Safety

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in educational settings is a vital responsibility that is often inconsistently implemented. There is a need for research to bridge the gap between policy and practice. This study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods design in six schools in the capital city of Indonesia to identify key implementation barriers, strategies, and compliance levels in OHS. Data were collected from 217 teachers using a structured KPAP (Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, Practices) survey and from an additional 38 teachers via Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Quantitatively, teachers showed highly positive attitudes (99.4% viewing OHS as a professional duty) and generally positive perceptions but implementation practices were sub-optimal (e.g., low participation in drills and PPE usage), showing a gap between awareness and action. Qualitatively, the main barriers identified were a lack of specific OHS regulation or guidance for schools, limited resources/infrastructure, and the perception of OHS as a low priority. Management strategies focused on external collaboration and ongoing in-school initiatives. In conclusion, a significant gap exists between OHS awareness and its integration into school management, highlighting the urgent need for strengthened governance, comprehensive policies, and sustained capacity-building to ensure a proactive, safe, and sustainable school environment for staff and students.

To identify and evaluate the failure issues in the livestock manure-to-biomethane supply chain, this study employs a Bayesian network approach with three inference analysis methods: diagnostic analysis, sensitivity analysis, and maximum causal chain inference. First, the main hazard categories affecting the failure of the supply chain are identified, establishing risk indicators for feedstock collection, pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, purification and upgrading, transportation, and biomethane end-use. Then, the half-interval method and possibility superiority comparison are used to calculate and rank the severity of related accidents, obtaining the severity ranking of secondary indicators as well as the severity ranking of work items and risk items. Finally, Bayesian forward inference is applied to investigate the failure probability of the supply chain, combined with backward inference to identify the risk factors most likely to cause supply chain failures and trace the formation of failure hazards. The Bayesian sensitivity analysis method is ultimately applied to determine the key hazards affecting supply chain failures and the correlations between accident hazards, followed by validation. The results show that the failure probability of the supply chain through causal inference is approximately 54.76%, indicating relatively high failure risk. The three factors with the highest posterior probabilities are mechanical stirring failure C₃ (88.11%), corrosion-induced ammonia leakage poisoning D6, and equipment explosion caused by excessive pressure due to overheating during dehumidification heating D₉, which are the hazards most likely to cause failures in the supply chain. Improper operations and the toxicity of related chemicals are key hazards leading to supply chain failures, with the correlation between accident hazards presented as a hazard chain by integrating severity and accident probability, and the key risk points in the supply chain are identified.

Modern police work requires a high degree of versatility, shifting between sedentary tasks and intense physical demands. While bicycle patrols are recognized as a tool for enhancing community policing, few empirical studies have examined the specific nature and frequency of the tasks performed by bicycle patrol officers. This study aims to compare the professional tasks of bicycle and car patrol officers in the city of Saguenay, Québec, over a three-year period. A retrospective analysis of 539 computer-aided dispatch (PCAD) entries was conducted for eight male officers (six on bicycles, two in police cars) during the summer months of 2021 to 2023. We analyzed task frequency, duration, priority, and risk level using descriptive statistics. Results showed that while both patrol types performed similar core tasks, such as citizen assistance, enforcement of municipal regulations, and responses to suspicious individuals, bicycle patrols were associated with significantly longer total PCAD-recorded intervention times (49 ± 47 min vs. 33 ± 29 min). Moreover, the distribution of call types suggests a slightly higher proportion of interventions occurring in public spaces or involving direct citizen contact, although this does not constitute a measure of increased proximity. No significant differences were observed in terms of priority or risk. Because the PCAD system does not systematically record on-scene time, the longer durations observed for bicycle patrols cannot be interpreted as qualitative advantages. Instead, the study reveals operational similarities alongside noteworthy differences between patrol types. As one of the first Canadian CAD-based analyses of bicycle patrol tasks, this research underscores the need for future studies capable of isolating on-scene time and examining the qualitative dimensions of police–citizen interactions.