This paper introduces a distributed secondary control algorithm for automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage control (AVC), which aims at matching area generation to area load and minimizing the total generation cost in an alternating...
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and Automatic Voltage Control (AVC) are key approaches to frequency and voltage regulation in power systems. However, based on the assumption of decoupling of active and reactive power control, the existing AGC and...
The problem of load distribution between hydraulic units at hydropower plants is a difficult task due to the nonlinearity of hydro turbine characteristics and individual peculiarities of the generation units, in which operating conditions are often d...
Wind farms can contribute to ancillary services to the power system, by advancing and adopting new control techniques in existing, and also in new, wind turbine generator systems. One of the most important aspects of ancillary service related to wind...
A nuclear heating reactor (NHR) is a typical integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) with advanced design features such as an integral primary circuit, self-pressurization, full-power-range natural circulation, and hydraulic control rods. Through a...
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) delivers a high quality electrical energy to energy consumers using efficient and intelligent control systems ensuring nominal operating frequency and organized tie-line power deviation. Subsequently, for the AGC an...
Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange powe...
Wind energy has been recognized as a clean energy source with significant potential for reducing carbon emissions. However, its inherent variability poses substantial challenges for power system operators due to its unpredictable nature. As a result,...
Electricity demand continues to rise on a daily basis. The most difficult task is ensuring that customers have access to reliable, high-quality electricity regardless of the weather. Automatic generation control (AGC) accomplishes this by keeping the...
Real-world power systems face challenges from demand fluctuations, system constraints, communication delays, and unmeasurable disturbances. This paper presents a real-time hybrid approach integrating Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NLMPC) and dat...
The present work proposes a teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO)-tuned fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller of two-area hydro-thermal generating units for automatic generation control (AGC). The proposed system takes i...
With the increasing integration of wind energy sources into conventional power systems, the demand for reserve power has risen due to associated forecasting errors. Consequently, developing innovative operating strategies for automatic generation con...
Asynchronous interconnected systems connected by High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines struggle with frequency support between interconnected areas, increasing the risk of frequency instability and resulting in low efficiency in frequ...
Currently, renewable energy sources (RESs) are gradually replacing traditional power sources that use fossil fuels. In some countries, such as Vietnam, RESs are developed on a massive scale and are concentrated in some key areas. This causes negative...
The modern power system is characterized by the massive integration of renewables, especially wind power. The intermittent nature of wind poses serious concerns for the system operator owing to the inaccuracies in wind power forecasting. Forecasting...
With the high degree of wind power penetration integrated into multi-area AC/DC interconnected power grids, the frequency regulation capacity of automatic generation control (AGC) units is not sufficient in the wind power-penetrated area, making it d...
Large-scale integration of renewable energy introduces significant random perturbations to the power system, disrupting the symmetry and balance of active power, which complicates the stabilization of the system’s frequency. Inter-regional ener...
Efficient storage participation in the secondary frequency regulation of island systems is a prerequisite towards their complete decarbonization. However, energy reserve limitations of storage resources pose challenges to their integration in central...
Modern power systems are largely based on renewable energy sources, especially wind power. However, wind power, due to its intermittent nature and associated forecasting errors, requires an additional amount of balancing power provided through the au...
The radio frequency (RF) signal generation method using an external modulator is widely used in microwave photonics applications because it has the advantage of being able to generate coherent and stable RF signals with a higher resolution performanc...
With the increasing integration of variable renewable energy into power systems, the frequency regulation capability of hydroelectric units has become crucial for ensuring grid stability. In response to grid disturbances, where Primary Frequency Regu...
To reduce occurrences of emergency situations in large-scale interconnected power systems with large continuous disturbances, a preventive strategy for the automatic generation control (AGC) of power systems is proposed. To mitigate the curse of dime...
Human activities overwhelm our environment with CO2 and other global warming issues. The current electricity landscape necessitates a superior, continuous power supply and addressing such environmental concerns. These issues can be resolved by incorp...
The electric power system is rapidly transforming to address the urgent need for decarbonization and combat climate change. Integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid is accelerating, creating new challenges such as intermittency and...
Renewable energy automatic generation control (AGC) has the characteristics of rapid adjustment and flexibility, which play a critical role in frequency regulation. Abnormal outputs in renewable energy AGC may trigger frequency fluctuations and threa...
