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Assessing the Key Construction Safety Challenges in Sri Lanka: A Survey-Based Study
Evaluation of a Biomathematical Modeling Software Tool for the Prediction of Risk in Flight Schedules Compared Against Incidence of Fatigue Reports
Exploring Emergency Decision-Making: A Bibliometric Review of Existing Literature
Job Stress, Burnout, and Work Ability in Tire Manufacturing: The Role of Age and Experience
A Cause Analysis Model of Nuclear Accidents in Marine Nuclear Power Plants Based on the Perspective of a Socio-Technical System

Journal Description

Safety

Safety is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on industrial and human health safety published quarterly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), SafetyLit, and other databases.
Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Safety Research)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 29.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 1.8 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 1.8 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2313-576X

Latest Articles

12 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Bicycle Accidents and Injury Analysis in Poland: Insights from 2016 to 2023

by Sebastian Glowinski, Szymon Rzepczyk and Maciej Obst

Safety 2025, 11(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020032 - 2 Apr 2025

Bicycle safety remains a critical concern as cycling gains popularity, especially in urban areas where traffic conditions pose significant risks. The increasing presence of bicycles and derivatives of them further complicates traffic dynamics, raising the potential for accidents and injuries. This study examines [...] Read more.

Bicycle safety remains a critical concern as cycling gains popularity, especially in urban areas where traffic conditions pose significant risks. The increasing presence of bicycles and derivatives of them further complicates traffic dynamics, raising the potential for accidents and injuries. This study examines bicycle accident trends in Poland from 2016 to 2023 using data provided by the Polish Police, supplemented with medical insights on injury mechanisms. The analysis highlights key patterns, such as the higher incidence of accidents during summer, fewer accidents on weekends compared to weekdays, and the disproportionate fatality rate among cyclists over 60. Failure to yield the right of way emerges as a leading cause of accidents. These findings underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to improving cyclist safety, including infrastructural enhancements, public education, stricter enforcement of traffic laws, and advancements in medical response and protective gear. Addressing these factors can contribute to a safer environment that supports the continued growth of sustainable and active transportation. Full article

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30 pages, 3827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Approaches for Mitigating Occupational Vibration Exposure in the Context of Industry 4.0

by Doru Costin Darabont, Lucian-Ionel Cioca and Daniel Onut Badea

Safety 2025, 11(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020031 - 1 Apr 2025

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed [...] Read more.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure presents occupational health risks across multiple industries, particularly in tasks involving heavy machinery and prolonged seating. This study examines WBV risk factors, intervention strategies, and the potential for digital monitoring solutions to strengthen workplace safety. A sector-wide analysis assessed vibration exposure levels, worker-reported discomfort, and the effectiveness of the existing control measures. The study introduces a conceptual framework for a mobile application designed to integrate real-time exposure tracking, structured worker feedback, and predictive risk assessment. The findings confirm that WBV exposure varies across industries, with the energy and maritime logistics sectors showing the highest levels of noncompliance. A tiered intervention strategy, classified by impact and effort, provides a structured method for prioritizing risk reduction measures. Immediate actions, such as real-time monitoring and preventive maintenance, require minimal effort but provide high-impact benefits, while long-term strategies, including ergonomic workstation redesign, demand greater investment but contribute to sustained exposure reduction. The proposed framework offers a scalable, data-driven approach to WBV risk management, transitioning workplace safety from compliance-based monitoring to proactive prevention. Future research should explore implementation feasibility, worker adoption, and the integration of AI-driven safety recommendations to support continuous improvements in workplace safety strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Safety Challenges in the Context of Industry 4.0)

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19 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupational Risks in a Brazilian Aluminum Forming Industry: Risk Analysis and Work Environment

by Maressa Fontana Mezoni, Antonio Augusto de Paula Xavier, Sheila Regina Oro, Sergio Luiz Ribas Pessa, Maiquiel Schmidt de Oliveira and Vilmar Steffen

Safety 2025, 11(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020030 - 30 Mar 2025

Data on work accidents reflect the incidence of harm to workers’ health and occupational diseases, supported by studies that indicate the influence of length of service on service, age, and dominant skills as contributing factors to occupational accidents. This study aimed to assess [...] Read more.

