regularity of wildfires is mostly determined by elements such as meteorological conditions, combustible material states, and human activities. The time series and spatial dispersion of wildfires ha...
Hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) is widely regarded as a transitional pathway for decarbonizing urban gas systems. However, the coupled evolution from buried pipeline leakage to pre-ignition flammable cloud formation has not yet been systematicall...
Wood is an important renewable material exhibiting excellent physical and mechanical properties, environmental friendliness, and sustainability, and has been widely applied in daily life. However, its inherent flammability and susceptibility to funga...
Highly flammable substances such as hydrogen and silane are used in the semiconductor manufacturing process. When gas leaks, it is mixed with outside air and connected to a treatment facility through the duct inside the gas box. This study investigat...
This paper reports the vapor pressure and enthalpy of vaporization for a promising phase change material (PCM) guanidinium methanesulfonate ([Gdm][OMs]), which is a typical guanidinium organomonosulfonate that displays a lamellar crystalline architec...
Deforestation in peatland areas such as Kalimantan, Indonesia has been going on for decades. The deforestation has indirectly increased peatlands to become degraded and flammable. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry approach for identif...
Epoxy resin has a versatile set of applications due to its excellent properties. However, its easily flammable property limits further applications. A bio-based flame retardant, cardanyl diphenylphosphate (CDPP), was successfully synthesized via cond...
Globally, fire regimes are being altered by changing climatic conditions. New fire regimes have the potential to drive species extinctions and cause ecosystem state changes, with a range of consequences for ecosystem services. Despite the co-occurren...
Flammable fuel-N2O mixtures raise safety and environmental protection issues in areas where these mixtures are used (such as: industry, research, internal combustion engines). Therefore, it is important to know their laminar combustion velocities and...
Complex installations that involve dangerous substances, such as oil and gas or nuclear plants, must mandatorily undergo a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) according to current regulations. This requires, among others, the simulation of hundreds of...
Rigid polyurethane foams are the better-performing material for the most common insulation purposes, like sandwich panels. Nevertheless, they are highly flammable materials, release toxic gases, and are manufactured from fossil sources. As an alterna...
Cellulose nanofiber/AlOOH aerogel for flame retardant and thermal insulation was successfully prepared through a hydrothermal method. Their flame retardant and thermal insulation properties were investigated. The morphology image of the cellulose nan...
One of the most important areas of green chemistry is the application of environmentally friendly solvents in catalysis and synthesis. Conventional organic solvents pose a threat to the environment due to the volatility, highly flammability, toxicity...
Fire management is becoming increasingly relevant in our changing climate as fire frequency and intensity increases both on a global scale and locally in Tasmania. The distribution of fuel across the landscape has significant impacts on fire regimes,...
To overcome the well-established drawbacks of conventional organic solvents (toxicity, non-biodegradability, flammability, accumulation in the atmosphere) remarkable research efforts have been recently devoted to the replacement of traditional organi...
This study analysed the characteristics of the recent (2018–2019) wildfires that occurred in the USA, Brazil, and Australia using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fires (AF), fire radiative power (FRP, MW) and burned...
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