High penetration of wind power in the modern power system renders traditional automatic generation control (AGC) methods more challenging, due to the uncertainty of the external environment, less reserve power, and small inertia constant of the power...
The Optics Inspired Optimization (OIO) algorithm is a new metaheuristic optimization method. In this paper, the OIO algorithm was proposed for automatic production control parameters in electrical power systems. The performance of the proposed algori...
The frequency diversion in hybrid power systems is a major challenge due to the unpredictable power generation of renewable energies. An automatic generation controller (AGC) system is utilised in a hybrid power system to correct the frequency when t...
Large language models (LLMs) generate fluent Chinese, but controlling lexical difficulty remains challenging. This study examined a Python-orchestrated external-control workflow using one GPT model, two sequential prompting conditions (no-word-list a...
Automatic generation of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programs from system design models can reduce system development costs and shorten system development cycles. However, effective methods for ensuring the quality and performance of control l...
The control code is an essential part of achieving energy-saving control in HVAC systems. Although there are existing methods for automatically generating control code, these methods still largely rely on expert knowledge for intervention. HVAC syste...
A fractional order PID (FOPID) control technique for automatic generation control (AGC) in a multi-area power system is presented in this study. To create a reliable controller, a variety of control strategies were used. The load frequency control (L...
Frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltages of synchronized generators must all be kept within prescribed limits to ensure the stability of an interconnected power grid through combined automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltag...
It is normally accepted that Battery Energy Storage Systems improve frequency regulation by providing fast response to the Automatic Generation Control. However, currently available control strategies may lead to early Energy Storage Systems aging gi...
The application of a fractional-order controller (FOC) using the Caputo–Fabrizio representation in the automatic voltage regulation (AVR) system of a synchronous generator is shown in this paper. The mathematical model of the system is created...
An interconnected power system requires specific restrictions to be maintained for frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltage of synchronized generators to avoid instability. Therefore, frequency stability and voltage regulation issues are c...
With the growing penetration of renewable energy, automatic generation control (AGC) faces challenges like frequent frequency fluctuations and tie-line power deviations. Traditional proportional (PROP) allocation algorithms, limited by fixed weights,...
The automatic generation control mechanism in power generators comes into operation whenever an over-supply or under-supply of energy occurs in the power grid. It has been shown that the automatic generation control mechanism is highly vulnerable to...
Wind power is currently the most mature representative of sustainable energy generation technology, which has been developed and utilized on a large scale worldwide. The random and fluctuating nature of wind power output poses a threat to the secure...
This paper presents the important features of structure-dependent model predictive control (MPC)-based approaches for automatic generation control (AGC) considering network topology. Since power systems have various generators under different topolog...
To fulfill the need of operating power systems more effectively through diverse resources, frequency control conditions for maintaining a balance between generators and loads need to be provided accurately. As frequency control is generally achieved...
Virtual power plants (VPPs) integrate diverse energy resources using advanced communication technologies and intelligent control strategies. This integration enhances the utilization and efficiency of distributed generation. This paper explores the i...
In this paper, a fuzzy neural network controller for regulating demand-side thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) is designed with the aim of stabilizing the frequency of the smart grid. Specifically, the balance between power supply and demand is...
The automatic load frequency control for multi-area power systems has been a challenging task for power system engineers. The complexity of this task further increases with the incorporation of multiple sources of power generation. For multi-source p...
Load frequency control (LFC) serves as a crucial component of automatic generation control in renewable energy power systems. Its primary objective is to maintain a balance between the output power of generators and the load demand, thereby ensuring...
The subject of this publication is a method of controlling the DC voltage of a PWM rectifier supplied by a multiphase cage induction generator with the number of stator phases greater than three operating in a wide range of driving speeds. Voltage re...
The present work describes a multi-area (two and three) renewable-energy-source-integrated thermal-hydro-wind power generation structure along with fleets of plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs) in each control area. The generation–load balance i...
Industrial equipment such as electric arc furnaces and steel mills are often associated with rapid and high load disturbances, so their power systems require additional control equipment to limit the frequency. However, proper ancillary service fees...
The high penetration and uncertainty of renewable energy sources, such as wind, in modern power systems make traditional automatic generation control (AGC) methods more challenging. In order to improve the frequency stability of the power system unde...
Wind power is one of the most promising renewable energy resources and could become a solution to contribute to the present energy and global warming crisis of the world. The commonly used doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines have a ge...
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