Data on work accidents reflect the incidence of harm to workers’ health and occupational diseases, supported by studies that indicate the influence of length of service on service, age, and dominant skills as contributing factors to occupational accidents. This study aimed to assess whether the working environment conditions were favorable to workers and to determine whether gender, age, and length of service influenced the occurrence of work-related accidents. The goal was to identify and mitigate risk factors to improve worker health. Descriptive statistics techniques, including Pearson correlation, Analysis of Variance, the Tukey’s test, and Cluster Analysis were applied. Additionally, a categorical variable analysis (survey) was conducted to assess the work environment, alongside postural analysis using the OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analyzing System) method. The results revealed noise levels exceeding recommended limits in almost all investigated sectors, as well as inadequate illuminance and temperature conditions on the production line. The clustering analysis identified three distinct groups. Group 1: Individuals aged 18 to 27 with little experience in the activity, of whom 42% reported pain or discomfort. Group 2: Older operators with 62% experiencing pain or discomfort. Group 3: Young male workers with experience in the role, a higher incident of work accidents, and alcohol consumption up to three times a week, of whom 50% reported pain or discomfort. Statistical inference allowed the identification of process deficiencies and a detailed analysis of work-related pain through self-perceived diagnosis, enabling corrective actions to similar processes and contributing to existing research. Full article

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16 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Factors Affecting Safety Behaviors and Safety Performance in the Manufacturing Sector: Job Demands-Resources Approach

by Hyun Jeong Seo, Seung-Yoon Rhee and Nam Kyun Kim

Safety 2025, 11(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11020029 - 24 Mar 2025

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The dynamic nature of workplaces highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to promote a safe working environment and enhance workers’ well-being. These strategies must address both organizational safety performance and individual safety behaviors. (2) Methods: This study employed the job demands-resources (JD-R) model to examine the impact of workplace factors on safety behaviors and organizational safety performance among 3255 manufacturing companies. The data utilized in this study originate from the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Status Survey by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (KOSHA). (3) Results: Occupational stressors involving physical and psychological risks (job demand) significantly reduced employees’ adherence to safety practices while increasing workplace diseases and accidents. Conversely, when job resources were effectively mobilized to bolster individual resources, safety behaviors improved, and the incidence of workplace diseases and accidents decreased. Middle managers’ safety competency emerged as a critical moderating factor in these relationships, amplifying the positive impact of job resources. (4) Conclusions: The results highlight the necessity of managing physical and emotional hazards while enhancing middle managers’ abilities to promote workplace safety. A multidimensional approach is essential for preventing workplace accidents and improving safety outcomes. Implementing a comprehensive stress management system is particularly vital to safeguarding workers in the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

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22 pages, 2173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Safety Climate and Safety Performance in the Large-Scale Building Construction Industry in Ethiopia: A Structural Equation Model Using the NOSACQ-50 Tool

by Teferi Abegaz, Wakgari Deressa and Bente Elisabeth Moen

Safety 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010028 - 12 Mar 2025

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate [...] Read more.

A cross-sectional study of safety climate and safety performance was performed in Ethiopian construction sites, among 1203 workers from 22 large-scale construction sites. The Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire was administered using interviews. We developed a model to show the interrelations between safety climate and performance. This model was examined using factor analysis. Low scores for all seven safety climate dimensions were found, with values ranging from 2.33 to 3.08 and a mean of 2.70. Similarly, the mean score of the safety performance construct was 2.95 for safety participation and 3.58 for safety compliance. A strong positive correlation was found between safety climate and safety performance, and safety involvement accounted for 29.2% of the variance, while safety compliance accounted for 28.6% of the variance. The suggested association between self-reported injuries and safety climate was not confirmed. Nonetheless, Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with safety climate. In conclusion, low scores for all safety climate dimensions show that safety on construction sites must be improved. The safety climate positively influences employees’ safety behavior (safety compliance and safety participation) and minimizes occupational injuries. Full article

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29 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation

by Mirko Simonetto, John-Alan Pascoe and Alexei Sharpanskykh

Safety 2025, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010027 - 11 Mar 2025

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The development of liquid hydrogen storage systems is a key aspect to enable future clean air transportation. However, safety analysis research for such systems is still limited and is hindered by the limited experience with liquid hydrogen storage in aviation. This paper presents the outcomes of a preliminary safety assessment applied to this new type of storage system, accounting for the hazards of hydrogen. The methodology developed is based on hazard identification and frequency evaluation across all system features to identify the most critical safety concerns. Based on the safety assessment, a set of safety recommendations concerning different subsystems of the liquid hydrogen storage system is proposed, identifying hazard scopes and necessary mitigation actions across various system domains. The presented approach has been proven to be suitable for identifying essential liquid hydrogen hazards despite the novelty of the technology and for providing systematic design recommendations at a relatively early design stage. Full article

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18 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Vibrotactile Displays to Support Hazard Awareness in Multitasking Control Tasks for Heavy Machinery Work

by S. M. Ashif Hossain, Allen Yin and Thomas K. Ferris

Safety 2025, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010026 - 11 Mar 2025

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The safe execution of heavy machinery operations and high-risk construction tasks requires operators to manage multiple tasks, with a constant awareness of coworkers and hazards. With high demands on visual and auditory resources, vibrotactile feedback systems offer a solution to enhance awareness without overburdening vision or hearing. (2) Aim: This study evaluates the impact of vibrotactile feedback regarding proximity to hazards on multitasking performance and cognitive workload in order to support hazard awareness in a controlled task environment. (3) Method: Twenty-four participants performed a joystick-controlled navigation task and a concurrent mental spatial rotation task. Proximity to hazards in the navigation task was conveyed via different encodings of vibrotactile feedback: No Vibration, Intensity-Modulation, Pulse Duration, and Pulse Spacing. Performance metrics, including obstacle collisions, target hits, contact time, and accuracy, were assessed alongside perceived workload. (4) Results: Intensity-Modulated feedback reduced obstacle collisions and proximity time, while lowering workload, compared to No Vibration. No significant effects were found on spatial rotation accuracy, indicating that vibrotactile feedback effectively guides navigation and supports spatial awareness. (5) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of vibrotactile feedback to improve navigation performance and hazard awareness, offering valuable insights into multimodal safety systems in high-demand environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 9859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Manual Handling Carts: A Novel Approach Combining Corrective Forces and Modelling to Prevent Injuries

by Stephane Gille

Safety 2025, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010025 - 10 Mar 2025

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, [...] Read more.

Design standards for manual handling equipment tend to measure maximal loads and moving forces using a smooth, flat, horizontal steel plate; yet, in everyday use, such equipment is used on floor coverings. Such test methods therefore overestimate the maximal loads acceptable for operators, which increases the risk of injury including the development of musculoskeletal disorders. This study presents a new approach for calculating the pushing force for manually handled equipment moving longitudinally on resilient floor coverings from the pushing force measured on a steel plate. This method combines corrective forces with the pushing force model presented in this study. Corrective force abaci, which describe corrective forces as functions of the hardness of the floor covering’s base foam, are provided for each type of tread and bearing in the cart’s wheels. These abaci have been elaborated from pushing force measurements obtained with 44 wheel designs (of varying diameters, treads and bearings) tested on five different floors on a custom-built test bench. A mean deviation between experimental results and model predictions of 5.1% is obtained for pushing forces. These results permit us to account for the real conditions in which manual handling equipment is used and help in reducing the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Occupational Health and Safety: Engineering and Management Aspects)

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31 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Risk-Informed Design Framework for Functional Safety System Design of Human–Robot Collaboration Applications

by Jing Wu, Junru Ren, Ole Ravn and Lazaros Nalpantidis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010024 - 2 Mar 2025

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk [...] Read more.

The safety of robotics and automation technologies is a significant concern for stakeholders in Industry 5.0. Ensuring cost-effectiveness and inherent safety requires applying the defense-in-depth principle. This paper introduces a novel risk-informed design framework for functional safety, integrating function-centered hazard identification and risk assessment via fault tree analysis (FTA). Demonstrated in the design of a semi-automated agricultural vehicle, the framework begins with a function-centered hazard identification approach (F-CHIA) based on ISO 12100. It examined design intents, identified hazard zones, and conducted task and function identification. Foreseeable functional hazardous situations are analyzed, leading to functional requirements and the identification of relevant directives, regulations, and standards. The F-CHIA outputs inform the functional safety analysis, assessing the required performance level and deriving specific requirements for software, hardware, and human operators using FTA. The functional requirements derived from F-CHIA are more systematic than traditional methods and serve as effective inputs for functional safety analysis in human–robot collaboration applications. The proposed framework enables design teams to focus on enhancing factors that improve functional safety performance levels, resulting in a more thorough and effective safety design process. Full article

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21 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Safety Culture Following the Implementation of a Near-Miss Management System in the Traditional Manufacturing Industry

by Maria H. Pedrosa, Ana K. Salazar, Carla Cardoso and Joana C. Guedes

Safety 2025, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010023 - 2 Mar 2025

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: [...] Read more.

Safety culture is crucial for organisations aiming to enhance safety performance and is challenging in traditional sectors. This study explored the effects of a new near-miss management system (NMS) on safety culture in traditional manufacturing companies. The data collection followed a mixed-methods design: quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-implementation surveys, and qualitative data were derived from focus group discussions (FGDs) developed a year after NMS implementation in two footwear companies. After that period, it is possible to infer that the NMS led to changes in the safety culture. OHS management commitment, accident and near-miss investigation, and OHS meetings and training dimensions were impacted. Employees perceived the NMS introduction as a signal of management′s commitment and the possibility of accessing training and participating in near-miss and accident investigations. In organisations that rely on intensive manual labour, ongoing training is essential to ensure that safety measures are effective and that the organisation′s safety management system (NMS) is sustainable. Although limited by the small sample size and sector focus, the results show that even a simplified NMS procedure adapted to the company and adequate training provided to the workforce significantly impacts the company′s safety culture and workers′ safety behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health and Safety (OHS): Emerging Trends and Future Directions)

24 pages, 1976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levels of Automation for a Computer-Based Procedure for Simulated Nuclear Power Plant Operation: Impacts on Workload and Trust

by Jacquelyn Schreck, Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, Sean Mondesire, David Metcalf, Kelly Dickerson and John Grasso

Safety 2025, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010022 - 2 Mar 2025

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust [...] Read more.

Nuclear power plants increasingly utilize digitalized systems, including computer-based procedures (CBPs) and automation. These novel technologies require human factors’ evaluation to ensure safety. Potentially, automation contributes to safety by reducing workload, but automation may also induce a loss of situation awareness and trust miscalibration. The current study investigated workload during a simulated nuclear power plant (NPP) emergency operation procedure (EOP) executed using a CBP supported by automation. Two levels of automation (LOA) were compared within subjects: management-by-consent (lower LOA) and management-by-exception (higher LOA). Subjective workload and trust were assessed, together with objective psychophysiological and performance-based workload measures. LOA effects varied across the different workload measures. The hypothesis that workload would be reduced at the higher LOA was confirmed for a behavioral measure (secondary task response time). However, other metrics, including instantaneous self-assessment (ISA) and heart rate variability (HRV), showed increased workload at the higher LOA. Different LOAs may produce differing operator strategies that require multivariate workload assessment to evaluate. Effect sizes for the impact of LOA on workload were indexed by Cohen’s d. Several of these effect sizes were in the 0.4–0.6 range, indicating effects of medium magnitude. In addition, subjective workload data were compared with those from a previous study that simulated conventional NPP operations. As anticipated, workload tended to be lower with the automated procedure. The study suggests future directions for human factors research on plant modernization. Full article

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17 pages, 2404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Study: Performance Differences Between Novice Teen and Senior Drivers Using Interactive Exercises on a Driving Simulator

by Johnell O. Brooks, Rakesh Gangadharaiah, Patrick J. Rosopa, Casey Jenkins, Elenah B. Rosopa, Rebecca Pool, Lauren Mims, Breno Schwambach, Timothy Jenkins and Ken Melnrick

Safety 2025, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010021 - 2 Mar 2025

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of [...] Read more.

Clinicians who do not specialize in driving have a need for simple assessment tools for both the aging population and new drivers. While many researchers focus on complex driving scenarios presented on simulators or on-road driving, this exploratory study examines the use of interactive exercises presented using a driving simulator to determine if there are differences in the speed at which senior and novice teen drivers respond to the steering wheel and pedal stimuli. This gap is addressed by evaluating performance differences between 34 senior drivers (over 60) and 17 novice teen drivers (ages 16–17) using interactive exercises with a driving simulator: Reaction Timer Steering©, Reaction Timer Stoplight©, and Stoplight and Steering©. Overall, teens had faster reaction times and fewer errors than seniors, yet seniors demonstrated greater improvement over time. Reaction times decreased for both age groups using the Reaction Timer Stoplight exercise. For the Stoplight and Steering exercise, significant differences between the groups were identified for both the number of errors as well as their reaction times. The findings from this exploratory study suggest the potential value of using driving simulators for assessment and potentially training the motor movements associated with driving across different age groups. By providing safe and controlled environments, simulators offer value to clinicians and educators for evaluations, interventions, and skill screenings to potentially improve safety for at-risk driver populations. Full article

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28 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Literature Review of Cargo Loss Risks in Road Transportation: Impacts and Future Directions

by Praiya Panjee, Varunya Kaewchueaknang and Sataporn Amornsawadwatana

Safety 2025, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010020 - 26 Feb 2025

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to identify and discuss specific cargo loss risks in road transportation. The research also examines their impacts, challenges, and mitigation strategies. By synthesizing insights from 24 studies using a systematic snowballing methodology, this study categorizes risks into five primary domains: Man, Method, Machine, Material, and Environment. Specifically, the review highlights major cargo loss risks within the context of road transportation. A fishbone diagram illustrates the multifactorial interactions that contribute to cargo loss. Emerging technological solutions, such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled monitoring, and advanced packaging designs, are explored as key strategies to mitigate these risks. The findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to enhance road transport safety, reduce cargo loss, and strengthen the resilience of global supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Road Traffic Risk Assessment: Control and Prevention of Collisions)

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13 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Sudden Incapacitation Due to Cardiovascular Disease in Elderly Pilots: Lessons Learned from Two Fatal Accidents of Elderly General Aviation Pilots in Finland

by Alpo Vuorio, Janne Kotiranta, Ismo Aaltonen, Juho Posio, Tiina Bieber and Bruce Budowle

Safety 2025, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010019 - 25 Feb 2025

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation [...] Read more.

Investigations of aviation accidents are based on provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13 agreement. A safety recommendation may be addressed to international aviation organizations, such as the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the ICAO, by the Accident Investigation Agency of any country, following a safety investigation into an occurrence. This process also promotes learning from smaller aviation accidents internationally. This article highlights two relatively small aviation accidents in Finland from 2016 and 2021, respectively, both of which fall under general aviation and have led to significant aeromedical safety recommendations for the EASA and the ICAO. In the 2016 accident, a general aviation pilot, who had previously suffered heart attacks, suffered another heart attack and died shortly after landing. This incident led to a recommendation issued to EASA calling for additional training of aeromedical officers in aeromedical risk assessment on pre-existing health conditions. The 2021 accident involved an elderly general aviation pilot who became incapacitated due to health issues. The recommendations resulting from this investigation were brought further to the ICAO and EASA in order for them to emphasize the importance of the age of a pilot in current aviation health assessment guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Safety—Accident Investigation, Analysis and Prevention)

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23 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Effective Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment in Post-Mining Areas

by Dafni M. Nalmpant-Sarikaki, Alexandros I. Theocharis, Nikolaos C. Koukouzas and Ioannis E. Zevgolis

Safety 2025, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010018 - 19 Feb 2025

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which [...] Read more.

This work presents a structured methodology for multi-hazard risk assessment in post-mining coal areas, addressing the complex interactions between natural, mining, and technological hazards. The methodology provides a flexible, semi-quantitative mixed-methods framework designed to evaluate multi-hazard risk scenarios through a seven-step process, which includes identification of hazards, analysis of hazard interactions, and calculation of the Multi-Hazard Index (MHI), Vulnerability Index (VI), and Multi-Risk Value (MRV). The MHI assesses the cumulative intensity of hazard interactions, while the MRV quantifies the socio-economic impacts of various multi-hazard scenarios. The framework also incorporates vulnerability assessments, using social and physical vulnerability indices, to better understand the potential risks to communities. The methodology aims to enhance the safety of post-mining areas by mitigating the cascading effects of hazard interactions and by systematically increasing the knowledge of hazard interdependencies. This approach is adaptable to diverse post-mining contexts, offering a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing multi-hazard risks. It aligns with the broader objectives of the European Green Deal by promoting sustainable land management and addressing the transition of coal regions toward a carbon-neutral economy. It equips stakeholders with necessary tools to enhance resilience and ensure the long-term socio-economic and environmental stability and safety of post-mining areas. Full article

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12 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative and Narrative Analysis of Dump Truck-Related Injuries and Fatalities in the United States

by Terry L. Bunn, Caitlin A. Northcutt, Rebecca Honaker and Patrick Maloney

Safety 2025, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010017 - 11 Feb 2025

Dump truck safety recommendations have been implemented by companies, but a comprehensive study of risk factors associated with dump truck injuries and fatalities has not been performed. Published research specifically focusing on dump truck injuries is limited. The purpose of this descriptive study [...] Read more.

Dump truck safety recommendations have been implemented by companies, but a comprehensive study of risk factors associated with dump truck injuries and fatalities has not been performed. Published research specifically focusing on dump truck injuries is limited. The purpose of this descriptive study was to characterize risk factors associated with dump truck-related inspection cases reported by the OSHA in the United States. Dump truck inspections during 2016–2020 were obtained from the online OSHA IMIS database. Pearson’s chi-square test and logistic regression were performed. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using PROC MIXED and a generalized linear mixed model was calculated on 122 closed dump truck-related inspection cases. One half of dump truck worker fatalities resulted in a serious OSHA violation, whereas three quarters of nonfatal dump truck worker injuries resulted in an ‘other’ or no OSHA violation; 22% of fatalities involved the dump truck backing up. A nonfatal injury narrative often involved the words ‘finger’, ‘tailgate’, and ‘bed’, whereas the words ‘trailer’, ‘asphalt’, ‘load’, and ‘loader’ were mentioned more often in fatalities. A fatal dump truck injury was three times more likely to be associated with a serious OSHA violation compared to a nonfatal dump truck injury. Industries should provide initial and refresher worker safety training to dump truck drivers and other employees who work within the dump truck hazard zone, particularly employees who utilize dump trucks for working with asphalt or around power lines, and employees who repair dump trucks. Full article

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11 pages, 2135 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Emergency Department Visits Due to Occupational Accidents: A Retrospective Observational Study in a Northern Italian City

by Francesca Sellaro, Roberta Pernetti, Stefano Massimo Candura, Stefano Perlini, Francesco Speciale, Gabriele Savioli and Enrico Oddone

Safety 2025, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010016 - 7 Feb 2025

This retrospective observational study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational accident rates by analyzing over 500,000 Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2014 to 2022 in a Northern Italian city. Work-related injuries comprised 3.6% of total ED visits, with significant gender [...] Read more.

This retrospective observational study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational accident rates by analyzing over 500,000 Emergency Department (ED) visits from 2014 to 2022 in a Northern Italian city. Work-related injuries comprised 3.6% of total ED visits, with significant gender disparities, particularly in commuting accidents among women. During the pandemic’s initial wave, the overall ED visits decreased by 41%, while work-related injuries saw a 60% reduction. Post-pandemic, ED visits began returning to pre-pandemic levels, reflecting the healthcare system’s adaptability. Notably, high-intensity admissions requiring intensive care remained relatively stable throughout the pandemic, suggesting that individuals with urgent medical needs continued to seek care at the ED, demonstrating the healthcare system’s resilience in handling critical cases. This study highlights the complex relationship between the pandemic and workplace safety, emphasizing the need for further research to fully understand COVID-19’s impact on healthcare services. Full article

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20 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Language Models for Agricultural Injury Surveillance

by Jacob Muller, Daniel Petti, Changying Li, Serap Gorucu, Matthew Pilz and Bryan P. Weichelt

Safety 2025, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010015 - 5 Feb 2025

The traditional approach to curating and disseminating information about agricultural injuries relies heavily on manual input and review, resulting in a labor-intensive process. While the unstructured nature of the material traditionally requires human reviewers, the recent proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has [...] Read more.

The traditional approach to curating and disseminating information about agricultural injuries relies heavily on manual input and review, resulting in a labor-intensive process. While the unstructured nature of the material traditionally requires human reviewers, the recent proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced the potential for automation. This study investigates the feasibility and implications of filling the role of a human reviewer with an LLM in analyzing information about agricultural injuries from news articles and investigation reports. Multiple language models were tested for accuracy in extracting relevant incident and victim information, and these models include OpenAI’s ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 and an open-source fine-tuned version of Llama 2. To measure accuracy, each LLM was given prompts to gather relevant data from a set of randomly selected online news articles already cataloged by human reviewers, such as the use of drugs or alcohol, time of day, or other information about the victim(s). Results showed that the fine-tuned Llama2 was the most proficient model with an average accuracy of 93% and some categories reaching 100%. ChatGPT-4 also performed well with around 90% accuracy. Additionally, we found that the fine-tuned Llama2 model was somewhat proficient in coding injuries using the OIICS classification scheme, achieving 48% accuracy when predicting the first digit. Though none of the models are perfectly accurate, the methodology and results prove that LLMs are promising in streamlining workflows in order to reduce human and financial resources and increase the efficiency of data analysis. Full article

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31 pages, 5825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Perception and Mitigation in Hand Tool Use: A Comparative Study of Industrial Safety Perspectives from Ecuador and Hungary

by Ricardo P. Arciniega-Rocha, Andrea Tick, Vanessa C. Erazo-Chamorro and Gyula Szabó

Safety 2025, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010014 - 5 Feb 2025

There is an increasing trend to develop innovative information technologies that empower industrial companies and tool suppliers to pioneer new production methods and technologies. This study aims to support innovation in industrial practices by using information technologies to enable companies and tool suppliers [...] Read more.

There is an increasing trend to develop innovative information technologies that empower industrial companies and tool suppliers to pioneer new production methods and technologies. This study aims to support innovation in industrial practices by using information technologies to enable companies and tool suppliers to adopt advanced production methods. By focusing on the usability of hand tools, the research seeks to establish essential parameters and focuses on analyzing the perception of risk and its associated benefits when using hand tools. To examine risk perception and risk benefits when using hand tools, the analysis data were collected from workers in two countries and included studies processed by Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT). As a result, it is identified as risk-seeking in the sphere of workers who are very confident in their ability and capacity to perform the determined tasks and carry out risk aversion with other external parameters related to hand tools and environmental characteristics. In addition, the risk perception and worker behavior to deal with it are delineated, giving parameters to help managers avoid workers’ injuries or illnesses, identifying the main risk domains for using hand tools use in specific industrial tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Risk Management in Process Industries)

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17 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights for a Next Pandemic: An Assessment of Laboratory COVID-19 Safety

by Walid Al-Zyoud, Hala Abu Ismail, Haytham Althawbih, Bayan Odeh, Munib Saket, Akeel Al-Kazwini, Fawzi Al-Hammouri and Rana Dajani

Safety 2025, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/safety11010013 - 5 Feb 2025

In January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, underscoring the importance of safeguarding measures and mental health support for medical professionals due to its serious impact and widespread reach. This study aimed to assess knowledge gaps in safety guidelines and the [...] Read more.

In January 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, underscoring the importance of safeguarding measures and mental health support for medical professionals due to its serious impact and widespread reach. This study aimed to assess knowledge gaps in safety guidelines and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among staff in medical laboratories, specifically all accredited laboratories actively engaged in COVID-19 testing in Jordan. Data were collected via a blinded, non-stratified electronic questionnaire, with one response submitted from each laboratory through a Google Form. The survey targeted laboratory personnel affiliated with the 40 accredited laboratories handling COVID-19 testing. A validated questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used to evaluate the knowledge of these laboratories. The findings indicate that workers in certain laboratories exhibited deficiencies in their understanding of safety regulations, quality control, and the proper use of PPE when handling COVID-19 samples. Additionally, the study highlights the increasing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals’ mental health. The demanding laboratory work necessitated by the pandemic can have negative psychological effects on staff. These effects underscore the importance of implementing supportive mental health policies and resources to mitigate psychological impact and enhance the overall well-being of laboratory personnel. Addressing these knowledge gaps, improving safety protocols, and providing adequate mental health support are crucial steps in ensuring the safety and well-being of laboratory staff and enhancing the overall management of future pandemics. Full article

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